whosepron.adj.

Brit.

/huːz/, U.S.

/huz/

Forms:

α. Old English huæs (Northumbrian), Old English huęs (Northumbrian), Old English wæs (Northumbrian, perhaps transmission error), Old English–early Middle English hwæs, Old English (rare)–early Middle English hwas, late Old English whæs (Kentish), late Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) hwes, early Middle English wuas (south-west midlands), Middle English ȝwas (south-western), Middle English hoes, Middle English hois, Middle English hoos, Middle English hoose, Middle English hos, Middle English hosse, Middle English hoys, Middle English huas (south-eastern), Middle English hwos, Middle English ose (East Anglian), Middle English vhos, Middle English wais (northern), Middle English was (chiefly southern and south midlands), Middle English whaas (south-western), Middle English whas (chiefly southern and south midlands), Middle English whase, Middle English whaus, Middle English whayse, Middle English whes, Middle English whoeys, Middle English whoȝ, Middle English whoise, Middle English whooȝ, Middle English whous, Middle English woise, Middle English wooys, Middle English wose, Middle English wosse, Middle English–1500s whois, Middle English–1500s whoos, Middle English–1500s whoose, Middle English–1500s whoys, Middle English–1500s wos, Middle English–1600s hose, Middle English–1600s whoes, Middle English–1700s whos, Middle English– whose, 1500s wois, 1500s–1600s woos, 1600s whoe's, 1600s– who's (now nonstandard), 2000s– whese (English regional (north-eastern)); Scottish pre-1700 vhais, pre-1700 vhois, pre-1700 whaise, pre-1700 whas, pre-1700 whoeis, pre-1700 whoes, pre-1700 whois, pre-1700 whoise, pre-1700 1700s– whase, pre-1700 1700s– whose, pre-1700 1800s whais, 1800s whizz, 1800s– whaes, 1800s– wha's, 1800s– whause, 1900s– whaase (Shetland); also Irish English (northern) 1900s whause, 1900s– wha's, 1900s– whase.

β. Chiefly northern, midlands and East Anglian. Middle English qhoose, Middle English quas, Middle English quase, Middle English quays, Middle English quos, Middle English quose, Middle English qwas, Middle English qwhos, Middle English qwos, Middle English qwose, Middle English qwoys; Scottish pre-1700 qhays, pre-1700 qhwais, pre-1700 qhways, pre-1700 quhaes, pre-1700 quhae's, pre-1700 quhaise, pre-1700 quhals, pre-1700 quhas, pre-1700 quhawys, pre-1700 quhayis, pre-1700 quhays, pre-1700 quhoes, pre-1700 quhoies, pre-1700 quhois, pre-1700 quhoise, pre-1700 quhos, pre-1700 quhose, pre-1700 quhosse, pre-1700 quhoys, pre-1700 qvhais, pre-1700 qwas, pre-1700 qwhais, pre-1700 qwhays, pre-1700 qwhois, pre-1700 qwose, pre-1700 1700s quhais, pre-1700 1700s (1800s archaic) quhase.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: The genitive of who pron., corresponding to Old Frisian hwes (neuter; masculine and feminine hwams , hwammes , apparently influenced by the forms of the dative), Old Dutch wes (Middle Dutch wes , wies , wis , Dutch (obsolete or regional) wes ), Old Saxon hwes (Middle Low German wes ), Old High German hwes , wes (Middle High German, German wes ), Old Icelandic hvess , Old Swedish hwas , hwes , hwess (early modern Swedish hves ), Old Danish huas , hwes , hvis (Danish hvis ), Gothic hwis , all ultimately < the same stem as who pron.In other branches of Indo-European compare ancient Greek (Ionic) τέο (for *τέσο ), Old Church Slavonic česo , čĭso (neuter). Functions in Old English. In Old English, hwæs is the genitive of hwā (see discussion of inflected forms at who pron.) and is used as pronoun for all genders, i.e. including the neuter, as well as serving in attributive use as possessive adjective (determiner). Compare similar use as both pronoun and determiner of his adj., her adj.², etc. Form history. Old English hwæs shows the etymologically expected form. The later substitution of ā (hence resulting in the usual modern form) results from analogical remodelling after who pron. and whom pron.

The genitive case of who pron. and originally of what pron.

A. pron. As a possessive pronoun, corresponding to his, hers, mine, etc.

I. Interrogative uses.

†1. The genitive case of the interrogative pronouns who pron., what pron., used as the object of verbs and prepositions. Obsolete.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 24 Heo cwæð to hyre meder: Hwæs [c1200 Hatton Hwæs] bidde ic?

OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 41) in K. G. Schaefer Five Old Eng. Homilies (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ.) (1972) 56 To hwæs [L. ad quod] com þu endemes hider nu þus?

OE King Ælfred tr. Psalms (Paris) (2001) xxxviii. 9 Hwæs anbidie ic, butan þin, Drihten?

c1155 ( Will of Wulfwaru (Sawyer 1538) in S. E. Kelly Charters of Bath & Wells (2007) 136 Ic kyðe þe, leof, her on ðisum gewrite hwæs ic geann into Baðum to sancte Petres mynstre.

2. Used in asking the identity of a person or persons (specified, indicated, or understood) to whom something belongs or relates: the one or ones belonging to what person or persons.

a. In direct questions.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 20 La dysega, on þisse nihte hig feccað þine sawle fram þe, hwæs beoð [L. cuius erunt] þa ðing þe ðu gegearwudest?

c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 6826 Telle þou me, Þis feir castel wos it be.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (1871) l. 1018 Whos is that faire child that stondeth yonder.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Mark xii. 16 Brynge ȝe to me a peny... Whos is this ymage, and the writyng?

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus i. 15 For first, whose are the heauens and earth, and the furniture of them?

1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. cxxiii. 389 Whose is this? Mine, Sir, chuffily said John.

1841 C. J. Lever Charles O'Malley I. iii. 16 ‘Do you want to break your neck entirely?’ ‘No Brackely, not mine.’ ‘Whose then, alannah?’

1883 D. C. Murray Hearts vii ‘I'm sure of the voice...’ ‘Whose is it?’

2002 S. Brett Torso in Town (2003) xix. 146 ‘The police consulted me about some medical records...’ ‘Whose?’ demanded Andrew Wragg.

b. In indirect questions.

