withinadv.prep.adj.

/wɪˈðɪn/

Forms: Forms (Middle English written as one or as two words): α. Old English wiþinnan, wiðinnan, Middle English wiðinne(n, Middle English wiþinne, etc. (see with n. and inne adv.); also Middle English wiþ ine(n, Orm. wiþþinnenn, Middle English widine, Middle English withine. β. Middle English wiðin, Middle English wiþin, etc. (see with n. and in adv.; abbreviatedMiddle English–1500s w^tin, 1600s w^thin), Middle English– within.

Etymology: Late Old English wiþinnan , < wiþ with prep. = innan inne adv. and prep., the second element being assimilated to in adv. in Middle English. Old English wiþinnan , wiþæftan behind, wiþforan before, wiþgeondan beyond, wiþhindan behind, wiþufan above, and wiþútan without adv., prep., conj., and n., form a group of words peculiar to English, corresponding to and perhaps partly modelled on the synonymous group beæftan , bæftan baft adv., beforan before adv., prep., conj., and n., begeondan beyond adv., prep., and n., behindan behind adv., prep., and n., beinnan , binnan bin adv., *beufan , bufan bove adv. and prep., beútan , bútan but adv., of which nearly all have cognates in West Germanic. Compare the blended forms bythout prep.

A. adv. (In most senses opposed to without adv.)

a. In the inner part or interior, or on the inner side (of a receptacle or other material thing); inside, internally.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > within

inneeOE

binc950

withinc1000

inwitha1225

withinforthc1374

inwardc1400

inwards1598

c1000 Ælfric Genesis vi. 14 Ðu wyrcst wununga binnan ðam arce & clæmst wiðinnan & wiðutan mid tyrwan.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 523 His heued with in has eien tuin, Þe lift has son and mon wit-in.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 640 Ðe rede wid-innen toknet on Wreche ðat sal get wurðen sent.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iv. iv. e vij By heete werkynge alwaye wythin and wythoute bodyes ben consumyd and waasted.

c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 48 Bake on an ovyn, & coloure with~ynne & wyth-oute.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. ii. 94 Set a deepe glasse of Reynishe wine on the contrarie Casket, for if the deuill be within, and that temptation without, I knowe hee will choose it.

1796 J. G. Stedman Narr. Exped. Surinam II. xviii. 51 Small annulated black spots, which are white within.

1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 42 At the bend of the wing, just within, is a horn-coloured spine.

1816 S. T. Coleridge Christabel i. 10 The gate that was iron'd within and without.

1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. ix. 248 The instrument may be removed, and the fluid within transferred to any convenient vessel.

1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt II. xxxiii. 274 The tradesmen..locked their doors and barricaded their windows within.

b. In the interior of the body or some part of it.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > part of body > [adverb] > interior

withinc1220

c1220 Bestiary 318 Wiðinnen he haueð brenning.

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. I. 59 Betynge of veynes is bettre i-knowe in þe vttre parties of bodies þan ynward and in þe myddel wiþynne.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 246 How al hys glorious body muste be tormented..wythin and wythoute.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 83 Why should a man whose blood is warme within, Sit like his grandsire, cut in Alablaster?

1640 T. Carew Poems 14 Though the skin Be clos'd without, the wound festers within.

1843 T. B. Macaulay Horatius lxii But his limbs were borne up bravely By the brave heart within.]

1844 E. B. Browning Brown Rosary iii. xvi The maidens' lips trembled from smiles shut within.

c. In this writing or document; herein. Obsolete except in technical use.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > state of having been written > [adverb] > in this document or writing, herein

within1387

hereunder1586

herein after1590

therein under1867

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 35 As hit is i-saide wiþ ynne.

c1450 Godstow Reg. 368 As is I-write with-yn.

1498 [see within-bounden adj. at Compounds 1].

1519 Indenture betw. Pynson & Horman in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1867) 365 The parties wythin namede.

1570 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1].

1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 550 We A. B. and C. D. Coroners..do certifie the Justices within written..that we have searched the Rolles.

1707 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. 1708 [see within-designed adj. at Compounds 1]. 1834 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. 1839 [see within-bound adj. at Compounds 2]. 1844 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1].

†d. (with verb of motion) So as to go in or be inside: = in prep. 33. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > [adverb]

ineOE

inwardc1000

within1297

benward1572

ingate1590

inwards1598

in-bye1768

inside1866

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7951 Hii wiþinne turnde aȝen & hom allenome.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 19 Poure hit withinne.

a. In the limits of, or in the inner part of, a space or region, esp. a city or country; in the place or realm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > within > within boundaries, a community, or institution

withina1122

within the walls1600

intramurally1927

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1048 [Hi] ofslogon ægðer ge wiðinnan ge wiðutan ma þanne .xx. manna.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9132 Vðeres cnihtes..wereden þene tun wið-innen [c1300 Otho wiþ-ine].

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 382 If a kyng wol justifie His lond and hem that beth withynne.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) ii. iv. 52 Scylla that was Duc of the Romayns wyth oute had many fayr victoyres agaynst the Romayns wyth Inne.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ix, in tr. Virgil Wks. 495 But whom they fear'd without, they found within.

1849 G. Grote Hist. Greece V. ii. xliv. 359 Traitors within, as well as exiles without.

1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. Oct. 751 Support for the royal power against the barons within and the papacy without.

b. In (or into) the house or dwelling, indoors: = in adv. 8; also, in the inner part of the house, in an inner chamber; Theatre (esp. in stage-directions), behind the scenes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > in the inner part of a building, farm, etc.

ineOE

withinc1275

withinside1598

in-bye1768

withinsides1891

c1275 Laȝamon Brut 642 He..þrettede þan castle and þat folk wid ine.

c1290 Beket 1175 in S. Eng. Leg. 140 Al with-Inne seten is men as þei he lowest were.

a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) l. 531 To mete as þey were sett in halle, Syr marrok was þere ferre wythynne ywys.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. xi. sig. E She was within, but he was yet abrode.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iv. i. 137 (stage direct.) Shoute within: they all start vp.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. xiv. 159 The mother keepeth within, six weeks.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 84 Go stand within: let me alone with him.

1771 J. Wesley Jrnl. 26 May (1827) III. 419 The rain obliged me to preach within.

1816 J. Austen Emma II. xiv. 273 Not being within when he called the other day.

1833 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Loire 131 ‘Within, there! ho!’ shouted the traveller.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 357 Apartments furnished for a single gentleman. Enquire within.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xxi. 559 A messenger went with the summons to the house of the Duke of Leeds, and was there informed that the Swiss was not within.

c. transferred. In the number or membership of a class or community. (Cf. B. 1e) rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > [adverb] > as a member of

within1526

civically1631

socially1643

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. v. 12 What have I to do to iudge them that are with out? Do ye not iudge them that are with in?

3. figurative. In the inward being; in the mind, soul, or heart (sometimes implying ‘in one's true character as opposed to outward appearance’); inwardly.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adverb]

inwardc950

in (in early use also on) one's heartOE

inwardlya1000

withinc1000

inlyOE

inwardsa1250

intellectuallya1398

at heartc1400

spiritally1502

internally1567

interiorly1609

soul-like1839

c1000 Ælfric Genesis vi. 6 Gehrepod mid heortan sarnysse wiðinnan.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 604 We beoð fram Gode gesewene ægðer ge wiðutan ge wiðinnan.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 95 Ȝif þe halia gast ne learð þes monnes heorte and his mod wið-innan.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5751 Ȝiff þiss hallȝhe griþþ iss wel. wiþþ innenn iþin herrte.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 2 To riuwlin ðe heorte wið innen.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 10 Þe zixte heste uorbyet þe dede wyþ-oute, ac þis uorbyet þe grantinge wyþinne.

c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 87 Be we neuer so vicious with-Inne We wol been holden wise.

1421 26 Pol. Poems xviii. 118 Be suche wiþ-ynne, as ȝe outward seme.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxvii^v His graces sight was so quike..that he saw him, ye and saw through him, both with in and without.

a1625 J. Fletcher Valentinian iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccccccc3/2 Think not the worse.., I shed not teares, Great griefes lament within.

1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe iv. 48 I..Stood firm collected in my Strength within.

1690 J. Norris Christian Blessedness 157 Look within, for within is the fountain of good.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xxxiii. 52 Thou that countest reason ripe In holding by the law within .

4. Preceded by from (†out of), in various senses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > direction > specific directions > [phrase] > from within

within1490

ab intra1642

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xv. 357 Ye shall not goo oute of wythin, wythout my leve.

1645 T. Gataker Gods Eye on Israel 52 Nor any helper..; as no power from within, so no ayd from without.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 64 Other Powers..Fell not, but stand unshak'n, from within Or from without.

1810 W. Wordsworth O'erweening Statesmen in Sonn. to Liberty From within proceeds a Nation's health.

1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 273 When the impression from without, or the stimulus from within,..excites the organs.

1896 J. Davidson Fleet St. Eclogues 2nd Ser. 38 Be your own star, for strength is from within.

†5. Below the number or amount mentioned; less. (Cf. B. 7) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adverb] > less than a quantity or amount

withina1400

thereunder1535

under1574

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11567 Of two ȝeer or wiþynne þus [Vesp. Tua yeir or less].

1450 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 98 To bye it at the somme of c mark or wythynne.

c1480 (a1400) St. John Baptist 997 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 251 Al barnis..of twa ȝere elde & withine.

1509 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 286/2 To the nowmer of xii personis or within.

