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单词 wrake
释义

† wraken.1

Forms: Old English wracu, Middle English wrak, Middle English northern wrac, Middle English wraak, Scottish vrak; Middle English– wrake, Middle English–1500s Scottish wraik.
Etymology: Old English wracu (oblique cases wrace , wræce ), feminine, revenge, vengeance, etc., = Gothic wraka persecution, < the same stem as Old English wræc neuter, wrack n.1 For the related Old Saxon wrâka , Old High German râhha , see wreche n.
Obsolete.
1.
a.
(a) Suffering that comes or is inflicted as a retribution or penalty; retributive punishment, vengeance, revenge.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun]
wrakec825
wrechec1175
yielda1200
wrakedomc1275
vengeancea1300
hevening1303
vengement1338
wreakc1340
rewardc1350
retributiona1425
revengeancec1480
wratha1500
revengementa1513
avengeance1535
avenge1568
ultion1575
venge1587
wreck1591
nemesis1597
revanche1615
vindict1639
vindication1647
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun]
wrakec825
wrackc900
wrechec1175
yielda1200
wrakedomc1275
vengeancea1300
vengement1338
awreaking1340
rewardc1350
revengeancec1480
wratha1500
avengementa1513
revengementa1513
revengea1525
avengeance1535
avenge1568
requital1569
ultion1575
venge1587
wreck1591
revanche1615
vindict1639
payback1973
c825 Vesp. Psalter lvii. 11 Bið geblissad se rehtwisa ðonne he gesið wrece ðeara arleasra.
OE Beowulf 2336 Him ðæs guðkyning, Wedera þioden wræce leornode.
c1050 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. i. xv. §2 (Corpus Cambr.) Ne wæs ungelic wracu þam ðe iu Caldeas bærndon Hierusaleme weallas.
c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 61 Bute we turnen to gode anradliche, he wile his swerd draȝen, þat is his wrake.
a1225 Juliana 50 Ah we schulen sechen efter wrake on alle þat we biwiteð.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13055 I dred bot þou ne bite þi sake, þou sal noght dei wit-vten wrake.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 386 [On] þe moste mountaynez..flokked þe folke, for ferde of þe wrake.
c1430 Chev. Assigne 72 Wolt þou werne wrake to hem þat hit deseruethe?
c1480 (a1400) St. Matthias 179 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 227 At þe laste Iudas for wrake rubene in þe nek..strake.
a1500 Hist. K. Boccus & Sydracke (?1510) U j b That scourge is a swerd of wrake That one shal agayne a nother take.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ii. ii. 120 The cruell wraik of that dissaitfull slycht.
(b) Also coupled with cognate terms.
ΚΠ
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 13 Ȝif ȝe..to-brecað mine lare.., þenne scal eou sone ȝewaxen muchele wrake and sake, here and hunger.
a1250 Owl & Nightingale 1194 Ic wot hwar sal beo niþ & wrake.
a1300 Cursor Mundi 890 Til þat worm þan drightin spak wordes bath o wrath and wrak [Trin. wrake].
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 3389 Þer shewed God weyl by þat kas Þat þe kote a-cursed was, And tokened wel sorowe and wrake.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 552 So cam on werlde wreche & wrake.
1382 Pol. Poems (Rolls) I. 252 The grete vengaunce and wrake That schulde falle for synnes sake.
a1450 Le Morte Arth. 1451 The knyghtis answerd with wo and wrake.
c1450 (c1400) Sowdon of Babylon (1881) l. 2446 Vengeaunce shalle than on you come, With sorowe, woo and wrake!
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vii. x. 117 Hevy wraik And sorofull vengence ȝit sall the ourtak.
b. In the phrase to do, have, nim (= take), ta, or take wrake (of, on, or upon) (a person or thing, or with indirect object).In frequent use c1375–1480, esp. with take.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > inflict retributive punishment [verb (intransitive)]
wreakc825
to do, have, nim (= take), ta, or take wrake (of, on, or upon)?a900
to do (also take) wrack (on one)12..
to do, have, make, nim, seek, and esp. take wrechec1200
to take (also nim) vengeance1297
to perform, seek, spend, work, and esp. take (…) wreakc1330
visita1382
vengec1400
revengec1485
avenge1535
hevenc1540
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > take or execute revenge [verb (intransitive)]
wreakc825
to do, have, nim (= take), ta, or take wrake (of, on, or upon)?a900
to do (also take) wrack (on one)12..
to do, have, make, nim, seek, and esp. take wrechec1200
to take (also nim) vengeance1297
wrakea1300
to perform, seek, spend, work, and esp. take (…) wreakc1330
visita1382
vengec1400
revengec1485
avenge1535
hevenc1540
resent1612
exact1858
?a900 Laws of Ine ix Gif hwa wrace do, ærðon he him ryhtes bidde.
c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xviii. 7 Ne deð god his gecorenra wrace..?
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 9 Þa ilke wrake þe ic dude þe, þu scoldest don me.
a1200 Moral Ode 205 God nom..muchele wrake for are misdede.
a1275 Prov. Alfred 647 in Old Eng. Misc. 136 For he þe wile wrake don.