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxxii. 17 Gyf ge gemitton Esau minne broðor & he eow axige hwæs ge synd.

a1300 Passion our Lord l. 447 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 50 Hi casten heore lot hwes he scolde beo.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 38 Þo þet ofhyealdeþ þe þinges þet hi vindeþ and wyteþ wel huas þet hi byeþ.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 265 (MED) He fand a dead mans head, and he had grete mervayll whose it was.

1530 Bible (Tyndale) Gen. xxxviii. f. lvi She..sayd also: loke whose are this seall necklace, and staffe.

1688 R. Blackbourn Clitie ii. 126 Clitie in the reading saw some tracts of a Hand she had formerly known, though she cou'd not precisely say whose it was.

1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxvii. 40 I cheer a dead man's sweetheart, Never ask me whose.

1951 New Statesman 14 July 42/1 Zeus and Hera argue as to whose is the happier lot—man's or woman's.

2004 T. Guest My Life in Orange (2005) vi. 103 Stolen from one kid to another so often that finally no one remembered whose it was.

†II. Indefinite (non-relative) uses.

3. Chiefly in conditional clauses: anything, something (the genitive case of the indefinite pronoun what pron., used as the object of verbs). Also: the one or ones belonging to someone (the genitive case of the indefinite pronoun who pron.). Obsolete.Quot. eOE shows Old English hwæs oððe hwæs in sense ‘the ones belonging to one or another person’.Quot. OE¹ shows use of Old English swā hwæs swā, here with reference to a thing or things (as genitive of swā hwæt swā: see whatso pron.). Cf. later senses A. 4 and B. 5.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xxxii. 211 Hwæt wille ge..cueðan, hwæs oððe hwæs [L. huius uel illius] ge sien? Forðæmðe..ge habbað gecyðed ðæt ge ures nanes ne siendon.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xl. 340 Salomon eac forgeaf þære cwene swa hwæs swa heo gyrnde æt him.

OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) xxx. 54 Gif hwylc broðor unsceadelice hwæs bidde [a1225 Winteney hwæs bidde], he þeah mid forseawennesse hine ne geunrotsige.

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 359 Gif ge sylfe hwæs [c1175 Bodl. 343 hwæs] biddaþ æt minum halgan Fæder eow on minum naman, he hit forgifð eow.

III. Relative uses.

4. The one or ones belonging to whom.

a. Introducing a clause defining or restricting the antecedent, esp. a clause essential to the identification of the antecedent, and thus completing its sense. rare.

ΚΠ

a1325 Statutes of Realm (Rawl. B.520) (2011) xli. 108 After þe wille of him hos þe werkes bez.

c1410 (c1395) G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 1768 Syk lay þe housbond man [c1405 Hengwrt goode man, c1415 Corpus Oxf. bonde man] whos þat þe place is.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xxxviii. 25 The man whose these are.

1885 W. A. Hunter Roman Law (ed. 2) iv. 1038 Debts due to the man whose the goods were.

2018 Russia & CIS Gen. Newswire (Nexis) 15 May Everything depends on the person whose this administration is.

b. Introducing a clause stating something additional about the antecedent, the sense of the main clause being complete without the relative clause. rare.

ΚΠ

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. ix. 5 My brethren..the israhelites,..whose also are the fathers.

1904 Indian's Friend June 4/2 The most generous patron..continues to be our..Pittsburg and Allegheny auxiliary, whose also is the largest contribution to the rent of our Association's new office.

1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey i The daughter of baleful Atlas whose are the pillars that prop the lofty sky.

B. adj. As a possessive adjective (determiner), corresponding to his, her, my, etc.Originally (in Old English), the possessive use of the genitive of the pronoun; cf. note in the etymology.

I. Interrogative uses.

1. Of whom; belonging to whom; what person's.

a. In direct questions.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 42 Hwæt þincð eow be Criste, hwæs sunu ys he?

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 Maiden moder, maiden and hwas moder, his hwas dohter þu art.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1726 Was men buth ȝe?

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 12224 Quat wamb him bar.., And wid was pappis was he fedd?

1556 W. Lauder Compend. Tractate Dewtie of Kyngis sig. A^v And last of all, vnto quhose actionis..suld Kyngis geue rathest actendence.

1594 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis (new ed.) sig. Giij^v Whose tong is musicke now?

1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe i. sig. A4^v Arrest me? at whose sute?

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. iv. 44 Whose fault is this?

1758 Scots Mag. Mar. 150/1 Whose tomb is this? It says, 'tis Myra's tomb.

1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 67 If a woman is in danger from the rain, whose umbrella..is at her service? The Frenchman's? Trust him!

1926 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Conqueror ix. 167 ‘Whose turn is it to get something next?’ said Ginger. ‘Bags me,’ said William.

1976 A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories 307 ‘On whose behalf, if I may ask?’ fulminated Abe in his vintage county council English.

2016 M. Desmond Evicted xvii. 213 You call me stankin', but whose clothes you got on? Mines. My shirt!

b. In indirect questions.

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xlvii. 357 Ða wrohtgeornan sint to manigenne ðæt hie geðencen hwæs folgeras hie sindon.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 99 Ȝif hie [sc. ðohtes] cumeð fram mannen, hie [sc. ȝeapnesse] cann hwatliche underfinden, an hwos half he is icumen.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8540 Næs nan witie. þat auere wuste here whes sune he weore.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vi. sig. aiiii^v Ector told hym all how he was bitaken hym..And by whoos commandement.

1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. F.j^v Who can tell, within whose hazarde Fortunes tennise balles will light?

1611 Bible (King James) 1 Sam. xvii. 56 And the king said, Enquire thou whose sonne the stripling is.

1791 W. Cowper Judgm. Poets 4 A warm dispute..Whose temper was the best.

1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 50 He knew whose gentle hand was at the latch, Before the door had given her to his eyes.

1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert vi. 58 Your offensive abuse of his poor father, and forgetfulness of Whose minister he was.

2012 Church Times 9 Nov. 14/4 It is a timely moment for all of us to ask exactly whose interests would be served by more government interference into the workings of the Fourth Estate.

†II. Indefinite (non-relative) uses.

