英语词汇“what for”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

b. Introducing adverbial phrases formed with prepositions. In the earliest periods chiefly in † what for (obsolete); later usually and now always in what with, implying (in early use only contextually) ‘in consequence of, on account of, as a result of; in view of, considering (one thing and another)’.

(a) With more than one what-phrase, each introducing an alternative.

ΚΠ

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 145 Alle we beoð in monifald wawe..hwat for ure eldere werkes, hwat for ure aȝene gultes.

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 391 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 117 Ȝwat for eiȝe, ȝwat for loue, no man him ne with-seide.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 7100 What for sorow, and what thurgh smoke And what thurgh cald, and what thurgh hete..þai salle ay grete.

?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 1743 (MED) What for hungyr, what for thriste, Þe shipmen of na lykyng lyste.

1476 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 493 I ame some-whatt crased, what wyth the see and what wythe thys dyet heere.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Gv^v The .ii. corners, what wythe fordys & shelues, & what with rockes be very ieoperdous.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 209/2 What for the pillage of the Danes, and what by inward theues and bribers: this land was brought into great affliction.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. ii. 80 What with the war; what with the sweat, what with the gallowes, and what with pouerty, I am Custom-shrunke.

a1672 Bp. J. Wilkins Of Princ. Nat. Relig. (1675) i. iii. 36 What through their vicious affections..; what through their inadvertency or neglect..they are not to be convinced.

1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd ii. 181 The Penalty of the Bonds should have differ'd, what in case he run the Subject only into Errour, and what in case of Sin.

1678 Bp. J. Williams Hist. Gunpowder-treason 18 What for avoiding the Report of too much Credulity,..what from the care of doing any thing that might redound to the blemish of the Earl of Northumberland,..it was resolved [etc.].

1756 Monitor No. 35. 1 325 What by..diminution of trade: what by the immense weight of taxes;..some were actually ruined.

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xiv. 359 Athelstane's spirit of revenge, what between the natural indolent kindness of his own disposition, what through the prayers of his mother Edith..had terminated [etc.].

1842 T. De Quincey Mod. Greece in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 120/1 What through banks and what through policemen, the concern has dwindled to nothing.

1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. ii. 96 The track, what with pack-horses' feet, and what with the wear and tear of five hundred years' rainfall, was a rut three feet deep and two feet broad.

1980 M. Robinson Housekeeping (1991) ix. 177 What with the lake and the railroads, and what with blizzards and floods and barn fires and forest fires and the general availability of shotguns and bear traps and homemade liquor and dynamite, what with the prevalence of loneliness and religion and the rages and ecstasies they induce, and the closeness of families, violence was inevitable.

2000 Z. Smith White Teeth i. 17 But at the time it seemed impossible.., what with a young wife with one in the oven.., what with his dodgy leg, what with the lack of hills.

(b) With single what-phrase and no alternative.

ΚΠ

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 24 What for melodye þat þei made in þe mey sesoun, þat litel child listely lorked out of his caue.

1579 T. Twyne tr. Petrarch Phisicke against Fortune i. xxx. 41 What by the wonderfulnesse and number of the woorkes, there was nothyng in all the whole world to be wondred at, but Rome.

1591 R. Greene Maidens Dreame 154 She..wrong out sighes so sore: That what for grief her tongue could speak no more.

1867 Littell's Living Age 14 Dec. 697/1 [She] stood a fair chance of being spoiled, what with suddenly finding herself transformed from a schoolroom Cinderella to a fairy-tale princess.

1955 M. Lowry Let. July (1967) 381 What with this eye business I have to revise entirely my method of writing and..reorient myself to it.

2016 Esquire (Nexis) May Worse still..I found—what with being nearly 50—that not all parts of my body were as up for it as I would have wished.

(c) With single what-phrase, followed by an alternative introduced with and.See also what with one thing and another at thing n.¹ Phrases 2c.

ΚΠ

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 4166 Now has Kyng Richard of Cipres þe seignorie, what with nesshe & hard wonne þe maistrie.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xviii. l. 85 What þorw werre and wrake and wycked hyfdes.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 46 The foweles..What for the sesoun and the yonge grene Ful loude songen hir affeccions.

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 3173 What by-cause of þe hele of þis gode wyff, & also of þe meracle þe whiche þer was do.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 13 What for calde & for holdyng in þe watir, I was nere-hand slayn.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 781 Quat of stamping of stedis & stering of bernes, All dymed þe dale.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 166 What by Themistocles on shore, and Leonidas at Sea, at Salamis and Thermopylæ, his huge Army melted away.

