candlen.

/ˈkand(ə)l/

Forms: Old English–Middle English condel, condell, Old English–1500s candel, candell, Middle English Orm. kanndell, Middle English kandel, Middle English condil, kandil, Middle English candelle, candylle, candyle, candulle, candul, Middle English, (1700s English regional (Devon)) condle, Middle English–1500s condyl, Middle English– candle, (dialect cannel, cannle, kennel.)

Etymology: Old English candel , cǫndel (feminine), < Latin candēla (or candella ) ‘candle’, < candēre to shine. One of the Latin words introduced at the English Conversion, and long associated chiefly with religious observances: even in the 15th cent. three of the glossaries in Wright-Wülcker include ‘candle’ among the ‘names of things pertaining to the church’ (nomina pertinencia ecclesiæ ). This sacred character of the word bears on the Old English poetic compounds Godes candel , heofoncandel , etc. in sense 2. The southern Middle English plural was condlen. Latin candēla came down in Romance as Italian candela, Provençal candela, Spanish candela, Portuguese canˈdea.Old French chandeile, -doile, Old Northern French candeile, -doile. The actual French chandelle (Old French chandele) represents a late Latin variant candella (usual in medieval Latin), assimilated to diminutives in -ella. (Compare querēla, querella.) The occasional late Middle English spelling candelle may have been after French.

a. A source of artificial light, consisting of a usually cylindrical body of wax, tallow, spermaceti, or other solid fat, formed round a wick of cotton or flax, formerly also, of the pith of a rush.Candles are distinguished according to the method of manufacture, as dipped or mould candles, by the material employed, or by some other peculiarity, as Paris candle, royal candle, etc. The word is also used without plural as a name of material, as in a piece of candle, an inch of candle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun]

candlea700

taperc897

ruff1440

taper-light1577

planet1843

a700 Erfurt Gloss. (O.E.T.) 382 Emunctoria, candelthuist.

a800 Corpus Gloss. 745 Emunctoria, candeltwist.

c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 154 Lampas, candeles leoma.

a1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1140 Me lihtede candles to æten bi.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. 290 Þat chyld heo bete so stronge myd þe condlen long & towe.

1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 334 A nigard that wol werne A man to light a candel at his lanterne.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) viii. xvi. 322 A glasse sette byfore a candle receuyth lighte of a candil.

1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 35 Is like to hym that lighteth acandelle to another.

1579 in Turner Rec. Oxford 402 A pound of the best cotton candells.

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. ii. 97 This Candle burnes not cleere, 'tis I must snuffe it, Then out it goes.

1662 Earl of Orrery Coll. State Lett. (1743) I. 117 To provide fire and candle.

1708 Brit. Apollo 15–17 Dec. Why should a Rush Candle burn longer than a Cotten one?

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 148 Ten mould kandles, that had scarce ever been lit.

1851 W. P. Snow Jrnl. Arct. Seas iv. 46 Very little candle was required below at night.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xii. 205 No candle or fire is ever lighted in the Bodleian.

b. In religious or superstitious use.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > candle or light > [noun]

taperc897

ciergec1300

candlea1400

trindle1537

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20701 Gas þan wit fair processiun..Wit cirges and wit candel bright.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 48 Wil þu offir a candil þat þu geyt merit & grace?

1554 Woodde Dial. D j in Brand's Pop. Antiq. Great Brit. (1870) I. 27 Wherefore serveth holye Candels? To light up in thunder, and to bless men when they lye a dying.

1561 Bp. J. Pilkington True Rep. Burnyng Poules I We shuld bear our Candel at her [sc. the Virgin's] Churching at Candlemas.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Chandelle There was for euery Saint his candle.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 101 A votive candle placed before the image of a saint.

1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate I. i. 27 Captain Aylmer was member for Perivale on the Low Church interest... He could say a sharp word or two..about vestments; he was strong against candles [i.e. the use of candles on the altar or communion-table in Anglican churches].

†c. as used at a sale by auction: see Phrases 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > selling > a public sale > [noun] > auction > candle used at auction

candle1662

1662 S. Pepys Diary 3 Sept. (1970) III. 185 After dinner..we met and sold the..Hulke. Where pleasant to see how backward men are at first to bid; and yet when the candle is going out, how they bawl.

1690 Records E. Ind. Comp. Mr. Thorowgood to manage the Company's Candle at the Sale.

d. A standard spermaceti candle formerly used as a unit of illuminating power: hence candle power; frequently called international candle. Also, with prefixed numeral, = candle power n. at Compounds 2. Replaced as a unit of luminous intensity by the new candle (see quot. 1937) = candela n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle

standard candle1850

candle1866

candle power1877

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > degree of intensity

intensity1794

candle1866

Lambert1895

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from whale blubber > used as a unit of illuminating power

candle1866

the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > candela

new candle1938

candela1950

cd1950

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > unit of light intensity

lux1889

lumen1898

L1915

Lambert1915

phot1917

new candle1938

candela1950

cd1950

rayleigh1956

1860 Act 23 & 24 Vict. c. 125 §25 The Quality of the Common Gas..shall be..such as to produce..a Light equal in Intensity to the Light produced by not less than Twelve Sperm Candles.]

1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. ix. 84 The cannel gas is said to be equal to 34·4 candles.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 553 10,500 cubic feet of 25-candle gas to the ton.

1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 279 A 2,000-candle light.

1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 282 A hundred-candle Sugg gas-burner.

1883 Harper's Mag. Feb. 482/1 One hour's light of two-thousand candle-power.

1917 Trans. Illum. Engin. Soc. 12 440 Candle, the unit of luminous intensity maintained by the national laboratories of France, Great Britain and the United States... This unit, which is used also by many other countries, has..been referred to as the international candle.

1937 Com. Internat. Poids & Mesures XVIII. 216 L'adoption d'une nouvelle définition de l'unité d'intensité lumineuse... Le Comité se rallie á la proposition d'appeler ‘bougie nouvelle’ l'unité qui vient d'être définie.]

1938 Light & Lighting XXXI. 186/1 The initiation of the new international candle, based upon..a primary standard of light (one-sixtieth of the luminous intensity of one square centimetre of a black body maintained at the temperature of solidification of platinum)... Laboratories are preparing groups of lamps to be measured in terms of the new candle, which is to come into operation in 1940.

e. An arrangement of carbons in an electric light.

ΚΠ

1877 Design & Work 3 20 M. Paul Jablochkoff..has worked out his results in the form of an electric candle.

1882 J. Dredge Electr. Illumination I. 530 When a candle is almost entirely burnt out, the voltaic arc and the incandescent portion of the carbons are brought into very close proximity to the strip.

†2. figurative. A source of light; applied poetically (with attributes) to the natural luminaries. In Old English poetry dæg candel, heofon-candel, rodor candel, woruld-candel, Godes candel, were poetical terms for the sun. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun]

candle937

lightOE

starsc1225

ballc1300

bodya1398

celestinec1430

heavenly bodya1475

luminair1477

luminary1489

streamer1513

host or hosts of heaven1535

globe1555

orb1565

sphere1598

planet1640

superstar1910

937 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Glad ofer grundas Godes condel beorht.

OE Beowulf 1572 Hadre scineð rodores candel.

c1374 G. Chaucer Compl. Mars 7 Loo yonde the sunne the candel of Ialosye.

1596 R. Linche Certaine Sonnets in Diella sig. C8 Hee that can count the candles of the skie.

1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet iii. v. 9 Nights candles are burnt out.

1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §xlix What a cold Candle is lighted vp in the body of this sorry Worme.

†3. figurative.

a. That which illuminates the mind.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [noun] > source of

luminarya1450

candlea1533

thorough light1598

lumen siccum1605

a1533 J. Frith Mirroure (?1536) i. sig. Aiv Yet wyll I sette you vpon a candell whych shall..clerely dyspell hys myste and vayne poetrye.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 1937/2 We shall this day lyght such a candle by Gods grace in England, as (I trust) shall neuer be put out.

a1619 S. Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1634) 2 Since the candle of letters gave us some little light therof.

b. The ‘light’ of life.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > vital principle > [noun]

souleOE

lifeOE

spiritusOE

bloodOE

ghostOE

life and soulOE

quickship?c1225

quicknessc1230

breatha1300

spirita1325

spark1382

naturec1385

sparkle1388

livelinessa1398

rational soula1398

spiracle1398

animal spirit?a1425

vital spiritc1450

soul of the world1525

candle1535

fire1576

three souls1587

vitality?1592

candlelight1596

substance1605

vivacity1611

animality1615

vividity1616

animals1628

life spring1649

archeus1651

vital1670

spirituosity1677

springs of life1681

microcosmetor1684

vital force1702

vital spark (also flame)1704

stamen1718

vis vitae1752

prana1785

Purusha1785

jiva1807

vital force1822

heartbeat1828

world-soul1828

world-spirit1828

life energy1838

life force1848

ghost soul1869

will to live1871

biogen1882

ki1893

mauri1897

élan vital1907

orgone1942

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xxi. 17 How oft shal the candle of y^e wicked be put out.

1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 ii. vi. 1 Heere burnes my candell out.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. v. 22 Out, out, breefe Candle, Life's but a walking Shadow.

1642 T. Fuller Holy State i. ii. 6 Her candle was put out, as soon as the day did dawn in S. Augustine.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 175.