1357 Lay Folks' Catech. (T.) 485 For to take wrake Or wickedly to venge him opon his euen-cristen.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11554 On þe sakles he suld ta wrake.
c1450 Ludus Cov. 375 Mercy nay nay they xul haue wrake.
1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) xxvi. 95 To be pressented..to the kynge of salamandrye,..for to haue wrake vpon hym.
a1500 Hist. K. Boccus & Sydracke (?1510) E j On thy goddes we shall do wrake.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xi. vi. 80 The montane Caphareus,..That vengeans tuke and wraik apon our floit.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1903) II. iii. xxiii. 40 We desire nowther þe goddis nor men to tak ony wraik or punyssement on ȝow.
1613 G. Chapman Memorable Maske Inns of Court sig. F Let Peace grow cruell, and take wrake of all.
c. in wrake of, in revenge or punishment for. Scottish.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > as retributive punishment for [phrase]
in wrake ofc1480
in revenge for (also of)1553
in (or for) wreak ofa1596
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > in revenge or retaliation (for) [phrase]
in wrake ofc1480
in revenge for (also of)1553
in (or for) wreak ofa1596
c1480 (a1400) St. Theodora 799 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 122 In wrak of hyr fals plicht [the accuser] deit sodanely in þare sicht.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iii. iv. 91 For strang hunger sall ȝe stand in sic state, In wraik of our iniuris and bestis slane.
2. Adverse action; active enmity; hostility; mischief.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > hatred > hostility > [noun]
unthankc893
witherwardnessc897
witherOE
wrakea1023
ungrithlOE
feythhed1297
grill13..
ill1303
unfriendshipa1340
enmity?a1400
feuda1400
despitec1400
unkindnessc1400
ingratitude1477
barrace1488
disfriendship1493
hostility1531
dislovea1533
adversation1543
diskindness1596
disaffection1599
ill blood1624
disaffectedness1625
inimicalness1651
unfriendlinessa1684
animus1795
inimicality1797
virus1866
negativism1977
a1023 Wulfstan Homilies 106 His sunu hatte Mars, se macode æfre gewinn, and wrohte, and saca and wraca he styrede gelome.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2016 Wrake wes on londe wa wes þone vnstronge.
a1327 Metr. Treat. Dreams in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 262 Armes y-sen ant eke bataille, Hit is strif ant wrake withoute faille.
c1330 Amis & Amil. 397 All thus the wrake gan biginne, And with wrethe thai went atvinne, Tho bold bernes to.
1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xviii. 85 What þorw werre and wrake and wycked hyfdes, May no preiour pees make in no place.
c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 125 Hertis devided have caused mochel wrake.
a1450 Le Morte Arth. 1675 Syr gawayne And mordreite that mykelle couthe of wrake.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xx. i. 797 For and there ryse warre and wrake betwyx syr launcelot and vs, wete you wel [etc.].
3. Distress of body or mind; pain, suffering, misery.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]
sorec888
teeneOE
sorrowOE
workOE
wrakeOE
careOE
gramec1000
harmOE
howc1000
trayOE
woweOE
angec1175
derfnessc1175
sytec1175
unwinc1175
wosithc1200
ail?c1225
barrat?c1225
derf?c1225
grief?c1225
misease?c1225
misliking?c1225
ofthinkingc1225
passion?c1225
troublec1230
pinec1275
distress1297
grievancea1300
penancea1300
cumbermentc1300
languorc1300
cumbering1303
were1303
angera1325
strifea1325
sweama1325
woea1325
painc1330
tribulationc1330
illa1340
threst1340
constraintc1374
troublenessc1380
afflictiona1382
bruisinga1382
miseasetya1382
pressurec1384
exercisec1386
miscomfortc1390
mislikea1400
smarta1400
thronga1400
balec1400
painfulnessc1400
troublancec1400
smartness?c1425
painliness1435
perplexity?a1439
penalty?1462
calamity1490
penality1496
cumber?a1513
sussy1513
tribule1513
afflict?1529
vexation of spirit1535
troublesomeness1561
hoe1567
grievedness1571
tribulance1575
languishment1576
thrall1578
tine1590
languorment1593
aggrievedness1594
obturbation1623
afflictedness1646
erumny1657
pathos1684
shock1705
dree1791
vex1815
wrungnessa1875
dukkha1886
thinkache1892
sufferation1976
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun]
sorec825
acheeOE
wrakeOE
trayOE
woe?a1200
pinec1200
sorrowc1225
teenc1225
grievousness1303
dolec1320
balea1325
painc1330
warkingc1340
dolour?c1370
sufferance1422
offencea1425
angerc1440
sufferingc1450
penalty?1462
penality1496
grief1509
stress1533
sufferance1597
somatalgia1607
suffering1609
tort1632
miserya1825
OE Phoenix 51 Nis þær on þam londe laðgeniðla, ne wop ne wracu, weatacen nan.
13.. Sir Beues (A.) 328 A was ibrouȝt in tene & wrake Ofte for þat childes sake.
c1320 Bonaventura's Medit. 366 My breþren also, kepe hem fro wrake.
13.. Leg. St. Gregory 338 He tok þat child wiþouten hete and bar it hom wiþouten wrake.
c1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine 866 Þis wille turne vs all to wrake & to dole.
c1450 Ludus Coventriæ 189 He xall suffer for mannys sake..moch gret sorow and wrake.