2. In conditional and concessive clauses: of someone, belonging to someone. Obsolete.

OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) ix. 170 Se nama is to geþenceanne ælcum men butan hwæs heorte sie mid diofles stræle þurhwrecen.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 19 Gif hwæs broðor [c1200 Hatton hwæs broðer; L. cuius frater] dead bið & læfð his wif & næfð nan bearn.

III. Relative uses.

* As simple relative.

3. Expressing possession or subjective relationship.When used with reference to things, serving as the genitive of which adj. and pron. (senses 4 and 3), equivalent to of which. Whose is often used rather than of which in order to avoid a construction felt to be clumsy; e.g. Jewel weed, the juice of whose leaves soothes the irritation of poison-ivy rash as opposed to Jewel weed, the juice of the leaves of which soothes the irritation of poison-ivy rash.

a. Introducing an additional statement: thus sometimes equivalent to ‘and his (their, etc.)’: cf. who pron. 11.In early use occasionally preceded by the: cf. which adj. and pron., whom pron. 9.Formerly also separated from the antecedent, sometimes with resulting ambiguity (cf. who pron. 11); occasionally preceded by superfluous and (cf. who pron. 12b).

(a) With reference to a person or persons (or to an animal or animals): of whom. [In quot. lOE clearly influenced by the Latin model and perhaps better regarded as an error of translation.]

lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles xv. 40 Ad cuius adventum omnes homines resurgere habent : to whæs tocuman alle menn sculen arisan.]

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 3425 (MED) Ure laffdiȝ Marȝe toc..All þatt ȝho sahh & herrde off Crist, Whas moderr ȝho wass wurrþenn.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 151 And among heom þe lauerd N. hwas dei hit is to dei.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 546 Ðis der, Wos kinde we hauen told ȝu her.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 3039 Morpheus, the whos nature Is forto take the figure Of what persone that him liketh.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1490 Noe, In quas time þe flod gan be.

a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) Rom. xiv. 8 Cryste, in woise deþ we ar baptysyd.

1467 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 95 (MED) Send me word how my Nawnte is dysposyd..to performe my Nonkilles wyll, hoys sowle God pardon.

c1480 (a1400) St. James Great 210 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 103 In-to þe name of criste Ihesu, fore quhais cause I am led now.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope i. viii. f. xxxiv^v A wulf ete & deuoured a sheep of whos bones he had one in his throte.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Pet. ii. 24 Christ also suffered for oure sakes... By whose strypes ye were healed.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy iii. ii. i. i. 533 The young man..at last married her, to whose wedding amongst other guests came Apollonius.

?1746 T. Cooke Comedys of Plautus I. Diss. p. xxv This Comedy is called Bacchides from two Sisters, Courtesans, who are the chief Characters in the Play; both whose Names are Bacchis.

a1774 O. Goldsmith tr. P. Scarron Comic Romance (1775) II. xix. 170 A hamlet, inhabited by fishermen, who's humanity he had occasion to remember.

1791 E. Burke Appeal New to Old Whigs 88 It does not arise out of the inherent rights of the people, as the national assembly does in France, and whose name designates its original.

1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 44 The Gods, whose dreadful images Here represent their shadowy presences.

1864 J. Hunt tr. C. Vogt Lect. on Man ii. 26 Vegetable feeders, such as ruminants, whose lower jaw acts like a millstone.

1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 134/1 Jimmie was a moist and pachydermous Greek whose air of excessive joviality and all around bonhomie became boresome.

1989 P. Janeczko Brickyard Summer iii. 25 Mrs. Carlucci's cat, a calico whose belly kissed the ground.

2016 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 31 July mb1 The current Republican presidential nominee, whose campaign has been conducted as a spectacle of self-infatuation.

(b) With reference to a thing or things (inanimate or abstract): of which.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. viii. 9 Þe lond of oyle & off hony..whoos stonys been yrun & of þe hullys of hit been doluyn metalus of bras.

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 112 (MED) The church of Barton with þe pertinencis, whoos aduocacion they hauen of the ȝifte of Roger of Seynte John, of the same church patrone in-to þere owne vses.

1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxxx Loke yer thou lepe, whose literall sence is, doo nothinge sodenly or without avisemente.

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. ii. [v.] i. 46 Bath, whose see was sometime at Welles.

1701 J. Le Clerc Harmony of Evangelists xliii. 341 So also shall the Gospel, whose Limits at present are so confin'd, be spread far and near thoughout the Universe.

1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. xxvii. 10 The clock, whose huge bell..may be heard five leagues over the plain.

1896 F. Pollock 1st Bk. of Jurispr. vii. 179 Processes extending over two or three centuries, and whose fundamental analogies are..disguised in almost every possible way.

1925 F. S. Fitzgerald Great Gatsby v. 106 I..ran for a huge black knotted tree, whose massed leaves made a fabric against the rain.

2015 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 21 May a20/3 Kayakers who want to tackle the Hudson, whose currents and choppy conditions are notorious.

b. Introducing a defining or restrictive clause completing the sense: cf. who pron. 10.

(a) With reference to a person or persons (or to an animal or animals): of whom.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 37 Þe deuel..on ech of hise deden is iefned to þe deore wuas geres he forðteoð.

a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 Maiden moder, maiden and hwas moder, his hwas dohter þu art.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2155 Of him o quas sede Was he born þat beit our nede.

a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 81 It ys meruail of a man how he may be syke or dye, whos mete ys breed of good whete.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke i. f. lxxij^v A virgin spoused to a man, whose name was Ioseph.

1539 Bible (Great) Psalms xxxii. 1 Blessed is he, whose vnryghteousnesse is forgeuen.

1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 37 Of heires of qvhais age their is ane doubt.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xliv. 17 The man in whose hand the cup is found.

1690 tr. J. Le Clerc Five Lett. 56 The Apostles did not pass in their own time for Persons, whose every word was an Oracle.

1723 A. Ramsay Fair Assembly viii A wife..Whase charms can silence dumps.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 70 Persons, who..sanctified their ambition by advancing the dignity of the people whose peace they troubled.

1836 W. Irving Astoria xli To feast upon the horses whose blood they had so vaingloriously drunk.

1893 M. Pemberton Iron Pirate ii Men whose laugh was a horrid growl.

1931 ‘N. West’ Dream Life Balso Snell 40 Balso turned and saw the boy whose diary he had been reading.