†6. In possession or occupation. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > [adverb] > in possession

underhanda1200

within1573

1573 in Hone Man. & Manor. Rec. (1906) 191 Aforesaid Agnes survived him, and kept herself within, and was, and still is, seised thereof for term of her life.

B. prep.

a. In the inner part or interior of, inside of, in (a space, region, receptacle, etc.).

(a) as a mere synonym of in prep. 1. archaic.The use with gen. in ‘þæt wiðinnan ys calicys’ ( West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxiii. 26) is a literalism of translation (Vulgate quod intus est calicis = τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ ποτηρίου).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > within [preposition]

ineOE

aninneeOE

withinc1175

bythouta1300

inside1791

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 89 Þa weren þer igedered wiðinne þere buruh of ierusalem trowfeste men.

a1240 Ureisun 49 in Old Eng. Hom. I. 193 Wið-inne paradise.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 2678 Þou and þi childer.. And þat wons þi house witin.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 555 Ðo wex a flod ðis werlde wid-hin.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 348 Vn-welde woren..Here owen limes hem wið-in.

1388 Inventory Westm. Abbey in Archaeologia (1890) 52 213 W^tin the said westre.

c1400 Anturs Arth. 136 Sei me..whi þou walkest þes wayes, þe wodes with-in?

1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) viii. (heading) To passe ouer the ryuere wythin a bote.

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 116 Wythin my bed I waikynnit quhair I lay.

1611 Bible (King James) Psalms ci. 2 I will walke within my house with a perfect heart.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) i. i. 94 Schoolemasters will I keepe within my house.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 120 The Viper dead, within her Hole is found.

1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey II. 171 Her head leaning on one side within her hand.

1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 68 It shall comfort me within the tomb.

1867 W. Morris Life & Death of Jason i. 4 The bath within the pool of some green rill.

(b) with emphasis on the restriction or confinement by limits or boundaries: In the limits of, not outside or beyond. Opposed to without adv. 1 (The current use.)

ΚΠ

1131 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Ealle þa ðing þa wæron wiðinne mynstre & wiðuten.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1084 He..ȝede upp to þatt allterr. Þatt wass wiþþ innenn waȝhe rifft.

c1300 K. Horn (Laud) 256 Wit hinne þe curt and wit oute.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 307 Every thing which was honeste With~innen house and ek withoute.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1919) i. 5 The water of the see is fressch & holdeth his swetness .xx. myle within the see.

c1450 Godstow Reg. 665 In weyes and pathes..with-in burgh and with-out burgh.

1539 Bible (Great) 1 Kings vi. 23 Within the Oracle he made two Cherubims of Oliue tree.

1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne sig. Aviii^v Tyll all the good and fruitfull grounde Were hedged in whythin your mownde.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xiv. 15 Many small houses very aunciently builded within the grounde [= underground].

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 91. ¶1 Within the Liberties of the City of Westminster.

1794 Act 34 George III c. 93 §63 The Mines and Minerals lying and being within or under the said Lands.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 437 Privileged districts, within which the Papal government had no more power than within the Louvre or the Escurial.

(a) In (an enclosure or enclosing boundary); so as to be included, contained, surrounded, or confined by. Also in figurative context (cf. B. 9). within board (Nautical), in the inside of a ship: see board n. 12 within the lists: see in, within (the) lists at list n.³ 9a.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [phrase] > in inside of ship

within boarda1400

a1400 Pistill of Susan 10 Wiþ Inne the sercle of sees Of Erberi and Alees.

a1400–50 Wars Alex. 211 With-in þe merris of Messedoyn.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxviii^v These broughten me within borde of this shyppe of traueyle.

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 17 A Circle is a plaine and flat figure comprehended within one line, which is called a circumference.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 9 Scotlande..is hail w^tin the sey, excepte that parte quhair it lyes to Ingland.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 242 First to speake of that part within the gate.

1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 5 To gaine beleefe, one must keepe himselfe within the bounds of likelihood.

1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §5 To leave Obscurities in the Sentence, by confining it within too narrow Limits.

1779 Mirror No. 10. ⁋11 A man who has confined his turn for enjoyment within the bounds pointed out by nature.

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus i. iii. 8/1 The proud Grandee..reposes within damask curtains.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 221 Whether the Declaration of Indulgence lay within or without the limit was the question.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 614 Five hundred prisoners had been crowded into the parish church of Weston Zoyland;..five expired within the consecrated walls.

1871 R. H. Hutton Theol. Ess. (1888) i. 7 Those within the circle of its influence.

(b) Appended to names of places lying within a certain boundary or area, as Bishopsgate Within (i.e. within the walls of London), Hensington Within (i.e. within the borough of Woodstock).

ΚΠ

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 85 Aldersgate ward within and without.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 248 (heading) Faringdon Warde, Infra, or within.

1657 J. Howell Londinopolis 87 We will..take a Survey of Bridge Ward within, so called of London-Bridge.

1745 Kent's London Directory 93 Ware Nathaniel, Grocer, Bishopsgate within.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xliv. 482 The united parishes of Saint Simon Without and Saint Walker Within.

1899 Kelly's Directory Berks., Bucks. & Oxfordshire 326/2 Hensington Within is a civil parish, formed..from the portion of the old parish in Woodstock municipal borough.

†c. within land phr. Obsolete in the interior of the country, at a distance from the coast or other boundary: = inland adv.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [adverb] > interior part

within land1614

inlanda1616

upcountry1863

1614 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 2) ix. iv. 840 The Pories dwell an hundred miles within Land.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 141 Coventry..at this day is the fairest City within-land.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §206 Though there is plenty of the same kind of stone to be found in Strata within land; yet..the lime-burners can procure..sufficient quantity from the shelving sea-shore.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 221 It was too far within land, and I might have been scented.

d. On the inner (esp. landward) side of; further in than. (Cf. without prep. 1c.) ? Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 120 The Cutter, being on the Beam, and four Miles within us.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iv. 35 Three other apartments, one for my wife and me, another for our two daughters, within our own.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §336 At 116 yards within high-water mark.

c1804 J. Austen Watsons in Mem. (1871) 321 The tea-room was a small room within the card-room.

e. transferred. In the membership of (a class, society, etc.); (in predicate) included in, forming a part of. (Cf. in prep. 5.)

ΚΠ

1697 J. Woodward Acct. Relig. Societies London in Earnest Admon. Young Persons 222 It is Objected..That this is a Society within a Society, and a refining upon a reformed Church.

1799 Monthly Rev. 30 471 Compositions which may be arranged within this class.

1885 Law Times Rep. (N.S.) LII. 319/2 Criminal informations are within the mischief intended to be guarded against.

2. To the interior of; into. Also with the boundary as object, as in A. 1b. (Cf. in prep. 33.) Obsolete or archaic.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2899 Belin & Brennes buȝen heom fram þan fuhte. wih-innen [c1300 Otho wid-ine] are muchele dic.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3775 Alle he sunken ðe erðe wið-in.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 80 This Hors..Was broght withinne the Cite.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 2303 (MED) Feindes crepe þas ymagis wid-in.

1423 Kingis Quair lxxvii I was anon In broght Within a chamber.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2505 in Poems (1981) 93 Was nowther volff, vildcat, nor ȝit tod Durst cum within thay boundis all about.

1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 187 Full lustily thir ladyes..Enterit within this park.

1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. v. 13 b Going upon the friday within a certein harbour.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 11 I would Haue suncke the Sea within the Earth.

1845 J. Lingard Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church (ed. 3) I. vii. 317 Admission within the fold.

†3. In or into the midst of, among, with; spec. in the house of; hence, in the hands or possession of.

ΚΠ

a1240 Ureisun 26 in Old Eng. Hom. I. 191 Biuoren ðine leoue sune wið-innen seraphine.

c1425 Engl. Conquest Ireland (1896) 52 Whan thay myght nat wyth streynth spede, thay bethoght ham that wyth falshed & wyth treyson they wold come wyth-yn ham.

1428 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 2 To serche what osmundes he had with in hym at yat tyme.

c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert xx. 92 So wer þese chanones fer sette fro þe nunnes þat þei schuld not come with-inne þe nunnes..but only for ministracion of þe sacramentis.

1474 Cov. Leet Bk. 399 Yf he kepe any Bawdery withinne hym his fyne is at euery tyme vj s. viij d.

1482 Ordinance Syon Libr. in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1910) 25 122 He shalle bynde and repayre alle bookes needefulle wythine vs.

1490 Will of John Baker (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/8) f. 272^v Elisabeth..dwelling within me.

1493 Mirk's Festyuall 151/2 Some..men y^t had copyes of this bokis within hem at home.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 2124/2 A woman that dwelleth within vs.

1609 C. Tourneur Funerall Poeme sig. D2^v When occasion did present His obseruation with some accident Within the enemie, that did inuite The side he seru'd in, to attempt a fight.

4. Various transferred uses, chiefly with reflexive pronoun.

†a. In the limits of (not beyond or outside) the body, community, or collection of. within themselves (ourselves, etc.): among themselves (etc.), independently of others. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > individual [phrase] > in his, its, etc., self > among themselves, etc.

within themselves (ourselves, etc.)a1300

a1300 Cursor Mundi 1914 Wit-in þeir auen kind to brede.

1484 Cov. Leet Bk. 522 Hit shal-be determyned & orderyd by all the Mairys withyn them selff.

1496 Rolls of Parl. VI. 516/2 They, within theymselfe, shall make Colleccion of such Somes of Money as shall be assessed..to be levyed.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 140 If they perceyue dissention in our lookes, And that within our selues we disagree.