4.
a. Destructive harm or injury; wrecked, ruined, or impaired state or condition; ruin, destruction, wreck.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun]
end832
bale-sithea1000
wrakea1275
wonderc1275
destroyingc1300
destruction1340
contritionc1384
stroying1396
undoing1398
tininga1400
ruinc1425
fatec1430
fordoingc1450
perishing?1523
shipwreck1526
pernicion?1530
ruining1562
ruinating1587
defeasance1590
defeature1592
breakneck1598
ruination1599
defeat1600
doom1609
planet-striking1611
mismaking1615
rasurea1616
destructa1638
perition1640
interemption1656
smashing1821
degrowth1876
uncreation1884
creative destruction1927
a1275 Prov. Alfred 142 in Old Eng. Misc. 111 For God may giuen wanne he wele goed after yuil, wele after wrake.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1815 He wol þe chacy as ys fo & werche þe sorwe & wrake.
a1400 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) II. 786 Her was muche manqualm, wrake was in londe.
c1400 Anturs of Arth. xvii These wrechut wurmus..wurchen me this wrake. Thus to wrake am I wroȝte, Waynor, i-wis.
c1450 Guy Warw. (C.) 1158 For thy sake To vs ys comen moche wrake, And all for the loue of the.
1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur vii. xx. 244 He wil doo moche harme.., and worche you wrake in this countray.
a1586 A. Montgomerie Bankis Helicon 47 Fals Helene..causd King Priamus wraik [v.r. wrake] In Troy.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) II. 178 That sik hatred war nocht the occasioun of the wrake of the hail Realme.
a1607 H. Chettle Trag. Hoffman (1631) sig. B4v Newes..more welcome then the sad discourse Of Leningberg our nephewes timeles wrake.
b. In the phrase to bring unto, to fall into, to go, put, or work to wrake.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (intransitive)] > be destroyed, ruined, or come to an end
losec888
fallOE
forlesea1225
perishc1275
spilla1300
to go to wreche13..
to go to the gatec1330
to go to lostc1374
miscarryc1387
quenchc1390
to bring unto, to fall into, to go, put, or work to wrakea1400
mischieve?a1400
tinea1400
to go to the devilc1405
bursta1450
untwindc1460
to make shipwreck1526
to go to (the) pot1531
to go to wreck (and ruin)a1547
wrake1570
wracka1586
to hop (also tip, pitch over, drop off, etc.) the perch1587
to lie in the dusta1591
mischief1598
to go (etc.) to rack (and ruin)1599
shipwreck1607
suffera1616
unravel1643
to fall off1684
tip (over) the perch1699
to do away with1769
to go to the dickens1833
collapse1838
to come (also go) a mucker1851
mucker1862
to go up1864
to go to squash1889
to go (to) stramash1910
to go for a burton1941
to meet one's Makera1978
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9204 Ierusalem was stroyed & take þat kyngdome fel in to wrake.
c1460 Abraham & Isaac in N. Davis Non-Cycle Plays & Fragm. (1970) 41 Alas, all þen had gone to wrake! Wold ye haue slayme [read slayne] my son Isaac?
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ii. vii. 110 By multitude and nomer on ws set All ȝeid to wraik.
c1550 R. Bieston Bayte Fortune A ij b Displeasure and thought doth bring him vnto wrake.
1565 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. i. 107 W[hi]ch made muche myserye, and wrought this realme to wrake.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) I. 158 Quhen his armie was al put to wrake.
5. An instance or occasion of suffering or inflicting vengeance, harm, injury, or the like.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harmful action > [noun]
illingc1220
wrake13..
violenta1382
damaginga1400
harminga1400
spitea1400
offendinga1425
deringc1540
disservice1599
damagement1603
violencing1612
damnificationa1631
injuring1651
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > action > instance of
scathe-deedc1275
scathe-workc1275
wrake13..
mischief?1418
incommodityc1450
wramp1669
to go in a perisher1864
to do oneself a bit of no good1914
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun] > act or instance of
vengeancea1300
wreaka1300
wrake13..
wrechea1325
revenge1561
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > action of taking revenge > act or instance of
vengeancea1300
wreaka1300
wrake13..
wrechea1325
revenge1548
13.. Coer de L. 1562 Kyng Rychard hys hostel gan take, Thar he gan hys fyrste wrak.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 4950 Now es vs comen our ald sakes In to wandret new, and wrakes.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 235 Þat oþer wrake þat wex on wyȝez.
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. i. 1361 V. wrakys syndry has our tane..þis Brettane.
c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. 533 The wrakys ten in Egipte rasse.
c1440 Bone Florence 1977 God had sende on hym a wrake, That in the palsye can he schake.
a1450 Le Morte Arth. 948 The quene..swore to venge hyr of that wrake.
a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 125 Seand nathing bot wraikis to come to hir pretendit husband.

