workmanshipn.

Brit.

/ˈwəːkmənʃɪp/, U.S.

/ˈwərkmənˌʃɪp/

Forms:

α. See workman n. and -ship suffix; also late Middle English wermanship (probably transmission error), late Middle English workema'chepe, 1500s warmanshipe, 1500s workemandsheep, 1500s wormanship (Scottish, probably transmission error).

β. late Middle English werkemechype (south-western, transmission error), late Middle English werkemenschippe (northern); Scottish pre-1700 verkmenschip, pre-1700 vorkmenschip, pre-1700 warkmenschip, pre-1700 warkmenschipe, pre-1700 werkmenschip, pre-1700 workmenschip.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: workman n., -ship suffix.

Etymology: In α. forms < workman n. + -ship suffix. In β. forms apparently < the plural of workman n. + -ship suffix.

1. The performance or execution of work or a piece of work; labour, esp. (in early use) the (amount of) labour expended on a particular task or job, as an item incurring a charge. Also: †an instance of this (obsolete). Now rare except in piece (also bit, etc.) of workmanship (cf. piece of work n. at piece n. Phrases 4).In later use chiefly with reference to the degree of skill involved; cf. sense 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun]

workOE

travailc1350

workmanshipa1393

overage1415

tew1644

labour1662

society > occupation and work > work > amounts of work > [noun] > amount done on a task

workmanshipa1393

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 2541 With gret sleihte Of werkmanschipe it was begrave.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 1684 (MED) Loke þi werk-monshepe be sleyghe.

c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) l. 6132 Nature..Passeth soothly werke-man-shepe.

1467–8 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. June 1467 §19. m. 31 To oversee the werkmanship of the seid craftymen.

1503 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 206 For making and werkmanschip and inlayk of the samyn..xx li.

1552 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 124 The charges of garniture & workemanshipp with stuf & other prouisions bought & made of new this year.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. i. f. 9^v The knowledge of..handicrafts, of woorkemanships.

c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme xciv. 16 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 142 Sight shall he want, From whose first workmanshipp the eye did grow?

1612 in J. Barmby Churchwardens' Accts. Pittington (1888) 163 Paid for mendinge the bell ropes with leather and workmanshipp, x d.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. ii. ii. 150 A table..the Iewels wherof they valued at fiftie thousand Crownes, and the workmanship at twelue thousand Crownes.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. viii. 297 In case they would be at the charge of bringing stone, he would find Workmanship, and build them a Tower.

1710 M. Prior Examiner No. 6. ⁋2 A curious Piece of poetical Workmanship.

1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 78 All Workmanship to be performed at a fixed Price.

1818 2nd Rep. Minutes of Evid. Ribbon Weavers 195 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 211 & 278) IX. 53 An instance..where a master took a man up to a magistrate for spoiling the work, and the man paid every penny of the workmanship of it.

1882 Van Nostrand's Engin. Mag. Oct. 267/2 Cannot this risk be avoided with careful, conscientious and honest workmanship, carried out under the strict supervision of an expert?

1930 Jrnl. Amer. Water Wks. Assoc. 22 1258 Differences of opinion..as to the quality of materials used, character of workmanship performed or financial adjustments as the work progresses arise.

2008 D. Madden Molly Fox's Birthday (2010) 39 Beside the wardrobe, a poor piece of workmanship, was a row of shoes.

†2.

a. Ability to work, power to act; action, operation; working. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

the world > action or operation > [noun]

workOE

operationa1393

workmanshipc1400

actionc1405

act?a1425

workinga1425

activityc1485

executiona1530

play1548

workfulness1570

inworking1587

acting1605

agency1606

operancea1625

transaction1663

operancyc1811

outworking1846

mediacy1854

functioning1856

the world > action or operation > doing > [noun]

workingOE

deedc1000

makinglOE

gestsa1340

doing1372

makea1400

workmanshipc1400

faction1447

action1483

performancec1487

performation1504

performent1527

fact1548

practice1553

agitation1573

practisy1573

function1578

affair1598

acture1609

perpetrationa1631

employing1707

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ii. l. 9 I hem graunte..þe lordeship of lecherye..As..with ydel thouȝtes, There as wille wolde and wermanship [c1400 C text werkmanshup] failleth.

