welkinn.

Brit.

/ˈwɛlkɪn/, U.S.

/ˈwɛlkən/

Forms: α. Old English–Middle English wolcen, wolcn (Middle English wlcn), wolc, Middle English wolcne, Middle English wolkne, (Old English) Middle English wolken(e, wolkon; plural Old English wolcnu, wolcna, Middle English wolcne ( wlcne), wolkne. β. Middle English weolcne (also plural Middle English weolkyn; Middle English welkne, Middle English welkene, Middle English–1600s welken (Middle English welcon); Middle English–1500s welkyn, Middle English welkyne, Middle English, 1600s welkine, 1500s– welkin (1600s -ing, wellkin, wilkin). γ. Middle English walkne, walkene (Middle English walken), Middle English walkyn(e.

Etymology: Old English wolcen, wolcn neuter = Old Frisian wolcn- (olcn-, ulcn-), wolken (olken, ulken; West Frisian wolken, wolk-e, North Frisian wolk), Old Saxon wolcan, wolcn- (Middle Low German wolke-n, wulke, Low German wolk-e, wulk-e; Middle Dutch wolcke, Dutch wolk), Old High German wolkan, wolchan (Middle High German wolken, German wolke); the word is lacking in the Scandinavian group and not recorded in Gothic. A rare Old English wolcne weak feminine, is also represented in early Middle English. The phonology of the Middle English forms with eo, e, and a in the stem is irregular. It has been suggested that the eo and e are due to mutation, but there is no obvious reason for the change, and the explanation still leaves the forms with a unaccounted for. In a number of the early Middle English instances it is difficult to decide whether the forms are to be taken as singular or plural.

†1. A cloud. Obsolete.In Old English, esp. in poetry, frequently in plural, esp. in the phrase under wolcnum = under the sky or heaven (cf. sense 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun]

roofeOE

welkinc825

heaveneOE

heightOE

heavenOE

liftOE

loftOE

welkin1122

skies?a1289

firmamentc1290

skewa1300

spherea1300

skewsc1320

hemispherec1374

cope of heavenc1380

clouda1400

skya1425

elementc1485

axle-treea1522

scrowc1540

pole1572

horizona1577

vaulta1586

round?1593

the cope1596

pend1599

floor1600

canopy1604

cope1609

expansion1611

concameration1625

convex1627

concave1635

expansum1635

blue1647

the expanse1667

blue blanket1726

empyrean1727

carry1788

span1803

overhead1865

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud

welkinc825

clouda1300

skya1300

nebulec1450

walka1522

c825 Vesp. Psalter civ. 39 Aðeneð wolcen in gescildnisse heara.

c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxxix. 285 Se ðe him ælc wolcn ondrædt, ne ripð se næfre.

c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxxix. 285 Se wind drifeð ðæt wolcn.

971 Blickl. Hom. 59 Ealle þa gewitaþ swa swa wolcn.

OE Beowulf 651 Scaduhelma gesceapu scriðan cwoman wan under wolcnum.

c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 64 Æfter þysum ge geseoð mannes bearn..cumendne on heofones wolcnum.

c1050 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (C.) ann. 979 Þy ilcan geare wæs gesewen blodig wolcen on oft siðas on fyres gelicnesse.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12772 Þa com þer..winden mid þan weolcnen [c1300 Otho in þan wolcne]. a berninge drake.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5974 Swurken vnder sunnen sweorte weolcnen [c1300 Otho wolkne].

a. The apparent arch or vault of heaven overhead; the sky, the firmament.In later use (from 16th cent.) only literary (chiefly poetic) and dialect (Lancashire).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun]

roofeOE

welkinc825

heaveneOE

heightOE

heavenOE

liftOE

loftOE

welkin1122

skies?a1289

firmamentc1290

skewa1300

spherea1300

skewsc1320

hemispherec1374

cope of heavenc1380

clouda1400

skya1425

elementc1485

axle-treea1522

scrowc1540

pole1572

horizona1577

vaulta1586

round?1593

the cope1596

pend1599

floor1600

canopy1604

cope1609

expansion1611

concameration1625

convex1627

concave1635

expansum1635

blue1647

the expanse1667

blue blanket1726

empyrean1727

carry1788

span1803

overhead1865

α.