Derivatives

† ˈwrakedom n. Obsolete rare revenge.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun]
wrakec825
wrechec1175
yielda1200
wrakedomc1275
vengeancea1300
hevening1303
vengement1338
wreakc1340
rewardc1350
retributiona1425
revengeancec1480
wratha1500
revengementa1513
avengeance1535
avenge1568
ultion1575
venge1587
wreck1591
nemesis1597
revanche1615
vindict1639
vindication1647
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun]
wrakec825
wrackc900
wrechec1175
yielda1200
wrakedomc1275
vengeancea1300
vengement1338
awreaking1340
rewardc1350
revengeancec1480
wratha1500
avengementa1513
revengementa1513
revengea1525
avengeance1535
avenge1568
requital1569
ultion1575
venge1587
wreck1591
revanche1615
vindict1639
payback1973
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 40 For þe wrake-dome of Menelaus quene...for hire weoren on ane daȝe hund þousunt deade.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† wraken.2

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s Scottish wraik (1500s vraik), 1600s wraick.
Etymology: variant of wrack n.2; the form may be due to the influence of wrake n.1
Chiefly Scottish. Obsolete.
1. Shipwreck; = wrack n.2 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > shipwreck > [noun]
shipbrechea1067
ship-breaking1398
ship-brechinga1400
shipwreckc1450
wreck1463
wrake1513
wrack1579
naufrage1589
wrecking1775
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid i. iii. (heading) How that Enee wes witht the tempest schaik, And how Neptune his navy saifit fra wraik.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 290/2 Wrake of a shippe, naufraige.
2. Wreck, wreckage; = wrack n.2 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > personal or movable property > flotsam or jetsam
shipwreck?a1100
wreke1420
wrecka1425
wrack1428
jetsam1491
waveson1526
wrake1544
sea-wracks1548
water1552
wracksa1586
flotsam1607
wrack-goods1671
floatage1672
wreck-goods1693
jettison1708
wreck-wood1821
wreckages1864
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > [noun] > wrecked vessel > pieces of
shipwreck?a1100
lagan1531
wrake1544
wreck1744
wreckage1846
1544 Aberdeen Reg. (1844) I. 205 Ane schip of fyr, quhilk wes storit as vraik in hir cumin in the havyn.
1581 Sc. Acts Parl., Jas. VI (1814) III. 255/2 The haill wraik and wayth that sal happin to be fund..within the boundis of the saidis landis or sie cost thairoff.
1610 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 146/1 Cum lie wraik et wair, piscaria de lie yair de Avach, silvis lie scroggis et bussis.
1615 Acts Sherifs Orkney §15 in Edinb. Antiq. Mag. (1849) 8 No person..sal hyde nor conseall any kynd of thift,..injurie, robrie, nor opressioun in wraik or waith.
1632 Extracts Burgh Rec. Lanark (1893) 327 With furk, fork,..vert, vair, wraik, vennysone.
3. Sea-wrack; = wrack n.2 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > algae > seaweed > [noun]
sea-frothc1440
wrekec1440
ooze?c1475
wreck1499
wrack1513
moss1543
reek1545
wrake1547
sea-wrack1551
seaweed1577
varec1676
wreck-weed1821
Algal alliance1846
wreck-ware1865
1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Brock mor, Wrake of the sea.
1597 J. Gerard Herball iii. 1378 Quercus marinus. Sea Oke, or Wrake.
