zamindarn.

Brit.

/zəˈmiːndɑː/, U.S.

/zəˈminˌdɑr/,

/zəˌminˈdɑr/

Forms:

α. 1600s gemidar, 1600s–1700s jemidar, 1600s–1700s jemmidar, 1700s jemitdar, 1700s zemidar, 1800s jumidar.

β. 1700s jemendar, 1700s–1800s zimeendar, 1700s–1900s zemendar, 1700s– zamindar, 1700s– zemindar, 1800s zemeendar, 1800s zumeendar.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Urdu. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: Urdu zamīndār; Persian zamīndār.

Etymology: < (i) Urdu zamīndār, zamīdār (pronounced with either /a/ or /æ/ in the first syllable), and its etymon (ii) Persian zamīndār, zamīdar < zamīn land, ground (ultimately < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin humus : see humus n.) + dār-dar suffix.Forms with initial j- reflect a colloquial Urdu pronunciation. In early use in English sometimes difficult to distinguish from jamadar n. (which is sometimes written in a similar way); confusion with this word may have influenced the α. forms.

Now historical.

In South Asia: (in the Mughal period) a landholder responsible for paying land revenue for an area to the emperor and carrying out certain other duties in return for retaining a percentage of the amount collected; (later, under British rule) a landowner required to pay a fixed land tax directly to the government.The status of the zamindars and the extent of the lands they held varied considerably, some being extremely wealthy and powerful. The zamindari system continued to operate in some form in many parts of British India until Independence in 1947, although it was more prevalent in the north than in the south where the ryotwari system predominated (cf. ryotwari adj.).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > tax collection > [noun] > tax-collector

catchpoleOE

publicanc1175

tallagerc1400

leviera1513

vectigal1535

renter?1536

task-gatherer1552

exactor1570

uptaker1576

exacter1596

mise-gatherer1597

taxer1603

tax-taker1610

raiser1611

summonitor1617

summonisterc1625

riding officer1675

zamindar1683

tax-gatherer1693

desai1698

amildar1761

amil1763

collector1772

tax-master1796

tehsildar1799

taxman1803

tax-receiver1830

tax-collector1833

the taxes1874

revenuer1877

revenue1880

levyist1923

T-man1938

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > leaseholder or tenant > others

drenga1000

selfode1271

thringc1275

particular tenant1590

rack-renter1680

zamindar1683

roturier1830

statutory tenant1867

livier1883

church renter1889

congest1902

1683 W. Hedges Diary (1887) I. 77 We lay at Bogatcher,..y^e Gemidar invited us ashore, and shewed us Store of Deer, Peacocks, &c.

1698 Extract Consultations at Chuttanutte 31 Oct. in W. Crooke Yule & Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1903) 980/1 Paying the said Rent to the King as the Jemidars have successively done.

1713 in H. Yule & A. C. Burnell Hobson-Jobson (1886) at Zemindar Mr. Edwd. Page... Jemendar.

1764 Ann. Reg., St. Papers 188/1 To all governors, officers..and zemindars..in the provinces of Bengal.

1783 Ann. Reg. 1781 Hist. Europe 177*/1 The Zemindars, who are the present great landholders of India, are likewise a sort of hereditary princes of the country.

1845 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 I. vii. 401 The Zemindars had been formerly charged with the management of the police, and were held accountable for all acts of robbery or violence committed within their Zemindaris.

1876 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 39 652 We have the overlord, the zemindar, no longer holding in feudal tenure and receiving customary dues and services, but turned by us into a rent-receiver.

1914 Times 27 Nov. 1/1 Joseph Henry Atkinson, Esq...for many years of Calcutta, Rajmahal, and Maldo, Contractor, Indigo Planter, and Zemindar.

1978 M. Weiner Sons of Soil iii. 101 East Bengal had (until shortly after independence) a landholding system in which large numbers of tillers were tenants or under-tenants to large landowners (known as zamindars), or to intermediary absentee rent collectors.

2015 I. Bannerjee-Dube Hist. Mod. India ii. 63 The zamindars..had since Mughal times, owned land and looked after the maintenance of irrigation works and embankments.

Derivatives

† zamindarship n. Obsolete the office or jurisdiction of a zamindar; = zamindari n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > leasehold tenure > specific systems of

zamindarship1698

ryotwari1807

landlordism1844

shared ownership1913

flatshare1965

shorthold1976

zamindari1976

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > tax collection > [noun] > systems of

farm1432–3

farmage1528

zamindarship1698

zamindari1757

1698 Extract Consultations at Chuttanutte 31 Oct. in W. Crooke Yule & Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1903) 980/1 The Prince having given us..the Jemmidarship of the said towns.

1878 J. Grant Hist. India I. ii. 9 For a good round sum he sold to the East India Company the zemindarships of Govindpore, Chutanutty, and Calcutta.