1654 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio Compl. Hist. Warrs Flanders 189 They differed within themselves in their votes.

1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 121 Living entirely within themselves, free from all Mixture and Commerce with other People.

b. within oneself (itself, etc.): (a) so as to be self-contained or independent, without external connection (now dialect); †(b) in self-command or self-control, not ‘beside oneself’; (c) in the limits of one's own belongings or resources, without external supply or aid (now dialect); (d) not beyond one's normal capacity of exertion; without strain, or waste of energy or effort.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > easy, easily, or without difficulty [phrase] > without effort or strain

within oneself (itself, etc.)1518

with half an eye1536

the mind > emotion > calmness > self-possession or self-control > [adjective]

coolc1430

coldc1500

within oneself (itself, etc.)1518

cool-headed1684

present to oneself1692

possesseda1698

self-restrained1700

self-collecteda1711

cool (cold) as a cucumbera1732

self-possessing1732

self-regulating1755

cool-brained1765

self-possessed1766

self-restraining1777

self-disciplined?1791

self-controlling1796

self-repressed1814

self-controlled1822

self-contained1838

self-repressing1849

unimpulsive1856

posé1858

downbeat1953

cucumber-cool1955

supercool1965

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > independent [phrase]

within oneself (itself, etc.)1518

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > independent [phrase] > self-sufficient

within oneself (itself, etc.)1518

self-relying1648

(a)

1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 136 He seid..that my lord of Peturburgh was lord and Kyng wythin hym self vnder the Kyng.

1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 86 A World within itself, Disdaining all Assault.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 255 Some efforts..towards building houses within themselves, as they are emphatically termed.

(b)a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. v. 75 Good Madam keepe your selfe within your selfe. (c)1738 Earl of Oxford in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Duke of Portland (1901) VI. 171 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 676) XXXVI. i. 1 The several officers have all within themselves for their use, cook, butler, housekeeper, wash house, laundry, brew house.1757 W. Burke Acct. European Settlem. Amer. II. vii. xxi. 239 They drive a great many cattle from North Carolina..into Virginia, to be slaughtered there; and they kill and salt some beef, and..pork, for the West Indies, within themselves.1801 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 309 They, for the most part, live entirely upon the produce of the farm, and think they do well when they can, (in their own words) ‘live within themselves’; that is to say,..without buying any thing.1824 W. Carr Horæ Momenta Cravenæ Within-oursells, in our possession, without purchase.(d)1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 148 The Sweat will not..appear so plentiful, provided he [sc. the horse] is quite run within himself.1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Market Harborough x. 76 [The horse] going well on his haunches, and quite within himself.1878 Month Aug. 463 They are rowing quite within themselves, in very good time, and have the race in hand.

5. figurative. In the (inner) being, soul, or mind of. within oneself, spec. (after say, think, etc.) = in thought, mentally, without outward expression.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > thought > [adverb]

within oneself1340

cogitantly1660

c1000 Ags. Ps. cii[i]. 1 Ealle ða ðe wiðinnan me synd [L. intra me sunt].

a1240 Lofsong in Old Eng. Hom. I. 211 Þi passiun acwenche þe passiun of sunnen þet wunieð wið inne me.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 807 Þe find..said wit hin his sari thoght, Ic haue him don to suinc for noght.

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 326 Þe holy goste ys þe withynne.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 153 Huanne þise tuo ziden of þe herte byeþ acorded..þet is þe scele and þet wyl þanne is þe man ordine wyþ-inne him-zelue.

1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 338 To ouyr-comen enemis þat arn þe wiþ-inne.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. ix. 21 She saide with ynne hir self, Ȝif I touche oonly the clothis of hym, I shal be saaf.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 109 Hald hoip and treuthe within the fast.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxiv. f. cxviij Did not oure hertes burne wyth in vs, whyll he talked with vs?

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. i. 21 The spirit of my Father, which I thinke is within mee, begins to mutinie against this seruitude.

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 192 Laughing within himself.

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. xxx. 110 They will be moved on the slightest occasions, whether those offer from within, or without them.

1836 E. Bulwer-Lytton Duchess de la Vallière iii. iii How sinks my heart within me!

1853 D. Rock Church of our Fathers (1903) IV. ii. xii. 179 The priest prayed—by name, but within himself—for the then pope [etc.].

1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun I. vii. 89 It irks my brain and heart to think of her, all shut up within herself.

1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxx. 45 And fire and ice within me fight Beneath the suffocating night.

a. In the limits of (a period of time); most usually, before the end of, after not more than; also, since the beginning of, not more than…ago; or gen. between the beginning and end of, in the course of, during. So †within a word = as soon as a word was uttered, at a word.

ΚΠ

c1175 Early Eng. Homilies (Vesp.) 89 Wiðinnen feower wucan comen [hi] to him.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2473 Wið-innen a lut ȝeren Brennes hine bi-ðohte.

c1290 Beket 1500 in S. Eng. Leg. 149 Euerech Abbod of greie Monekes to þulke chapitle cam With-Inne þre ȝer.

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 7047 Sone aftyrward, with-yn a lytyl.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. x. 149 He hath wedded a wyf with-Inne þis syx monethes.

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women 103 I fel a-slepe with-Inne an our or two.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) xxv. 119 He schall hafe worde within a day and a nyght.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Acts i. A Ye shalbe baptysed w^t y^e holy goost, & that within this few dayes.

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. Pref. b v b How many meanes and weys hath my lord Protectours grace, within his tyme of gouernaunce..attempted..to shonne these warres.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Bb3 Things..which may be done in succession of ages, though not within the houre-glasse of one mans life.

1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions (1653) 79 If the Owner do not come within a year and a day.

1766 R. Griffith & E. Griffith Lett. Henry & Frances IV. 247 I am, within these three Days, recovering Spirits and Appetite.

1822 Act 3 Geo. IV c. 39 §1 Within Twenty one Days after the Execution of such Warrant of Attorney.

1869 ‘M. Twain’ New Pilgr. Progr. (1870) xi. 85 The cry went abroad of ‘Ten minutes to dress for breakfast!’.. I was dressed within the ten minutes.

1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xix. 361 One of which was standing within the present generation.

1918 Act 8 George V c. 2 (title) The Hours within which Marriages may be lawfully solemnized.

†b. within night phr. Obsolete after nightfall.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > day and night > night > [adverb]

nightseOE

on nightOE

in (also of, on, upon) the nightOE

by nightlOE

on (also in) nightslOE

a-nightc1175

a-nightsc1175

at nightc1300

within nightc1400

a-nightertime?a1439

a nighttimes1567

at nights1581

nightly1597

benight1642

nocturnally1812

night-times1851

nitely1970

c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7894 The day was gon, thei hadde no lyght, For it was wel with-Inne nyght.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) I. cccxl. 533 About two houres within night they armed them.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 142 The last howre of Prayer, is alwayes two or three howres within night.

1685 W. Hedges Diary 19 Aug. (1887) I. 206 We..arrived..a little within night.

†c. (without reference to limits) At some time during: = in prep. 27. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1471 Acta Audit. (1839) 16/1 Þe last court quhen..þe dome was gevin was within feryale tyme onne gude Wednisday in passioun woulk.

1552 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 74 Boughte of him within y^e moneth of december.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. ii. 60 King Pharamond..died within the yeere of our Redemption, Foure hundred twentie six.

1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions (1653) 79 He to whom the property is, may take him within the year.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xc. 135 Tho' it spake and bared to view A fact within the coming year. ]

d. a story within a story and variants, a story, performance, etc., complete in itself but occurring within another. Cf. a play within a play at play n. 16c.

ΚΠ

1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. at Within A musical within a musical.

1971 J. Gores in ‘E. Queen’ Magicians of Mystery (1976) 162 A new kind of procedural detective story..it uses the dream ‘story-within-a-story’ which antedates even..The Vision of Pierce Plowman.

1976 C. Bermant Coming Home ii. ii. 125 A plump, bespectacled woman..grasped him in a tearful embrace. Was this a drama within a drama, a man who had thought he'd lost his wife and would rather that she had stayed lost?

1978 Listener 19 Jan. 86/3 Fitzgerald was featured creating one of his..short stories... This device allowed for a film within a film.

1984 B. Paul Renewable Virgin ii. 38 There was some sort of a crime-within-a-crime just waiting to be discovered.

a. (a) Not beyond or above (a specified or implied amount or degree); at, in, or of less than or not more than; so as not to exceed or surpass; esp. (b) in expressions of a small difference or margin of error from a larger amount: = with a difference of not more than (so much) above or, usually, below.

ΚΠ

1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) 1 Chron. xxvii. 23 Dauid nolde noumbre hem with ynne twenti ȝeer [1382 fro twenty ȝeer and benethen].

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxx. 137 Faire damysellz within þe elde of xv. ȝere.

c1450 Mirk's Festial 290 Wether þei ben cosynnes wythinne degre of mariage or no.

1489 Acta Audit. (1839) 131/2 Þe sereffis quhilkis prisit his gudis haid prisit þaim gretly within þe avale of þaim.

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 20 Preamble Beyng of kyn..unto the said John..within the second and third degree.

1727 J. Swift Let. to very Young Lady in Misc. II. 337 I think you ought to be well informed how much your Husband's Revenue amounts to, and be so good a Computer as to keep within it.

1783 Ld. Percy in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 58 Being..determined to live within my income.

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 336/2 Say half a million turned over in a year, sir,..and you're within the mark.