1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Hi sægon on norð east fir micel & brad wið þone eorðe & weax on lengþe up on an to þam wolcne & se wolcne un dide on fower healfe and faht þær to geanes.

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 151 Þe sunne teð water from eorðe up to þe wolcne.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13702 Þa wolcne [c1300 Otho wolkne] gon to dunien þa eorðe gon to biuien.

c1315 Shoreham vii. 68 Þe wolkne by-clepþ al þe molde.

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. V. 399 Ethelbert spak wiþ hem out of house under þe wolken [L. sub divo].

a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. E l. 4 Þer hi bigan his fliȝt, & fley him swiþe an hey Vp bi þe lofte fer, and þe wolkne was wel ney.

β. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 138 Al þene world leitende of swarte leite. up into weolcne.a1250 Owl & Night. (Jesus Oxf.) 1682 We habbe stefne brihte & sitteþ vnder welkne bi nyhte.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1440 He ferde swiðe hehȝe þere weolcne [c1300 Otho wolkne] he wes swiðe nih.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 72 Ase fele syþe ant oft..as sterres beþ in welkne.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xvii. 160 Al þe wyde worlde... Bothe welkne and þe wynde, water and erthe, Heuene & helle.1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. III. 459 It is ful likynge to us to beholde þe welkene and þe sterres of hevene.c1420 Anturs of Arth. (Douce) 328 Þe windes, þe weders, þe welkene vnhides.?a1500 Chester Pl., Creation 21 To be a divident to twyne the waters aye; Above the welkin, benethe also.1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 1222/2 He..caste vp his eyen in to the welkin and wepte.1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 7 Whiche parte is aboue all the foure Elementes, and compasseth them about, and is called the Skie, or Welkin.1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. ii. 45 That lightly borne..Safe through the Welkin I my course may take.1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 81 When the welkin had put aside the vizard of the night.1662 H. Hibbert Syntagma Theologicum 29 Light..diffuseth in an instant the whole welkin over.1678 H. Vaughan Thalia Rediviva 68 Not one Black cloud, no rags, nor spots did stain The Welkins beauty.1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week i. 3 No chirping Lark the Welkin sheen invokes.1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence i. lviii There would he linger, till the latest ray Of light sat trembling on the welkin's bound.1817 W. Scott Harold i. ii. 10 If a sail but gleam'd white 'gainst the welkin blue.1858 H. W. Longfellow Sandalphon in Courtship of Miles Standish 214 When..the welkin above is all white, All throbbing and panting with stars.figurative.1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. v. 137 I..see a fine, perfect rainbow, bright with promise, gloriously spanning the beclouded welkin of life.1868 J. R. Lowell Under Willows 284 And all the heavens revolve In the small welkin of a drop of dew.γ. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) 96 Ðo god bad ben ðe firmament, Al abuten ðis walkne sent.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xv. 355 Shipmen and shepherdes..Wisten by þe walkene, what shulde bityde.a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1737 Ich haue moo kniȝttes to werren Þan ben in þe walken sterren.c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 1006 As sterris in the frosty nyght, Whanne walkne is most bryght, With-oute cloude or any skye.c1450 Cov. Myst., Creation 86 The secunde day watyr I make The walkyn also ful fayr and bryth.

b. Considered as the abode of the Deity, or of the gods of heathen mythology: The celestial regions, heaven.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun]

bliss971

heavenOE

paradiseOE

towera1240

seatc1275

heavenwarda1300

Abraham's bosomc1300

tabernaclea1340

wonea1350

sanctuary1382

pasturec1384

firmament1388

sky?1518

Canaan1548

welkin1559

happy land1562

sphere?1592

heavenwards1614

afterworld1615

patria1707

god-home1848

overworld1858

the invisible1868

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Henry VI. xiii If..such as say the welken fortune warkes, Take Fortune for our fate.