4. transferred.

a. A preparation containing resinous or aromatic substances for diffusion during burning; a pastil. medicated candle n. (see quots.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > incense

rechelseOE

storc1000

incensec1290

censea1382

guma1382

olibanuma1398

thus1398

frankincensea1400

frank14..

thurec1425

mascle thure?1440

olibanc1440

smoke1530

perfume1542

masculine frankincense1555

tacamahac1577

cayolac1588

masculine gum1604

candle1628

pastille1630

Spanish coal1631

incense-frank1633

thymiama1697

censery1823

punk1844

joss-stick1845

god-stick1874

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > other miscellaneous medicines > [noun] > medicines to be burnt, smoked, or inhaled

suffite1621

suffiment1650

vaporary1657

cigarette1876

medicated candle1880

inhalation1882

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > perfume used medicinally

pomander1492

pomea1522

suffite1621

suffiment1650

medicated candle1880

1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) i. iii. iii. 201 Perfumes, suffumigations, mixt candles, perspectiue glasses, and such naturall causes.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) Medicinal Candles, candelæ fumales, are compositions of odoriferous, aromatic, and inflammable matters, as benzoin, storax..formed into masses in shape of candles. The effluvia and odours whereof when burnt, are supposed to be salutary to the breast.

1880 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Medicated candle, a candle containing some drug for diffusion during burning..Mercurial candle.

†b. A bougie; a suppository. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > suppositories, etc. > [noun]

pessarya1400

suppositorya1400

supposta1500

suppositor1540

collyrie1600

nascal1640

searching candle1651

candle1684

gland1684

collyrium1748

1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 839 Suppositories are made round like Candles..whence they call them Candles from the similitude.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Candles for caruncles of the urinary passage.

1881 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Candela, bougie.]

c. Mucus pendulous at the nose.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > mucus excreted > [noun]

collop1589

sneezings1607

exsufflation1666

sputum1684

sixpence1773

candle1858

1858 ‘G. Eliot’ Amos Barton ii, in Scenes Clerical Life I. 50 The inveterate culprit was a boy of seven, vainly contending against ‘candles’ at his nose by feeble sniffing.

d. Christmas candle n. at Christmas n.¹ and int. Compounds 2, Roman candle n.

e. The inflorescence or panicle of a horse chestnut tree. in candle: of a chestnut tree, in flower.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > horse-chestnut tree and allies > [noun] > inflorescence

candle1920

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible nuts or nut-trees > [adverb] > in flower (of chestnut tree)

in candle1954

1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 48 The chestnut-candles flicker.

1938 T. H. G. Stevens Trees & Shrubs in my Garden vii. 118 The Common Horse Chestnut from Albania is one of the finest flowering trees with its great candles of white flowers in May.

1954 ‘C. Dane’ Flower Girls l. 448 ‘Horse-chestnuts... The leaf prints off like a horse-shoe,’ said Ernest, adding that the tree ‘in candle’ was the most beautiful sight.

1968 C. P. Snow Sleep of Reason (1969) xxxviii. 357 In a public garden the candles stood bright on the flowering chestnuts.

1983 P. Mortimer Handyman vi. 55 A huge horse-chestnut bearing a thousand candles hung over Slattery's wall.

Phrases

P1. candle, book, and bell: see bell n.¹ 8.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 17110 Curced in kirc þan sal þai be wid candil, boke, and bell.

1840 R. H. Barham Jackdaw of Rheims in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 220 The Cardinal rose with a dignified look, He call'd for his candle, his bell and his book.

†P2. to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil: to propitiate or humour him, as saints are supposed to be propitiated by a votive candle; later, to hold a candle to the devil (by confusion with c): to serve or assist an evil person, to be active in evil courses. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > exorcism > perform exorcism [verb (intransitive)]

to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil?1463

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [verb (intransitive)] > perform exorcism

to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil?1463

society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > do evil or wrong [verb (intransitive)]

misdoOE

lithera1300

malignc1425

to do (also play the) naught1594

to hold a candle to the devil1598

?1463 R. Cutler in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 260 A man must sumtyme set a candel be-for þe Deuyll.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. x. sig. Ciii^v I therby fearyng She wolde spit her venym, thought it not euyll To set vp a candell before the deuyll.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 61 Thou maist find ease, so proffring vp a candell to the deuill.

1598 J. Marston Certaine Satyres in Metamorph. Pigmalions Image 45 A damn'd Macheuelian. Holds candle to the deuill for a while, That he the better may the world beguile.

1649 J. Howell Preheminence Parl. 20 According to the Italian Proverb, That one must sometimes light a candle to the Devil.

c1670 Lady Abergavenny in R. Mansell Narr. Popish Plot 12 She could not endure to hear it, but yet was forced to hold a Candle to the Devil.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth II. 213 Here have I been holding a candle to the devil, to show him the way to mischief.

P3. to hold a candle to another: literal to assist him by holding the candle while he works; hence, to help in a subordinate position. not to be able or fit to hold a candle to: not fit to hold even a subordinate position to, nothing to be compared to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > aid, help, or assist [verb (transitive)] > help as subsidiary > act as assistant to

to hold a candle to another1550

second1588

associate1626

support1886

1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Aii^v Dise playars..(that..haue nothynge to playe for)..holde the candle to them that haue wherewyth, and wyll sette lustily to it.

1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late i. 22 Driuen..when I am worst forst to holde the candle.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. vi. 41 Lor. Descend, for you must be my torch-bearer. Ies. What, must I hold a candle to my shames.

1614 T. Adams Diuells Banket v. 225 Let Plato then, hold the candle to Moses.

1641 E. Dering Foure Cardinall-vertues Carmelite-fryar ii. 43 Though I be not worthy to hold the candle to Aristotle.

a1763 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) I. 344 Others aver that he to Handel Is scarcely fit to hold a candle.

1883 W. E. Norris No New Thing I. vii. 175 Edith is pretty, very pretty; but she can't hold a candle to Nellie.

P4. to sell (also let) by the candle, by inch of candle, etc.: to dispose of by auction in which bids are received so long as a small piece of candle burns, the last bid before the candle goes out securing the article; hence in many figurative and transferred uses. Cf. auction n. 3.This appears to have been a custom adopted from the French; cf. Littré, also Cotgrave, at Chandelle.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > selling > a public sale > sell by public sale [verb (transitive)] > sell by auction > sell by specific type of auction

to sell (also let) by the candle1680

1680 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 287 The new marked ground..was lett by inch of candle in the towne hall.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Let. to Friend (1690) 8 Mere pecuniary Matches, or Marriages made by the Candle.

1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 73 The Council thinks it meet to propose the way of selling by Inch of Candle, as being the most probable means to procure the true value of the Goods.

1695 J. Collier Misc. upon Moral Subj. 49 To give Interest a Share in Friendship, is in effect to sell it by Inch of Candle.

1700 Act 11 & 12 Will. III in London Gaz. No. 6129/1 All such Goods..shall be sold at publick Sale by the Candle.

1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iv, in Wks. IX. 84 Where British faith and honour are to be sold by inch of candle.

1825 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1826) I. 837 Four acres..are let by inch of candle.

1851 Notes & Queries 15 Nov. 383 Forty or fifty years ago goods were advertised for public sale by the candle.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) There is also a kind of Excommunication by Inch of Candle; wherein, the Time a lighted Candle continues burning, is allow'd the Sinner to come to Repentance, but after which, he remains excommunicated to all Intents and Purposes.

†P5. to smell of the candle: i.e. of work by night, of close and prolonged study. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea in Wks. (1620) I. 504 If that bee commendation..for a mans labours to smell of the candle. (Cf. [see lamp n.¹]. )

P6. the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candle: i.e. not worth the mere cost of supplying the necessary light (cf. 1550 at Phrases 3); not worth the labour expended.Of French origin: cf. Cotgrave at Chandelle ‘Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle, it will not quit cost’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > be of no importance [phrase]

forcec1330

no wardc1330

no strength1340

no forcec1369

no mattera1466

what force?a1513

no skill1575

what matter?1678

the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candlea1699

nix my dolly1795

what the hell1872

a1699 W. Temple Ess. Health & Long Life in Miscellanea: 3rd Pt. (1701) 119 Perhaps the Play is not worth the Candle.

1712 W. Darrell Gentleman Instructed: 3rd Pt. vi. 160 After all, these discoveries are not worth the Candle.

1874 P. Bayne in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 706 The game would not be worth the candle.

1883 D. C. Murray Hearts xviii The game didn't seem worth the candle.

P7. to light (also burn) the candle at both ends: to consume or waste in two directions at once.Cf. Cotgrave ‘Brusler la chandelle par lex deux bouts’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > relinquishing > squandering or prodigality > squander or be prodigal [verb (intransitive)]

waste1390

lasha1560

squander1593

to play the prodigal1602

outlash1611

wanton1646

to light (also burn) the candle at both ends1736

extravagate1871

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > be used up or consumed [verb (intransitive)] > consume in two ways at once

to light (also burn) the candle at both ends1736

1736 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum (ed. 2) (at cited word) The Candle burns at both Ends. Said when Husband and Wife are both Spendthrifts.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xlii. 281 Apt to light their candle at both ends; that is to say, they are apt to consume too much, and work too little.

1848 C. Kingsley Saint's Trag. iii. i. 140 To double all your griefs, and burn life's candle, As village gossips say, at either end.

P8. lighted candle: put symbolically for a place of social gathering or entertainment.

ΚΠ

1928 W. Paget Linings of Life I. 248 Lady G. Codrington's silver hair and dowagery face appeared under every lighted candle.

P9. Various phrases obvious in meaning.

ΚΠ

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia i. sig. Bi^v Set furth the brightnes of the sonne wyth a candell, as the Prouerbe sayth.

1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 23^v I burnt one candle to seeke another, & lost bothe my time and my trauell, when I had done.

