werewolfn.

Brit.

/ˈwɛːwʊlf/,

/ˈwɪəwʊlf/,

/ˈwəːwʊlf/, U.S.

/ˈwɛ(ə)rˌwʊlf/

Forms: α. Old English werewulf, (Middle English werewlf), 1600s–1800s werewolf; plural Middle English werewolfes, 1800s weirwolves, werewolves. β. Middle English–1600s, 1800s werwolf (1500s Scottish werwoif); plural Middle English werwolfs, werwolues, 1800s werwolves. γ. Middle English–1600s Scottish, 1800s warwolf, Middle English–1600s warwolfe, (1600s Scottish warewolf, warwoof); plural 1500s Scottish warwo(o)lfes, 1600s Scottish warwoophs. δ. 1800s wehrwolf.

Etymology: Old English werewulf (once), = Middle Dutch and Dutch weerwolf, Middle High German werwolf (German wer-, wehrwolf), Low German werwulf; also West Frisian waerûl, warûle (and waerwolf after Dutch), Danish and Norwegian varulv, Swedish varulf.The latter may represent an Old Norse *varulf-r, whence Old Northern French garwall (Marie de France, c1175), later guaroul, -ou, garoul, -ou, warou, -eu (modern French loupgarou); Old Norse vargulf-r (by association with varg-r wolf) occurs only in the translation of Marie's lay of Bisclavret.The first element has usually been identified with Old English wer man were n.¹, but the form were- in place of wer- (compare however were- and wergild wergild n.), and the variants in war-, var-, makes this somewhat doubtful. Evidence for the real currency of the word (chiefly in the β and γ forms) is rare, and confined to Scots, after the 17th cent. In modern use it has been revived through folklore studies, and until recently the most usual form has been werewolf, and occasionally wehrwolf from German.

1. A person who (according to medieval superstition) was transformed or was capable of transforming himself at times into a wolf; †also, an exceptionally large and ferocious wolf.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf

werewolfc1000

loup-garou1579

lycanthropus1584

lycanthrope1831

lycanthropist1831

turn-skin1831

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > [noun] > genus Canis > canis lupus (wolf) > large or fierce

wolfc725

werewolfa1425

war-wolf1610

α.

c1000 Laws Cnut xxvi. (Lieberm.) Þæt se wodfreca werewulf to swyðe ne slite, ne to fela ne abite of godcundre heorde.

c1212 Gervase of Tilbury Otia Imperialia xv, in G. W. Leibniz Scriptores Rerum Brunsvicensium (1707) I. 895 Quod hominum genus gerulfos Galli nominant, Angli vero Werewlf, dicunt.

a1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Digby) vi Þer beth some [wolves] þat eten children and men..And þei be cleped werewolfes, for men shulde be were of hem, or þe mann see hem.

1605 R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence vii. 237 The were-wolues are certaine sorcerers, who hauing annoynted their bodyes, with an oyntment which they make by the instinct of the deuil; and putting on a certaine inchanted girdel, do not only vnto the view of others seeme as wolues, but to their own thinking haue both the shape and nature of wolues, so long as they weare the said girdel.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Were-wulf or Were-wolf, this name remains still known in the Teutonick, and is as much as to say Man-wolf..One Peter Stump, for being a Were-wolf and having killed Thirteen Children, Two Women, and One man, was..put to a very terrible death.

1818 Q. Rev. 19 68 The weir-wolves of the wilds of Indiana.

1831 A. Herbert in Will. & Werwolf (Roxb.) 4 As a punishment for his ferocity he [sc. Lycaon] was deprived by Jupiter of the human form, and ended his days a were~wolf.

1863 W. K. Kelly Curiosities Indo-European Trad. 253 Stories about werewolves are still current in Germany.

1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture I. iii. 77 The old doctrine of Werewolves, not yet extinct in Europe.