1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 6 But Iuno hearde from Welkin high, this cruell iarre.

1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ii. 31 Of Gods thou Ioue the soueraigne chiefe, and Lord of Welkin hie Of aire, and of this earth below.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 327 How glittereth now this place of great request, Like to the seat of heavenly welkin hie?

1653 W. Ramesey Astrologia Restaurata iii. vii. 157 It is Nectar and Ambrosia such as will make the wilkin roar.

1852 C. Kingsley Andromeda 34 Far-seeing Apollo Watched well-pleased from the welkin.

c. in phrases descriptive of loud sounds, as to make the welkin ring, to rend the welkin, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > loudness > make a loud sound or noise [verb (intransitive)]

flitec900

beme?c1225

thunderc1374

full-sounda1382

claryc1440

reird1508

shout1513

to make the welkin ring1590

rally1728

din1798

alarm1839

trombone1866

clarion1885

blast1931

blare1955

1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. D4 As when a fiery exhalation Wrapt in the bowels of a freezing cloude, Fighting for passage, makes the Welkin cracke.

1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido iv. ii. 1103 O heare Iarbus plaining prayers, Whose hideous ecchoes make the welkin howle.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) Induct. ii. 43 Thy hounds shall make the Welkin answer them.

1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. viii. 33 One frisks and sings,..and makes the Welkin rore.

1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 224 Sound forth my Brayers, and the welkin rend.

1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 157 The Welkin rings, Men, Dogs, Hills, Rocks, and Woods In the full Consort join.

1814 R. Southey Roderick iii. 368 That shout, Which, like a thunder-peal, victorious Spain Sent through the welkin, rung within his soul Its deep prophetic echoes.

1818 W. Wordsworth Inscr. Hermit's Cell v. 10 When storms the welkin rend.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. vii. 77 ‘Live the Fatherland!’ rings responsive, to the welkin.

1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. i. 15 Away they go full cry, making the welkin ring with the music of their deep-toned notes.

1874 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens II. vii. i. 2 The citizens rent the welkin with their shouts.

d. in the asseveration by the welkin.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > religious oaths (referring to God) > (originally) with reference to heaven

by heaven (also heavens)c1540

by the welkin1602

for heaven's sake1631

1602 B. Jonson Poetaster i. i. sig. A3^v This villanous Poetry will vndoe you, by the Welkin .

1823 W. Scott Peveril IV. iii. 44 Which, by the welkin and its stars, you would not be slow in avenging.

e. to the welkin, ‘to the skies’ (sky n.¹ Phrases 3).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > in or to the greatest degree

never solOE

with (also mid) the mostc1275

for the masteryc1325

to the bestc1390

to the uttermostc1400

at the hardest1429

to the utmostc1450

to the skies (also sky)1559

at float1594

all to nothing1606

to the height1609

to the proofa1625

to the last degree1639

to the welkin?1746

(the) worst kind1839

for all it's worth1864

as —— as they make them?a1880

in the highest1897

to the nth (degree, power)1897

up to eleven1987

?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 27 This Rascot..preast meh Bitch to th' vary Welkin.

3. The upper atmosphere; the region of the air in which the clouds float, birds fly, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] > upper atmosphere

heavenOE

welkinc1369

c1369 G. Chaucer Bk. Duchesse 343 Ne in al the welkyn was no clowde.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 525 Wroþe wynde of þe welkyn wrasteleȝ with þe sunne.

a1450 Mirk's Festial 160 Men of all þe nacyons..werne comen togedyr ynto þe tempule for fere of þe berst þat þay herd yn þe welken.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 7621 Ouershotyng with shoures thurgh þere shene tenttes, As neuer water fro the welkyn hade waynit before.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Liii/1 The Welkin, aire, aura..aër.