1973 J. Bronowski Ascent of Man i. 38 A famous chimpanzee at the London Zoo in 1931 whose nickname was Consul.

2020 J. Hazeley & N. Tatarowicz Instr. for Brit. People during Emergency 57 It is being highlighted by someone to whose very rectum they can remember applying Sudocrem.

(b) With reference to a thing or things (inanimate or abstract): of which.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xi. 4 Make we to vs a cyte: & a tour, whose heyȝte fully ateyne vnto heuen.

a1425 (c1384) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xxiv. 6 Woo..to the pot whos rust is in it.

1442 T. Bekington Let. in G. Williams Mem. Reign Henry VI (1872) II. 213 (MED) He hath..taken the townes and castles and forteresses whoos names be specified.

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) f. 144^v The trees whose fruite we eate in sommer, doo warme vs in wynter.

1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 15 I would a tale vnfold, whose lightest word Would harrow vp thy soule.

1645 J. Milton L'Allegro in Poems 33 Mountains on whose barren brest The labouring clouds do often rest.

1661 O. Feltham Lett. in Lusoria 65 A Disposition..whose affability may sweeten life.

1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. vi. 191 A maxim of whose impropriety not Saint Anthony, himself, could persuade him.

1863 C. Reade Hard Cash I. 100 The nerve man had prescribed..a medicine..whose effect on the nerves was nil.

1927 E. Bowen Hotel vi. 57 She looked down..and saw a little house, with a blue door whose colour delighted her.

1981 I. McEwan Comfort of Strangers ix. 122 There were pictures whose context she understood immediately.

2020 New Yorker 13 Jan. 58/2 Bedrooms whose walls were plastered with posters of Kylie Minogue, Madonna, ‘Cats,’ the musical.

4. As objective genitive, in reference to a person (or animal) or a thing: of whom, of which. Often modifying a noun related to a verb of action, such as abolition, cause, loss, murder, sight, etc.On the use of a possessive adjective as objective genitive, cf. note at his adj. 1.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 692 Ne nulle ich nawt..awei warpe þet þing hwas lure ich schal biremen wið vten couerunge.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xxii. 5 He..þat shal touche..eny vnclene whoos touchynge is hory [a1425 L.V. foul].

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 493 Deedis whos forberingis schulden make hem the more sureli kepen hem fro breking of Goddis lawe.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. vii. 4 Our the fludis bank ful swiftlie sprent, Quhais passage is vnreturnable went.

1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne Ded. sig. Aii^v The pore of thys realme whoes oppression doeth alredy crye vnto the lorde for vengeance.

1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 390 The Hart or Stag, in whose chase great Lords take much pleasure.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. i. 106 I will put that Businesse in your Bosomes, Whose execution takes your Enemie off.

1683 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Two Disc. Soul of Brutes ii. x. 181 The Paraphrensie.., or additional Phrensie, whose cause is not an inflammation of the Membranes which cover the Head.

1721 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher (new ed.) II. xvii. i. 368 Things, whose particular Discussion would..exceed the Design of this Book.

1754 C. D. in World 12 Dec. 612 Any thing whose loss they can so easily supply.

1821 R. Southey Let. 7 Apr. in C. C. Southey Life & Corr. R. Southey (1849) I. 38 This deplorable old man, whose sight..excited in me a mingled feeling of horror and disgust.

1877 Harper's Mag. Nov. 924/2 A man was killed in that region, of whose murder..the Molly Maguires were suspected.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 722/1 Silica ultramarine is soda-ash ultramarine in whose preparation a quantity of finely divided silica..has been added.

1929 H. W. Haggard Devils, Drugs, & Doctors v. 117 Men dislike to see women relieved of any burden of suffering and handicaps whose elimination might destroy an illusion of ‘inferior sex.’

1964 New Scientist 28 May 532/1 The highly enigmatic ‘quasi-stellar objects’ whose discovery over the past year or so has been of considerable excitement to astronomers.

2000 D. Adebayo My Once upon Time (2001) vi. 123 The only man they were getting any interplay from was one at whose sight I doubletaked. Dean.

†** As nominal relative.

5. As nominal relative, or with ellipsis of antecedent: he (him, etc.) whose; (often in generalized sense) whosesoever. Cf. who pron. 8, 9, whom pron. 6, 7. Obsolete.Sometimes with the generalized sense indicated by so, soever, or somever following the noun. Cf. whosesoever pron.Cf. Old English swā hwæs swā, although the latter is not attested in attributive use; see sense A. 3.

1348 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 4 Be it vnderstonde... Þ^t no man wirk in the saide Craft but he wol answere for his wirk oppon the asaie of his werk in whos handes someuer it be founde.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 179 Whos hors neighed [?a1475 anon. tr. whose horse made noyce] first he schulde be kyng.

a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 54 Ȝif oþere chalouns beþ y-founde þat ne habbeþ þelke a-syse, in was hond hij beþ y-founde, be forfeted.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1977) l. 1648 And quos deth so he deȝyre, he dreped als faste.

1460–1 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1460 §34. m 6 In whos handes so evere they bee.

c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) l. 1299 Blere whos ey ye woll..with your myst.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 7 Quhais Sinnis ȝe forgeue, ar forgeuin vnto thame.

1592 Arden of Feversham 1092 Speede to my wish, whose wil so ere sayes no.

a1633 G. Herbert Outlandish Prov. (1640) sig. A8 Whose house is of glasse, must not throw stones at another.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 647 Heavenly Guest,..Sent from whose sovran goodness I adore.

1756 R. Rolt New Dict. Trade Hypotheca, among the moderns to hypothecate a ship, is to pawn or pledge the same for necessaries; and into whose hands soever the ship comes, it is liable.