1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden cvi Sea Oke or Wrake.
c1690 Kennett in Promptorium Parvulorum (1865) 533 Reits, sea-weed, of some..called reits, of others wrack or wraick.
4. Scottish. A wrecked edifice, etc. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > [noun] > demolition > a ruin or wreck
fallinga1382
wracka1586
wrakea1627
land-wracka1657
wreck1814
rack-heap1850
wreckage1874
crack-up1926
a1627 A. Craig in H. Bisset Rolment Courtis (1920) I. 23 One man..consecratis, religius workis, to Gods: ane Other leavs, sad wrakis, and Ruynis now.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

† wraken.3

Forms: Also 1500s Scottish wraik.
Etymology: variant of wrack n.3; for the long vowel compare wrake v.3
Obsolete. rare.
Refuse, rubbish; something worthless.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > refuse or rubbish > [noun]
wrakea1350
outcastingc1350
rammel1370
rubble1376
mullockc1390
refusec1390
filtha1398
outcasta1398
chaff?a1400
rubbishc1400
wastec1430
drossc1440
raff?1440
rascal1440
murgeonc1450
wrack1472
gear1489
garblec1503
scowl1538
raffle1543
baggage1549
garbage1549
peltry1550
gubbins?1553
lastage1553
scruff1559
retraict1575
ross1577
riddings1584
ket1586
scouring1588
pelf1589
offal1598
rummage1598
dog's meat1606
retriment1615
spitling1620
recrement1622
mundungus1637
sordes1640
muskings1649
rejectament1654
offscouring1655
brat1656
relicts1687
offage1727
litter1730
rejectamenta1795
outwale1825
detritus1834
junk1836
wastements1843
croke1847–78
sculch1847
debris1851
rumble1854
flotsam1861
jetsam1861
pelt1880
offcasting1893
rubbishry1894
littering1897
muckings1898
wastage1898
dreck1905
bruck1929
crap1934
garbo1953
clobber1965
dooky1965
grot1971
tippings-
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > that which is unimportant > worthless
hawc1000
turdc1275
fille1297
dusta1300
lead1303
skitc1330
naught1340
vanityc1340
wrakea1350
rushc1350
dirt1357
fly's wing1377
goose-wing1377
fartc1390
chaff?a1400
nutshella1400
shalec1400
yardc1400
wrack1472
pelfrya1529
trasha1529
dreg1531
trish-trash1542
alchemy1547
beggary?1548
rubbish1548
pelfa1555
chip1556
stark naught1562
paltry?1566
rubbish1566
riff-raff1570
bran1574
baggage1579
nihil1579
trush-trash1582
stubblea1591
tartar1590
garbage1592
bag of winda1599
a cracked or slit groat1600
kitchen stuff1600
tilta1603
nothing?1608
bauble1609
countera1616
a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop1620
buttermilk1630
dross1632
paltrement1641
cattle1643
bagatelle1647
nothingness1652
brimborion1653
stuff1670
flap-dragon1700
mud1706
caput mortuuma1711
snuff1778
twaddle1786
powder-post1790
traffic1828
junk1836
duffer1852
shice1859
punk1869
hogwash1870
cagmag1875
shit1890
tosh1892
tripe1895
dreck1905
schlock1906
cannon fodder1917
shite1928
skunk1929
crut1937
chickenshit1938
crud1943
Mickey Mouse1958
gick1959
garbo1978
turd1978
pants1994
a1350 Northern Passion (Galba) 1372 Þe met of þat oþir [tree] ne wol it notht del. Hit was schortir þan þe make. Awei þei slongen hit alle for wrake.
a1586 Maitland Quarto MS. (S.T.S.) 111 Sum houpe is ȝit that my seruice sall speid, Without ye quhilk I wait I am bot wraik.
1604 A. Craig Poet. Ess. sig. C 3 Then shuld we not bin poynted at for wrake, scorne, & disgrace.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