1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 453 The actions were commenced within a few days of each other.

1887 H. R. Haggard Jess viii. 70 John..guessed that he could not weigh less than seventeen stone, and he was well within the mark at that.

(b)1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxvi. 28 Thousands..are gone..Till all: within fortie, weare flowne quight awaie.1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xiii. xv. 395 The..diametre..was foure foot within three quarters of an inch.1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. ii. 111 He is very yong, and yet will he within three pound lifte [printed liste] as much as his brother Hector. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 91. ⁋1 She has a tall Daughter within a Fortnight of Fifteen.1886 E. C. Robins Temple of Solomon (1887) 15 The extreme length of Solomon's Temple..is made (in his restoration of it) to agree with that of the Temple of Pæstum within 2 inches.1920 Conquest Apr. 168 The unit of electrical current..was obtained..to within one point in 20,000.

†b. within age phr. Obsolete = of less than full age, under age.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > [adjective] > minor

within agec1400

of nonage1418

meindre age1443

minor1552

nonaged1601

under-age1978

c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1859) iv. xxxviii. 64 They..gouerne hym, ryght as he were to yonge within age.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) II. ci. [xcvii.] 295 When kynge Rycharde was crowned..he was within age, and a kynge ought nat to gouerne a royalme tyll he be xxi. yeres of age.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 317 Chyldren..that dye wythin age vncrystened.

1629 Vse of Law 36 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Leauing their heire within age, a Male within 21. and a female within 14. yeares.

c. Not beyond or outside (a specified distance); at or to a distance of less, or not more, than; nearer or not farther away than.Often in figurative phrases, as within an ace, within a hair's breadth of.

ΚΠ

c1440 Generydes 3044 As sone as Ermones..Sawe that he was withynne his wepons length, Anon he smote Att hym.

1537 R. Layton Let. in T. Wright Three Chapters Lett. Suppression Monasteries (1843) 157 Other doctor Lee or I have familier acqwayntance within x. or xij. mylles of hit.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 25 [We] came within foure degrees of the Æquinoctiall.

1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical iii. 23 The least false Step brings them within an Ace of Death.

1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 30 I will drub you, you Dog, within an Inch of your Life, and that Inch too.

1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote I. ii. v. 66 I am within a hair's breadth of doubting.

1794 Act 34 George III c. 93 §64 Within the Distance of Ten Yards.

1812 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 178 Almost within striking distance of each other.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiii. 115 I'll flog you within an inch of your life, and spare you that.

1863 G. J. Whyte-Melville Gladiators xxxvii The German would not permit Esca to approach within spear's-length of his post.

1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate II. ii. 46 Keeping within a few yards of his sister's chair.

a. In expressions referring to the physical range of some action or perception: Not beyond, not farther than the extent of: as within reach, near enough to reach, or to be reached; within sight, or hearing, near enough to see or hear, to be seen or heard; etc. Often const. of (the agent or percipient, or the object of the action or perception). Cf. in prep. 18d(a), within call at call n. Phrases 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > distance > [phrase] > within specific distance

withinc1515

the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached

within reachc1515

the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached > within range or reach

within reachc1515

within one's strokea1533

in the (also one's) way1534

within power1548

under the dint of1577

in(to), within, out of shot1635

within arm's reacha1652

within one's force1680

within touch1753

in touch1854

within wind of1865

the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached > within sight

within sight, or hearingc1515

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lv. 188 He slewe..all that came within his stroke.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxi. 241 He came within the syght of Burdeux.

1580 Sir R. Bingham in Spenser's Wks. (Grosart) I. 463 I entered the harbour..within canon shotte of the fortress.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 25 Shoote not at every bird, but onely at those that are within reach to be hit.

1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater i. iii. sig. B4^v Harke you sir, there may perhaps be some within eare-shot.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 125 Come not within the measure of my wrath.

1623 P. Massinger Duke of Millaine iv. iii. sig. K1^v Be within call.

1687 M. Prior & Earl of Halifax Hind & Panther Transvers'd 1 Stand off and come not within my Swords point.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 311. ¶4 A Man..talking loud within her Hearing.

1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. xi. 167 As soon as we came within hearing, I called out to him by name.

1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. xv. 242 There is also a powerful force within a few hours' march of us.

1856 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 280 I will never be ‘within wind’ of Scotsbrig without going to see Jamie.

1862 D. Wilson Prehistoric Man II. xxiii. 361 Within the hearing of Niagara's voice.

b. Inside the guard, defence, or point of; near enough to come to grips with; Fencing, on the inside of (one's sword, arm, etc.). Also figurative. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΚΠ

156. Robin Hood, Play (Copland) H ij b Well I wote the horeson lepte within me And fro me he toke my purse.

1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 105 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres The Spanyards with their Targets entred within our Switzers, under their Pikes, and constrained them to forsake their Pikes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) v. i. 34 Some get within him, take his sword away.

1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 294 When by such Insinuations they have once got within him, and are able to drill him on from one Lewdness to another.

1707 W. Hope New Method Fencing 99 The Single Feint within and above the Sword, called in the Schools Volte Coupé.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 109. ⁋3 He came within the Target of the Gentleman who rode against him.

1809 J. Roland Amateur of Fencing 34 When, upon joining blades with your adversary, you find your sword in a line between his sword-arm and the left side of his body..it is termed being within the arm.

1876 R. F. Burton New Syst. Sword Exerc. 52 When the point is passed well under and within the sword-arm.

9. figurative. In the extent of (something abstract figured as a region, or as having extension); esp. in, or not beyond, the scope or sphere of action of (authority, power, knowledge, a law, etc.). Cf. in prep. 7, 18d(b).

ΚΠ

1493 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 272/2 He wes within our souerane lordis warde.

1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 2 §1 Suche as ben within holy orders only excepte.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxxviij Wythin hys Iurisdiction.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 289 But this lyes all within the will of God.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist i. i. sig. B2^v You will bring him in Within the Statute?

1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. iv. 124 All this while the King had moved within his own Spheare, and had done nothing out of the Realme.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 329 None should have the benefit of this recourse to the Ordinarie, but those who were within holy Orders.

1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 43 Eat within your Stomack, act within your Commission.

1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 201. ⁋1 As they live within Rules, and as they transgress them.

1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xxviii. 365 Within the benefit of clergy.

1820 Broderip & Bingham's Rep. I. 436 Whether the party was a trader within the bankrupt laws.

1831 W. Scott Quentin Durward (new ed.) I. viii. 160 Who..will assert that..their place of retirement is within my knowledge?

1862 H. Spencer First Princ. i. ii. §14. 43 Even..Atheism comes within the definition.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xiii. 288 Did they deem the enterprise within his power?

1891 Law Times' Rep. 63 776/1 The contract and the label together constituted a written warranty within the meaning of the above section.

C. adj.

That is within; †(of a letter or document) enclosed. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adjective] > that is within

in-essent1628

within1748

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa III. liii. 258 This is a favour you'll see by the within letter.

a1766 F. Sheridan Concl. Mem. Miss Sidney Bidulph (1770) IV. 233 Give him the within letter.

1794 Bloomfield's Rep. 11 Agreeably to the command of the within Writ.

1806 Gen. Wilkinson in Coues Exped. Z. M. Pike (1895) II. 574 You will not fail, in addition to the within talk, to enhance our paternal regard for this nation.

Compounds

C1. of the adverb; in quots. in sense A. 1c.

† within-bounden adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1498 Cov. Leet Bk. 593 The condicion of þis obligacion is such that whereas certayn trauers is dependyng betwixt þe withinbounden Maire & Cominalte on the on partie and þe priour & Couent..on þe oþer partie [etc.].

within-designed adj.

ΚΠ

1708 Rec. Stitchill (1905) 159 The within-designed George Hamilton.

within-named adj.

ΚΠ

1570 in G. F. Townsend Leominster (n.d.) 300 The w^thin-named John Ingle.

1707 D. Defoe True Relation Mrs Veal (ed. 3) sig. aii The House in which the within-named Mrs. Bargrave lives.

1834 Chitty Forms 165 As well the within-named plaintiff as the within-named defendant.

1844 A. B. Corner Forms of Writs, etc. 43 To be indorsed ‘By Rule of Court,’ (if so). At the instance of the within-named Appellants (or Respondents).