1844 Arguments Defendants' Counsel Vidal, et al. v. City of Philadelphia 108 The land or the money, in whose hands soever it comes, is bound by the trust.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

单词	whose
释义	whosepron.adj. Brit. /huːz/, U.S. /huz/ Forms: α. Old English huæs (Northumbrian), Old English huęs (Northumbrian), Old English wæs (Northumbrian, perhaps transmission error), Old English–early Middle English hwæs, Old English (rare)–early Middle English hwas, late Old English whæs (Kentish), late Old English (early Middle English south-west midlands) hwes, early Middle English wuas (south-west midlands), Middle English ȝwas (south-western), Middle English hoes, Middle English hois, Middle English hoos, Middle English hoose, Middle English hos, Middle English hosse, Middle English hoys, Middle English huas (south-eastern), Middle English hwos, Middle English ose (East Anglian), Middle English vhos, Middle English wais (northern), Middle English was (chiefly southern and south midlands), Middle English whaas (south-western), Middle English whas (chiefly southern and south midlands), Middle English whase, Middle English whaus, Middle English whayse, Middle English whes, Middle English whoeys, Middle English whoȝ, Middle English whoise, Middle English whooȝ, Middle English whous, Middle English woise, Middle English wooys, Middle English wose, Middle English wosse, Middle English–1500s whois, Middle English–1500s whoos, Middle English–1500s whoose, Middle English–1500s whoys, Middle English–1500s wos, Middle English–1600s hose, Middle English–1600s whoes, Middle English–1700s whos, Middle English– whose, 1500s wois, 1500s–1600s woos, 1600s whoe's, 1600s– who's (now nonstandard), 2000s– whese (English regional (north-eastern)); Scottish pre-1700 vhais, pre-1700 vhois, pre-1700 whaise, pre-1700 whas, pre-1700 whoeis, pre-1700 whoes, pre-1700 whois, pre-1700 whoise, pre-1700 1700s– whase, pre-1700 1700s– whose, pre-1700 1800s whais, 1800s whizz, 1800s– whaes, 1800s– wha's, 1800s– whause, 1900s– whaase (Shetland); also Irish English (northern) 1900s whause, 1900s– wha's, 1900s– whase. β. Chiefly northern, midlands and East Anglian. Middle English qhoose, Middle English quas, Middle English quase, Middle English quays, Middle English quos, Middle English quose, Middle English qwas, Middle English qwhos, Middle English qwos, Middle English qwose, Middle English qwoys; Scottish pre-1700 qhays, pre-1700 qhwais, pre-1700 qhways, pre-1700 quhaes, pre-1700 quhae's, pre-1700 quhaise, pre-1700 quhals, pre-1700 quhas, pre-1700 quhawys, pre-1700 quhayis, pre-1700 quhays, pre-1700 quhoes, pre-1700 quhoies, pre-1700 quhois, pre-1700 quhoise, pre-1700 quhos, pre-1700 quhose, pre-1700 quhosse, pre-1700 quhoys, pre-1700 qvhais, pre-1700 qwas, pre-1700 qwhais, pre-1700 qwhays, pre-1700 qwhois, pre-1700 qwose, pre-1700 1700s quhais, pre-1700 1700s (1800s archaic) quhase. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: The genitive of who pron., corresponding to Old Frisian hwes (neuter; masculine and feminine hwams , hwammes , apparently influenced by the forms of the dative), Old Dutch wes (Middle Dutch wes , wies , wis , Dutch (obsolete or regional) wes ), Old Saxon hwes (Middle Low German wes ), Old High German hwes , wes (Middle High German, German wes ), Old Icelandic hvess , Old Swedish hwas , hwes , hwess (early modern Swedish hves ), Old Danish huas , hwes , hvis (Danish hvis ), Gothic hwis , all ultimately < the same stem as who pron.In other branches of Indo-European compare ancient Greek (Ionic) τέο (for τέσο ), Old Church Slavonic česo* , čĭso (neuter). Functions in Old English. In Old English, hwæs is the genitive of hwā (see discussion of inflected forms at who pron.) and is used as pronoun for all genders, i.e. including the neuter, as well as serving in attributive use as possessive adjective (determiner). Compare similar use as both pronoun and determiner of his adj., her adj.², etc. Form history. Old English hwæs shows the etymologically expected form. The later substitution of ā (hence resulting in the usual modern form) results from analogical remodelling after who pron. and whom pron. The genitive case of who pron. and originally of what pron. A. pron. As a possessive pronoun, corresponding to his, hers, mine, etc. I. Interrogative uses. †1. The genitive case of the interrogative pronouns who pron., what pron., used as the object of verbs and prepositions. Obsolete. Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 24 Heo cwæð to hyre meder: Hwæs [c1200 Hatton Hwæs] bidde ic? OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 41) in K. G. Schaefer Five Old Eng. Homilies (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ.) (1972) 56 To hwæs [L. ad quod] com þu endemes hider nu þus? OE King Ælfred tr. Psalms (Paris) (2001) xxxviii. 9 Hwæs anbidie ic, butan þin, Drihten? c1155 ( Will of Wulfwaru (Sawyer 1538) in S. E. Kelly Charters of Bath & Wells (2007) 136 Ic kyðe þe, leof, her on ðisum gewrite hwæs ic geann into Baðum to sancte Petres mynstre. 2. Used in asking the identity of a person or persons (specified, indicated, or understood) to whom something belongs or relates: the one or ones belonging to what person or persons. a. In direct questions. Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 20 La dysega, on þisse nihte hig feccað þine sawle fram þe, hwæs beoð [L. cuius erunt] þa ðing þe ðu gegearwudest? c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 6826 Telle þou me, Þis feir castel wos it be. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (1871) l. 1018 Whos is that faire child that stondeth yonder. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Mark xii. 16 Brynge ȝe to me a peny... Whos is this ymage, and the writyng? 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus i. 15 For first, whose are the heauens and earth, and the furniture of them? 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. cxxiii. 389 Whose is this? Mine, Sir, chuffily said John. 1841 C. J. Lever Charles O'Malley I. iii. 16 ‘Do you want to break your neck entirely?’ ‘No Brackely, not mine.’ ‘Whose then, alannah?’ 1883 D. C. Murray Hearts vii ‘I'm sure of the voice...’ ‘Whose is it?’ 2002 S. Brett Torso in Town (2003) xix. 146 ‘The police consulted me about some medical records...’ ‘Whose?’ demanded Andrew Wragg. b. In indirect questions. Π OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxxii. 17 Gyf ge gemitton Esau minne broðor & he eow axige hwæs ge synd. a1300 Passion our Lord l. 447 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 50 Hi casten heore lot hwes he scolde beo. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 38 Þo þet ofhyealdeþ þe þinges þet hi vindeþ and wyteþ wel huas þet hi byeþ. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 265 (MED) He fand a dead mans head, and he had grete mervayll whose it was. 1530 Bible (Tyndale) Gen. xxxviii. f. lvi She..sayd also: loke whose are this seall necklace, and staffe. 