1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha iii. iv. 361 I shal but set a Candle in the Sunshine.

1658 J. Rowland Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) New Ded. Ep. sig. A3^v Another Physitian, lighting his Candle by the former lights, succeeded them in this great undertaking.

1676 M. Clifford Treat. Humane Reason in Phenix (1708) II. 532 Men grope in the dark that light not their Candle at ours.

1728 E. Young Love of Fame: Universal Passion (ed. 2) vii. 97 How commentators each dark passage shun, And hold their farthing candle to the sun.

1873 E. Bulwer-Lytton Kenelm Chillingly viii. vii Slothfully determined to hide his candle under a bushel [cf. Matt. v. 15].

Compounds

C1. General relations:

a. Attributive.

(a)

candle-dish n.

ΚΠ

1899 Pall Mall Mag. Jan. 77 Two silver candledishes.

candle-flame n.

ΚΠ

1887 Spectator 2 Apr. 463/1 Draughts which no candle-flame was sensitive enough to indicate.

candle-grease n.

ΚΠ

1774 O. Goldsmith Of Fishes iii, in Hist. Earth VII. iii. 50 Drops of candle-grease.

candle-rack n.

ΚΠ

1863 S. Baring-Gould Iceland 209 A curious candlerack of wrought iron foliage.

candle-screen n.

ΚΠ

1819 Post Office London Directory 324 Candle-screen Manufacturers.

candle-shade n.

ΚΠ

1780 Hickey's Bengal Gaz. 8 Apr. Borrowed last Month by a Person or Persons unknown..a very elegant Pair of Candle Shades.

a1916 H. James Middle Years (1917) 76 Milford Cottage, with its innumerable red candles and candle-shades.

1967 J. Rathbone Diamonds Bid xvii. 147 The glass candle shade on my own table.

candle-shine n.

ΚΠ

1853 E. S. Sheppard Charles Auchester III. 230 By candleshine, or the setting sun.

candle-smoke n.

ΚΠ

1647 R. Stapleton tr. Juvenal Sixteen Satyrs 85 Foul'd with candlesmoak.

candle-time n.

ΚΠ

1658 Songs Costume (1849) 168 But you keep off till candle-time.

candle-wright n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who makes or sells

chandler1389

wax-maker14..

tallow-chandler1406

wax-chandler1418

candle-maker1611

candle-wright1766

maggot-boiler1788

1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 3 A street occupied..by candle-wrights, or candle-makers.

(b)

candle-lit adj.

ΚΠ

1868 J. G. Whittier Meeting in Compl. Wks. (1898) 486/1 No altar candle-lit by day.

1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Oct. 2/3 This candlelit old hall.

1916 H. G. Wells Mr. Britling sees it Through ii. §9 Equally unexpected was the supper on a long candlelit table without a cloth.

b. Objective.

candle-bearer n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who lights or carries

lighterc1400

primiceryc1460

candle-bearer1555

candle-holder1597

primicerio1695

candle-lighter1753

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. xii. 267 The Acholite..occupieth the roume of Candle-bearer.

candle-bearing n.

candle-maker n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who makes or sells

chandler1389

wax-maker14..

tallow-chandler1406

wax-chandler1418

candle-maker1611

candle-wright1766

maggot-boiler1788

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Chandelier..a Chaundler, or Candle-maker, or Candle-seller.

candle-making n.

ΚΠ

1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) v. sig. k4^v Backe to your candle-making.

c1865 H. Letheby in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 98/1 We do not employ much wax..for candle-making.

candle-seller n.

ΚΠ

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Chandelier..a Chaundler, or Candle-maker, or Candle-seller.

C2. Special combinations. Also candleberry n., candle-end n., candlelight n., candlestick n., etc.

candle-balance n. an instrument used in photometric research for measuring a burning candle's rate of consumption.

ΚΠ

1876 Amer. Gas-light Jrnl. 3 July 6 Candle balance.

candle-ball n. a small glass bubble filled with water, which when held in the flame of a candle, bursts with a loud explosion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus

bain1477

speculum1650

filtering paper1651

wheel-fire1662

filter paper1670

sun furnace1763

respirator1789

candle-ball1794

rectifier1822

candle-bomb1823

filter1823

oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823

shade1837

graduator1839

pipette1839

thistle funnel1849

pressure tube1852

ozonizer1858

dialyser1861

Liebig condenser1861

Sprengel pump1866

Sprengel tube1866

water softener1867

mercury pump1869

Bunsen burner1870

dialysator1877

test-mixer1877

tube-condenser1877

Kipp1879

reflux condenser1880

policeman1888

converter1889

pressure boiler1891

spot plate1896

hydrogen electrode1898

sampler1902

reactor1903

fume-chamber1905

Permutit1910

microburner1911

salt bridge1915

precipitator1919

Raschig ring1920

microneedle1921

titrator1928

laboratory coatc1936

spray tower1937

precipitron1938

ion exchanger1941

potentiostat1942

chemostat1950

Knudsen pipette1951

pH-stat1956

cryopump1958

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. viii. 291 This effect of vapour is..exemplified by the small machines called candle-balls.

candle-bomb n. a sphere which explodes in the heat of a candle, giving out a brilliant light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus

bain1477

speculum1650

filtering paper1651

wheel-fire1662

filter paper1670

sun furnace1763

respirator1789

candle-ball1794

rectifier1822

candle-bomb1823

filter1823

oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823

shade1837

graduator1839

pipette1839

thistle funnel1849

pressure tube1852

ozonizer1858

dialyser1861

Liebig condenser1861

Sprengel pump1866

Sprengel tube1866

water softener1867

mercury pump1869

Bunsen burner1870

dialysator1877

test-mixer1877

tube-condenser1877

Kipp1879

reflux condenser1880

policeman1888

converter1889

pressure boiler1891

spot plate1896

hydrogen electrode1898

sampler1902

reactor1903

fume-chamber1905

Permutit1910

microburner1911

salt bridge1915

precipitator1919

Raschig ring1920

microneedle1921

titrator1928

laboratory coatc1936

spray tower1937

precipitron1938

ion exchanger1941

potentiostat1942

chemostat1950

Knudsen pipette1951

pH-stat1956

cryopump1958

1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Candle-bomb.

1868 Model Steam Engine 14 In Candle Bombs the stem is long enough to admit of being fixed into the fat.

candle-bark n. dialect a candle-box (cf. bark n.¹ 8).

ΚΠ

1875 Lanc. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Candle-bark, cannel-bark, a candle-box.

candle-box n. a box for keeping candles in.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > box for storing candles

candle-box1566

candle-case1604

1566 J. Haryngton in Leisure Hour (1884) 630/1 That no mans bed be vnmade, nor fire or candle box vncleane, after eight o'clock in the morning.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. iv. vii. 251 Amid candle-boxes and treacle-barrels.

† candle-branch n. Obsolete a chandelier (cf. branch n. 2d).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > support or holder for a candle > [noun] > candelabrum

branch1525

principal1548

candle-branch1599

lustre1682

chandelier1736

pharos1806

candelabrum1815

cluster-candlestick1859

lampadary1885

1599 J. Minsheu Percyvall's Dict. Spanish & Eng. at Candeléro de tinieblas A candle-branch that hath many candlestickes in it.

candle-bush n. a South African plant, Sarcocaulon patersoni, so called from the readiness with which it burns.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants yielding fuel or manure > [noun] > plants yielding firewood

lightwood1693

lignum rhodium1693

candle-wood1712

rosewood1756

grease-wood1845

grease-bush1860

torch-tree1862

amyrisc1865

torchwood1866

candle-bush1890

1890 A. Martin Home Life Ostrich Farm 60 The kerzbosch, or candle-bush, a stunted, thorny plant, if lighted at one end when in the green state, will burn steadily just like a wax candle.

1966 E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xvi. 258 The men cut long forked sticks, spiked on the fork a Candlebush which burns like paraffin, and..moved quickly from clump to clump, burning off the noors spines.

candle-canting n. (see quot. and cf. Phrases 4).

ΚΠ

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby at Canting ‘A cannle-canting’ when articles were appraised until a candle burned down to a certain mark, and the highest bidder got the bargain.

† candle-case n. Obsolete a case or box to keep candles in.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > box for storing candles

candle-box1566

candle-case1604

1604 F. T. Case is Altered sig. A4 Neither kniue Cases, Pinne-Cases, nor Candle Cases.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iii. ii. 45 A paire of bootes that haue beene candle-cases .

candle-dipper n. a machine for making candles by dipping.

candle-dipping n. the process of manufacturing candles by dipping as distinguished from moulding; also attributive, as in candle-dipping machine.

Categories »

candle-fir n. Scottish ‘fir that has been buried in a morass, moss-fallen fir, split and used instead of candles’ (Jamieson).

candle-fish n. a sea-fish of the salmon family, frequenting the rivers of north-western America, which on account of its extreme oiliness is used when dried as a candle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > thaleichthys pacificus (candle-fish)

eulachon1807

fathom-fish1849

candle-fish1882

1882 Standard 7 Oct. 5/2 The wonderful candle-fish, or ‘oolachan’, which ascends the North-Western rivers in March.

1886 Gazette (Montreal) 14 Aug. 2/4 (advt.) British Columbia ‘Candle Fish’. This delicious fish, the ‘oolachan’ packed in small tubs—for family trade.