1702 D. Defoe Shortest-way with Dissenters 29 Alas the Church of England! What with Popery on one Hand, and Schismaticks on the other; how has she been Crucify'd between two Thieves.

1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 106 What for poisons, conspiracies and assassinations.., there was no going there by day—'twas worse by night.

1822 W. Cobbett Cottage Econ. (1823) §108 What of Excise Laws and Custom Laws and Combination Laws and Libel Laws, a human being..scarcely knows what he dares do or..say.

1867 F. Parkman Jesuits in N. Amer. xxiii. 346 What with hunting, fishing, canoe-making, and bad weather, the progress of the august travellers was so slow.

1870 G. W. Dasent Ann. Eventful Life xxxvi Aunt Mandeville,..what between the White Lady and the warm verses, was quite upset.

1986 Christian Sci. Monitor 9 May 23/3 What with historians writing like novelists and novelists writing like historians..who can tell the difference?

2011 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 24 Apr. The noise was terrific, what with telephone bells ringing and shells bursting nearby.

c. what for: (in main or subordinate clause) for what purpose, with what object; for what reason, why.

(a) Forming a verbless clause.Probably an elliptical use of Phrases 1c(b), but recorded slightly earlier.

ΚΠ

1688 Some Refl. Prince of Oranges Declar. 1 We have been abused with feigned dangers and false fears: And what for? If not to cover, break and lessen the guilt of a Protestant Invasion?

1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xiv. 218 ‘I want him.’ ‘What for, pussy? Are you going to use him for a rattle-box, or a rocking-horse, or what?’

1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 15/1 ‘Come round to the office, you!’ he says; and I asked him what for. Instead of telling, though, he just clouted me under the ear.

1953 A. Baron Human Kind xxiv. 178 This battalion came all the way from Africa, two thousand miles of bloody misery.., and what for? To clean their crap up after them!

2013 T. Creed Redstone Station viii. 68 ‘Alice, can I borrow you for a bit this evening?’ ‘What for?’ Alice and her grandmother asked in unison.

(b) With the preposition stranded at the end of the clause: what…for; hence (with what as nominal relative at the head of a subordinate clause) the reason why.. (as in quot. 1714).

ΚΠ

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables cccxvi. 276 A Good Woman happen'd to pass by as a Company of Young Fellows were Cudgelling a Wallnut-Tree, and ask'd them what they did That for?

1714 R. Fiddes Pract. Disc. (ed. 2) II. 236 But what I cited all these passages for is to show [etc.].

1734 Select Trials Old-Bailey I. 454/2 As she was standing at the End of Stone-Cutters Alley, a Gentleman came along, and asked her what she stood there for?

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 125 What are ye maundering and greeting for?

1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. i. 249 The boot he had just pulled off flew straight at the head of the bully... ‘Confound you, Brown, what's that for?’

1934 J. Tobias Ready-made Family ii. 37 Gracie pulls the rope taut. Henry trips and falls sprawling... You little demon! What did you do that for?

2002 R. Gervais & S. Merchant Office: Scripts 1st Ser. Episode 5. 192 What you wanna be a psychiatrist for? They're all mad themselves, aren't they?

(c) Originally Scottish and English regional (northern). As a compound adverb, introducing a clause. Now regional and nonstandard.Sometimes written as one word.

ΚΠ

1668 M. Bruce Serm. Preached at Tolbooth in Edinb. 11 Since I know that, what for should I be discouraged and cast down?

a1796 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 279 ‘Geld you!’ quo' he, ‘and whatfore no’.

1823 J. Galt Ringan Gilhaize II. xxxii. 323 The children wondered whatfor an honest man should be brought to punishment.

1948 E. Waugh Loved One 51 What for you want new ideas?

1984 J. Platt et al. New Englishes vii. 127 What for you want to do that?

2003 T. McEwen Who sleeps with Katz 129 What for did they spend all those hours in the Dublin House?

2008 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 176 Gin Alexander McCall Smith can dae it for Botswana, whit for shuid she no dae it for Glesca?

(d) slang (chiefly British). to give a person what for: to inflict severe pain or chastisement on a person; also in extended use; similarly to get what for. Also to show a person what for: to make a person take notice; to show who is in charge. [Probably originally part of a response to the question What for? ; compare the context in quot. 1852.]