1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1343/2 By the woorkemanshippe of his heauenly mercy.

1545 J. Bale Mysterye Inyquyte P. Pantolabus f. 20^v Eyther has prestes wyues of their owne in those dayes, or els there was some other good workemanshyp a brode.

1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 19 Before his audacious workmanship the Churches were rul'd in common by the Presbyters.

1692 J. Locke Some Considerations Lowering Interest 173 Indeed, by the Workmanship of it [sc. valuing silver more at the Mint than elsewhere], 64 Ounces of Standard Silver may be made not only worth 65 Ounces, but 70 or 80.

1755 World 30 Oct. 65 Good-breeding..has its intrinsic weight and value, which the latter [sc. civility] always adorns, and often doubles by its workmanship.

b. The action or process of creation; making, manufacture, production. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction

shaft888

suitc1330

generationa1382

makinga1398

frame?1520

workmanship1578

imagerya1592

model1597

fabricaturec1600

builtc1615

fabric1644

module1649

get-up1857

fashioning1870

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > of construction or composition

shaft888

makea1325

suitc1330

makinga1398

mark1482

inventiona1513

workmanship1578

cut1590

model1597

mould1667

fashioning1870

Mk.1921

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun]

makinglOE

workinga1382

forge1390

fashion1463

facture1574

workmanship1578

fabrication1602

manufaction1602

opificec1616

manufacture1622

makec1631

manufactorya1641

manufact1647

manufacturage1665

manufacturing1669

production1767

mfg.1854

artificing1866

process work1881

machine-production1898

metal-bending1964

1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 49 After that the workmanshippe of the World was fully perfected.

1594 H. Plat Jewell House 70 That it might haue 3. hot moneths togither to work it to his ful perfection... I haue thought good..to set downe mine own fansie, for the easier stirring vppe of this Malmesey to his workmanship.

a1640 L. Roberts Treasure of Traffike (1641) 34 The great quantity of native clothes..having their full worke man-ship, and perfection in England.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 259 'Tis a great Mystery..how Tubal-Cain..could ever have taught the Workmanship and Use of them.

3. The (degree of) skill, art, or craftsmanship with which a task is done or a product made.Now the usual sense.

ΘΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skill or art > skill or craftsmanship > as exhibited in something

curiosityc1380

curiousnessc1386

workmanship1412

craftiness?a1425

artificialness1569

artship1598

allaborateness1727

craftsmanship1853

1412 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1952) 487 The forsaid Richarde takes full charge for to make the kirke of Katrick newe als werkemenschippe and masoncrafte will.

1529 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 6 Of gud and sufficient stuff..and sufficient werkmanschip.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Civ, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens For to cut is a redy and easy thynge, but for to heale by medycamentes is a greater thynge & that requyreth workemanshyp.

1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. i. i. 17 Idiots admire in things the Beauty of their Materials, but Artists that of the Workmanship.

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. iv. 66 It is counted a piece of good workmanship in a Joyner, to have the craft of bearing his hand so curiously even.

1748 Defoe's Tour Great Brit. (ed. 4) I. 373 An Organ of very good Workmanship, and supported by a Tetrastyle of beautiful Gothic Columns.

1838 M. R. Mitford in A. G. L'Estrange Life M. R. Mitford (1870) III. vi. 93 Some rings of negro workmanship.

1889 Contemp. Rev. Dec. 911 It is subject..that makes plays enduring, plus of course the requisite dramatic workmanship.

1909 E. van D. Lecky Mem. W. E. H. Lecky 48 He had a high ideal of literary workmanship.

1967 Bull. Atomic Scientists Nov. 20/2 Most of the problems have been the result of bad workmanship and management.

1992 Daily Mirror 3 Oct. 17/4 (advt.) Marvel at the workmanship which wrought the golden dragons.

2011 J. Yallop Magpies, Squirrels & Thieves xx. 353 With a collector's appreciation of fine workmanship, Bushell emphasized the skill of the decorative moulding.