1688 R. Blackbourn Clitie ii. 126 Clitie in the reading saw some tracts of a Hand she had formerly known, though she cou'd not precisely say whose it was. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xxvii. 40 I cheer a dead man's sweetheart, Never ask me whose. 1951 New Statesman 14 July 42/1 Zeus and Hera argue as to whose is the happier lot—man's or woman's. 2004 T. Guest My Life in Orange (2005) vi. 103 Stolen from one kid to another so often that finally no one remembered whose it was. †II. Indefinite (non-relative) uses. 3. Chiefly in conditional clauses: anything, something (the genitive case of the indefinite pronoun what pron., used as the object of verbs). Also: the one or ones belonging to someone (the genitive case of the indefinite pronoun who pron.). Obsolete.Quot. eOE shows Old English hwæs oððe hwæs in sense ‘the ones belonging to one or another person’.Quot. OE¹ shows use of Old English swā hwæs swā, here with reference to a thing or things (as genitive of swā hwæt swā: see whatso pron.). Cf. later senses A. 4 and B. 5. Π eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xxxii. 211 Hwæt wille ge..cueðan, hwæs oððe hwæs [L. huius uel illius] ge sien? Forðæmðe..ge habbað gecyðed ðæt ge ures nanes ne siendon. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xl. 340 Salomon eac forgeaf þære cwene swa hwæs swa heo gyrnde æt him. OE Rule St. Benet (Corpus Cambr.) xxx. 54 Gif hwylc broðor unsceadelice hwæs bidde [a1225 Winteney hwæs bidde], he þeah mid forseawennesse hine ne geunrotsige. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 359 Gif ge sylfe hwæs [c1175 Bodl. 343 hwæs] biddaþ æt minum halgan Fæder eow on minum naman, he hit forgifð eow. III. Relative uses. 4. The one or ones belonging to whom. a. Introducing a clause defining or restricting the antecedent, esp. a clause essential to the identification of the antecedent, and thus completing its sense. rare. ΚΠ a1325 Statutes of Realm (Rawl. B.520) (2011) xli. 108 After þe wille of him hos þe werkes bez. c1410 (c1395) G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale (Harl. 7334) (1885) l. 1768 Syk lay þe housbond man [c1405 Hengwrt goode man, c1415 Corpus Oxf. bonde man] whos þat þe place is. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xxxviii. 25 The man whose these are. View more context for this quotation 1885 W. A. Hunter Roman Law (ed. 2) iv. 1038 Debts due to the man whose the goods were. 2018 Russia & CIS Gen. Newswire (Nexis) 15 May Everything depends on the person whose this administration is. b. Introducing a clause stating something additional about the antecedent, the sense of the main clause being complete without the relative clause. rare. ΚΠ 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. ix. 5 My brethren..the israhelites,..whose also are the fathers. 1904 Indian's Friend June 4/2 The most generous patron..continues to be our..Pittsburg and Allegheny auxiliary, whose also is the largest contribution to the rent of our Association's new office. 1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey i The daughter of baleful Atlas whose are the pillars that prop the lofty sky. B. adj. As a possessive adjective (determiner), corresponding to his, her, my, etc.Originally (in Old English), the possessive use of the genitive of the pronoun; cf. note in the etymology. I. Interrogative uses. 1. Of whom; belonging to whom; what person's. a. In direct questions. Π OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 42 Hwæt þincð eow be Criste, hwæs sunu ys he? a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 Maiden moder, maiden and hwas moder, his hwas dohter þu art. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1726 Was men buth ȝe? a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 12224 Quat wamb him bar.., And wid was pappis was he fedd? 1556 W. Lauder Compend. Tractate Dewtie of Kyngis sig. A^v And last of all, vnto quhose actionis..suld Kyngis geue rathest actendence. 1594 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis (new ed.) sig. Giij^v Whose tong is musicke now? 1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe i. sig. A4^v Arrest me? at whose sute? 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. iv. 44 Whose fault is this? View more context for this quotation 1758 Scots Mag. Mar. 150/1 Whose tomb is this? It says, 'tis Myra's tomb. 1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 67 If a woman is in danger from the rain, whose umbrella..is at her service? The Frenchman's? Trust him! 1926 ‘R. Crompton’ William—the Conqueror ix. 167 ‘Whose turn is it to get something next?’ said Ginger. ‘Bags me,’ said William. 1976 A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories 307 ‘On whose behalf, if I may ask?’ fulminated Abe in his vintage county council English. 2016 M. Desmond Evicted xvii. 213 You call me stankin', but whose clothes you got on? Mines. My shirt! b. In indirect questions. Π eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xlvii. 357 Ða wrohtgeornan sint to manigenne ðæt hie geðencen hwæs folgeras hie sindon. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 99 Ȝif hie [sc. ðohtes] cumeð fram mannen, hie [sc. ȝeapnesse] cann hwatliche underfinden, an hwos half he is icumen. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8540 Næs nan witie. þat auere wuste here whes sune he weore. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vi. sig. aiiii^v Ector told hym all how he was bitaken hym..And by whoos commandement. 1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. F.j^v Who can tell, within whose hazarde Fortunes tennise balles will light? 1611 Bible (King James) 1 Sam. xvii. 56 And the king said, Enquire thou whose sonne the stripling is. 1791 W. Cowper Judgm. Poets 4 A warm dispute..Whose temper was the best. 1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 50 He knew whose gentle hand was at the latch, Before the door had given her to his eyes. 1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert vi. 58 Your offensive abuse of his poor father, and forgetfulness of Whose minister he was. 2012 Church Times 9 Nov. 14/4 It is a timely moment for all of us to ask exactly whose interests would be served by more government interference into the workings of the Fourth Estate. †II. Indefinite (non-relative) uses. 2. In conditional and concessive clauses: of someone, belonging to someone. Obsolete. Π OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) ix. 170 Se nama is to geþenceanne ælcum men butan hwæs heorte sie mid diofles stræle þurhwrecen. OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xii. 19 Gif hwæs broðor [c1200 Hatton hwæs broðer; L. cuius frater] dead bið & læfð his wif & næfð nan bearn. III. Relative uses. * As simple relative. 