1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn I. xxvi. 249 Stories of magic and vampires and were-wolves told them by travelled youths.

figurative.1872 H. W. Longfellow Interlude in Three Bks. Song i. 19 The brutes that wear our form and face, The were-wolves of the human race!β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 3836 I wold him hunte as hard as euer hounde in erthe honted eny werwolf.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 15 Þat while was þe werwolf went a-boute his praye.c1394 P. Pl. Crede 459 Þei ben wilde wer-wolues, þat wiln þe folk robben.1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xix. xi. 793 His wyf..made hym seuen yere a werwolf.1568 (a1508) W. Kennedy Flyting (Bannatyne) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 208 Wod werwoif, worme and scorpion vennemous.?1606 M. Drayton Man in Moone in Poemes sig. G8^v About the fields religiously they went, with halowing charms the Werwolf thence to fray.1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. x. 266 All the German superstitions of nixies, oak-kings, were-wolves, hobgoblins.1868 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1870) 1st Ser. 115 Lycaon,..after passing through all the stages I have mentioned, becomes the ancestor of the werwolf.1912 E. O'Donnell Werwolves xiii. 212 As in France, the werwolf, in Belgium, is not restricted to one sex.figurative.1902 Spectator 5 July 17/1 When from that underworld..The werwolves of the darkness pour by night And show..their misery and their guilt.γ. 1483 Cath. Angl. 409/1 A Warwolfe, ravus.a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 889 in Poems (1981) 37 The warwolff, and the pegase perillous.c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) clvi a. 602 Huon the souerayne kyng of the fayry..wolde condempne hym parpetually to be a warwolfe in the se [Fr. luyton de mer].1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxv. 206 Some Wolues..kill children and men sometimes: & then they neuer feede nor pray vpon any other thing afterwards..Such Wolues are called Warwolues, bicause a man had neede to beware of them. [Cf. a1425 at sense 1α. .]1597 King James VI & I Daemonologie iii. i. 61 And are not war-woolfes one sorte of these spirites also..?a1626 W. Rowley Birth of Merlin (1662) sig. G3 Where no Night-hag shall walk, nor Ware-wolf tread.a1722 J. Lauder Jrnls. (1900) 83 Instead of our red dracons and giants they have lougarous or warwoophs.1802 in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border II. 96 O was it warwolf in the wood..?1817 S. T. Coleridge Zapolya i. i. 55 Madam, that wood is haunted by the war-wolves.1897 S. Baring-Gould Guavas the Tinner xvi They hold Loup [a tamed wolf] to be naught else but a war-wolf.δ. 1834 W. J. Thoms Lays & Leg., France 57 The Lay of Bisclavaret; or, the Wehr-wolf.1855 D. Costello in Bentley's Misc. 38 361 Lycanthropy in London; or The Wehr-Wolf of Wilton-Crescent.1884 J. Davidson Bruce in Plays 190 The wehrwolf, ravening in the warren, growls.1913 R. Hodder Vampire viii. 43 The wehrwolf who discards his human form to bury his fangs in the throats of sleeping children.

2. Scottish dialect. (See quot. 1808.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > sick person > [noun] > weak person

dwininga1400

molla1425

impotenta1513

gristlea1556

weakling1576

puler1579

puling1579

shadow1588

shotten herring1598

doddle1681

sickrel1699

seven-months1724

wandought1726

wallydraigle1736

wreck1795

werewolf1808

windlestraw1818

weed1825

shammock1828

sickling1834

forcible feeble1844

dwindle1847

weedling1849

crock1876

feebling1887

asthenic1893

dodderer1907

pencil-neck1956

burnt-out case1959

weakie1959

1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Warwolf..2. A puny child or an ill-grown person of whatever age; pron. warwoof, Ang.

3. A member of a right-wing paramilitary German underground resistance movement.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun]

Sanfedist1842

squadrist1938

Sternist1944

werewolf1945

provisional1970

Provo1971

Razakar1971

Schutzbündler1974

paramilitary1975

Koevoet1983

society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [noun] > political associations or societies > members of

Spartacan1918

Spartacist1919

Stahlhelmer1928

werewolf1945

1945 in Amer. Speech (1949) 24 289/2 It boasted that..underground killers—‘Werewolves’—had carried out the sentence.

1946 E. Linklater Private Angelo xxi. 266 A company of Free Austrians who..handed him over to a ridiculous little party of people who called themselves Werewolves.

1950 C. MacInnes To Victors the Spoils i. 111 Isn't it going to be dangerous..? What about the Gestapo and the werewolves?