† wrakev.1

Forms: Also Middle English northern, Middle English Scottish wrak, 1700s rake; 1500s past participle ywrake.
Etymology: Irregular variant of wreke wreak v., probably influenced by wrake n.1 Compare Middle Dutch wraken, variant of wreken; Middle Low German wraken to torture. Old English wraciende occurs as variant of wrecende (= carrying on) in Oros. i. xi.
Obsolete.
1. transitive. = wrack v.1 1. Occasionally reflexive. Also figurative.
ΘΠ
society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > inflict (retributive punishment) [verb (transitive)] > for an offence or on an offender
wreakc825
awreak1048
wrackc1275
wrakec1275
venge1303
bewreakc1325
avenge1377
hevena1400
sella1400
revengec1425
prosecute1543
pursue1570
wrecka1593
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > execute (vengeance) [verb (transitive)] > avenge (an injury or injured person)
wreakc825
awreak1048
righta1275
wrackc1275
wrakec1275
venge1303
bewreakc1325
avenge1377
hevena1400
sella1400
revengec1425
countervenge1523
wrecka1593
redeem1598
vindicate1623
to pay off1749
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2999 Wrake [c1300 Otho Wreke] we us on Bruttes. & in-to þan londen we sullen faren.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6597 Drightin sal me on yow wrak [Fairf. wrake], To sauue þaa men þat has na sak.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6256 Bot þan i sal me on him wrake.
a1450 (?c1350) Pride of Life l. 88 in N. Davis Non-Cycle Plays & Fragm. (1970) 92 Deth and Life..striuith a sterne strife [Þe] King of Life to wrake.
2. intransitive. To execute vengeance (on a person).
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > take or execute revenge [verb (intransitive)]
wreakc825
to do, have, nim (= take), ta, or take wrake (of, on, or upon)?a900
to do (also take) wrack (on one)12..
to do, have, make, nim, seek, and esp. take wrechec1200
to take (also nim) vengeance1297
wrakea1300
to perform, seek, spend, work, and esp. take (…) wreakc1330
visita1382
vengec1400
revengec1485
avenge1535
hevenc1540
resent1612
exact1858
a1300 Cursor Mundi 25458 O mans-slaghter had I na mak, Ne nan sa wild in wa to wrak [Fairf. wrake], To riue þe grene and gra.
a1300 Cursor Mundi 27459 Quare euer he mai þat man ouer-tak, He sal wit suerd apon him wrak [Fairf. wrake].
3.
a. To be wroth or angry. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > [verb (intransitive)]
wrethec900
anbelgheOE
wratha1225
wrakea1300
grievec1350
angera1400
sweata1400
smoke1548
to put or set up the back1728
to have (also get) one's monkey up1833
to get (also have) the pricker1871
to have, get a cob on1937
grrra1963
a1300 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter vii. 12 (E.) God demer riht, þoland, and strang, Nou wrakes [v.r. wrathes] be daies alle lang?
b. To wax violent or furious; to rage.
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > be violent [verb (intransitive)]
wedec900
wrakec1330
ragea1475
tempest1477
rave1559
ruffle1579
violent1609
chafea1616
c1330 King of Tars 148 Gret werre tho bigon to wrake, For the mariage ne moste be take Of that mayden heende.
4.
a. transitive. To vent (one's wrath); = wreak v. 3.
ΘΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > [verb (transitive)] > wreak or give vent to anger
wreakOE
to let outa1250
wrechec1420
wrake1596
wreck1658
vent1697
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. viii. sig. G8v Ah wofull man, what..Wrath of cruell wight on thee ywrake..Doth thee thus wretched make? View more context for this quotation
b. To take (vengeance) on some one.
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > execute (vengeance) [verb (transitive)]
vengea1382
wreak1490
wrakea1753
wreck1764
a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) I. xiii. 102 In the End, I sufficiently raked my Vengeance on Mrs. Dickering.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