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)] > severely

to-punisha1400

overpunisha1639

to give (a person) hell1836

to give a person what for1852

slate1854

to give it in the neck1881

to come down1888

bean1910

scrub1911

cane1925

to gie (or give) (someone) laldy1935

1852 Daily News 2 Nov. 3/6 ‘Come on,’ says the gallant capturer. ‘What for?’ says his victim. ‘What for!—I'll show you what for; come on’.

1860 Hereford Jrnl. 1 Feb. 2/4 Myers said, ‘If I can get him in here I will give him what for’; that was the common expression of one man who wanted to pitch it into another.

1873 Routledge's Young Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 137/1 It'll give you what for if it touches your lips.

1946 ‘P. Wentworth’ Pilgrim's Rest (1996) vi. 38 But don't you say I said nothing about it, because if Mrs. Robbins knowed she'd give me what for.

1966 Listener 18 Aug. 229/1 The stereotype of ‘the wily oriental gentleman..the half-civilized levantine..the type of fellow who must be shown what for’.

2004 J. Denby Billie Morgan v. 35 Oh, if my mam sees me goin' in there, I'll get such what for!

2007 Independent 2 May (Extra section) 5/3 Even Bill the guitar genius is a bit timid when it comes to mandolins, he's poked it gingerly in the past and said ‘Isn't that amazing!’ but she just grabbed it and gave it what for.