C2. of the preposition.

within-bound adj. confined or experienced within bounds (in a school).Apparently an isolated use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > [adjective] > enclosed or confined > within school bounds

within-bound1839

1839 W. Howitt Boy's Country-bk. xvi. 227 What are all their within-bound enjoyments..to their monthly rural walks?

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	within
释义	withinn. /wɪˈðɪn/ Etymology: < within adv. That which is within or inside (esp. figurative). ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [noun] > that which is within within1912 1912 J. Stephens Crock of Gold xiii. 166 It [sc. anger] is not the beneficent blindness which prevents one from seeing without, but it is that desperate darkness which cloaks the within, and hides the heart and the brain from each other's husbandly and wifely recognition. 1938 L. MacNeice Mod. Poetry 28 Wyndham Lewis maintains that it is the artist's or writer's business to depict the Without of people and not their Within. 1973 Times 26 Nov. 15/8 Having every intention of looking again and again before the exhibition finally departs for its permanent home in the ‘Great Within’, or wherever—I feel I must compliment the compilers of the excellent catalogue. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1986; most recently modified version published online March 2019). withinadv.prep.adj. /wɪˈðɪn/ Forms: Forms (Middle English written as one or as two words): α. Old English wiþinnan, wiðinnan, Middle English wiðinne(n, Middle English wiþinne, etc. (see with n. and inne adv.); also Middle English wiþ ine(n, Orm. wiþþinnenn, Middle English widine, Middle English withine. β. Middle English wiðin, Middle English wiþin, etc. (see with n. and in adv.; abbreviatedMiddle English–1500s w^tin, 1600s w^thin), Middle English– within. Etymology: Late Old English wiþinnan , < wiþ with prep. = innan inne adv. and prep., the second element being assimilated to in adv. in Middle English. Old English wiþinnan , wiþæftan behind, wiþforan before, wiþgeondan beyond, wiþhindan behind, wiþufan above, and wiþútan without adv., prep., conj., and n., form a group of words peculiar to English, corresponding to and perhaps partly modelled on the synonymous group beæftan , bæftan baft adv., beforan before adv., prep., conj., and n., begeondan beyond adv., prep., and n., behindan behind adv., prep., and n., beinnan , binnan bin adv., beufan , bufan* bove adv. and prep., beútan , bútan but adv., of which nearly all have cognates in West Germanic. Compare the blended forms bythout prep. A. adv. (In most senses opposed to without adv.) 1. a. In the inner part or interior, or on the inner side (of a receptacle or other material thing); inside, internally. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > within inneeOE binc950 withinc1000 inwitha1225 withinforthc1374 inwardc1400 inwards1598 c1000 Ælfric Genesis vi. 14 Ðu wyrcst wununga binnan ðam arce & clæmst wiðinnan & wiðutan mid tyrwan. a1300 Cursor Mundi 523 His heued with in has eien tuin, Þe lift has son and mon wit-in. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 640 Ðe rede wid-innen toknet on Wreche ðat sal get wurðen sent. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iv. iv. e vij By heete werkynge alwaye wythin and wythoute bodyes ben consumyd and waasted. c1430 Two Cookery-bks. 48 Bake on an ovyn, & coloure with~ynne & wyth-oute. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. ii. 94 Set a deepe glasse of Reynishe wine on the contrarie Casket, for if the deuill be within, and that temptation without, I knowe hee will choose it. View more context for this quotation 1796 J. G. Stedman Narr. Exped. Surinam II. xviii. 51 Small annulated black spots, which are white within. 1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 42 At the bend of the wing, just within, is a horn-coloured spine. 1816 S. T. Coleridge Christabel i. 10 The gate that was iron'd within and without. 1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. ix. 248 The instrument may be removed, and the fluid within transferred to any convenient vessel. 1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt II. xxxiii. 274 The tradesmen..locked their doors and barricaded their windows within. b. In the interior of the body or some part of it. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > part of body > [adverb] > interior withinc1220 c1220 Bestiary 318 Wiðinnen he haueð brenning. 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. I. 59 Betynge of veynes is bettre i-knowe in þe vttre parties of bodies þan ynward and in þe myddel wiþynne. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 246 How al hys glorious body muste be tormented..wythin and wythoute. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 83 Why should a man whose blood is warme within, Sit like his grandsire, cut in Alablaster? 1640 T. Carew Poems 14 Though the skin Be clos'd without, the wound festers within. 1843 T. B. Macaulay Horatius lxii But his limbs were borne up bravely By the brave heart within.] 1844 E. B. Browning Brown Rosary iii. xvi The maidens' lips trembled from smiles shut within. c. In this writing or document; herein. Obsolete except in technical use. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > state of having been written > [adverb] > in this document or writing, herein within1387 hereunder1586 herein after1590 therein under1867 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 35 As hit is i-saide wiþ ynne. c1450 Godstow Reg. 368 As is I-write with-yn. 1498 [see within-bounden adj. at Compounds 1]. 1519 Indenture betw. Pynson & Horman in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1867) 365 The parties wythin namede. 1570 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. 1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 550 We A. B. and C. D. Coroners..do certifie the Justices within written..that we have searched the Rolles. 1707 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. 1708 [see within-designed adj. at Compounds 1]. 1834 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. 1839 [see within-bound adj. at Compounds 2]. 1844 [see within-named adj. at Compounds 1]. †d. (with verb of motion) So as to go in or be inside: = in prep. 33. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > [adverb] ineOE inwardc1000 within1297 benward1572 ingate1590 inwards1598 in-bye1768 inside1866 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 7951 Hii wiþinne turnde aȝen & hom allenome. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 19 Poure hit withinne. 2. a. In the limits of, or in the inner part of, a space or region, esp. a city or country; in the place or realm. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > within > within boundaries, a community, or institution withina1122 within the walls1600 intramurally1927 a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1048 [Hi] ofslogon ægðer ge wiðinnan ge wiðutan ma þanne .xx. manna. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9132 Vðeres cnihtes..wereden þene tun wið-innen [c1300 Otho wiþ-ine]. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 382 If a kyng wol justifie His lond and hem that beth withynne. 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) ii. iv. 52 Scylla that was Duc of the Romayns wyth oute had many fayr victoyres agaynst the Romayns wyth Inne. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis ix, in tr. Virgil Wks. 495 But whom they fear'd without, they found within. 1849 G. Grote Hist. Greece V. ii. xliv. 359 Traitors within, as well as exiles without. 1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. Oct. 751 Support for the royal power against the barons within and the papacy without. b. In (or into) the house or dwelling, indoors: = in adv. 8; also, in the inner part of the house, in an inner chamber; Theatre (esp. in stage-directions), behind the scenes. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > in the inner part of a building, farm, etc. ineOE withinc1275 withinside1598 in-bye1768 withinsides1891 c1275 Laȝamon Brut 642 He..þrettede þan castle and þat folk wid ine. c1290 Beket 1175 in S. Eng. Leg. 140 Al with-Inne seten is men as þei he lowest were. a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) l. 531 To mete as þey were sett in halle, Syr marrok was þere ferre wythynne ywys. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue i. xi. sig. E She was within, but he was yet abrode. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iv. i. 137 (stage direct.) Shoute within: they all start vp. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. xiv. 159 The mother keepeth within, six weeks. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 84 Go stand within: let me alone with him. View more context for this quotation 1771 J. Wesley Jrnl. 26 May (1827) III. 419 The rain obliged me to preach within. 1816 J. Austen Emma II. xiv. 273 Not being within when he called the other day. View more context for this quotation 1833 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Loire 131 ‘Within, there! ho!’ shouted the traveller. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 357 Apartments furnished for a single gentleman. Enquire within. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xxi. 559 A messenger went with the summons to the house of the Duke of Leeds, and was there informed that the Swiss was not within. c. transferred. In the number or membership of a class or community. (Cf. B. 1e) rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > [adverb] > as a member of within1526 civically1631 socially1643 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. v. 12 What have I to do to iudge them that are with out? Do ye not iudge them that are with in? 3. figurative. In the inward being; in the mind, soul, or heart (sometimes implying ‘in one's true character as opposed to outward appearance’); inwardly. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > spirituality > [adverb] inwardc950 in (in early use also on) one's heartOE inwardlya1000 withinc1000 inlyOE inwardsa1250 intellectuallya1398 at heartc1400 spiritally1502 internally1567 interiorly1609 soul-like1839 c1000 Ælfric Genesis vi. 6 Gehrepod mid heortan sarnysse wiðinnan. c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 604 We beoð fram Gode gesewene ægðer ge wiðutan ge wiðinnan. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 95 Ȝif þe halia gast ne learð þes monnes heorte and his mod wið-innan. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5751 Ȝiff þiss hallȝhe griþþ iss wel. wiþþ innenn iþin herrte. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 2 To riuwlin ðe heorte wið innen. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 10 Þe zixte heste uorbyet þe dede wyþ-oute, ac þis uorbyet þe grantinge wyþinne. c1386 G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale 87 Be we neuer so vicious with-Inne We wol been holden wise. 1421 26 Pol. Poems xviii. 118 Be suche wiþ-ynne, as ȝe outward seme. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxvii^v His graces sight was so quike..that he saw him, ye and saw through him, both with in and without. a1625 J. Fletcher Valentinian iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccccccc3/2 Think not the worse.., I shed not teares, Great griefes lament within. 1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe iv. 48 I..Stood firm collected in my Strength within. 1690 J. Norris Christian Blessedness 157 Look within, for within is the fountain of good. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xxxiii. 52 Thou that countest reason ripe In holding by the law within . View more context for this quotation 4. Preceded by from (†out of), in various senses. ΘΚΠ the world > space > direction > specific directions > [phrase] > from within within1490 ab intra1642 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xv. 357 Ye shall not goo oute of wythin, wythout my leve. 1645 T. Gataker Gods Eye on Israel 52 Nor any helper..; as no power from within, so no ayd from without. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 64 Other Powers..Fell not, but stand unshak'n, from within Or from without. View more context for this quotation 1810 W. Wordsworth O'erweening Statesmen in Sonn. to Liberty From within proceeds a Nation's health. 1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 273 When the impression from without, or the stimulus from within,..excites the organs. 1896 J. Davidson Fleet St. Eclogues 2nd Ser. 38 Be your own star, for strength is from within. †5. Below the number or amount mentioned; less. (Cf. B. 7) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adverb] > less than a quantity or amount withina1400 thereunder1535 under1574 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11567 Of two ȝeer or wiþynne þus [Vesp. Tua yeir or less]. 1450 J. Fastolf in Paston Lett. & Papers (2005) III. 98 To bye it at the somme of c mark or wythynne. c1480 (a1400) St. John Baptist 997 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 251 Al barnis..of twa ȝere elde & withine. 1509 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 286/2 To the nowmer of xii personis or within. †6. In possession or occupation. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > [adverb] > in possession underhanda1200 within1573 1573 in Hone Man. & Manor. Rec. (1906) 191 Aforesaid Agnes survived him, and kept herself within, and was, and still is, seised thereof for term of her life. B. prep. 1. a. In the inner part or interior of, inside of, in (a space, region, receptacle, etc.). (a) as a mere synonym of in prep. 1. archaic.The use with gen. in ‘þæt wiðinnan ys calicys’ ( West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxiii. 26) is a literalism of translation (Vulgate quod intus est calicis = τὸ ἐντὸς τοῦ ποτηρίου). ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > within [preposition] ineOE aninneeOE withinc1175 bythouta1300 inside1791 c1175 Lamb. Hom. 89 Þa weren þer igedered wiðinne þere buruh of ierusalem trowfeste men. a1240 Ureisun 49 in Old Eng. Hom. I. 193 Wið-inne paradise. a1300 Cursor Mundi 2678 Þou and þi childer.. And þat wons þi house witin. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 555 Ðo wex a flod ðis werlde wid-hin. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 348 Vn-welde woren..Here owen limes hem wið-in. 1388 Inventory Westm. Abbey in Archaeologia (1890) 52 213 W^tin the said westre. c1400 Anturs Arth. 136 Sei me..whi þou walkest þes wayes, þe wodes with-in? 1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) viii. (heading) To passe ouer the ryuere wythin a bote. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid vii. Prol. 116 Wythin my bed I waikynnit quhair I lay. 1611 Bible (King James) Psalms ci. 2 I will walke within my house with a perfect heart. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) i. i. 94 Schoolemasters will I keepe within my house. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 120 The Viper dead, within her Hole is found. View more context for this quotation 1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey II. 171 Her head leaning on one side within her hand. 1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 68 It shall comfort me within the tomb. 1867 W. Morris Life & Death of Jason i. 4 The bath within the pool of some green rill. (b) with emphasis on the restriction or confinement by limits or boundaries: In the limits of, not outside or beyond. Opposed to without adv. 1 (The current use.) ΚΠ 1131 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Ealle þa ðing þa wæron wiðinne mynstre & wiðuten. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1084 He..ȝede upp to þatt allterr. Þatt wass wiþþ innenn waȝhe rifft. c1300 K. Horn (Laud) 256 Wit hinne þe curt and wit oute. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 307 Every thing which was honeste With~innen house and ek withoute. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1919) i. 5 The water of the see is fressch & holdeth his swetness .xx. myle within the see. c1450 Godstow Reg. 665 In weyes and pathes..with-in burgh and with-out burgh. 1539 Bible (Great) 1 Kings vi. 23 Within the Oracle he made two Cherubims of Oliue tree. 1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne sig. Aviii^v Tyll all the good and fruitfull grounde Were hedged in whythin your mownde. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xiv. 15 Many small houses very aunciently builded within the grounde [= underground]. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 91. ¶1 Within the Liberties of the City of Westminster. 1794 Act 34 George III c. 93 §63 The Mines and Minerals lying and being within or under the said Lands. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 437 Privileged districts, within which the Papal government had no more power than within the Louvre or the Escurial. b. (a) In (an enclosure or enclosing boundary); so as to be included, contained, surrounded, or confined by. Also in figurative context (cf. B. 9). within board (Nautical), in the inside of a ship: see board n. 12 within the lists: see in, within (the) lists at list n.³ 9a. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > [phrase] > in inside of ship within boarda1400 a1400 Pistill of Susan 10 Wiþ Inne the sercle of sees Of Erberi and Alees. a1400–50 Wars Alex. 211 With-in þe merris of Messedoyn. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxviii^v These broughten me within borde of this shyppe of traueyle. 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 17 A Circle is a plaine and flat figure comprehended within one line, which is called a circumference. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 9 Scotlande..is hail w^tin the sey, excepte that parte quhair it lyes to Ingland. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 242 First to speake of that part within the gate. 1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 5 To gaine beleefe, one must keepe himselfe within the bounds of likelihood. 1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §5 To leave Obscurities in the Sentence, by confining it within too narrow Limits. 1779 Mirror No. 10. ⁋11 A man who has confined his turn for enjoyment within the bounds pointed out by nature. 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus i. iii. 8/1 The proud Grandee..reposes within damask curtains. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 221 Whether the Declaration of Indulgence lay within or without the limit was the question. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 614 Five hundred prisoners had been crowded into the parish church of Weston Zoyland;..five expired within the consecrated walls. 1871 R. H. Hutton Theol. Ess. (1888) i. 7 Those within the circle of its influence. (b) Appended to names of places lying within a certain boundary or area, as Bishopsgate Within (i.e. within the walls of London), Hensington Within (i.e. within the borough of Woodstock). ΚΠ 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 85 Aldersgate ward within and without. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 248 (heading) Faringdon Warde, Infra, or within. 1657 J. Howell Londinopolis 87 We will..take a Survey of Bridge Ward within, so called of London-Bridge. 1745 Kent's London Directory 93 Ware Nathaniel, Grocer, Bishopsgate within. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xliv. 482 The united parishes of Saint Simon Without and Saint Walker Within. 1899 Kelly's Directory Berks., Bucks. & Oxfordshire 326/2 Hensington Within is a civil parish, formed..from the portion of the old parish in Woodstock municipal borough. †c. within land phr. Obsolete in the interior of the country, at a distance from the coast or other boundary: = inland adv. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [adverb] > interior part within land1614 inlanda1616 upcountry1863 1614 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 2) ix. iv. 840 The Pories dwell an hundred miles within Land. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 141 Coventry..at this day is the fairest City within-land. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §206 Though there is plenty of the same kind of stone to be found in Strata within land; yet..the lime-burners can procure..sufficient quantity from the shelving sea-shore. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 221 It was too far within land, and I might have been scented. d. On the inner (esp. landward) side of; further in than. (Cf. without prep. 1c.) ? Obsolete. ΚΠ 1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 120 The Cutter, being on the Beam, and four Miles within us. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield I. iv. 35 Three other apartments, one for my wife and me, another for our two daughters, within our own. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §336 At 116 yards within high-water mark. c1804 J. Austen Watsons in Mem. (1871) 321 The tea-room was a small room within the card-room. e. transferred. In the membership of (a class, society, etc.); (in predicate) included in, forming a part of. (Cf. in prep. 5.) ΚΠ 1697 J. Woodward Acct. Relig. Societies London in Earnest Admon. Young Persons 222 It is Objected..That this is a Society within a Society, and a refining upon a reformed Church. 1799 Monthly Rev. 30 471 Compositions which may be arranged within this class. 1885 Law Times Rep. (N.S.) LII. 319/2 Criminal informations are within the mischief intended to be guarded against. 2. To the interior of; into. Also with the boundary as object, as in A. 1b. (Cf. in prep. 33.) Obsolete or archaic. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2899 Belin & Brennes buȝen heom fram þan fuhte. wih-innen [c1300 Otho wid-ine] are muchele dic. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3775 Alle he sunken ðe erðe wið-in. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 80 This Hors..Was broght withinne the Cite. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 2303 (MED) Feindes crepe þas ymagis wid-in. 1423 Kingis Quair lxxvii I was anon In broght Within a chamber. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2505 in Poems (1981) 93 Was nowther volff, vildcat, nor ȝit tod Durst cum within thay boundis all about. 1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 187 Full lustily thir ladyes..Enterit within this park. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. v. 13 b Going upon the friday within a certein harbour. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. ii. 11 I would Haue suncke the Sea within the Earth. View more context for this quotation 1845 J. Lingard Hist. & Antiq. Anglo-Saxon Church (ed. 3) I. vii. 317 Admission within the fold. †3. In or into the midst of, among, with; spec. in the house of; hence, in the hands or possession of. ΚΠ a1240 Ureisun 26 in Old Eng. Hom. I. 191 Biuoren ðine leoue sune wið-innen seraphine. c1425 Engl. Conquest Ireland (1896) 52 Whan thay myght nat wyth streynth spede, thay bethoght ham that wyth falshed & wyth treyson they wold come wyth-yn ham. 1428 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 2 To serche what osmundes he had with in hym at yat tyme. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert xx. 92 So wer þese chanones fer sette fro þe nunnes þat þei schuld not come with-inne þe nunnes..but only for ministracion of þe sacramentis. 1474 Cov. Leet Bk. 399 Yf he kepe any Bawdery withinne hym his fyne is at euery tyme vj s. viij d. 1482 Ordinance Syon Libr. in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1910) 25 122 He shalle bynde and repayre alle bookes needefulle wythine vs. 1490 Will of John Baker (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/8) f. 272^v Elisabeth..dwelling within me. 1493 Mirk's Festyuall 151/2 Some..men y^t had copyes of this bokis within hem at home. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 2124/2 A woman that dwelleth within vs. 1609 C. Tourneur Funerall Poeme sig. D2^v When occasion did present His obseruation with some accident Within the enemie, that did inuite The side he seru'd in, to attempt a fight. 4. Various transferred uses, chiefly with reflexive pronoun. †a. In the limits of (not beyond or outside) the body, community, or collection of. within themselves (ourselves, etc.): among themselves (etc.), independently of others. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > individual [phrase] > in his, its, etc., self > among themselves, etc. within themselves (ourselves, etc.)a1300 a1300 Cursor Mundi 1914 Wit-in þeir auen kind to brede. 1484 Cov. Leet Bk. 522 Hit shal-be determyned & orderyd by all the Mairys withyn them selff. 1496 Rolls of Parl. VI. 516/2 They, within theymselfe, shall make Colleccion of such Somes of Money as shall be assessed..to be levyed. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. i. 140 If they perceyue dissention in our lookes, And that within our selues we disagree. 1654 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio Compl. Hist. Warrs Flanders 189 They differed within themselves in their votes. 1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 121 Living entirely within themselves, free from all Mixture and Commerce with other People. b. within oneself (itself, etc.): (a) so as to be self-contained or independent, without external connection (now dialect); †(b) in self-command or self-control, not ‘beside oneself’; (c) in the limits of one's own belongings or resources, without external supply or aid (now dialect); (d) not beyond one's normal capacity of exertion; without strain, or waste of energy or effort. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > easy, easily, or without difficulty [phrase] > without effort or strain within oneself (itself, etc.)1518 with half an eye1536 the mind > emotion > calmness > self-possession or self-control > [adjective] coolc1430 coldc1500 within oneself (itself, etc.)1518 cool-headed1684 present to oneself1692 possesseda1698 self-restrained1700 self-collecteda1711 cool (cold) as a cucumbera1732 self-possessing1732 self-regulating1755 cool-brained1765 self-possessed1766 self-restraining1777 self-disciplined?1791 self-controlling1796 self-repressed1814 self-controlled1822 self-contained1838 self-repressing1849 unimpulsive1856 posé1858 downbeat1953 cucumber-cool1955 supercool1965 society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > independent [phrase] within oneself (itself, etc.)1518 society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > independent [phrase] > self-sufficient within oneself (itself, etc.)1518 self-relying1648 (a) 1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 136 He seid..that my lord of Peturburgh was lord and Kyng wythin hym self vnder the Kyng. 1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 86 A World within itself, Disdaining all Assault. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 255 Some efforts..towards building houses within themselves, as they are emphatically termed. (b)a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. v. 75 Good Madam keepe your selfe within your selfe. View more context for this quotation(c)1738 Earl of Oxford in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Duke of Portland (1901) VI. 171 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 676) XXXVI. i. 1 The several officers have all within themselves for their use, cook, butler, housekeeper, wash house, laundry, brew house.1757 W. Burke Acct. European Settlem. Amer. II. vii. xxi. 239 They drive a great many cattle from North Carolina..into Virginia, to be slaughtered there; and they kill and salt some beef, and..pork, for the West Indies, within themselves.1801 Farmer's Mag. Aug. 309 They, for the most part, live entirely upon the produce of the farm, and think they do well when they can, (in their own words) ‘live within themselves’; that is to say,..without buying any thing.1824 W. Carr Horæ Momenta Cravenæ Within-oursells, in our possession, without purchase.(d)1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 148 The Sweat will not..appear so plentiful, provided he [sc. the horse] is quite run within himself.1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Market Harborough x. 76 [The horse] going well on his haunches, and quite within himself.1878 Month Aug. 463 They are rowing quite within themselves, in very good time, and have the race in hand. 5. figurative. In the (inner) being, soul, or mind of. within oneself, spec. (after say, think, etc.) = in thought, mentally, without outward expression. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > thought > [adverb] within oneself1340 cogitantly1660 c1000 Ags. Ps. cii[i]. 1 Ealle ða ðe wiðinnan me synd [L. intra me sunt]. a1240 Lofsong in Old Eng. Hom. I. 211 Þi passiun acwenche þe passiun of sunnen þet wunieð wið inne me. a1300 Cursor Mundi 807 Þe find..said wit hin his sari thoght, Ic haue him don to suinc for noght. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 326 Þe holy goste ys þe withynne. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 153 Huanne þise tuo ziden of þe herte byeþ acorded..þet is þe scele and þet wyl þanne is þe man ordine wyþ-inne him-zelue. 1340–70 Alex. & Dind. 338 To ouyr-comen enemis þat arn þe wiþ-inne. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. ix. 21 She saide with ynne hir self, Ȝif I touche oonly the clothis of hym, I shal be saaf. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 109 Hald hoip and treuthe within the fast. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xxiv. f. cxviij Did not oure hertes burne wyth in vs, whyll he talked with vs? a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. i. 21 The spirit of my Father, which I thinke is within mee, begins to mutinie against this seruitude. View more context for this quotation 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 192 Laughing within himself. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. xxx. 110 They will be moved on the slightest occasions, whether those offer from within, or without them. 1836 E. Bulwer-Lytton Duchess de la Vallière iii. iii How sinks my heart within me! 1853 D. Rock Church of our Fathers (1903) IV. ii. xii. 179 The priest prayed—by name, but within himself—for the then pope [etc.]. 1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun I. vii. 89 It irks my brain and heart to think of her, all shut up within herself. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxx. 45 And fire and ice within me fight Beneath the suffocating night. 6. a. In the limits of (a period of time); most usually, before the end of, after not more than; also, since the beginning of, not more than…ago; or gen. between the beginning and end of, in the course of, during. So †within a word = as soon as a word was uttered, at a word. ΚΠ c1175 Early Eng. Homilies (Vesp.) 89 Wiðinnen feower wucan comen [hi] to him. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2473 Wið-innen a lut ȝeren Brennes hine bi-ðohte. c1290 Beket 1500 in S. Eng. Leg. 149 Euerech Abbod of greie Monekes to þulke chapitle cam With-Inne þre ȝer. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 7047 Sone aftyrward, with-yn a lytyl. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. x. 149 He hath wedded a wyf with-Inne þis syx monethes. c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women 103 I fel a-slepe with-Inne an our or two. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) xxv. 119 He schall hafe worde within a day and a nyght. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Acts i. A Ye shalbe baptysed w^t y^e holy goost, & that within this few dayes. 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. Pref. b v b How many meanes and weys hath my lord Protectours grace, within his tyme of gouernaunce..attempted..to shonne these warres. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Bb3 Things..which may be done in succession of ages, though not within the houre-glasse of one mans life. View more context for this quotation 1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions (1653) 79 If the Owner do not come within a year and a day. 1766 R. Griffith & E. Griffith Lett. Henry & Frances IV. 247 I am, within these three Days, recovering Spirits and Appetite. 1822 Act 3 Geo. IV c. 39 §1 Within Twenty one Days after the Execution of such Warrant of Attorney. 1869 ‘M. Twain’ New Pilgr. Progr. (1870) xi. 85 The cry went abroad of ‘Ten minutes to dress for breakfast!’.. I was dressed within the ten minutes. 1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xix. 361 One of which was standing within the present generation. 1918 Act 8 George V c. 2 (title) The Hours within which Marriages may be lawfully solemnized. †b. within night phr. Obsolete after nightfall. ΘΚΠ the world > time > day and night > night > [adverb] nightseOE on nightOE in (also of, on, upon) the nightOE by nightlOE on (also in) nightslOE a-nightc1175 a-nightsc1175 at nightc1300 within nightc1400 a-nightertime?a1439 a nighttimes1567 at nights1581 nightly1597 benight1642 nocturnally1812 night-times1851 nitely1970 c1400 Laud Troy Bk. 7894 The day was gon, thei hadde no lyght, For it was wel with-Inne nyght. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) I. cccxl. 533 About two houres within night they armed them. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 142 The last howre of Prayer, is alwayes two or three howres within night. 1685 W. Hedges Diary 19 Aug. (1887) I. 206 We..arrived..a little within night. †c. (without reference to limits) At some time during: = in prep. 27. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1471 Acta Audit. (1839) 16/1 Þe last court quhen..þe dome was gevin was within feryale tyme onne gude Wednisday in passioun woulk. 1552 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 74 Boughte of him within y^e moneth of december. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. ii. 60 King Pharamond..died within the yeere of our Redemption, Foure hundred twentie six. View more context for this quotation 1651 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions (1653) 79 He to whom the property is, may take him within the year. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xc. 135 Tho' it spake and bared to view A fact within the coming year. View more context for this quotation] d. a story within a story and variants, a story, performance, etc., complete in itself but occurring within another. Cf. a play within a play at play n. 16c. ΚΠ 1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. at Within A musical within a musical. 1971 J. Gores in ‘E. Queen’ Magicians of Mystery (1976) 162 A new kind of procedural detective story..it uses the dream ‘story-within-a-story’ which antedates even..The Vision of Pierce Plowman. 1976 C. Bermant Coming Home ii. ii. 125 A plump, bespectacled woman..grasped him in a tearful embrace. Was this a drama within a drama, a man who had thought he'd lost his wife and would rather that she had stayed lost? 1978 Listener 19 Jan. 86/3 Fitzgerald was featured creating one of his..short stories... This device allowed for a film within a film. 1984 B. Paul Renewable Virgin ii. 38 There was some sort of a crime-within-a-crime just waiting to be discovered. 7. a. (a) Not beyond or above (a specified or implied amount or degree); at, in, or of less than or not more than; so as not to exceed or surpass; esp. (b) in expressions of a small difference or margin of error from a larger amount: = with a difference of not more than (so much) above or, usually, below. ΚΠ 1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) 1 Chron. xxvii. 23 Dauid nolde noumbre hem with ynne twenti ȝeer [1382 fro twenty ȝeer and benethen]. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxx. 137 Faire damysellz within þe elde of xv. ȝere. c1450 Mirk's Festial 290 Wether þei ben cosynnes wythinne degre of mariage or no. 1489 Acta Audit. (1839) 131/2 Þe sereffis quhilkis prisit his gudis haid prisit þaim gretly within þe avale of þaim. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 20 Preamble Beyng of kyn..unto the said John..within the second and third degree. 1727 J. Swift Let. to very Young Lady in Misc. II. 337 I think you ought to be well informed how much your Husband's Revenue amounts to, and be so good a Computer as to keep within it. 1783 Ld. Percy in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 58 Being..determined to live within my income. 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 336/2 Say half a million turned over in a year, sir,..and you're within the mark. 1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 453 The actions were commenced within a few days of each other. 1887 H. R. Haggard Jess viii. 70 John..guessed that he could not weigh less than seventeen stone, and he was well within the mark at that. (b)1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxxvi. 28 Thousands..are gone..Till all: within fortie, weare flowne quight awaie.1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xiii. xv. 395 The..diametre..was foure foot within three quarters of an inch.1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. ii. 111 He is very yong, and yet will he within three pound lifte [printed liste] as much as his brother Hector. View more context for this quotation1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 91. ⁋1 She has a tall Daughter within a Fortnight of Fifteen.1886 E. C. Robins Temple of Solomon (1887) 15 The extreme length of Solomon's Temple..is made (in his restoration of it) to agree with that of the Temple of Pæstum within 2 inches.1920 Conquest Apr. 168 The unit of electrical current..was obtained..to within one point in 20,000. †b. within age phr. Obsolete = of less than full age, under age. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > [adjective] > minor within agec1400 of nonage1418 meindre age1443 minor1552 nonaged1601 under-age1978 c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1859) iv. xxxviii. 64 They..gouerne hym, ryght as he were to yonge within age. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) II. ci. [xcvii.] 295 When kynge Rycharde was crowned..he was within age, and a kynge ought nat to gouerne a royalme tyll he be xxi. yeres of age. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) iii. 317 Chyldren..that dye wythin age vncrystened. 1629 Vse of Law 36 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Leauing their heire within age, a Male within 21. and a female within 14. yeares. c. Not beyond or outside (a specified distance); at or to a distance of less, or not more, than; nearer or not farther away than.Often in figurative phrases, as within an ace, within a hair's breadth of. ΚΠ c1440 Generydes 3044 As sone as Ermones..Sawe that he was withynne his wepons length, Anon he smote Att hym. 1537 R. Layton Let. in T. Wright Three Chapters Lett. Suppression Monasteries (1843) 157 Other doctor Lee or I have familier acqwayntance within x. or xij. mylles of hit. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 25 [We] came within foure degrees of the Æquinoctiall. 1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical iii. 23 The least false Step brings them within an Ace of Death. 1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 30 I will drub you, you Dog, within an Inch of your Life, and that Inch too. 1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote I. ii. v. 66 I am within a hair's breadth of doubting. 1794 Act 34 George III c. 93 §64 Within the Distance of Ten Yards. 1812 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 178 Almost within striking distance of each other. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xiii. 115 I'll flog you within an inch of your life, and spare you that. 1863 G. J. Whyte-Melville Gladiators xxxvii The German would not permit Esca to approach within spear's-length of his post. 1866 A. Trollope Belton Estate II. ii. 46 Keeping within a few yards of his sister's chair. 8. a. In expressions referring to the physical range of some action or perception: Not beyond, not farther than the extent of: as within reach, near enough to reach, or to be reached; within sight, or hearing, near enough to see or hear, to be seen or heard; etc. Often const. of (the agent or percipient, or the object of the action or perception). Cf. in prep. 18d(a), within call at call n. Phrases 2. ΘΚΠ the world > space > distance > [phrase] > within specific distance withinc1515 the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached within reachc1515 the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached > within range or reach within reachc1515 within one's strokea1533 in the (also one's) way1534 within power1548 under the dint of1577 in(to), within, out of shot1635 within arm's reacha1652 within one's force1680 within touch1753 in touch1854 within wind of1865 the world > space > distance > [phrase] > that may be reached > within sight within sight, or hearingc1515 c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lv. 188 He slewe..all that came within his stroke. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxi. 241 He came within the syght of Burdeux. 1580 Sir R. Bingham in Spenser's Wks. (Grosart) I. 463 I entered the harbour..within canon shotte of the fortress. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 25 Shoote not at every bird, but onely at those that are within reach to be hit. 1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater i. iii. sig. B4^v Harke you sir, there may perhaps be some within eare-shot. a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 125 Come not within the measure of my wrath. View more context for this quotation 1623 P. Massinger Duke of Millaine iv. iii. sig. K1^v Be within call. 1687 M. Prior & Earl of Halifax Hind & Panther Transvers'd 1 Stand off and come not within my Swords point. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 311. ¶4 A Man..talking loud within her Hearing. 1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. xi. 167 As soon as we came within hearing, I called out to him by name. 1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. xv. 242 There is also a powerful force within a few hours' march of us. 1856 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 280 I will never be ‘within wind’ of Scotsbrig without going to see Jamie. 1862 D. Wilson Prehistoric Man II. xxiii. 361 Within the hearing of Niagara's voice. b. Inside the guard, defence, or point of; near enough to come to grips with; Fencing, on the inside of (one's sword, arm, etc.). Also figurative. Now rare or Obsolete. ΚΠ 156. Robin Hood, Play (Copland) H ij b Well I wote the horeson lepte within me And fro me he toke my purse. 1589 P. Ive Pract. Fortification 105 in tr. R. Beccarie de Pavie Instr. Warres The Spanyards with their Targets entred within our Switzers, under their Pikes, and constrained them to forsake their Pikes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) v. i. 34 Some get within him, take his sword away. View more context for this quotation 1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 294 When by such Insinuations they have once got within him, and are able to drill him on from one Lewdness to another. 1707 W. Hope New Method Fencing 99 The Single Feint within and above the Sword, called in the Schools Volte Coupé. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 109. ⁋3 He came within the Target of the Gentleman who rode against him. 1809 J. Roland Amateur of Fencing 34 When, upon joining blades with your adversary, you find your sword in a line between his sword-arm and the left side of his body..it is termed being within the arm. 1876 R. F. Burton New Syst. Sword Exerc. 52 When the point is passed well under and within the sword-arm. 9. figurative. In the extent of (something abstract figured as a region, or as having extension); esp. in, or not beyond, the scope or sphere of action of (authority, power, knowledge, a law, etc.). Cf. in prep. 7, 18d(b). ΚΠ 1493 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 272/2 He wes within our souerane lordis warde. 1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 2 §1 Suche as ben within holy orders only excepte. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xxxviij Wythin hys Iurisdiction. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 289 But this lyes all within the will of God. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist i. i. sig. B2^v You will bring him in Within the Statute? View more context for this quotation 1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. iv. 124 All this while the King had moved within his own Spheare, and had done nothing out of the Realme. a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 329 None should have the benefit of this recourse to the Ordinarie, but those who were within holy Orders. 1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 43 Eat within your Stomack, act within your Commission. 1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 201. ⁋1 As they live within Rules, and as they transgress them. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xxviii. 365 Within the benefit of clergy. 1820 Broderip & Bingham's Rep. I. 436 Whether the party was a trader within the bankrupt laws. 1831 W. Scott Quentin Durward (new ed.) I. viii. 160 Who..will assert that..their place of retirement is within my knowledge? 1862 H. Spencer First Princ. i. ii. §14. 43 Even..Atheism comes within the definition. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xiii. 288 Did they deem the enterprise within his power? 1891 Law Times' Rep. 63 776/1 The contract and the label together constituted a written warranty within the meaning of the above section. C. adj. That is within; †(of a letter or document) enclosed. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adjective] > that is within in-essent1628 within1748 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa III. liii. 258 This is a favour you'll see by the within letter. a1766 F. Sheridan Concl. Mem. Miss Sidney Bidulph (1770) IV. 233 Give him the within letter. 1794 Bloomfield's Rep. 11 Agreeably to the command of the within Writ. 1806 Gen. Wilkinson in Coues Exped. Z. M. Pike (1895) II. 574 You will not fail, in addition to the within talk, to enhance our paternal regard for this nation. Compounds C1. of the adverb; in quots. in sense A. 1c. † within-bounden adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1498 Cov. Leet Bk. 593 The condicion of þis obligacion is such that whereas certayn trauers is dependyng betwixt þe withinbounden Maire & Cominalte on the on partie and þe priour & Couent..on þe oþer partie [etc.]. within-designed adj. ΚΠ 1708 Rec. Stitchill (1905) 159 The within-designed George Hamilton. within-named adj. ΚΠ 1570 in G. F. Townsend Leominster (n.d.) 300 The w^thin-named John Ingle. 1707 D. Defoe True Relation Mrs Veal (ed. 3) sig. aii The House in which the within-named Mrs. Bargrave lives. 1834 Chitty Forms 165 As well the within-named plaintiff as the within-named defendant. 1844 A. B. Corner Forms of Writs, etc. 43 To be indorsed ‘By Rule of Court,’ (if so). At the instance of the within-named Appellants (or Respondents). C2. of the preposition. within-bound adj. confined or experienced within bounds (in a school).Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > [adjective] > enclosed or confined > within school bounds within-bound1839 1839 W. Howitt Boy's Country-bk. xvi. 227 What are all their within-bound enjoyments..to their monthly rural walks? This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1928; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1912adv.prep.adj.c1000
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withinn.

withinadv.prep.adj.

Compounds