† wrakev.2

Forms: Also wraik(e.
Etymology: variant of wrack v.2 Compare wrake n.2
Scottish. Obsolete.
1.
a. transitive. To bring (a person) to ruin; = wrack v.2 3. Also reflexive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > destroy or ruin a person
spillc950
amarOE
smitelOE
aspillc1175
mischievec1325
to bid (something) misadventurec1330
mara1375
fordoc1380
undo1390
wrack1564
to make roast meat of (also for)1565
wrake1567
wreck1590
speed1594
feeze1609
to do a person's business1667
cook1708
to settle a person's hash1795
diddle1806
to fix1836
raddle1951
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 186 Suppose we suld wrack [1621 wrake] our self, and tyne The feild, and all our kin be hangit syne.
1571 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxviii. 141 And scho wer wrakit, all the warld may wene, Than sould the Duke but dout ressaif ye croun.
a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 71 They thocht no thing better nor to wraike them and that witht extreme weiris.
1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. E1 v The Lord the wicked wraikes.
1603 Philotus liii. sig. C v Quhome haue ȝe wraikit bot ȝour awin.
b. To subvert or overthrow.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > overthrow or overturn
to-warpc888
overwarpeOE
fallOE
cumber1303
overthrowc1375
overturna1382
subverta1382
overwalta1400
sinka1400
to wend downa1400
tuyrec1400
reverse1402
tirvec1420
pervert?a1425
to put downa1425
cumrayc1425
downthringc1430
overthwart?a1439
thringc1480
subvertise1484
succumb1490
renverse1521
precipitate?1528
everta1538
wrake1570
ruinate1590
profligate1643
wreck1749
society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > revolution > make revolutionary in character [verb (transitive)] > overthrow
upturna1340
overturna1382
subvert1474
invert1548
overthrow1567
wrake1570
revolve1609
to pull down1625
overset1679
1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xii. 74 Apperandly thir plaigis ar powrit out To wraik this warld, and wait ȝe quhair about?
1574 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlii. 447 Quhen the Kirk sa ȝe haue wrakit, Ȝit all the Kirkis sall not be stakit.
a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 246 The presuming..of the cheiff corrupt members..had vitiat and wrakit the esteat of the Kirk.
2. To hurt, harm, or injure severely; to damage, wreck, or ruin materially.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)]
to bring to noughteOE
forspillc893
fordilghec900
to bring to naughtOE
astryea1200
stroyc1200
forferec1275
misdoa1325
destroyc1330
naught1340
dingc1380
beshenda1400
devoida1400
unshapea1400
to wend downa1400
brittenc1400
unloukc1400
perishc1426
defeat1435
unmake1439
lithc1450
spend1481
kill1530
to shend ofc1540
quade1565
to make away1566
discreate1570
wrake1570
wracka1586
unwork1587
gaster1609
defease1621
unbe1624
uncreate1633
destructa1638
naufragate1648
stifle1725
stramash1788
disannul1794
destructify1841
locust1868
to knock out1944
dick1972
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > damage or injure [verb (transitive)]
mareOE
shendOE
hinderc1000
amarOE
awemc1275
noyc1300
touchc1300
bleche1340
blemisha1375
spill1377
misdoa1387
grieve1390
damagea1400
despoil?a1400
matea1400
snapea1400
mankc1400
overthrowa1425
tamec1430
undermine1430
blunder1440
depaira1460
adommage?1473
endamage1477
prejudicec1487
fulyie1488
martyra1500
dyscrase?1504
corrupt1526
mangle1534
danger1538
destroy1542
spoil1563
ruinate1564
ruin1567
wrake1570
injury1579
bane1587
massacre1589
ravish1594
wrong1595
rifle1604
tainta1616
mutilea1618
to do violence toa1625
flaw1665
stun1676
quail1682
maul1694
moil1698
damnify1712
margullie1721
maul1782
buga1790
mux1806
queer1818
batter1840
puckeroo1840
rim-rack1841
pretty1868
garbage1899
savage1899
to do in1905
strafe1915
mash1924
blow1943
nuke1967
mung1969
1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxiv. 8 Quhair furious Fleming schot his Ordinance, Willing to wraik him wantit na gude will.
1578 Sc. Acts, Jas. VI (1814) III. 113/2 Sum of thair housiss wyiffis and bairnis being thairin wer alluterlie wraikit and brount.
1596 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. 88 His haill geir surmounting to mair nor thrie thowsand lib...ar altogidder wrakit and away.
1607 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1848) II. 295 Dumbartane..is liklie to be wrakit be the inundatioun of the watter of Clyde.
1692 in Rec. Convent. Burghs Scot. (1880) IV. 595 Ane bush..named the Generall, was wraked in this harbour.
3. intransitive. = wrack v.2 4. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (intransitive)] > be destroyed, ruined, or come to an end
losec888
fallOE
forlesea1225
perishc1275
spilla1300
to go to wreche13..
to go to the gatec1330
to go to lostc1374
miscarryc1387
quenchc1390
to bring unto, to fall into, to go, put, or work to wrakea1400
mischieve?a1400
tinea1400
to go to the devilc1405
bursta1450
untwindc1460
to make shipwreck1526
to go to (the) pot1531
to go to wreck (and ruin)a1547
wrake1570
wracka1586
to hop (also tip, pitch over, drop off, etc.) the perch1587
to lie in the dusta1591
mischief1598
to go (etc.) to rack (and ruin)1599
shipwreck1607
suffera1616
unravel1643
to fall off1684
tip (over) the perch1699
to do away with1769
to go to the dickens1833
collapse1838
to come (also go) a mucker1851
mucker1862
to go up1864
to go to squash1889
to go (to) stramash1910
to go for a burton1941
to meet one's Makera1978
1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xii. 67 I dout not, in our dayis, Hepburnis will wraik for wyrrying of the King.