单词	what for
释义	> as lemmas what for —— c. what is he, she, etc. for a ——: what is he, she, etc., considered as a ——, what sort of a —— is he, she, etc.? Also what for —— (as a modifier) what kind of ——. Now Scottish. ΚΠ 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Apr. f. 12 What is he for a Ladde you so lament? 1623 J. Bingham tr. Xenophon Hist. 136 When the Lacedemonians enquired, what Xenophon was for a man, he answered, that [etc.]. 1657 tr. J. Buccardus Prayse of Peireskius in W. Rand tr. P. Gassendi Mirrour of Nobility 265 Consider..how many, and what for Epistles he sent to this very City. 1707 C. Cibber Comical Lovers i. 10 What is she for a Woman? 1708 Brit. Apollo 15–17 Sept. What are you for a Lover. 1827 W. Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. xi. 273 ‘What is that for a Zenobia?’ said Hartley. 1988 G. Lamb Orkney Wordbk. at For Whitna for a man's that? extracted from forprep.conj.n.adv. what for b. Introducing adverbial phrases formed with prepositions. In the earliest periods chiefly in † what for (obsolete); later usually and now always in what with, implying (in early use only contextually) ‘in consequence of, on account of, as a result of; in view of, considering (one thing and another)’. (a) With more than one what-phrase, each introducing an alternative. ΚΠ a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 145 Alle we beoð in monifald wawe..hwat for ure eldere werkes, hwat for ure aȝene gultes. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 391 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 117 Ȝwat for eiȝe, ȝwat for loue, no man him ne with-seide. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 7100 What for sorow, and what thurgh smoke And what thurgh cald, and what thurgh hete..þai salle ay grete. ?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 1743 (MED) What for hungyr, what for thriste, Þe shipmen of na lykyng lyste. 1476 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 493 I ame some-whatt crased, what wyth the see and what wythe thys dyet heere. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Gv^v The .ii. corners, what wythe fordys & shelues, & what with rockes be very ieoperdous. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 209/2 What for the pillage of the Danes, and what by inward theues and bribers: this land was brought into great affliction. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. ii. 80 What with the war; what with the sweat, what with the gallowes, and what with pouerty, I am Custom-shrunke. View more context for this quotation a1672 Bp. J. Wilkins Of Princ. Nat. Relig. (1675) i. iii. 36 What through their vicious affections..; what through their inadvertency or neglect..they are not to be convinced. 1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd ii. 181 The Penalty of the Bonds should have differ'd, what in case he run the Subject only into Errour, and what in case of Sin. 1678 Bp. J. Williams Hist. Gunpowder-treason 18 What for avoiding the Report of too much Credulity,..what from the care of doing any thing that might redound to the blemish of the Earl of Northumberland,..it was resolved [etc.]. 1756 Monitor No. 35. 1 325 What by..diminution of trade: what by the immense weight of taxes;..some were actually ruined. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xiv. 359 Athelstane's spirit of revenge, what between the natural indolent kindness of his own disposition, what through the prayers of his mother Edith..had terminated [etc.]. 1842 T. De Quincey Mod. Greece in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 120/1 What through banks and what through policemen, the concern has dwindled to nothing. 1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. ii. 96 The track, what with pack-horses' feet, and what with the wear and tear of five hundred years' rainfall, was a rut three feet deep and two feet broad. 1980 M. Robinson Housekeeping (1991) ix. 177 What with the lake and the railroads, and what with blizzards and floods and barn fires and forest fires and the general availability of shotguns and bear traps and homemade liquor and dynamite, what with the prevalence of loneliness and religion and the rages and ecstasies they induce, and the closeness of families, violence was inevitable. 2000 Z. Smith White Teeth i. 17 But at the time it seemed impossible.., what with a young wife with one in the oven.., what with his dodgy leg, what with the lack of hills. (b) With single what-phrase and no alternative. ΚΠ a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 24 What for melodye þat þei made in þe mey sesoun, þat litel child listely lorked out of his caue. 1579 T. Twyne tr. Petrarch Phisicke against Fortune i. xxx. 41 What by the wonderfulnesse and number of the woorkes, there was nothyng in all the whole world to be wondred at, but Rome. 1591 R. Greene Maidens Dreame 154 She..wrong out sighes so sore: That what for grief her tongue could speak no more. 1867 Littell's Living Age 14 Dec. 697/1 [She] stood a fair chance of being spoiled, what with suddenly finding herself transformed from a schoolroom Cinderella to a fairy-tale princess. 1955 M. Lowry Let. July (1967) 381 What with this eye business I have to revise entirely my method of writing and..reorient myself to it. 2016 Esquire (Nexis) May Worse still..I found—what with being nearly 50—that not all parts of my body were as up for it as I would have wished. (c) With single what-phrase, followed by an alternative introduced with and.See also what with one thing and another at thing n.¹ Phrases 2c. ΚΠ ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 4166 Now has Kyng Richard of Cipres þe seignorie, what with nesshe & hard wonne þe maistrie. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xviii. l. 85 What þorw werre and wrake and wycked hyfdes. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Squire's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 46 The foweles..What for the sesoun and the yonge grene Ful loude songen hir affeccions. a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) l. 3173 What by-cause of þe hele of þis gode wyff, & also of þe meracle þe whiche þer was do. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 13 What for calde & for holdyng in þe watir, I was nere-hand slayn. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 781 Quat of stamping of stedis & stering of bernes, All dymed þe dale. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 166 What by Themistocles on shore, and Leonidas at Sea, at Salamis and Thermopylæ, his huge Army melted away. 1702 D. Defoe Shortest-way with Dissenters 29 Alas the Church of England! What with Popery on one Hand, and Schismaticks on the other; how has she been Crucify'd between two Thieves. 1768 L. Sterne Sentimental Journey I. 106 What for poisons, conspiracies and assassinations.., there was no going there by day—'twas worse by night. 1822 W. Cobbett Cottage Econ. (1823) §108 What of Excise Laws and Custom Laws and Combination Laws and Libel Laws, a human being..scarcely knows what he dares do or..say. 1867 F. Parkman Jesuits in N. Amer. xxiii. 346 What with hunting, fishing, canoe-making, and bad weather, the progress of the august travellers was so slow. 1870 G. W. Dasent Ann. Eventful Life xxxvi Aunt Mandeville,..what between the White Lady and the warm verses, was quite upset. 1986 Christian Sci. Monitor 9 May 23/3 What with historians writing like novelists and novelists writing like historians..who can tell the difference? 2011 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 24 Apr. The noise was terrific, what with telephone bells ringing and shells bursting nearby. extracted from whatpron.adv.int.adj.¹conj.n. what for c. what for: (in main or subordinate clause) for what purpose, with what object; for what reason, why. (a) Forming a verbless clause.Probably an elliptical use of Phrases 1c(b), but recorded slightly earlier. ΚΠ 1688 Some Refl. Prince of Oranges Declar. 1 We have been abused with feigned dangers and false fears: And what for? If not to cover, break and lessen the guilt of a Protestant Invasion? 1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xiv. 218 ‘I want him.’ ‘What for, pussy? Are you going to use him for a rattle-box, or a rocking-horse, or what?’ 1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 15/1 ‘Come round to the office, you!’ he says; and I asked him what for. Instead of telling, though, he just clouted me under the ear. 1953 A. Baron Human Kind xxiv. 178 This battalion came all the way from Africa, two thousand miles of bloody misery.., and what for? To clean their crap up after them! 2013 T. Creed Redstone Station viii. 68 ‘Alice, can I borrow you for a bit this evening?’ ‘What for?’ Alice and her grandmother asked in unison. (b) With the preposition stranded at the end of the clause: what…for; hence (with what as nominal relative at the head of a subordinate clause) the reason why.. (as in quot. 1714). ΚΠ 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables cccxvi. 276 A Good Woman happen'd to pass by as a Company of Young Fellows were Cudgelling a Wallnut-Tree, and ask'd them what they did That for? 1714 R. Fiddes Pract. Disc. (ed. 2) II. 236 But what I cited all these passages for is to show [etc.]. 1734 Select Trials Old-Bailey I. 454/2 As she was standing at the End of Stone-Cutters Alley, a Gentleman came along, and asked her what she stood there for? 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 125 What are ye maundering and greeting for? 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. i. 249 The boot he had just pulled off flew straight at the head of the bully... ‘Confound you, Brown, what's that for?’ 1934 J. Tobias Ready-made Family ii. 37 Gracie pulls the rope taut. Henry trips and falls sprawling... You little demon! What did you do that for? 2002 R. Gervais & S. Merchant Office: Scripts 1st Ser. Episode 5. 192 What you wanna be a psychiatrist for? They're all mad themselves, aren't they? (c) Originally Scottish and English regional (northern). As a compound adverb, introducing a clause. Now regional and nonstandard.Sometimes written as one word. ΚΠ 1668 M. Bruce Serm. Preached at Tolbooth in Edinb. 11 Since I know that, what for should I be discouraged and cast down? a1796 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 279 ‘Geld you!’ quo' he, ‘and whatfore no’. 1823 J. Galt Ringan Gilhaize II. xxxii. 323 The children wondered whatfor an honest man should be brought to punishment. 1948 E. Waugh Loved One 51 What for you want new ideas? 1984 J. Platt et al. New Englishes vii. 127 What for you want to do that? 2003 T. McEwen Who sleeps with Katz 129 What for did they spend all those hours in the Dublin House? 2008 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 176 Gin Alexander McCall Smith can dae it for Botswana, whit for shuid she no dae it for Glesca? (d) slang (chiefly British). to give a person what for: to inflict severe pain or chastisement on a person; also in extended use; similarly to get what for. Also to show a person what for: to make a person take notice; to show who is in charge. [Probably originally part of a response to the question What for? ; compare the context in quot. 1852.] ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)] > severely visita1382 to-punisha1400 overpunisha1639 to give (a person) hell1836 to give a person what for1852 slate1854 to give it in the neck1881 to come down1888 bean1910 scrub1911 cane1925 to gie (or give) (someone) laldy1935 1852 Daily News 2 Nov. 3/6 ‘Come on,’ says the gallant capturer. ‘What for?’ says his victim. ‘What for!—I'll show you what for; come on’. 1860 Hereford Jrnl. 1 Feb. 2/4 Myers said, ‘If I can get him in here I will give him what for’; that was the common expression of one man who wanted to pitch it into another. 1873 Routledge's Young Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 137/1 It'll give you what for if it touches your lips. 1946 ‘P. Wentworth’ Pilgrim's Rest (1996) vi. 38 But don't you say I said nothing about it, because if Mrs. Robbins knowed she'd give me what for. 1966 Listener 18 Aug. 229/1 The stereotype of ‘the wily oriental gentleman..the half-civilized levantine..the type of fellow who must be shown what for’. 2004 J. Denby Billie Morgan v. 35 Oh, if my mam sees me goin' in there, I'll get such what for! 2007 Independent 2 May (Extra section) 5/3 Even Bill the guitar genius is a bit timid when it comes to mandolins, he's poked it gingerly in the past and said ‘Isn't that amazing!’ but she just grabbed it and gave it what for. extracted from whatpron.adv.int.adj.¹conj.n. < as lemmas
随便看	toss and catch toss and turmoil toss caution to the wind toss caution to the winds toss etc in one's alley toss in toss in a blanket toss in one's alley toss oars toss off toss one's cookies toss out toss pass in one's alley toss pillow toss throw in one's alley toss up toss- toss-about toss-ball toss-blade toss-cup toss-halfpenny toss-loser toss-off toss-pan

> as lemmas