4. A thing created or produced by a workman, craftsman or craftswoman, etc.; (in later use chiefly as a mass noun) the product of (skilled) labour or craftsmanship. Also in extended use: the effect or result of the operation of a person, faculty, etc. Cf. work n. 11.In later use sometimes echoing Biblical language; cf. quots. 1535, 1901.

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > work > product of work > [noun]

workeOE

workingc1350

notea1400

piece of work1473

overage1474

workmanship1523

piece1604

opificec1616

jobbie1950

1523 Act 13 & 14 Hen. VIII c. 2 A proper marke..by the which their wares, vessels, and workmanshippes..may be knowen.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Esdras viii. 7 We all are one workmanshipe of thy handes.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 The pleisand verkmenschips that vas in the middis of hyr mantil.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Lij^v The daie..whiche is the effecte, or workemanship of the Sunne.

1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. aij Formally, Number, is the Vnion, and Vnitie of Vnits. Which vnyting and knitting, is the workemanship of our minde.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. i. 18 To worship..the workemanship of mens hands.

1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper iii. 183 It was the onely quarrell he pickt with his workmanship, that man was alone.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vii. xii. 157 Inconsistent Ideas, which are often the Workmanship of their own Brains.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature III. xi. 266 This ball is the workmanship of the ants.

1857 J. Ruskin Polit. Econ. Art i. 63 A new piece of gold or silver..with noble workmanship on it.

1901 A. Murray Working for God! ix. 42 God undertook to make us anew—we are now His workmanship, and all the good works we do are His workmanship too.

2012 C. Brodersen When Woman lets Go of Lies ii. v. 86 Only after He created Eve did God pronounce the whole of his workmanship as very good.

†5. With reference to the human body: anatomy, internal structure. Obsolete. rare.Perhaps an extended use of sense 4, viewing the human body as the work of God; cf. quot. 1535 at sense 4.