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 61 Thee stars imparted no light, thee welken is heauye.

a1648 W. Percy Cuck-queanes & Cuckolds Errants (1824) v. iv. 69 Hold vp thy Lynk I say, I may obserue the state of the welking. Rayne or no Rayne? Ha.

a1657 G. Daniel Poems (1878) II. 42 The Royall Eagle, in the welkin towers.

1683 I. Walton Chalkhill's Thealma & Clearchus 160 One might perceive such changes in the King As hath th' inconstant wellkin in the Spring.

1714 ‘N. Ironside’ Orig. Canto Spencer x. 12 When the blasting Mildew's dreary Bane With noisom Breath infects the Welkin sheen.

1757 T. Smollett Reprisal Epil. If this welkin angry clouds deform.

1853 C. Brontë Villette III. xxxvi. 137 Down washed the rain, deep lowered the welkin.

1876 J. S. Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 19 Breath that drew the rolling rivers From the welkin's dewy cells.

1880 T. E. Webb tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust i. ii. 67 The baleful powers of air, Which through the welkin stream.

figurative.a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. i. 57 Who you are, and what you would are out of my welkin, I might say Element, but the word is ouer-worne.

†4. In the Ptolemaic system: A ‘heaven’ or sphere. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun]

liftOE

heavenOE

wheelc1175

welkina1325

spherec1374

elementc1384

firmamentc1386

roundnessa1398

movablec1400

orbc1449

concavity1483

concameration1625

subcelestial1644

orbit1727

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) 288 And euerilc on ðat helden wid him [Lucifer]..fellen ut of heuones liȝt In-to ðis middil walknes niȝt.

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 185 Þe planetes and þe neyþer wolkons moeueþ out of þe west in to þe est.

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 185 The meouynge of þe ouermeste wolken out of þe est in to þe west.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

welkin-country n.

ΚΠ

1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 15 The God his mansion keepes, In Welkin Countrey he remaines.

welkin-dome n.

ΚΠ

1860 G. P. Morris Poems (ed. 15) 169 When victory rent the welkin-dome He earned a sepulchre—at home.

welkin-way n.

ΚΠ

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iv. sig. D He leaues the welkin way most beaten playne, And rapt with whirling wheeles, inflames the skyen, With fire not made to burne.

welkin-high adj.

ΚΠ

1804 J. Grahame Sabbath 875 The joyous choir unseen, Poised welkin-high, harmonious fills the air.

welkin-like adj.

ΚΠ

1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 254 That high and welkin-like infinity.

C2.

† welkin-eye n. Obsolete a heavenly or blue eye.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > eye > [noun] > types of eyes by colour

eyec1275

black eyec1450

blue eyea1545

welkin-eyea1616

baby blues1892

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 138 Come (Sir Page) Looke on me with your Welkin eye .

welkin-wise adv. after the fashion of the welkin.

ΚΠ

1854 J. D. Burns Vision Prophecy 122 A luminous element of gladness Now vaults our sphere of being welkin-wise.

† welkin-wizard n. Obsolete an almanac-maker who makes astrological forecasts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > astrology > judicial astrology > [noun] > science of nativity > person