1902 Eng. Rep. 19 844 [They] usurped the actual government of the Zemindary, and ultimately wrested from the Nabob of the Carnatic his acquiescence in the nominal tenure of the Zemindarship by Ranee Velu.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	zamindar
释义	zamindarn. Brit. /zəˈmiːndɑː/, U.S. /zəˈminˌdɑr/, /zəˌminˈdɑr/ Forms: α. 1600s gemidar, 1600s–1700s jemidar, 1600s–1700s jemmidar, 1700s jemitdar, 1700s zemidar, 1800s jumidar. β. 1700s jemendar, 1700s–1800s zimeendar, 1700s–1900s zemendar, 1700s– zamindar, 1700s– zemindar, 1800s zemeendar, 1800s zumeendar. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Urdu. Partly a borrowing from Persian. Etymons: Urdu zamīndār; Persian zamīndār. Etymology: < (i) Urdu zamīndār, zamīdār (pronounced with either /a/ or /æ/ in the first syllable), and its etymon (ii) Persian zamīndār, zamīdar < zamīn land, ground (ultimately < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin humus : see humus n.) + dār-dar suffix.Forms with initial j- reflect a colloquial Urdu pronunciation. In early use in English sometimes difficult to distinguish from jamadar n. (which is sometimes written in a similar way); confusion with this word may have influenced the α. forms. Now historical. In South Asia: (in the Mughal period) a landholder responsible for paying land revenue for an area to the emperor and carrying out certain other duties in return for retaining a percentage of the amount collected; (later, under British rule) a landowner required to pay a fixed land tax directly to the government.The status of the zamindars and the extent of the lands they held varied considerably, some being extremely wealthy and powerful. The zamindari system continued to operate in some form in many parts of British India until Independence in 1947, although it was more prevalent in the north than in the south where the ryotwari system predominated (cf. ryotwari adj.). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > tax collection > [noun] > tax-collector catchpoleOE publicanc1175 tallagerc1400 leviera1513 vectigal1535 renter?1536 task-gatherer1552 exactor1570 uptaker1576 exacter1596 mise-gatherer1597 taxer1603 tax-taker1610 raiser1611 summonitor1617 summonisterc1625 riding officer1675 zamindar1683 tax-gatherer1693 desai1698 amildar1761 amil1763 collector1772 tax-master1796 tehsildar1799 taxman1803 tax-receiver1830 tax-collector1833 the taxes1874 revenuer1877 revenue1880 levyist1923 T-man1938 society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > leaseholder or tenant > others drenga1000 selfode1271 thringc1275 particular tenant1590 rack-renter1680 zamindar1683 roturier1830 statutory tenant1867 livier1883 church renter1889 congest1902 1683 W. Hedges Diary (1887) I. 77 We lay at Bogatcher,..y^e Gemidar invited us ashore, and shewed us Store of Deer, Peacocks, &c. 1698 Extract Consultations at Chuttanutte 31 Oct. in W. Crooke Yule & Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1903) 980/1 Paying the said Rent to the King as the Jemidars have successively done. 1713 in H. Yule & A. C. Burnell Hobson-Jobson (1886) at Zemindar Mr. Edwd. Page... Jemendar. 1764 Ann. Reg., St. Papers 188/1 To all governors, officers..and zemindars..in the provinces of Bengal. 1783 Ann. Reg. 1781 Hist. Europe 177/1 The Zemindars, who are the present great landholders of India, are likewise a sort of hereditary princes of the country. 1845 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35* I. vii. 401 The Zemindars had been formerly charged with the management of the police, and were held accountable for all acts of robbery or violence committed within their Zemindaris. 1876 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 39 652 We have the overlord, the zemindar, no longer holding in feudal tenure and receiving customary dues and services, but turned by us into a rent-receiver. 1914 Times 27 Nov. 1/1 Joseph Henry Atkinson, Esq...for many years of Calcutta, Rajmahal, and Maldo, Contractor, Indigo Planter, and Zemindar. 1978 M. Weiner Sons of Soil iii. 101 East Bengal had (until shortly after independence) a landholding system in which large numbers of tillers were tenants or under-tenants to large landowners (known as zamindars), or to intermediary absentee rent collectors. 2015 I. Bannerjee-Dube Hist. Mod. India ii. 63 The zamindars..had since Mughal times, owned land and looked after the maintenance of irrigation works and embankments. Derivatives † zamindarship n. Obsolete the office or jurisdiction of a zamindar; = zamindari n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > leasehold tenure > specific systems of zamindarship1698 ryotwari1807 landlordism1844 shared ownership1913 flatshare1965 shorthold1976 zamindari1976 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > tax collection > [noun] > systems of farm1432–3 farmage1528 zamindarship1698 zamindari1757 1698 Extract Consultations at Chuttanutte 31 Oct. in W. Crooke Yule & Burnell's Hobson-Jobson (1903) 980/1 The Prince having given us..the Jemmidarship of the said towns. 1878 J. Grant Hist. India I. ii. 9 For a good round sum he sold to the East India Company the zemindarships of Govindpore, Chutanutty, and Calcutta. 1902 Eng. Rep. 19 844 [They] usurped the actual government of the Zemindary, and ultimately wrested from the Nabob of the Carnatic his acquiescence in the nominal tenure of the Zemindarship by Ranee Velu. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1683
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