calkn.1
/kɔːk/, U.S. /kɔk/, /kɑk/ 1. A pointed piece of iron on a horseshoe to prevent slipping; = calkin n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > horseshoe > parts of horseshoe
calkin1445
sponge1566
stopping1566
calk1587
spurn1696
quarter1727
welt1758
heel1770
cock1789
cork1806
seating1831
toe-weight1901
1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 191v He sets a slender calke, And so he rides his way.
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Rampones Caukes in a horse shooe.
1881 Daily Tel. 17 Jan. Where would the poor horse be without the ‘calks’ on the hind feet?
2. A piece of iron projecting from the heel of a boot, shoe, or clog, which digs into the ice or frozen ground, and prevents slipping. U.S.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > parts of footwear > [noun] > protective studs or plates > spikes or prongs to prevent slipping
ice spur?a1549
frosts1718
calk1805
spur1820
spike1832
sprig1835
mud-shoe1846
clamper1856
shoe-nail1860
ice calk1863
1805 Naval Chron. 13 113 In Canada it is customary during the winter season..to wear on the feet a sort of patten, called caulks.
1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 430/1 The calk..attached to a boot consists of a plate with spurs, which project a little below the heel.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
† calkn.2
Obsolete rare.
Perhaps calculation: cf. calk v.1; perhaps = chalk.
ΚΠ
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 88 With astrologe and vther instrument, With compas, calk, and als with quadrent.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
† calkv.1
Obsolete.
1. transitive. To calculate, reckon; esp. astrologically.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > astrology > [verb] > calculate
castc1374
calk1401
set1570
planet1596
calculatea1616
astrologizea1734
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > calculate or solve [verb (transitive)]
rimeeOE
calcule1377
numbera1382
accounta1387
casta1400
calk1401
computate1449
suppute?a1475
reckona1513
to cast up1539
yield1542
supputate1555
practise?a1560
calculate1570
compute1579
work1582
quantulate1610
resolve1613
find1714
to work out1719
solve1737
to figure out1854
1401 in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1859) II. 61 If y cowde calkyn Al manere kyndes.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Calkyn, calculo.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xviii. i On his boke he began to calke How the sonne entred was in Gemyne.
1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Clarence xxvi. 3 Whose fortunes kalked made the father sad.
1646 J. Geree Astrologo-mastix 19 Woolsey calked the Kings Nativity.
2. intransitive or absol.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > mathematize [verb (intransitive)] > calculate or solve mathematical problem
reckon1340
calk1398
workc1400
compute1634
supputate1680
prove1862
1398 [implied in: J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Tollemache MS.) (1495) viii. xxvii Þe science and use of calkynge [1535 calclynge; L. calculi] and acountes. (at calking n.1 1)].
1455 J. Gresham in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 126 Oon Doktour Grene, a preest, hath kalked and reporteth þat, etc.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 55/1 They kalked on his natyvyte.
1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie xliv. 26 If one diuell with an other for lies should calke.
3. ? To appropriate, lay claim to. [Perhaps a different word = to chalk out.]
ΚΠ
1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xvii. sig. E3v By kirk-buriall the pavement [is] so partiallie parted to paticulare men, that if they cleaue to that they haue calked, the people that rests..must byde at the dore.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2021).
calkv.2
/kɔːk/, U.S. /kɔk/, /kɑk/ transitive. To provide (a shoe) with a calk or calkin; to rough-shoe.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > shoe [verb (transitive)] > put in frost-nails
frost1572
frost-nail1594
calk1624
rough1792
sharp1841
roughen1864
sharpen1897
1624 T. Scott 2nd Pt. Vox Populi 46 As many..as would suffice for sixe or eight thousand horse all calked sharpe and frost-nayled of purpose for trauaile ouer the Ice.
Derivatives
ˈcalking n. also attributive, as in calking-anvil, an anvil for forming horseshoe calks, calking-tongs for sharpening these.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > studding to prevent slipping
frosting1515
calking1695
roughing1800
1695 W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. Gloss. at Calciatura The calking or cauking of horseshoes, i.e. to turn up the two corners, that a horse may stand the faster upon ice.
1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Feb. 4/1 Colonel Myles's system was the exact opposite of the much-practised ‘calking’.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
calkv.3
/kɔːk/, /kalk/, U.S. /kɔk/, /kɑk/ transitive. To copy (a design) by rubbing the back with colouring matter, and drawing a blunt point along the outlines so as to trace them in the colour on a surface placed beneath.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > draw [verb (transitive)] > calk
calk1662
1662 J. Evelyn Sculptura iv. 47 Two plates, exactly conter-calked.
Derivatives
ˈcalking n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > copying by calking
calking1859
1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs Painting 147 Transferred by tracing, or, as it is also called, calking.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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