birthlotter1549

genethliac1584

nativity-caster1584

birth-gazer1586

welkin-wizard1596

astrologaster1620

genethliatica1649

schemist1652

stoicheiomatic1662

arch-genethliac1835

astro-alchemist1876

1596 Bp. W. Barlow tr. L. Lavater Three Christian Serm. i. 10 The coniectures of these Welkin Wisards [margin. Almanacke makers], whose Prognostications of euerie yeares warres, diseases, heate, colde, [etc.]..proue either manifest vntruthes, or coniecturall ghesses.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	welkin
释义	welkinn. Brit. /ˈwɛlkɪn/, U.S. /ˈwɛlkən/ Forms: α. Old English–Middle English wolcen, wolcn (Middle English wlcn), wolc, Middle English wolcne, Middle English wolkne, (Old English) Middle English wolken(e, wolkon; plural Old English wolcnu, wolcna, Middle English wolcne ( wlcne), wolkne. β. Middle English weolcne (also plural Middle English weolkyn; Middle English welkne, Middle English welkene, Middle English–1600s welken (Middle English welcon); Middle English–1500s welkyn, Middle English welkyne, Middle English, 1600s welkine, 1500s– welkin (1600s -ing, wellkin, wilkin). γ. Middle English walkne, walkene (Middle English walken), Middle English walkyn(e. Etymology: Old English wolcen, wolcn neuter = Old Frisian wolcn- (olcn-, ulcn-), wolken (olken, ulken; West Frisian wolken, wolk-e, North Frisian wolk), Old Saxon wolcan, wolcn- (Middle Low German wolke-n, wulke, Low German wolk-e, wulk-e; Middle Dutch wolcke, Dutch wolk), Old High German wolkan, wolchan (Middle High German wolken, German wolke); the word is lacking in the Scandinavian group and not recorded in Gothic. A rare Old English wolcne weak feminine, is also represented in early Middle English. The phonology of the Middle English forms with eo, e, and a in the stem is irregular. It has been suggested that the eo and e are due to mutation, but there is no obvious reason for the change, and the explanation still leaves the forms with a unaccounted for. In a number of the early Middle English instances it is difficult to decide whether the forms are to be taken as singular or plural. †1. A cloud. Obsolete.In Old English, esp. in poetry, frequently in plural, esp. in the phrase under wolcnum = under the sky or heaven (cf. sense 2). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] roofeOE welkinc825 heaveneOE heightOE heavenOE liftOE loftOE welkin1122 skies?a1289 firmamentc1290 skewa1300 spherea1300 skewsc1320 hemispherec1374 cope of heavenc1380 clouda1400 skya1425 elementc1485 axle-treea1522 scrowc1540 pole1572 horizona1577 vaulta1586 round?1593 the cope1596 pend1599 floor1600 canopy1604 cope1609 expansion1611 concameration1625 convex1627 concave1635 expansum1635 blue1647 the expanse1667 blue blanket1726 empyrean1727 carry1788 span1803 overhead1865 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud welkinc825 clouda1300 skya1300 nebulec1450 walka1522 c825 Vesp. Psalter civ. 39 Aðeneð wolcen in gescildnisse heara. c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxxix. 285 Se ðe him ælc wolcn ondrædt, ne ripð se næfre. c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xxxix. 285 Se wind drifeð ðæt wolcn. 971 Blickl. Hom. 59 Ealle þa gewitaþ swa swa wolcn. OE Beowulf 651 Scaduhelma gesceapu scriðan cwoman wan under wolcnum. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 64 Æfter þysum ge geseoð mannes bearn..cumendne on heofones wolcnum. c1050 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (C.) ann. 979 Þy ilcan geare wæs gesewen blodig wolcen on oft siðas on fyres gelicnesse. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12772 Þa com þer..winden mid þan weolcnen [c1300 Otho in þan wolcne]. a berninge drake. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5974 Swurken vnder sunnen sweorte weolcnen [c1300 Otho wolkne]. 2. a. The apparent arch or vault of heaven overhead; the sky, the firmament.In later use (from 16th cent.) only literary (chiefly poetic) and dialect (Lancashire). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] roofeOE welkinc825 heaveneOE heightOE heavenOE liftOE loftOE welkin1122 skies?a1289 firmamentc1290 skewa1300 spherea1300 skewsc1320 hemispherec1374 cope of heavenc1380 clouda1400 skya1425 elementc1485 axle-treea1522 scrowc1540 pole1572 horizona1577 vaulta1586 round?1593 the cope1596 pend1599 floor1600 canopy1604 cope1609 expansion1611 concameration1625 convex1627 concave1635 expansum1635 blue1647 the expanse1667 blue blanket1726 empyrean1727 carry1788 span1803 overhead1865 α. 1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) Hi sægon on norð east fir micel & brad wið þone eorðe & weax on lengþe up on an to þam wolcne & se wolcne un dide on fower healfe and faht þær to geanes. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 151 Þe sunne teð water from eorðe up to þe wolcne. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13702 Þa wolcne [c1300 Otho wolkne] gon to dunien þa eorðe gon to biuien. c1315 Shoreham vii. 68 Þe wolkne by-clepþ al þe molde. 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. V. 399 Ethelbert spak wiþ hem out of house under þe wolken [L. sub divo]. a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. E l. 4 Þer hi bigan his fliȝt, & fley him swiþe an hey Vp bi þe lofte fer, and þe wolkne was wel ney. β. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 138 Al þene world leitende of swarte leite. up into weolcne.a1250 Owl & Night. (Jesus Oxf.) 1682 We habbe stefne brihte & sitteþ vnder welkne bi nyhte.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1440 He ferde swiðe hehȝe þere weolcne [c1300 Otho wolkne] he wes swiðe nih.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 72 Ase fele syþe ant oft..as sterres beþ in welkne.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xvii. 160 Al þe wyde worlde... Bothe welkne and þe wynde, water and erthe, Heuene & helle.1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. III. 459 It is ful likynge to us to beholde þe welkene and þe sterres of hevene.c1420 Anturs of Arth. (Douce) 328 Þe windes, þe weders, þe welkene vnhides.?a1500 Chester Pl., Creation 21 To be a divident to twyne the waters aye; Above the welkin, benethe also.1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 1222/2 He..caste vp his eyen in to the welkin and wepte.1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 7 Whiche parte is aboue all the foure Elementes, and compasseth them about, and is called the Skie, or Welkin.1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. ii. 45 That lightly borne..Safe through the Welkin I my course may take.1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 81 When the welkin had put aside the vizard of the night.1662 H. Hibbert Syntagma Theologicum 29 Light..diffuseth in an instant the whole welkin over.1678 H. Vaughan Thalia Rediviva 68 Not one Black cloud, no rags, nor spots did stain The Welkins beauty.1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week i. 3 No chirping Lark the Welkin sheen invokes.1748 J. Thomson Castle of Indolence i. lviii There would he linger, till the latest ray Of light sat trembling on the welkin's bound.1817 W. Scott Harold i. ii. 10 If a sail but gleam'd white 'gainst the welkin blue.1858 H. W. Longfellow Sandalphon in Courtship of Miles Standish 214 When..the welkin above is all white, All throbbing and panting with stars.figurative.1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. v. 137 I..see a fine, perfect rainbow, bright with promise, gloriously spanning the beclouded welkin of life.1868 J. R. Lowell Under Willows 284 And all the heavens revolve In the small welkin of a drop of dew.γ. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) 96 Ðo god bad ben ðe firmament, Al abuten ðis walkne sent.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xv. 355 Shipmen and shepherdes..Wisten by þe walkene, what shulde bityde.a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1737 Ich haue moo kniȝttes to werren Þan ben in þe walken sterren.c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 1006 As sterris in the frosty nyght, Whanne walkne is most bryght, With-oute cloude or any skye.c1450 Cov. Myst., Creation 86 The secunde day watyr I make The walkyn also ful fayr and bryth. b. Considered as the abode of the Deity, or of the gods of heathen mythology: The celestial regions, heaven. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun] bliss971 heavenOE paradiseOE towera1240 seatc1275 heavenwarda1300 Abraham's bosomc1300 tabernaclea1340 wonea1350 sanctuary1382 pasturec1384 firmament1388 sky?1518 Canaan1548 welkin1559 happy land1562 sphere?1592 heavenwards1614 afterworld1615 patria1707 god-home1848 overworld1858 the invisible1868 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Henry VI. xiii If..such as say the welken fortune warkes, Take Fortune for our fate. 1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 6 But Iuno hearde from Welkin high, this cruell iarre. 1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades ii. 31 Of Gods thou Ioue the soueraigne chiefe, and Lord of Welkin hie Of aire, and of this earth below. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 327 How glittereth now this place of great request, Like to the seat of heavenly welkin hie? 1653 W. Ramesey Astrologia Restaurata iii. vii. 157 It is Nectar and Ambrosia such as will make the wilkin roar. 1852 C. Kingsley Andromeda 34 Far-seeing Apollo Watched well-pleased from the welkin. c. in phrases descriptive of loud sounds, as to make the welkin ring, to rend the welkin, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > loudness > make a loud sound or noise [verb (intransitive)] flitec900 beme?c1225 thunderc1374 full-sounda1382 claryc1440 reird1508 shout1513 to make the welkin ring1590 rally1728 din1798 alarm1839 trombone1866 clarion1885 blast1931 blare1955 1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. D4 As when a fiery exhalation Wrapt in the bowels of a freezing cloude, Fighting for passage, makes the Welkin cracke. 1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido iv. ii. 1103 O heare Iarbus plaining prayers, Whose hideous ecchoes make the welkin howle. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) Induct. ii. 43 Thy hounds shall make the Welkin answer them. View more context for this quotation 1635 F. Quarles Emblemes i. viii. 33 One frisks and sings,..and makes the Welkin rore. 1728 A. Pope Dunciad ii. 224 Sound forth my Brayers, and the welkin rend. 1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 157 The Welkin rings, Men, Dogs, Hills, Rocks, and Woods In the full Consort join. 1814 R. Southey Roderick iii. 368 That shout, Which, like a thunder-peal, victorious Spain Sent through the welkin, rung within his soul Its deep prophetic echoes. 1818 W. Wordsworth Inscr. Hermit's Cell v. 10 When storms the welkin rend. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. vii. 77 ‘Live the Fatherland!’ rings responsive, to the welkin. 1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. i. 15 Away they go full cry, making the welkin ring with the music of their deep-toned notes. 1874 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens II. vii. i. 2 The citizens rent the welkin with their shouts. d. in the asseveration by the welkin. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > religious oaths (referring to God) > (originally) with reference to heaven by heaven (also heavens)c1540 by the welkin1602 for heaven's sake1631 1602 B. Jonson Poetaster i. i. sig. A3^v This villanous Poetry will vndoe you, by the Welkin . View more context for this quotation 1823 W. Scott Peveril IV. iii. 44 Which, by the welkin and its stars, you would not be slow in avenging. e. to the welkin, ‘to the skies’ (sky n.¹ Phrases 3). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > in or to the greatest degree never solOE with (also mid) the mostc1275 for the masteryc1325 to the bestc1390 to the uttermostc1400 at the hardest1429 to the utmostc1450 to the skies (also sky)1559 at float1594 all to nothing1606 to the height1609 to the proofa1625 to the last degree1639 to the welkin?1746 (the) worst kind1839 for all it's worth1864 as —— as they make them?a1880 in the highest1897 to the nth (degree, power)1897 up to eleven1987 ?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 27 This Rascot..preast meh Bitch to th' vary Welkin. 3. The upper atmosphere; the region of the air in which the clouds float, birds fly, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] > upper atmosphere heavenOE welkinc1369 c1369 G. Chaucer Bk. Duchesse 343 Ne in al the welkyn was no clowde. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 525 Wroþe wynde of þe welkyn wrasteleȝ with þe sunne. a1450 Mirk's Festial 160 Men of all þe nacyons..werne comen togedyr ynto þe tempule for fere of þe berst þat þay herd yn þe welken. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 7621 Ouershotyng with shoures thurgh þere shene tenttes, As neuer water fro the welkyn hade waynit before. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Liii/1 The Welkin, aire, aura..aër. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iii. 61 Thee stars imparted no light, thee welken is heauye. a1648 W. Percy Cuck-queanes & Cuckolds Errants (1824) v. iv. 69 Hold vp thy Lynk I say, I may obserue the state of the welking. Rayne or no Rayne? Ha. a1657 G. Daniel Poems (1878) II. 42 The Royall Eagle, in the welkin towers. 1683 I. Walton Chalkhill's Thealma & Clearchus 160 One might perceive such changes in the King As hath th' inconstant wellkin in the Spring. 1714 ‘N. Ironside’ Orig. Canto Spencer x. 12 When the blasting Mildew's dreary Bane With noisom Breath infects the Welkin sheen. 1757 T. Smollett Reprisal Epil. If this welkin angry clouds deform. 1853 C. Brontë Villette III. xxxvi. 137 Down washed the rain, deep lowered the welkin. 1876 J. S. Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 19 Breath that drew the rolling rivers From the welkin's dewy cells. 1880 T. E. Webb tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust i. ii. 67 The baleful powers of air, Which through the welkin stream. figurative.a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. i. 57 Who you are, and what you would are out of my welkin, I might say Element, but the word is ouer-worne. View more context for this quotation †4. In the Ptolemaic system: A ‘heaven’ or sphere. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] liftOE heavenOE wheelc1175 welkina1325 spherec1374 elementc1384 firmamentc1386 roundnessa1398 movablec1400 orbc1449 concavity1483 concameration1625 subcelestial1644 orbit1727 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) 288 And euerilc on ðat helden wid him [Lucifer]..fellen ut of heuones liȝt In-to ðis middil walknes niȝt. 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 185 Þe planetes and þe neyþer wolkons moeueþ out of þe west in to þe est. 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. II. 185 The meouynge of þe ouermeste wolken out of þe est in to þe west. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. welkin-country n. ΚΠ 1581 A. Hall tr. Homer 10 Bks. Iliades i. 15 The God his mansion keepes, In Welkin Countrey he remaines. welkin-dome n. ΚΠ 1860 G. P. Morris Poems (ed. 15) 169 When victory rent the welkin-dome He earned a sepulchre—at home. welkin-way n. ΚΠ 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. iv. sig. D He leaues the welkin way most beaten playne, And rapt with whirling wheeles, inflames the skyen, With fire not made to burne. b. welkin-high adj. ΚΠ 1804 J. Grahame Sabbath 875 The joyous choir unseen, Poised welkin-high, harmonious fills the air. welkin-like adj. ΚΠ 1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 254 That high and welkin-like infinity. C2. † welkin-eye n. Obsolete a heavenly or blue eye. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > eye > [noun] > types of eyes by colour eyec1275 black eyec1450 blue eyea1545 welkin-eyea1616 baby blues1892 a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) i. ii. 138 Come (Sir Page) Looke on me with your Welkin eye . View more context for this quotation welkin-wise adv. after the fashion of the welkin. ΚΠ 1854 J. D. Burns Vision Prophecy 122 A luminous element of gladness Now vaults our sphere of being welkin-wise. † welkin-wizard n. Obsolete an almanac-maker who makes astrological forecasts. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > astrology > judicial astrology > [noun] > science of nativity > person birthlotter1549 genethliac1584 nativity-caster1584 birth-gazer1586 welkin-wizard1596 astrologaster1620 genethliatica1649 schemist1652 stoicheiomatic1662 arch-genethliac1835 astro-alchemist1876 1596 Bp. W. Barlow tr. L. Lavater Three Christian Serm. i. 10 The coniectures of these Welkin Wisards [margin. Almanacke makers], whose Prognostications of euerie yeares warres, diseases, heate, colde, [etc.]..proue either manifest vntruthes, or coniecturall ghesses. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1926; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c825
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