3. Expressing possession or subjective relationship.When used with reference to things, serving as the genitive of which adj. and pron. (senses 4 and 3), equivalent to of which. Whose is often used rather than of which in order to avoid a construction felt to be clumsy; e.g. Jewel weed, the juice of whose leaves soothes the irritation of poison-ivy rash as opposed to Jewel weed, the juice of the leaves of which soothes the irritation of poison-ivy rash. a. Introducing an additional statement: thus sometimes equivalent to ‘and his (their, etc.)’: cf. who pron. 11.In early use occasionally preceded by the: cf. which adj. and pron., whom pron. 9.Formerly also separated from the antecedent, sometimes with resulting ambiguity (cf. who pron. 11); occasionally preceded by superfluous and (cf. who pron. 12b). (a) With reference to a person or persons (or to an animal or animals): of whom. [In quot. lOE clearly influenced by the Latin model and perhaps better regarded as an error of translation.] Π lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles xv. 40 Ad cuius adventum omnes homines resurgere habent : to whæs tocuman alle menn sculen arisan.] c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 3425 (MED) Ure laffdiȝ Marȝe toc..All þatt ȝho sahh & herrde off Crist, Whas moderr ȝho wass wurrþenn. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 151 And among heom þe lauerd N. hwas dei hit is to dei. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 546 Ðis der, Wos kinde we hauen told ȝu her. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 3039 Morpheus, the whos nature Is forto take the figure Of what persone that him liketh. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1490 Noe, In quas time þe flod gan be. a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) Rom. xiv. 8 Cryste, in woise deþ we ar baptysyd. 1467 in C. L. Kingsford Stonor Lett. & Papers (1919) I. 95 (MED) Send me word how my Nawnte is dysposyd..to performe my Nonkilles wyll, hoys sowle God pardon. c1480 (a1400) St. James Great 210 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 103 In-to þe name of criste Ihesu, fore quhais cause I am led now. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope i. viii. f. xxxiv^v A wulf ete & deuoured a sheep of whos bones he had one in his throte. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Pet. ii. 24 Christ also suffered for oure sakes... By whose strypes ye were healed. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy iii. ii. i. i. 533 The young man..at last married her, to whose wedding amongst other guests came Apollonius. ?1746 T. Cooke Comedys of Plautus I. Diss. p. xxv This Comedy is called Bacchides from two Sisters, Courtesans, who are the chief Characters in the Play; both whose Names are Bacchis. a1774 O. Goldsmith tr. P. Scarron Comic Romance (1775) II. xix. 170 A hamlet, inhabited by fishermen, who's humanity he had occasion to remember. 1791 E. Burke Appeal New to Old Whigs 88 It does not arise out of the inherent rights of the people, as the national assembly does in France, and whose name designates its original. 1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 44 The Gods, whose dreadful images Here represent their shadowy presences. 1864 J. Hunt tr. C. Vogt Lect. on Man ii. 26 Vegetable feeders, such as ruminants, whose lower jaw acts like a millstone. 1931 Amer. Mercury Feb. 134/1 Jimmie was a moist and pachydermous Greek whose air of excessive joviality and all around bonhomie became boresome. 1989 P. Janeczko Brickyard Summer iii. 25 Mrs. Carlucci's cat, a calico whose belly kissed the ground. 2016 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 31 July mb1 The current Republican presidential nominee, whose campaign has been conducted as a spectacle of self-infatuation. (b) With reference to a thing or things (inanimate or abstract): of which. Π a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. viii. 9 Þe lond of oyle & off hony..whoos stonys been yrun & of þe hullys of hit been doluyn metalus of bras. c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 112 (MED) The church of Barton with þe pertinencis, whoos aduocacion they hauen of the ȝifte of Roger of Seynte John, of the same church patrone in-to þere owne vses. 1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxxx Loke yer thou lepe, whose literall sence is, doo nothinge sodenly or without avisemente. 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. ii. [v.] i. 46 Bath, whose see was sometime at Welles. 1701 J. Le Clerc Harmony of Evangelists xliii. 341 So also shall the Gospel, whose Limits at present are so confin'd, be spread far and near thoughout the Universe. 1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. xxvii. 10 The clock, whose huge bell..may be heard five leagues over the plain. 1896 F. Pollock 1st Bk. of Jurispr. vii. 179 Processes extending over two or three centuries, and whose fundamental analogies are..disguised in almost every possible way. 1925 F. S. Fitzgerald Great Gatsby v. 106 I..ran for a huge black knotted tree, whose massed leaves made a fabric against the rain. 2015 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 21 May a20/3 Kayakers who want to tackle the Hudson, whose currents and choppy conditions are notorious. b. Introducing a defining or restrictive clause completing the sense: cf. who pron. 10. (a) With reference to a person or persons (or to an animal or animals): of whom. Π a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 37 Þe deuel..on ech of hise deden is iefned to þe deore wuas geres he forðteoð. a1250 Ureisun ure Louerde (Lamb.) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 189 Maiden moder, maiden and hwas moder, his hwas dohter þu art. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2155 Of him o quas sede Was he born þat beit our nede. a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 81 It ys meruail of a man how he may be syke or dye, whos mete ys breed of good whete. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke i. f. lxxij^v A virgin spoused to a man, whose name was Ioseph. 1539 Bible (Great) Psalms xxxii. 1 Blessed is he, whose vnryghteousnesse is forgeuen. 1609 J. Skene tr. Regiam Majestatem 37 Of heires of qvhais age their is ane doubt. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xliv. 17 The man in whose hand the cup is found. View more context for this quotation 1690 tr. J. Le Clerc Five Lett. 56 The Apostles did not pass in their own time for Persons, whose every word was an Oracle. 1723 A. Ramsay Fair Assembly viii A wife..Whase charms can silence dumps. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 70 Persons, who..sanctified their ambition by advancing the dignity of the people whose peace they troubled. View more context for this quotation 1836 W. Irving Astoria xli To feast upon the horses whose blood they had so vaingloriously drunk. 