Derivatives

† ˈwraking n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
c1600 Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents (1833) 147 The wraiking of James erle of Mortoun and his assistaris.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

† wrakev.3

Forms: Also 1600s wraik.
Etymology: < (Middle) Low German wrâken (whence Swedish vraka , Danish vrage ), older Dutch wraaken , Dutch wraken , older Flemish wraecken (Kilian), to reject, etc. Compare wrack v.3
Scottish. Obsolete.
transitive. To examine (goods, etc.) with a view to rejecting or destroying the unsound, faulty, or damaged.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > inspection, survey > inspect, survey [verb (transitive)] > officially > so as to check quality
view1534
wrake1584
wrack1609
visit1654
1584 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1882) IV. 343 All the heiring and quhyte fische that sall cum within the said port..to be strukin vp, visitet and wraket.
1609 in Rec. Convent. Burghs Scot. (1870) II. 284 Nane to be transportit furth of the realm quhill thai [sc. herring-barrels] be packit, wraikit and merkett as followis.

Derivatives

wraking n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > inspection, survey > [noun] > maintenance of standards
wraking1599
quality control1917
1599 in Rec. Convent. Burghs Scot. (1870) II. 60 Anent the office of jedgerie wraking and burneing of all hoghedis and barrellis of herings.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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n.1c825n.21513n.3a1350v.1c1275v.21567v.31584
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