1982 C. Thomas Jade Tiger 48 The subject matter of the interrogation—local conditions, Werewolf units, SS and Gestapo individuals' whereabouts.

Compounds

C1. attributive, as werewolf nails, etc.

ΚΠ

15.. Rowll's Cursing (Bannatyne MS.) 192 Dragoun heidis and warwolf nalis, With glowrane evne as glitterand glass.

1879 M. D. Conway Demonol. I. 158 The Were-wolf superstition, which exists still in Russia.

1883 J. S. Stallybrass tr. J. Grimm Teutonic Mythol. III. 1096 Bodin's Dæmonomanie..has several werewolf stories.

C2.

werewolf girdle n. the enchanted girdle by means of which a man could transform himself into a wolf.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > object used to transform

werewolf girdle1863

1863 W. K. Kelly Curiosities Indo-European Trad. 255 In Germany..the skin of a man that has been hanged makes as good a werewolf girdle as the skin of a wolf.

Derivatives

ˈwerewolfery n. = lycanthropy n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > werewolfism

lycanthropy1830

werewolfery1831

werewolfism1865

1831 A. Herbert in Will. & Werwolf (Roxb.) 3 It is obvious to suspect that the most ancient Lycians were proficients in werewolfery.

1912 E. O'Donnell Werwolves i. 3 Persons accused of werwolfery.

ˈwerewolfish adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [adjective] > becoming or resembling a werewolf

lycanthropic1887

werewolfish1891

1891 Cent. Dict. Werewolfish.

ˈwerewolfism n. = lycanthropy n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > werewolfism

lycanthropy1830

werewolfery1831

werewolfism1865

1865 S. Baring-Gould Bk. Were-wolves viii. 100 The traditional belief in were-wolfism must, however, have remained long in the popular mind.