† candle-fly n. Obsolete ‘a flie that houering about a candle burnes itself’ (Florio s.v. Farfalla), a moth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > member of (moth)

farfalla1606

taper-fly?1614

candle-fly1626

moth1646

phalaena1658

pilser1736

redneck1773

bustard1803

soul1815

notch-wing1819

satellite1832

bobowler1852

1626 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. (ed. 2) Farfalla, a Candle-Fly.

1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 556 Why should an Owl be an Enemy to small Birds..a Turtle-Dove to a Candle-Fly?

candle-foot n. = footcandle n. at foot n. and int. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > candela > foot-candle

candle-foot1892

footcandle1906

1892 A. P. Trotter in Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 110 71 As the heights of lamp-posts and the width of streets are measured in feet, the candle-foot, that is, the illumination produced by one standard candle at a distance of 1 foot, will be taken in the present Paper as the unit of illumination.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 83/2 In order that street surfaces may be well lighted, the minimum illumination should not fall below 0·1 candle-foot.

1928 Sunday Disp. 30 Dec. 7/5 (L.C.C. Regulation) The lighting maintained in no part of the auditorium shall be less than ·025 candle-foot.

candle-hour n. ? time when candles are burnt, night-time.

ΚΠ

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Crastini Anim. in Poems (1878) 202 Till when, our Numbers (destin'd to more) Creeps to a corner, at a Candle-Hower.

† candle-inch n. Obsolete (see Phrases 4).

ΚΠ

1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth I. 355 Meaning by Candle Inch to buy my Lot.

candle-lamp n. a kind of lamp in which candles are used.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > [noun] > containing a candle

fairy lamp1878

candle-lamp1882

fairy light1886

1882 E. O'Donovan Merv Oasis I. xxvi. 448 On the table burned half a dozen Candle-lamps.

candle-match n. a match or fusee made of the wick of a candle, or of a piece of greased paper.

candle-metre n. the illumination of a standard candle at a distance of one metre.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle > units depending on

candle-metre1908

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > unit of light intensity > specific measurements

candle-metre1908

lumen-hour1925

lumen-second1930

1908 Westm. Gaz. 23 Mar. 4/2 The values are expressed in ‘candle-mètres’.

† candle-mine n. figurative Obsolete a mine of fat or candle material.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [noun] > fat or plump shape or physique > person having

porknellc1540

porkling1541

porridge belly1580

tallow catch1598

woolsack1598

candle-mine1600

trillibub1600

bauson1607

panguts1617

firkin1630

porker1665

poke pudding1706

pudsy1710

jolluxa1797

fatty1797

fattener1817

rotundity1824

tun-butt1829

stout party1855

pig1858

fatlinga1861

slob1861

bladder of lard1864

butterball1877

lard-bladder1891

jelly-belly1896

tub1897

barrel1909

flop1909

pussy-gut1909

gutbucket1919

Billy Bunter1939

endomorph1940

Fatso1944

slug1959

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. iv. 304 You horson candlemine you.

candle-mould n. a mould or mould-frame for making candles in, now usually made of pewter or tin.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for making other articles > [noun] > candle-making equipment

candle-mould1566

wax-moulda1679

stick1711

hot closet1798

port1839

broach1875

1566 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 577/2 Candle-mould.

1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions Index 8 A Candle-mold.

candle-nut n. the commercial name for the fruit of the candleberry tree, or .

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > trees or shrubs yielding oil > Asian > tung or candlenut tree or bean

Indian walnut1831

candle-nut1835

candle-nut tree1854

candleberry tree1866

kukui1866

tung1889

tung oil tree1913

tung nut1937

1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 58/1 The fruits of the Aleurites triloba..the candle-nuts of the inhabitants of these remote regions.

1884 Leisure Hour Feb. 86/2 Candle-nuts, which are exceedingly hard, but yield good oil.

candle-nut tree n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > trees or shrubs yielding oil > Asian > tung or candlenut tree or bean

Indian walnut1831

candle-nut1835

candle-nut tree1854

candleberry tree1866

kukui1866

tung1889

tung oil tree1913

tung nut1937

1854 P. L. Simmonds Comm. Products Veg. Kingdom in R. G. Latham Dict. Eng. Lang. (1872) The candlenut tree grows in the Polynesian Islands.

candle-paper n. a spill for lighting candles.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > material for igniting > [noun] > match, spill, or taper for lighting

wax tapera1398

match1519

brimstone match1594

card match1654

spunk1755

light1787

spill1821

lighter1828

candle-paper1829

fidibus1829

Promethean1829

sulphur-match1830

pipelight1842

candle-lighter1855

kitchen match1862

spiller1936

1829 W. M. Praed Poems (1865) I. 363 Twisting up his song Into the sweetest candle-papers.

candle power n. (a) see sense 1d; (b) the illuminating power of an electric lamp, etc., reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle

standard candle1850

candle1866

candle power1877

1877 Engineering XXIV. 333 In measuring the candle power of the light produced by each machine.

1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 278 Six electric lights of 480-candle power each.

1883Candle power [see sense 1d].

1894 D. Salomons Electr. Light Installations (ed. 7) II. 248 The amount of energy required to incandesce the lamp determines its candle-power efficiency.

1934 Discovery June 155/2 The official physical standards of the country, e.g., length, mass, temperature, candle-power.

† candle-quencher n. Obsolete an extinguisher.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light > that which extinguishes (candles or torches)

snitelc1000

candle-quencher1382

sniters1382

sniting tongsa1425

snuffer1465

sniting instrumentc1475

candle-shears1483

sniting iron1483

out-quencher1535

candle-snuffer1552

snufter1558

extinguisher1562

dout1573

douter1622

topper1688

link-extinguisher1859

squencher1871

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Exod. xxv. 38 Candelquenchers, and forsothe where the snoffes ben quenchid, be thei maad of moost puyr gold.

† candle-rush n. Obsolete the common rush, formerly used for making rush lights.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > rush and related plants

rusheOE

sharp rushc1050

seave14..

junk?a1425

candle-rushc1440

rush1562

sea-rush1562

camel's-straw1578

mat-rush1578

sprot1595

frog grass1597

matweed1597

rush grass1597

sprata1600

spart1614

bumble1633

toad-grass1640

moss-rush1670

thresha1689

spreta1700

bog rush1760

black grassa1763

goose-corn1762

toad-rush1776

wood-rush1776

stool-bent1777

scrub-grass1811

beak-rush1830

salt-weed1836

wiwi1840

thread rush1861

three-leaved rush1861

kill-cow1898

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from rushes dipped in fat > rush used

candle-rushc1440

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 60 Candylrysche [v.r. candel-rushe], papirus.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. lii. 511 The first [kind]..serueth for Matches to burne in lampes..is called..in English, the Rush candle, or candle rushe: Camels strawe.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ix. 379 Both which it seems are Candle-rushes.

† candle-shears n. Obsolete snuffers.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light > that which extinguishes (candles or torches)

snitelc1000

candle-quencher1382

sniters1382

sniting tongsa1425

snuffer1465

sniting instrumentc1475

candle-shears1483

sniting iron1483

out-quencher1535

candle-snuffer1552

snufter1558

extinguisher1562

dout1573

douter1622

topper1688

link-extinguisher1859

squencher1871

1483 Cath. Angl. 52 A Candyl schers, emunctorium.

1611 Rates (Jam.) Candlesheares, the dozen pair xxxs.

candle-shrift n. penance done with candles.

ΚΠ

1871 D. G. Rossetti Dante at Verona lvii This Dante writ in answer thus..Hither to candleshrift and mulct.

† candle-silver n. Obsolete a money-payment for the supply of candles.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > benefice > other financial matters > [noun] > payment made for specific purpose > for providing or maintaining lights

lightscotOE

candle-silver1420

wax-silver1432

wax-shot15..

wax-farthingc1588

1420 Will of Thomas Exton (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/2) f. 401 Candelsilvyr qui in eadem ecclesia ut in aliis ecclesiis civitatis predicte tempore paschali colligi solent & levari.

candle-slate n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 623 Candle-slates, and other bituminous shales.

† candle-sniting n. Obsolete the snuff of a candle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > wick > snuff

gnastc1175

snuff1382

snitc1420

snotc1420

snitingc1440

candle-sniting1483

candle-snuff1552

snuffing?1575

snaste1592

snuft1657

1483 Cath. Angl. 53 A Candylsnytynge, licinus, licinum.

† candle-stuff n. Obsolete (a) study or work done by candle-light; (b) material for candles.

ΚΠ

1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. **3 For recreation after their candle stuffe.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §774 By the help of Oyl and Wax, and other Candle-stuff; the flame may continue and the wick not burn.

candle-teening n. (also candle-tending, candle-tining) dialect the time for lighting or seeing to the candles, evening, nightfall.

ΚΠ

1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xxxi. f. 261 About candell tendynge the fyghtynge broke of.