ΚΠ

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man v. f. 80^v As he varied from the workemanshyp of other bodyes, so had he one passage also of choler that visited the ventricle.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2014; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	workmanship
释义	workmanshipn. Brit. /ˈwəːkmənʃɪp/, U.S. /ˈwərkmənˌʃɪp/ Forms: α. See workman n. and -ship suffix; also late Middle English wermanship (probably transmission error), late Middle English workema'chepe, 1500s warmanshipe, 1500s workemandsheep, 1500s wormanship (Scottish, probably transmission error). β. late Middle English werkemechype (south-western, transmission error), late Middle English werkemenschippe (northern); Scottish pre-1700 verkmenschip, pre-1700 vorkmenschip, pre-1700 warkmenschip, pre-1700 warkmenschipe, pre-1700 werkmenschip, pre-1700 workmenschip. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: workman n., -ship suffix. Etymology: In α. forms < workman n. + -ship suffix. In β. forms apparently < the plural of workman n. + -ship suffix. 1. The performance or execution of work or a piece of work; labour, esp. (in early use) the (amount of) labour expended on a particular task or job, as an item incurring a charge. Also: †an instance of this (obsolete). Now rare except in piece (also bit, etc.) of workmanship (cf. piece of work n. at piece n. Phrases 4).In later use chiefly with reference to the degree of skill involved; cf. sense 3. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] workOE travailc1350 workmanshipa1393 overage1415 tew1644 labour1662 society > occupation and work > work > amounts of work > [noun] > amount done on a task workmanshipa1393 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 2541 With gret sleihte Of werkmanschipe it was begrave. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 1684 (MED) Loke þi werk-monshepe be sleyghe. c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) l. 6132 Nature..Passeth soothly werke-man-shepe. 1467–8 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. June 1467 §19. m. 31 To oversee the werkmanship of the seid craftymen. 1503 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1900) II. 206 For making and werkmanschip and inlayk of the samyn..xx li. 1552 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 124 The charges of garniture & workemanshipp with stuf & other prouisions bought & made of new this year. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. i. f. 9^v The knowledge of..handicrafts, of woorkemanships. c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme xciv. 16 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 142 Sight shall he want, From whose first workmanshipp the eye did grow? 1612 in J. Barmby Churchwardens' Accts. Pittington (1888) 163 Paid for mendinge the bell ropes with leather and workmanshipp, x d. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. ii. ii. 150 A table..the Iewels wherof they valued at fiftie thousand Crownes, and the workmanship at twelue thousand Crownes. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. viii. 297 In case they would be at the charge of bringing stone, he would find Workmanship, and build them a Tower. 1710 M. Prior Examiner No. 6. ⁋2 A curious Piece of poetical Workmanship. 1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 78 All Workmanship to be performed at a fixed Price. 1818 2nd Rep. Minutes of Evid. Ribbon Weavers 195 in Parl. Papers (H.C. 211 & 278) IX. 53 An instance..where a master took a man up to a magistrate for spoiling the work, and the man paid every penny of the workmanship of it. 1882 Van Nostrand's Engin. Mag. Oct. 267/2 Cannot this risk be avoided with careful, conscientious and honest workmanship, carried out under the strict supervision of an expert? 1930 Jrnl. Amer. Water Wks. Assoc. 22 1258 Differences of opinion..as to the quality of materials used, character of workmanship performed or financial adjustments as the work progresses arise. 2008 D. Madden Molly Fox's Birthday (2010) 39 Beside the wardrobe, a poor piece of workmanship, was a row of shoes. †2. a. Ability to work, power to act; action, operation; working. Obsolete. ΘΠ the world > action or operation > [noun] workOE operationa1393 workmanshipc1400 actionc1405 act?a1425 workinga1425 activityc1485 executiona1530 play1548 workfulness1570 inworking1587 acting1605 agency1606 operancea1625 transaction1663 operancyc1811 outworking1846 mediacy1854 functioning1856 the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] workingOE deedc1000 makinglOE gestsa1340 doing1372 makea1400 workmanshipc1400 faction1447 action1483 performancec1487 performation1504 performent1527 fact1548 practice1553 agitation1573 practisy1573 function1578 affair1598 acture1609 perpetrationa1631 employing1707 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ii. l. 9 I hem graunte..þe lordeship of lecherye..As..with ydel thouȝtes, There as wille wolde and wermanship [c1400 C text werkmanshup] failleth. 1534 T. More Treat. Passion in Wks. 1343/2 By the woorkemanshippe of his heauenly mercy. 1545 J. Bale Mysterye Inyquyte P. Pantolabus f. 20^v Eyther has prestes wyues of their owne in those dayes, or els there was some other good workemanshyp a brode. 1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 19 Before his audacious workmanship the Churches were rul'd in common by the Presbyters. 1692 J. Locke Some Considerations Lowering Interest 173 Indeed, by the Workmanship of it [sc. valuing silver more at the Mint than elsewhere], 64 Ounces of Standard Silver may be made not only worth 65 Ounces, but 70 or 80. 