1901 Edinb. Rev. July 198 In fact ‘were-wolfism’ is now known to have made the round of the globe.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	werewolf
释义	werewolfn. Brit. /ˈwɛːwʊlf/, /ˈwɪəwʊlf/, /ˈwəːwʊlf/, U.S. /ˈwɛ(ə)rˌwʊlf/ Forms: α. Old English werewulf, (Middle English werewlf), 1600s–1800s werewolf; plural Middle English werewolfes, 1800s weirwolves, werewolves. β. Middle English–1600s, 1800s werwolf (1500s Scottish werwoif); plural Middle English werwolfs, werwolues, 1800s werwolves. γ. Middle English–1600s Scottish, 1800s warwolf, Middle English–1600s warwolfe, (1600s Scottish warewolf, warwoof); plural 1500s Scottish warwo(o)lfes, 1600s Scottish warwoophs. δ. 1800s wehrwolf. Etymology: Old English werewulf (once), = Middle Dutch and Dutch weerwolf, Middle High German werwolf (German wer-, wehrwolf), Low German werwulf; also West Frisian waerûl, warûle (and waerwolf after Dutch), Danish and Norwegian varulv, Swedish varulf.The latter may represent an Old Norse varulf-r, whence Old Northern French garwall* (Marie de France, c1175), later guaroul, -ou, garoul, -ou, warou, -eu (modern French loupgarou); Old Norse vargulf-r (by association with varg-r wolf) occurs only in the translation of Marie's lay of Bisclavret.The first element has usually been identified with Old English wer man were n.¹, but the form were- in place of wer- (compare however were- and wergild wergild n.), and the variants in war-, var-, makes this somewhat doubtful. Evidence for the real currency of the word (chiefly in the β and γ forms) is rare, and confined to Scots, after the 17th cent. In modern use it has been revived through folklore studies, and until recently the most usual form has been werewolf, and occasionally wehrwolf from German. 1. A person who (according to medieval superstition) was transformed or was capable of transforming himself at times into a wolf; †also, an exceptionally large and ferocious wolf. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf werewolfc1000 loup-garou1579 lycanthropus1584 lycanthrope1831 lycanthropist1831 turn-skin1831 the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > [noun] > genus Canis > canis lupus (wolf) > large or fierce wolfc725 werewolfa1425 war-wolf1610 α. c1000 Laws Cnut xxvi. (Lieberm.) Þæt se wodfreca werewulf to swyðe ne slite, ne to fela ne abite of godcundre heorde. c1212 Gervase of Tilbury Otia Imperialia xv, in G. W. Leibniz Scriptores Rerum Brunsvicensium (1707) I. 895 Quod hominum genus gerulfos Galli nominant, Angli vero Werewlf, dicunt. a1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Digby) vi Þer beth some [wolves] þat eten children and men..And þei be cleped werewolfes, for men shulde be were of hem, or þe mann see hem. 1605 R. Verstegan Restit. Decayed Intelligence vii. 237 The were-wolues are certaine sorcerers, who hauing annoynted their bodyes, with an oyntment which they make by the instinct of the deuil; and putting on a certaine inchanted girdel, do not only vnto the view of others seeme as wolues, but to their own thinking haue both the shape and nature of wolues, so long as they weare the said girdel. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Were-wulf or Were-wolf, this name remains still known in the Teutonick, and is as much as to say Man-wolf..One Peter Stump, for being a Were-wolf and having killed Thirteen Children, Two Women, and One man, was..put to a very terrible death. 1818 Q. Rev. 19 68 The weir-wolves of the wilds of Indiana. 1831 A. Herbert in Will. & Werwolf (Roxb.) 4 As a punishment for his ferocity he [sc. Lycaon] was deprived by Jupiter of the human form, and ended his days a were~wolf. 1863 W. K. Kelly Curiosities Indo-European Trad. 253 Stories about werewolves are still current in Germany. 1871 E. B. Tylor Primitive Culture I. iii. 77 The old doctrine of Werewolves, not yet extinct in Europe. 1891 F. W. Farrar Darkness & Dawn I. xxvi. 249 Stories of magic and vampires and were-wolves told them by travelled youths. figurative.1872 H. W. Longfellow Interlude in Three Bks. Song i. 19 The brutes that wear our form and face, The were-wolves of the human race!β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 3836 I wold him hunte as hard as euer hounde in erthe honted eny werwolf.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 15 Þat while was þe werwolf went a-boute his praye.c1394 P. Pl. Crede 459 Þei ben wilde wer-wolues, þat wiln þe folk robben.1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur xix. xi. 793 His wyf..made hym seuen yere a werwolf.1568 (a1508) W. Kennedy Flyting (Bannatyne) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 208 Wod werwoif, worme and scorpion vennemous.?1606 M. Drayton Man in Moone in Poemes sig. G8^v About the fields religiously they went, with halowing charms the Werwolf thence to fray.1816 W. Scott Antiquary II. x. 266 All the German superstitions of nixies, oak-kings, were-wolves, hobgoblins.1868 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1870) 1st Ser. 115 Lycaon,..after passing through all the stages I have mentioned, becomes the ancestor of the werwolf.1912 E. O'Donnell Werwolves xiii. 212 As in France, the werwolf, in Belgium, is not restricted to one sex.figurative.1902 Spectator 5 July 17/1 When from that underworld..The werwolves of the darkness pour by night And show..their misery and their guilt.