1614 T. Godwin Romanæ Historiæ Anthologia ii. iii. i. 65 Prima fax. Candle-tining.

1746 Exmoor Scolding (ed. 3) ii. 16 Vrom Candle-douting to condle-teening.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	candle
释义	candlen. /ˈkand(ə)l/ Forms: Old English–Middle English condel, condell, Old English–1500s candel, candell, Middle English Orm. kanndell, Middle English kandel, Middle English condil, kandil, Middle English candelle, candylle, candyle, candulle, candul, Middle English, (1700s English regional (Devon)) condle, Middle English–1500s condyl, Middle English– candle, (dialect cannel, cannle, kennel.) Etymology: Old English candel , cǫndel (feminine), < Latin candēla (or candella ) ‘candle’, < candēre to shine. One of the Latin words introduced at the English Conversion, and long associated chiefly with religious observances: even in the 15th cent. three of the glossaries in Wright-Wülcker include ‘candle’ among the ‘names of things pertaining to the church’ (nomina pertinencia ecclesiæ ). This sacred character of the word bears on the Old English poetic compounds Godes candel , heofoncandel , etc. in sense 2. The southern Middle English plural was condlen. Latin candēla came down in Romance as Italian candela, Provençal candela, Spanish candela, Portuguese canˈdea.Old French chandeile, -doile, Old Northern French candeile, -doile. The actual French chandelle (Old French chandele) represents a late Latin variant candella (usual in medieval Latin), assimilated to diminutives in -ella. (Compare querēla, querella.) The occasional late Middle English spelling candelle may have been after French. 1. a. A source of artificial light, consisting of a usually cylindrical body of wax, tallow, spermaceti, or other solid fat, formed round a wick of cotton or flax, formerly also, of the pith of a rush.Candles are distinguished according to the method of manufacture, as dipped or mould candles, by the material employed, or by some other peculiarity, as Paris candle, royal candle, etc. The word is also used without plural as a name of material, as in a piece of candle, an inch of candle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] candlea700 taperc897 ruff1440 taper-light1577 planet1843 a700 Erfurt Gloss. (O.E.T.) 382 Emunctoria, candelthuist. a800 Corpus Gloss. 745 Emunctoria, candeltwist. c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 154 Lampas, candeles leoma. a1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1140 Me lihtede candles to æten bi. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. 290 Þat chyld heo bete so stronge myd þe condlen long & towe. 1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Prol. 334 A nigard that wol werne A man to light a candel at his lanterne. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) viii. xvi. 322 A glasse sette byfore a candle receuyth lighte of a candil. 1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 35 Is like to hym that lighteth acandelle to another. 1579 in Turner Rec. Oxford 402 A pound of the best cotton candells. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. ii. 97 This Candle burnes not cleere, 'tis I must snuffe it, Then out it goes. View more context for this quotation 1662 Earl of Orrery Coll. State Lett. (1743) I. 117 To provide fire and candle. 1708 Brit. Apollo 15–17 Dec. Why should a Rush Candle burn longer than a Cotten one? 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 148 Ten mould kandles, that had scarce ever been lit. 1851 W. P. Snow Jrnl. Arct. Seas iv. 46 Very little candle was required below at night. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xii. 205 No candle or fire is ever lighted in the Bodleian. b. In religious or superstitious use. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > candle or light > [noun] taperc897 ciergec1300 candlea1400 trindle1537 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20701 Gas þan wit fair processiun..Wit cirges and wit candel bright. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 48 Wil þu offir a candil þat þu geyt merit & grace? 1554 Woodde Dial. D j in Brand's Pop. Antiq. Great Brit. (1870) I. 27 Wherefore serveth holye Candels? To light up in thunder, and to bless men when they lye a dying. 1561 Bp. J. Pilkington True Rep. Burnyng Poules I We shuld bear our Candel at her [sc. the Virgin's] Churching at Candlemas. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Chandelle There was for euery Saint his candle. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 101 A votive candle placed before the image of a saint. 1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate I. i. 27 Captain Aylmer was member for Perivale on the Low Church interest... He could say a sharp word or two..about vestments; he was strong against candles [i.e. the use of candles on the altar or communion-table in Anglican churches]. †c. as used at a sale by auction: see Phrases 4. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > selling > a public sale > [noun] > auction > candle used at auction candle1662 1662 S. Pepys Diary 3 Sept. (1970) III. 185 After dinner..we met and sold the..Hulke. Where pleasant to see how backward men are at first to bid; and yet when the candle is going out, how they bawl. 1690 Records E. Ind. Comp. Mr. Thorowgood to manage the Company's Candle at the Sale. d. A standard spermaceti candle formerly used as a unit of illuminating power: hence candle power; frequently called international candle. Also, with prefixed numeral, = candle power n. at Compounds 2. Replaced as a unit of luminous intensity by the new candle (see quot. 1937) = candela n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle standard candle1850 candle1866 candle power1877 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > degree of intensity intensity1794 candle1866 Lambert1895 the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from whale blubber > used as a unit of illuminating power candle1866 the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > candela new candle1938 candela1950 cd1950 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > unit of light intensity lux1889 lumen1898 L1915 Lambert1915 phot1917 new candle1938 candela1950 cd1950 rayleigh1956 1860 Act 23 & 24 Vict. c. 125 §25 The Quality of the Common Gas..shall be..such as to produce..a Light equal in Intensity to the Light produced by not less than Twelve Sperm Candles.] 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. ix. 84 The cannel gas is said to be equal to 34·4 candles. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 553 10,500 cubic feet of 25-candle gas to the ton. 1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 279 A 2,000-candle light. 1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 282 A hundred-candle Sugg gas-burner. 1883 Harper's Mag. Feb. 482/1 One hour's light of two-thousand candle-power. 1917 Trans. Illum. Engin. Soc. 12 440 Candle, the unit of luminous intensity maintained by the national laboratories of France, Great Britain and the United States... This unit, which is used also by many other countries, has..been referred to as the international candle. 1937 Com. Internat. Poids & Mesures XVIII. 216 L'adoption d'une nouvelle définition de l'unité d'intensité lumineuse... Le Comité se rallie á la proposition d'appeler ‘bougie nouvelle’ l'unité qui vient d'être définie.] 1938 Light & Lighting XXXI. 186/1 The initiation of the new international candle, based upon..a primary standard of light (one-sixtieth of the luminous intensity of one square centimetre of a black body maintained at the temperature of solidification of platinum)... Laboratories are preparing groups of lamps to be measured in terms of the new candle, which is to come into operation in 1940. e. An arrangement of carbons in an electric light. ΚΠ 1877 Design & Work 3 20 M. Paul Jablochkoff..has worked out his results in the form of an electric candle. 1882 J. Dredge Electr. Illumination I. 530 When a candle is almost entirely burnt out, the voltaic arc and the incandescent portion of the carbons are brought into very close proximity to the strip. †2. figurative. A source of light; applied poetically (with attributes) to the natural luminaries. In Old English poetry dæg candel, heofon-candel, rodor candel, woruld-candel, Godes candel, were poetical terms for the sun. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] candle937 lightOE starsc1225 ballc1300 bodya1398 celestinec1430 heavenly bodya1475 luminair1477 luminary1489 streamer1513 host or hosts of heaven1535 globe1555 orb1565 sphere1598 planet1640 superstar1910 937 Anglo-Saxon Chron. Glad ofer grundas Godes condel beorht. OE Beowulf 1572 Hadre scineð rodores candel. c1374 G. Chaucer Compl. Mars 7 Loo yonde the sunne the candel of Ialosye. 1596 R. Linche Certaine Sonnets in Diella sig. C8 Hee that can count the candles of the skie. 1599 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet iii. v. 9 Nights candles are burnt out. View more context for this quotation 1630 Bp. J. Hall Occas. Medit. §xlix What a cold Candle is lighted vp in the body of this sorry Worme. †3. figurative. a. That which illuminates the mind. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [noun] > source of luminarya1450 candlea1533 thorough light1598 lumen siccum1605 a1533 J. Frith Mirroure (?1536) i. sig. Aiv Yet wyll I sette you vpon a candell whych shall..clerely dyspell hys myste and vayne poetrye. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 1937/2 We shall this day lyght such a candle by Gods grace in England, as (I trust) shall neuer be put out. a1619 S. Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1634) 2 Since the candle of letters gave us some little light therof. b. The ‘light’ of life. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > vital principle > [noun] souleOE lifeOE spiritusOE bloodOE ghostOE life and soulOE quickship?c1225 quicknessc1230 breatha1300 spirita1325 spark1382 naturec1385 sparkle1388 livelinessa1398 rational soula1398 spiracle1398 animal spirit?a1425 vital spiritc1450 soul of the world1525 candle1535 fire1576 three souls1587 vitality?1592 candlelight1596 substance1605 vivacity1611 animality1615 vividity1616 animals1628 life spring1649 archeus1651 vital1670 spirituosity1677 springs of life1681 microcosmetor1684 vital force1702 vital spark (also flame)1704 stamen1718 vis vitae1752 prana1785 Purusha1785 jiva1807 vital force1822 heartbeat1828 world-soul1828 world-spirit1828 life energy1838 life force1848 ghost soul1869 will to live1871 biogen1882 ki1893 mauri1897 élan vital1907 orgone1942 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xxi. 17 How oft shal the candle of y^e wicked be put out. 1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 ii. vi. 1 Heere burnes my candell out. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. v. 22 Out, out, breefe Candle, Life's but a walking Shadow. View more context for this quotation 1642 T. Fuller Holy State i. ii. 6 Her candle was put out, as soon as the day did dawn in S. Augustine. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 175. 4. transferred. a. A preparation containing resinous or aromatic substances for diffusion during burning; a pastil. medicated candle n. (see quots.) ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > incense rechelseOE storc1000 incensec1290 censea1382 guma1382 olibanuma1398 thus1398 frankincensea1400 frank14.. thurec1425 mascle thure?1440 olibanc1440 smoke1530 perfume1542 masculine frankincense1555 tacamahac1577 cayolac1588 masculine gum1604 candle1628 pastille1630 Spanish coal1631 incense-frank1633 thymiama1697 censery1823 punk1844 joss-stick1845 god-stick1874 the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > other miscellaneous medicines > [noun] > medicines to be burnt, smoked, or inhaled suffite1621 suffiment1650 vaporary1657 cigarette1876 medicated candle1880 inhalation1882 the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > perfume used medicinally pomander1492 pomea1522 suffite1621 suffiment1650 medicated candle1880 1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) i. iii. iii. 201 Perfumes, suffumigations, mixt candles, perspectiue glasses, and such naturall causes. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) Medicinal Candles, candelæ fumales, are compositions of odoriferous, aromatic, and inflammable matters, as benzoin, storax..formed into masses in shape of candles. The effluvia and odours whereof when burnt, are supposed to be salutary to the breast. 1880 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Medicated candle, a candle containing some drug for diffusion during burning..Mercurial candle. †b. A bougie; a suppository. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > suppositories, etc. > [noun] pessarya1400 suppositorya1400 supposta1500 suppositor1540 collyrie1600 nascal1640 searching candle1651 candle1684 gland1684 collyrium1748 1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 839 Suppositories are made round like Candles..whence they call them Candles from the similitude. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Candles for caruncles of the urinary passage. 1881 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Candela, bougie.] c. Mucus pendulous at the nose. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > mucus excreted > [noun] collop1589 sneezings1607 exsufflation1666 sputum1684 sixpence1773 candle1858 1858 ‘G. Eliot’ Amos Barton ii, in Scenes Clerical Life I. 50 The inveterate culprit was a boy of seven, vainly contending against ‘candles’ at his nose by feeble sniffing. d. Christmas candle n. at Christmas n.¹ and int. Compounds 2, Roman candle n. e. The inflorescence or panicle of a horse chestnut tree. in candle: of a chestnut tree, in flower. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > horse-chestnut tree and allies > [noun] > inflorescence candle1920 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible nuts or nut-trees > [adverb] > in flower (of chestnut tree) in candle1954 1920 E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 48 The chestnut-candles flicker. 1938 T. H. G. Stevens Trees & Shrubs in my Garden vii. 118 The Common Horse Chestnut from Albania is one of the finest flowering trees with its great candles of white flowers in May. 1954 ‘C. Dane’ Flower Girls l. 448 ‘Horse-chestnuts... The leaf prints off like a horse-shoe,’ said Ernest, adding that the tree ‘in candle’ was the most beautiful sight. 1968 C. P. Snow Sleep of Reason (1969) xxxviii. 357 In a public garden the candles stood bright on the flowering chestnuts. 1983 P. Mortimer Handyman vi. 55 A huge horse-chestnut bearing a thousand candles hung over Slattery's wall. Phrases P1. candle, book, and bell: see bell n.¹ 8. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 17110 Curced in kirc þan sal þai be wid candil, boke, and bell. 1840 R. H. Barham Jackdaw of Rheims in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 220 The Cardinal rose with a dignified look, He call'd for his candle, his bell and his book. †P2. to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil: to propitiate or humour him, as saints are supposed to be propitiated by a votive candle; later, to hold a candle to the devil (by confusion with c): to serve or assist an evil person, to be active in evil courses. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > exorcism > perform exorcism [verb (intransitive)] to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil?1463 the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [verb (intransitive)] > perform exorcism to set (also light, proffer) a candle before or to the devil?1463 society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > do evil or wrong [verb (intransitive)] misdoOE lithera1300 malignc1425 to do (also play the) naught1594 to hold a candle to the devil1598 ?1463 R. Cutler in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 260 A man must sumtyme set a candel be-for þe Deuyll. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. x. sig. Ciii^v I therby fearyng She wolde spit her venym, thought it not euyll To set vp a candell before the deuyll. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 61 Thou maist find ease, so proffring vp a candell to the deuill. 1598 J. Marston Certaine Satyres in Metamorph. Pigmalions Image 45 A damn'd Macheuelian. Holds candle to the deuill for a while, That he the better may the world beguile. 1649 J. Howell Preheminence Parl. 20 According to the Italian Proverb, That one must sometimes light a candle to the Devil. c1670 Lady Abergavenny in R. Mansell Narr. Popish Plot 12 She could not endure to hear it, but yet was forced to hold a Candle to the Devil. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth II. 213 Here have I been holding a candle to the devil, to show him the way to mischief. P3. to hold a candle to another: literal to assist him by holding the candle while he works; hence, to help in a subordinate position. not to be able or fit to hold a candle to: not fit to hold even a subordinate position to, nothing to be compared to. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > aid, help, or assist [verb (transitive)] > help as subsidiary > act as assistant to to hold a candle to another1550 second1588 associate1626 support1886 1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Aii^v Dise playars..(that..haue nothynge to playe for)..holde the candle to them that haue wherewyth, and wyll sette lustily to it. 1590 R. Greene Neuer too Late i. 22 Driuen..when I am worst forst to holde the candle. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. vi. 41 Lor. Descend, for you must be my torch-bearer. Ies. What, must I hold a candle to my shames. View more context for this quotation 1614 T. Adams Diuells Banket v. 225 Let Plato then, hold the candle to Moses. 1641 E. Dering Foure Cardinall-vertues Carmelite-fryar ii. 43 Though I be not worthy to hold the candle to Aristotle. a1763 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) I. 344 Others aver that he to Handel Is scarcely fit to hold a candle. 1883 W. E. Norris No New Thing I. vii. 175 Edith is pretty, very pretty; but she can't hold a candle to Nellie. P4. to sell (also let) by the candle, by inch of candle, etc.: to dispose of by auction in which bids are received so long as a small piece of candle burns, the last bid before the candle goes out securing the article; hence in many figurative and transferred uses. Cf. auction n. 3.This appears to have been a custom adopted from the French; cf. Littré, also Cotgrave, at Chandelle. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > selling > a public sale > sell by public sale [verb (transitive)] > sell by auction > sell by specific type of auction to sell (also let) by the candle1680 1680 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 287 The new marked ground..was lett by inch of candle in the towne hall. a1682 Sir T. Browne Let. to Friend (1690) 8 Mere pecuniary Matches, or Marriages made by the Candle. 1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 73 The Council thinks it meet to propose the way of selling by Inch of Candle, as being the most probable means to procure the true value of the Goods. 1695 J. Collier Misc. upon Moral Subj. 49 To give Interest a Share in Friendship, is in effect to sell it by Inch of Candle. 1700 Act 11 & 12 Will. III in London Gaz. No. 6129/1 All such Goods..shall be sold at publick Sale by the Candle. 1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iv, in Wks. IX. 84 Where British faith and honour are to be sold by inch of candle. 1825 W. Hone Every-day Bk. (1826) I. 837 Four acres..are let by inch of candle. 1851 Notes & Queries 15 Nov. 383 Forty or fifty years ago goods were advertised for public sale by the candle. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) There is also a kind of Excommunication by Inch of Candle; wherein, the Time a lighted Candle continues burning, is allow'd the Sinner to come to Repentance, but after which, he remains excommunicated to all Intents and Purposes. †P5. to smell of the candle: i.e. of work by night, of close and prolonged study. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea in Wks. (1620) I. 504 If that bee commendation..for a mans labours to smell of the candle. (Cf. [see lamp n.¹]. ) P6. the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candle: i.e. not worth the mere cost of supplying the necessary light (cf. 1550 at Phrases 3); not worth the labour expended.Of French origin: cf. Cotgrave at Chandelle ‘Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle, it will not quit cost’. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > be of no importance [phrase] forcec1330 no wardc1330 no strength1340 no forcec1369 no mattera1466 what force?a1513 no skill1575 what matter?1678 the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candlea1699 nix my dolly1795 what the hell1872 a1699 W. Temple Ess. Health & Long Life in Miscellanea: 3rd Pt. (1701) 119 Perhaps the Play is not worth the Candle. 1712 W. Darrell Gentleman Instructed: 3rd Pt. vi. 160 After all, these discoveries are not worth the Candle. 1874 P. Bayne in Contemp. Rev. Oct. 706 The game would not be worth the candle. 1883 D. C. Murray Hearts xviii The game didn't seem worth the candle. P7. to light (also burn) the candle at both ends: to consume or waste in two directions at once.Cf. Cotgrave ‘Brusler la chandelle par lex deux bouts’. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > relinquishing > squandering or prodigality > squander or be prodigal [verb (intransitive)] waste1390 lasha1560 squander1593 to play the prodigal1602 outlash1611 wanton1646 to light (also burn) the candle at both ends1736 extravagate1871 the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > be used up or consumed [verb (intransitive)] > consume in two ways at once to light (also burn) the candle at both ends1736 1736 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum (ed. 2) (at cited word) The Candle burns at both Ends. Said when Husband and Wife are both Spendthrifts. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xlii. 281 Apt to light their candle at both ends; that is to say, they are apt to consume too much, and work too little. 1848 C. Kingsley Saint's Trag. iii. i. 140 To double all your griefs, and burn life's candle, As village gossips say, at either end. P8. lighted candle: put symbolically for a place of social gathering or entertainment. ΚΠ 1928 W. Paget Linings of Life I. 248 Lady G. Codrington's silver hair and dowagery face appeared under every lighted candle. P9. Various phrases obvious in meaning. ΚΠ 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia i. sig. Bi^v Set furth the brightnes of the sonne wyth a candell, as the Prouerbe sayth. 1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 23^v I burnt one candle to seeke another, & lost bothe my time and my trauell, when I had done. 1581 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha iii. iv. 361 I shal but set a Candle in the Sunshine. 1658 J. Rowland Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) New Ded. Ep. sig. A3^v Another Physitian, lighting his Candle by the former lights, succeeded them in this great undertaking. 1676 M. Clifford Treat. Humane Reason in Phenix (1708) II. 532 Men grope in the dark that light not their Candle at ours. 1728 E. Young Love of Fame: Universal Passion (ed. 2) vii. 97 How commentators each dark passage shun, And hold their farthing candle to the sun. 1873 E. Bulwer-Lytton Kenelm Chillingly viii. vii Slothfully determined to hide his candle under a bushel [cf. Matt. v. 15]. Compounds C1. General relations: a. Attributive. (a) candle-dish n. ΚΠ 1899 Pall Mall Mag. Jan. 77 Two silver candledishes. candle-flame n. ΚΠ 1887 Spectator 2 Apr. 463/1 Draughts which no candle-flame was sensitive enough to indicate. candle-grease n. ΚΠ 1774 O. Goldsmith Of Fishes iii, in Hist. Earth VII. iii. 50 Drops of candle-grease. candle-rack n. ΚΠ 1863 S. Baring-Gould Iceland 209 A curious candlerack of wrought iron foliage. candle-screen n. ΚΠ 1819 Post Office London Directory 324 Candle-screen Manufacturers. candle-shade n. ΚΠ 1780 Hickey's Bengal Gaz. 8 Apr. Borrowed last Month by a Person or Persons unknown..a very elegant Pair of Candle Shades. a1916 H. James Middle Years (1917) 76 Milford Cottage, with its innumerable red candles and candle-shades. 1967 J. Rathbone Diamonds Bid xvii. 147 The glass candle shade on my own table. candle-shine n. ΚΠ 1853 E. S. Sheppard Charles Auchester III. 230 By candleshine, or the setting sun. candle-smoke n. ΚΠ 1647 R. Stapleton tr. Juvenal Sixteen Satyrs 85 Foul'd with candlesmoak. candle-time n. ΚΠ 1658 Songs Costume (1849) 168 But you keep off till candle-time. candle-wright n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who makes or sells chandler1389 wax-maker14.. tallow-chandler1406 wax-chandler1418 candle-maker1611 candle-wright1766 maggot-boiler1788 1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 3 A street occupied..by candle-wrights, or candle-makers. (b) candle-lit adj. ΚΠ 1868 J. G. Whittier Meeting in Compl. Wks. (1898) 486/1 No altar candle-lit by day. 1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Oct. 2/3 This candlelit old hall. 1916 H. G. Wells Mr. Britling sees it Through ii. §9 Equally unexpected was the supper on a long candlelit table without a cloth. b. Objective. candle-bearer n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who lights or carries lighterc1400 primiceryc1460 candle-bearer1555 candle-holder1597 primicerio1695 candle-lighter1753 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. xii. 267 The Acholite..occupieth the roume of Candle-bearer. candle-bearing n. candle-maker n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > one who makes or sells chandler1389 wax-maker14.. tallow-chandler1406 wax-chandler1418 candle-maker1611 candle-wright1766 maggot-boiler1788 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Chandelier..a Chaundler, or Candle-maker, or Candle-seller. candle-making n. ΚΠ 1611 C. Tourneur Atheist's Trag. (new ed.) v. sig. k4^v Backe to your candle-making. c1865 H. Letheby in J. Wylde Circle of Sci. I. 98/1 We do not employ much wax..for candle-making. candle-seller n. ΚΠ 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Chandelier..a Chaundler, or Candle-maker, or Candle-seller. C2. Special combinations. Also candleberry n., candle-end n., candlelight n., candlestick n., etc. candle-balance n. an instrument used in photometric research for measuring a burning candle's rate of consumption. ΚΠ 1876 Amer. Gas-light Jrnl. 3 July 6 Candle balance. candle-ball n. a small glass bubble filled with water, which when held in the flame of a candle, bursts with a loud explosion. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus bain1477 speculum1650 filtering paper1651 wheel-fire1662 filter paper1670 sun furnace1763 respirator1789 candle-ball1794 rectifier1822 candle-bomb1823 filter1823 oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823 shade1837 graduator1839 pipette1839 thistle funnel1849 pressure tube1852 ozonizer1858 dialyser1861 Liebig condenser1861 Sprengel pump1866 Sprengel tube1866 water softener1867 mercury pump1869 Bunsen burner1870 dialysator1877 test-mixer1877 tube-condenser1877 Kipp1879 reflux condenser1880 policeman1888 converter1889 pressure boiler1891 spot plate1896 hydrogen electrode1898 sampler1902 reactor1903 fume-chamber1905 Permutit1910 microburner1911 salt bridge1915 precipitator1919 Raschig ring1920 microneedle1921 titrator1928 laboratory coatc1936 spray tower1937 precipitron1938 ion exchanger1941 potentiostat1942 chemostat1950 Knudsen pipette1951 pH-stat1956 cryopump1958 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. viii. 291 This effect of vapour is..exemplified by the small machines called candle-balls. candle-bomb n. a sphere which explodes in the heat of a candle, giving out a brilliant light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus bain1477 speculum1650 filtering paper1651 wheel-fire1662 filter paper1670 sun furnace1763 respirator1789 candle-ball1794 rectifier1822 candle-bomb1823 filter1823 oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823 shade1837 graduator1839 pipette1839 thistle funnel1849 pressure tube1852 ozonizer1858 dialyser1861 Liebig condenser1861 Sprengel pump1866 Sprengel tube1866 water softener1867 mercury pump1869 Bunsen burner1870 dialysator1877 test-mixer1877 tube-condenser1877 Kipp1879 reflux condenser1880 policeman1888 converter1889 pressure boiler1891 spot plate1896 hydrogen electrode1898 sampler1902 reactor1903 fume-chamber1905 Permutit1910 microburner1911 salt bridge1915 precipitator1919 Raschig ring1920 microneedle1921 titrator1928 laboratory coatc1936 spray tower1937 precipitron1938 ion exchanger1941 potentiostat1942 chemostat1950 Knudsen pipette1951 pH-stat1956 cryopump1958 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Candle-bomb. 1868 Model Steam Engine 14 In Candle Bombs the stem is long enough to admit of being fixed into the fat. candle-bark n. dialect a candle-box (cf. bark n.¹ 8). ΚΠ 1875 Lanc. Gloss. (E.D.S.) Candle-bark, cannel-bark, a candle-box. candle-box n. a box for keeping candles in. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > box for storing candles candle-box1566 candle-case1604 1566 J. Haryngton in Leisure Hour (1884) 630/1 That no mans bed be vnmade, nor fire or candle box vncleane, after eight o'clock in the morning. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. iv. vii. 251 Amid candle-boxes and treacle-barrels. † candle-branch n. Obsolete a chandelier (cf. branch n. 2d). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > support or holder for a candle > [noun] > candelabrum branch1525 principal1548 candle-branch1599 lustre1682 chandelier1736 pharos1806 candelabrum1815 cluster-candlestick1859 lampadary1885 1599 J. Minsheu Percyvall's Dict. Spanish & Eng. at Candeléro de tinieblas A candle-branch that hath many candlestickes in it. candle-bush n. a South African plant, Sarcocaulon patersoni, so called from the readiness with which it burns. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plants yielding fuel or manure > [noun] > plants yielding firewood lightwood1693 lignum rhodium1693 candle-wood1712 rosewood1756 grease-wood1845 grease-bush1860 torch-tree1862 amyrisc1865 torchwood1866 candle-bush1890 1890 A. Martin Home Life Ostrich Farm 60 The kerzbosch, or candle-bush, a stunted, thorny plant, if lighted at one end when in the green state, will burn steadily just like a wax candle. 1966 E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xvi. 258 The men cut long forked sticks, spiked on the fork a Candlebush which burns like paraffin, and..moved quickly from clump to clump, burning off the noors spines. candle-canting n. (see quot. and cf. Phrases 4). ΚΠ 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby at Canting ‘A cannle-canting’ when articles were appraised until a candle burned down to a certain mark, and the highest bidder got the bargain. † candle-case n. Obsolete a case or box to keep candles in. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > box for storing candles candle-box1566 candle-case1604 1604 F. T. Case is Altered sig. A4 Neither kniue Cases, Pinne-Cases, nor Candle Cases. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iii. ii. 45 A paire of bootes that haue beene candle-cases . View more context for this quotation candle-dipper n. a machine for making candles by dipping. candle-dipping n. the process of manufacturing candles by dipping as distinguished from moulding; also attributive, as in candle-dipping machine. Categories » candle-fir n. Scottish ‘fir that has been buried in a morass, moss-fallen fir, split and used instead of candles’ (Jamieson). candle-fish n. a sea-fish of the salmon family, frequenting the rivers of north-western America, which on account of its extreme oiliness is used when dried as a candle. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > thaleichthys pacificus (candle-fish) eulachon1807 fathom-fish1849 candle-fish1882 1882 Standard 7 Oct. 5/2 The wonderful candle-fish, or ‘oolachan’, which ascends the North-Western rivers in March. 1886 Gazette (Montreal) 14 Aug. 2/4 (advt.) British Columbia ‘Candle Fish’. This delicious fish, the ‘oolachan’ packed in small tubs—for family trade. † candle-fly n. Obsolete ‘a flie that houering about a candle burnes itself’ (Florio s.v. Farfalla), a moth. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > member of (moth) farfalla1606 taper-fly?1614 candle-fly1626 moth1646 phalaena1658 pilser1736 redneck1773 bustard1803 soul1815 notch-wing1819 satellite1832 bobowler1852 1626 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. (ed. 2) Farfalla, a Candle-Fly. 1725 N. Bailey tr. Erasmus All Familiar Colloquies 556 Why should an Owl be an Enemy to small Birds..a Turtle-Dove to a Candle-Fly? candle-foot n. = footcandle n. at foot n. and int. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > candela > foot-candle candle-foot1892 footcandle1906 1892 A. P. Trotter in Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 110 71 As the heights of lamp-posts and the width of streets are measured in feet, the candle-foot, that is, the illumination produced by one standard candle at a distance of 1 foot, will be taken in the present Paper as the unit of illumination. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 83/2 In order that street surfaces may be well lighted, the minimum illumination should not fall below 0·1 candle-foot. 1928 Sunday Disp. 30 Dec. 7/5 (L.C.C. Regulation) The lighting maintained in no part of the auditorium shall be less than ·025 candle-foot. candle-hour n. ? time when candles are burnt, night-time. ΚΠ a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Crastini Anim. in Poems (1878) 202 Till when, our Numbers (destin'd to more) Creeps to a corner, at a Candle-Hower. † candle-inch n. Obsolete (see Phrases 4). ΚΠ 1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth I. 355 Meaning by Candle Inch to buy my Lot. candle-lamp n. a kind of lamp in which candles are used. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > [noun] > containing a candle fairy lamp1878 candle-lamp1882 fairy light1886 1882 E. O'Donovan Merv Oasis I. xxvi. 448 On the table burned half a dozen Candle-lamps. candle-match n. a match or fusee made of the wick of a candle, or of a piece of greased paper. candle-metre n. the illumination of a standard candle at a distance of one metre. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle > units depending on candle-metre1908 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > intensity of light, luminosity > [noun] > unit of light intensity > specific measurements candle-metre1908 lumen-hour1925 lumen-second1930 1908 Westm. Gaz. 23 Mar. 4/2 The values are expressed in ‘candle-mètres’. † candle-mine n. figurative Obsolete a mine of fat or candle material. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [noun] > fat or plump shape or physique > person having porknellc1540 porkling1541 porridge belly1580 tallow catch1598 woolsack1598 candle-mine1600 trillibub1600 bauson1607 panguts1617 firkin1630 porker1665 poke pudding1706 pudsy1710 jolluxa1797 fatty1797 fattener1817 rotundity1824 tun-butt1829 stout party1855 pig1858 fatlinga1861 slob1861 bladder of lard1864 butterball1877 lard-bladder1891 jelly-belly1896 tub1897 barrel1909 flop1909 pussy-gut1909 gutbucket1919 Billy Bunter1939 endomorph1940 Fatso1944 slug1959 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 ii. iv. 304 You horson candlemine you. View more context for this quotation candle-mould n. a mould or mould-frame for making candles in, now usually made of pewter or tin. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for making other articles > [noun] > candle-making equipment candle-mould1566 wax-moulda1679 stick1711 hot closet1798 port1839 broach1875 1566 in J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices (modernized text) III. 577/2 Candle-mould. 1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions Index 8 A Candle-mold. candle-nut n. the commercial name for the fruit of the candleberry tree, or . ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > trees or shrubs yielding oil > Asian > tung or candlenut tree or bean Indian walnut1831 candle-nut1835 candle-nut tree1854 candleberry tree1866 kukui1866 tung1889 tung oil tree1913 tung nut1937 1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 58/1 The fruits of the Aleurites triloba..the candle-nuts of the inhabitants of these remote regions. 1884 Leisure Hour Feb. 86/2 Candle-nuts, which are exceedingly hard, but yield good oil. candle-nut tree n. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > plant, nut, or bean yielding oil > [noun] > trees or shrubs yielding oil > Asian > tung or candlenut tree or bean Indian walnut1831 candle-nut1835 candle-nut tree1854 candleberry tree1866 kukui1866 tung1889 tung oil tree1913 tung nut1937 1854 P. L. Simmonds Comm. Products Veg. Kingdom in R. G. Latham Dict. Eng. Lang. (1872) The candlenut tree grows in the Polynesian Islands. candle-paper n. a spill for lighting candles. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > material for igniting > [noun] > match, spill, or taper for lighting wax tapera1398 match1519 brimstone match1594 card match1654 spunk1755 light1787 spill1821 lighter1828 candle-paper1829 fidibus1829 Promethean1829 sulphur-match1830 pipelight1842 candle-lighter1855 kitchen match1862 spiller1936 1829 W. M. Praed Poems (1865) I. 363 Twisting up his song Into the sweetest candle-papers. candle power n. (a) see sense 1d; (b) the illuminating power of an electric lamp, etc., reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > illumination > [noun] > unit of illumination > standard candle standard candle1850 candle1866 candle power1877 1877 Engineering XXIV. 333 In measuring the candle power of the light produced by each machine. 1880 J. W. Urquhart Electr. Light 278 Six electric lights of 480-candle power each. 1883Candle power [see sense 1d]. 1894 D. Salomons Electr. Light Installations (ed. 7) II. 248 The amount of energy required to incandesce the lamp determines its candle-power efficiency. 1934 Discovery June 155/2 The official physical standards of the country, e.g., length, mass, temperature, candle-power. † candle-quencher n. Obsolete an extinguisher. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light > that which extinguishes (candles or torches) snitelc1000 candle-quencher1382 sniters1382 sniting tongsa1425 snuffer1465 sniting instrumentc1475 candle-shears1483 sniting iron1483 out-quencher1535 candle-snuffer1552 snufter1558 extinguisher1562 dout1573 douter1622 topper1688 link-extinguisher1859 squencher1871 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Exod. xxv. 38 Candelquenchers, and forsothe where the snoffes ben quenchid, be thei maad of moost puyr gold. † candle-rush n. Obsolete the common rush, formerly used for making rush lights. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > rush and related plants rusheOE sharp rushc1050 seave14.. junk?a1425 candle-rushc1440 rush1562 sea-rush1562 camel's-straw1578 mat-rush1578 sprot1595 frog grass1597 matweed1597 rush grass1597 sprata1600 spart1614 bumble1633 toad-grass1640 moss-rush1670 thresha1689 spreta1700 bog rush1760 black grassa1763 goose-corn1762 toad-rush1776 wood-rush1776 stool-bent1777 scrub-grass1811 beak-rush1830 salt-weed1836 wiwi1840 thread rush1861 three-leaved rush1861 kill-cow1898 the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > made from animal fat > made from rushes dipped in fat > rush used candle-rushc1440 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 60 Candylrysche [v.r. candel-rushe], papirus. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. lii. 511 The first [kind]..serueth for Matches to burne in lampes..is called..in English, the Rush candle, or candle rushe: Camels strawe. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ix. 379 Both which it seems are Candle-rushes. † candle-shears n. Obsolete snuffers. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] > extinguishing light > that which extinguishes (candles or torches) snitelc1000 candle-quencher1382 sniters1382 sniting tongsa1425 snuffer1465 sniting instrumentc1475 candle-shears1483 sniting iron1483 out-quencher1535 candle-snuffer1552 snufter1558 extinguisher1562 dout1573 douter1622 topper1688 link-extinguisher1859 squencher1871 1483 Cath. Angl. 52 A Candyl schers, emunctorium. 1611 Rates (Jam.) Candlesheares, the dozen pair xxxs. candle-shrift n. penance done with candles. ΚΠ 1871 D. G. Rossetti Dante at Verona lvii This Dante writ in answer thus..Hither to candleshrift and mulct. † candle-silver n. Obsolete a money-payment for the supply of candles. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > benefice > other financial matters > [noun] > payment made for specific purpose > for providing or maintaining lights lightscotOE candle-silver1420 wax-silver1432 wax-shot15.. wax-farthingc1588 1420 Will of Thomas Exton (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/2) f. 401 Candelsilvyr qui in eadem ecclesia ut in aliis ecclesiis civitatis predicte tempore paschali colligi solent & levari. candle-slate n. (see quot.). ΚΠ 1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 623 Candle-slates, and other bituminous shales. † candle-sniting n. Obsolete the snuff of a candle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > candle > [noun] > wick > snuff gnastc1175 snuff1382 snitc1420 snotc1420 snitingc1440 candle-sniting1483 candle-snuff1552 snuffing?1575 snaste1592 snuft1657 1483 Cath. Angl. 53 A Candylsnytynge, licinus, licinum. † candle-stuff n. Obsolete (a) study or work done by candle-light; (b) material for candles. ΚΠ 1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. *3 For recreation after their candle stuffe. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum* §774 By the help of Oyl and Wax, and other Candle-stuff; the flame may continue and the wick not burn. candle-teening n. (also candle-tending, candle-tining) dialect the time for lighting or seeing to the candles, evening, nightfall. ΚΠ 1519 W. Horman Vulgaria xxxi. f. 261 About candell tendynge the fyghtynge broke of. 1614 T. Godwin Romanæ Historiæ Anthologia ii. iii. i. 65 Prima fax. Candle-tining. 1746 Exmoor Scolding (ed. 3) ii. 16 Vrom Candle-douting to condle-teening. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022). candlev. Etymology: < candle n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈcandle. †1. to candle over: to cover with the material of candles. Obsolete.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1676 A. Marvell Mr. Smirke sig. C3 ^v Is it the Taeda, in which they candled a Man over in Wax, and he, instead of the wick, burnt out to his lives end like a Taper, to give light to the Company? 2. To test by allowing the light of a candle to shine through. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > try or test [verb (transitive)] > test by other specific methods riddle?c1225 ring1777 candle1879 fatigue test1905 pressure-test1933 1879 Daily News 28 Aug. 3/7 Letters..‘candled’, like suspicious eggs, to detect whether more than one sheet was covered by the enclosure. 1883 Daily News 1 Aug. 5/1 An old-fashioned post-office, with clerks ‘candling’ the letters. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < n.a700v.1676
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candlen.

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candlev.