1893 M. Pemberton Iron Pirate ii Men whose laugh was a horrid growl. 1931 ‘N. West’ Dream Life Balso Snell 40 Balso turned and saw the boy whose diary he had been reading. 1973 J. Bronowski Ascent of Man i. 38 A famous chimpanzee at the London Zoo in 1931 whose nickname was Consul. 2020 J. Hazeley & N. Tatarowicz Instr. for Brit. People during Emergency 57 It is being highlighted by someone to whose very rectum they can remember applying Sudocrem. (b) With reference to a thing or things (inanimate or abstract): of which. Π a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xi. 4 Make we to vs a cyte: & a tour, whose heyȝte fully ateyne vnto heuen. a1425 (c1384) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Ezek. xxiv. 6 Woo..to the pot whos rust is in it. 1442 T. Bekington Let. in G. Williams Mem. Reign Henry VI (1872) II. 213 (MED) He hath..taken the townes and castles and forteresses whoos names be specified. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1537) f. 144^v The trees whose fruite we eate in sommer, doo warme vs in wynter. 1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 15 I would a tale vnfold, whose lightest word Would harrow vp thy soule. 1645 J. Milton L'Allegro in Poems 33 Mountains on whose barren brest The labouring clouds do often rest. 1661 O. Feltham Lett. in Lusoria 65 A Disposition..whose affability may sweeten life. 1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. vi. 191 A maxim of whose impropriety not Saint Anthony, himself, could persuade him. 1863 C. Reade Hard Cash I. 100 The nerve man had prescribed..a medicine..whose effect on the nerves was nil. 1927 E. Bowen Hotel vi. 57 She looked down..and saw a little house, with a blue door whose colour delighted her. 1981 I. McEwan Comfort of Strangers ix. 122 There were pictures whose context she understood immediately. 2020 New Yorker 13 Jan. 58/2 Bedrooms whose walls were plastered with posters of Kylie Minogue, Madonna, ‘Cats,’ the musical. 4. As objective genitive, in reference to a person (or animal) or a thing: of whom, of which. Often modifying a noun related to a verb of action, such as abolition, cause, loss, murder, sight, etc.On the use of a possessive adjective as objective genitive, cf. note at his adj. 1. Π c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 692 Ne nulle ich nawt..awei warpe þet þing hwas lure ich schal biremen wið vten couerunge. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xxii. 5 He..þat shal touche..eny vnclene whoos touchynge is hory [a1425 L.V. foul]. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 493 Deedis whos forberingis schulden make hem the more sureli kepen hem fro breking of Goddis lawe. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. vii. 4 Our the fludis bank ful swiftlie sprent, Quhais passage is vnreturnable went. 1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne Ded. sig. Aii^v The pore of thys realme whoes oppression doeth alredy crye vnto the lorde for vengeance. 1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 390 The Hart or Stag, in whose chase great Lords take much pleasure. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. i. 106 I will put that Businesse in your Bosomes, Whose execution takes your Enemie off. View more context for this quotation 1683 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Two Disc. Soul of Brutes ii. x. 181 The Paraphrensie.., or additional Phrensie, whose cause is not an inflammation of the Membranes which cover the Head. 1721 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher (new ed.) II. xvii. i. 368 Things, whose particular Discussion would..exceed the Design of this Book. 1754 C. D. in World 12 Dec. 612 Any thing whose loss they can so easily supply. 1821 R. Southey Let. 7 Apr. in C. C. Southey Life & Corr. R. Southey (1849) I. 38 This deplorable old man, whose sight..excited in me a mingled feeling of horror and disgust. 1877 Harper's Mag. Nov. 924/2 A man was killed in that region, of whose murder..the Molly Maguires were suspected. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 722/1 Silica ultramarine is soda-ash ultramarine in whose preparation a quantity of finely divided silica..has been added. 1929 H. W. Haggard Devils, Drugs, & Doctors v. 117 Men dislike to see women relieved of any burden of suffering and handicaps whose elimination might destroy an illusion of ‘inferior sex.’ 1964 New Scientist 28 May 532/1 The highly enigmatic ‘quasi-stellar objects’ whose discovery over the past year or so has been of considerable excitement to astronomers. 2000 D. Adebayo My Once upon Time (2001) vi. 123 The only man they were getting any interplay from was one at whose sight I doubletaked. Dean. †** As nominal relative. 5. As nominal relative, or with ellipsis of antecedent: he (him, etc.) whose; (often in generalized sense) whosesoever. Cf. who pron. 8, 9, whom pron. 6, 7. Obsolete.Sometimes with the generalized sense indicated by so, soever, or somever following the noun. Cf. whosesoever pron.Cf. Old English swā hwæs swā, although the latter is not attested in attributive use; see sense A. 3. Π 1348 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 4 Be it vnderstonde... Þ^t no man wirk in the saide Craft but he wol answere for his wirk oppon the asaie of his werk in whos handes someuer it be founde. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 179 Whos hors neighed [?a1475 anon. tr. whose horse made noyce] first he schulde be kyng. a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 54 Ȝif oþere chalouns beþ y-founde þat ne habbeþ þelke a-syse, in was hond hij beþ y-founde, be forfeted. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1977) l. 1648 And quos deth so he deȝyre, he dreped als faste. 1460–1 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1460 §34. m 6 In whos handes so evere they bee. c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) l. 1299 Blere whos ey ye woll..with your myst. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 7 Quhais Sinnis ȝe forgeue, ar forgeuin vnto thame. 1592 Arden of Feversham 1092 Speede to my wish, whose wil so ere sayes no. a1633 G. Herbert Outlandish Prov. (1640) sig. A8 Whose house is of glasse, must not throw stones at another. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 647 Heavenly Guest,..Sent from whose sovran goodness I adore. View more context for this quotation 1756 R. Rolt New Dict. Trade Hypotheca, among the moderns to hypothecate a ship, is to pawn or pledge the same for necessaries; and into whose hands soever the ship comes, it is liable. 1844 Arguments Defendants' Counsel Vidal, et al. v. City of Philadelphia 108 The land or the money, in whose hands soever it comes, is bound by the trust. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022; most recently modified version published online December 2022). < pron.adj.eOE
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