γ. 1483 Cath. Angl. 409/1 A Warwolfe, ravus.a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 889 in Poems (1981) 37 The warwolff, and the pegase perillous.c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) clvi a. 602 Huon the souerayne kyng of the fayry..wolde condempne hym parpetually to be a warwolfe in the se [Fr. luyton de mer].1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxv. 206 Some Wolues..kill children and men sometimes: & then they neuer feede nor pray vpon any other thing afterwards..Such Wolues are called Warwolues, bicause a man had neede to beware of them. [Cf. a1425 at sense 1α. .]1597 King James VI & I Daemonologie iii. i. 61 And are not war-woolfes one sorte of these spirites also..?a1626 W. Rowley Birth of Merlin (1662) sig. G3 Where no Night-hag shall walk, nor Ware-wolf tread.a1722 J. Lauder Jrnls. (1900) 83 Instead of our red dracons and giants they have lougarous or warwoophs.1802 in W. Scott Minstrelsy Sc. Border II. 96 O was it warwolf in the wood..?1817 S. T. Coleridge Zapolya i. i. 55 Madam, that wood is haunted by the war-wolves.1897 S. Baring-Gould Guavas the Tinner xvi They hold Loup [a tamed wolf] to be naught else but a war-wolf.δ. 1834 W. J. Thoms Lays & Leg., France 57 The Lay of Bisclavaret; or, the Wehr-wolf.1855 D. Costello in Bentley's Misc. 38 361 Lycanthropy in London; or The Wehr-Wolf of Wilton-Crescent.1884 J. Davidson Bruce in Plays 190 The wehrwolf, ravening in the warren, growls.1913 R. Hodder Vampire viii. 43 The wehrwolf who discards his human form to bury his fangs in the throats of sleeping children. 2. Scottish dialect. (See quot. 1808.) ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > sick person > [noun] > weak person dwininga1400 molla1425 impotenta1513 gristlea1556 weakling1576 puler1579 puling1579 shadow1588 shotten herring1598 doddle1681 sickrel1699 seven-months1724 wandought1726 wallydraigle1736 wreck1795 werewolf1808 windlestraw1818 weed1825 shammock1828 sickling1834 forcible feeble1844 dwindle1847 weedling1849 crock1876 feebling1887 asthenic1893 dodderer1907 pencil-neck1956 burnt-out case1959 weakie1959 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Warwolf..2. A puny child or an ill-grown person of whatever age; pron. warwoof, Ang. 3. A member of a right-wing paramilitary German underground resistance movement. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > member of specific paramilitary group > [noun] Sanfedist1842 squadrist1938 Sternist1944 werewolf1945 provisional1970 Provo1971 Razakar1971 Schutzbündler1974 paramilitary1975 Koevoet1983 society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [noun] > political associations or societies > members of Spartacan1918 Spartacist1919 Stahlhelmer1928 werewolf1945 1945 in Amer. Speech (1949) 24 289/2 It boasted that..underground killers—‘Werewolves’—had carried out the sentence. 1946 E. Linklater Private Angelo xxi. 266 A company of Free Austrians who..handed him over to a ridiculous little party of people who called themselves Werewolves. 1950 C. MacInnes To Victors the Spoils i. 111 Isn't it going to be dangerous..? What about the Gestapo and the werewolves? 1982 C. Thomas Jade Tiger 48 The subject matter of the interrogation—local conditions, Werewolf units, SS and Gestapo individuals' whereabouts. Compounds C1. attributive, as werewolf nails, etc. ΚΠ 15.. Rowll's Cursing (Bannatyne MS.) 192 Dragoun heidis and warwolf nalis, With glowrane evne as glitterand glass. 1879 M. D. Conway Demonol. I. 158 The Were-wolf superstition, which exists still in Russia. 1883 J. S. Stallybrass tr. J. Grimm Teutonic Mythol. III. 1096 Bodin's Dæmonomanie..has several werewolf stories. C2. werewolf girdle n. the enchanted girdle by means of which a man could transform himself into a wolf. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > object used to transform werewolf girdle1863 1863 W. K. Kelly Curiosities Indo-European Trad. 255 In Germany..the skin of a man that has been hanged makes as good a werewolf girdle as the skin of a wolf. Derivatives ˈwerewolfery n. = lycanthropy n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > werewolfism lycanthropy1830 werewolfery1831 werewolfism1865 1831 A. Herbert in Will. & Werwolf (Roxb.) 3 It is obvious to suspect that the most ancient Lycians were proficients in werewolfery. 1912 E. O'Donnell Werwolves i. 3 Persons accused of werwolfery. ˈwerewolfish adj. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [adjective] > becoming or resembling a werewolf lycanthropic1887 werewolfish1891 1891 Cent. Dict. Werewolfish. ˈwerewolfism n. = lycanthropy n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > malignant monster > [noun] > werewolf > werewolfism lycanthropy1830 werewolfery1831 werewolfism1865 1865 S. Baring-Gould Bk. Were-wolves viii. 100 The traditional belief in were-wolfism must, however, have remained long in the popular mind. 1901 Edinb. Rev. July 198 In fact ‘were-wolfism’ is now known to have made the round of the globe. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1000
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