1755 World 30 Oct. 65 Good-breeding..has its intrinsic weight and value, which the latter [sc. civility] always adorns, and often doubles by its workmanship. b. The action or process of creation; making, manufacture, production. Obsolete. ΘΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > style of creation or construction shaft888 suitc1330 generationa1382 makinga1398 frame?1520 workmanship1578 imagerya1592 model1597 fabricaturec1600 builtc1615 fabric1644 module1649 get-up1857 fashioning1870 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > of construction or composition shaft888 makea1325 suitc1330 makinga1398 mark1482 inventiona1513 workmanship1578 cut1590 model1597 mould1667 fashioning1870 Mk.1921 society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] makinglOE workinga1382 forge1390 fashion1463 facture1574 workmanship1578 fabrication1602 manufaction1602 opificec1616 manufacture1622 makec1631 manufactorya1641 manufact1647 manufacturage1665 manufacturing1669 production1767 mfg.1854 artificing1866 process work1881 machine-production1898 metal-bending1964 1578 T. Tymme tr. J. Calvin Comm. Genesis 49 After that the workmanshippe of the World was fully perfected. 1594 H. Plat Jewell House 70 That it might haue 3. hot moneths togither to work it to his ful perfection... I haue thought good..to set downe mine own fansie, for the easier stirring vppe of this Malmesey to his workmanship. a1640 L. Roberts Treasure of Traffike (1641) 34 The great quantity of native clothes..having their full worke man-ship, and perfection in England. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 259 'Tis a great Mystery..how Tubal-Cain..could ever have taught the Workmanship and Use of them. 3. The (degree of) skill, art, or craftsmanship with which a task is done or a product made.Now the usual sense. ΘΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skill or art > skill or craftsmanship > as exhibited in something curiosityc1380 curiousnessc1386 workmanship1412 craftiness?a1425 artificialness1569 artship1598 allaborateness1727 craftsmanship1853 1412 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1952) 487 The forsaid Richarde takes full charge for to make the kirke of Katrick newe als werkemenschippe and masoncrafte will. 1529 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1871) II. 6 Of gud and sufficient stuff..and sufficient werkmanschip. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Civ, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens For to cut is a redy and easy thynge, but for to heale by medycamentes is a greater thynge & that requyreth workemanshyp. 1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. i. i. 17 Idiots admire in things the Beauty of their Materials, but Artists that of the Workmanship. 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. iv. 66 It is counted a piece of good workmanship in a Joyner, to have the craft of bearing his hand so curiously even. 1748 Defoe's Tour Great Brit. (ed. 4) I. 373 An Organ of very good Workmanship, and supported by a Tetrastyle of beautiful Gothic Columns. 1838 M. R. Mitford in A. G. L'Estrange Life M. R. Mitford (1870) III. vi. 93 Some rings of negro workmanship. 1889 Contemp. Rev. Dec. 911 It is subject..that makes plays enduring, plus of course the requisite dramatic workmanship. 1909 E. van D. Lecky Mem. W. E. H. Lecky 48 He had a high ideal of literary workmanship. 1967 Bull. Atomic Scientists Nov. 20/2 Most of the problems have been the result of bad workmanship and management. 1992 Daily Mirror 3 Oct. 17/4 (advt.) Marvel at the workmanship which wrought the golden dragons. 2011 J. Yallop Magpies, Squirrels & Thieves xx. 353 With a collector's appreciation of fine workmanship, Bushell emphasized the skill of the decorative moulding. 4. A thing created or produced by a workman, craftsman or craftswoman, etc.; (in later use chiefly as a mass noun) the product of (skilled) labour or craftsmanship. Also in extended use: the effect or result of the operation of a person, faculty, etc. Cf. work n. 11.In later use sometimes echoing Biblical language; cf. quots. 1535, 1901. ΘΠ society > occupation and work > work > product of work > [noun] workeOE workingc1350 notea1400 piece of work1473 overage1474 workmanship1523 piece1604 opificec1616 jobbie1950 1523 Act 13 & 14 Hen. VIII c. 2 A proper marke..by the which their wares, vessels, and workmanshippes..may be knowen. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Esdras viii. 7 We all are one workmanshipe of thy handes. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vii. 55 The pleisand verkmenschips that vas in the middis of hyr mantil. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Lij^v The daie..whiche is the effecte, or workemanship of the Sunne. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. aij Formally, Number, is the Vnion, and Vnitie of Vnits. Which vnyting and knitting, is the workemanship of our minde. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. i. 18 To worship..the workemanship of mens hands. 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper iii. 183 It was the onely quarrell he pickt with his workmanship, that man was alone. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vii. xii. 157 Inconsistent Ideas, which are often the Workmanship of their own Brains. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature III. xi. 266 This ball is the workmanship of the ants. 1857 J. Ruskin Polit. Econ. Art i. 63 A new piece of gold or silver..with noble workmanship on it. 1901 A. Murray Working for God! ix. 42 God undertook to make us anew—we are now His workmanship, and all the good works we do are His workmanship too. 2012 C. Brodersen When Woman lets Go of Lies ii. v. 86 Only after He created Eve did God pronounce the whole of his workmanship as very good. †5. With reference to the human body: anatomy, internal structure. Obsolete. rare.Perhaps an extended use of sense 4, viewing the human body as the work of God; cf. quot. 1535 at sense 4. ΚΠ 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man v. f. 80^v As he varied from the workemanshyp of other bodyes, so had he one passage also of choler that visited the ventricle. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2014; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1393
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