waulkv.

Brit.

/wɔːk/, U.S.

/wɔk/,

/wɑk/, Scottish English

/wɔk/

Forms: late Middle English–1600s walke, late Middle English– walk, 1500s woke, 1600s wak, 1600s waulke, 1900s– waulk; English regional (northern) 1800s– wack (Northumberland), 1800s– wauk, 1800s– wawk, 1900s– woak (Lancashire); Scottish pre-1700 vak, pre-1700 vake, pre-1700 valk, pre-1700 waick, pre-1700 waik, pre-1700 waike, pre-1700 wak, pre-1700 walcke, pre-1700 wallk, pre-1700 walx, pre-1700 wawik, pre-1700 1700s wack, pre-1700 1700s wake, pre-1700 1700s walke, pre-1700 1700s– walk, pre-1700 1700s– wauk, pre-1700 1700s– waulk, pre-1700 1800s wauch, pre-1700 1900s– waak, 1700s wawk, 1800s wauck, 1800s wauke.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: walk v.

Etymology: Originally the same word as walk v. (compare senses of Germanic cognates cited at that entry), now often distinguished in form in the senses below.It is noteworthy that the word is not independently attested until the 15th cent., in contrast to the corresponding agent noun waulker n., which is attested in early Old English. This has led to the proposal of an alternative etymology (see N.E.D. (1921)) either as a borrowing < Middle Dutch walken or Middle Low German walken , or as a back-formation < waulker n. (in both cases assuming that the corresponding sense of the Germanic verb had not survived in Old English); however, this seems unlikely, especially given the earlier currency in compounds of the apparently deverbative element waulk in the sense ‘fulling of cloth’ (see waulk mill n. and discussion at that entry and compare Compounds). The existence of the Middle Dutch and Middle Low German verbs may, nevertheless, have reinforced the use in Middle English. The form waulk, which is the usual spelling in Scots, has to some extent been adopted in standard English historical use, and is now more common than walk (formerly the usual English spelling), except in specifically English regional contexts.

1. transitive. To subject (woollen cloth) to the operation of beating or pressing (together with other processes, as moistening and heating), in order to cause felting of the fibres and consequent shrinkage and thickening; to cause (woollen cloth) to mat together or felt; = full v.² 1. Also intransitive. In later use chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern). Now chiefly historical. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Shetland and northern Scotland in 1973, but marks it as obsolescent (except in historical use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [verb (transitive)] > mat together

felter1615

waulka1642

eOE [implied in: Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 204 Fullonis, wealceres. (at waulker n.)].

a1450 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Cambr. Dd.1.17) (1869) B. xv. l. 447 (MED) Ywalked [c1400 Laud Cloth þat cometh fro þe weuyng is nouȝt comly to were, tyl it is fulled vnder fote..Ytouked, and ytented & vnder tailloures hande].

1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 383 To dye, carde, or spynne, weve, or cloth-walke, withyn the seid cyte.

1511–12 Act 3 Hen. VIII c. 6 §1 The Walker and Fuller shall truely walke fulle thikke and werke every webbe of wollen yerne.

a1525 (?1437) Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 187 The orden that euery walker withe-in this Cite ffro this tyme fforwarde walke no Cloth & wete hym, but yeff the seyde Cloth bere the lengeth off xxiiij yerdes atte leste.

1568 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlviii. 41 It is weill walkit, cairdit, and calkit.

1596 in J. Harland House & Farm Accts. Shutlewortths (1856) I. 107 For wokinge and ditchinge [i.e. dighting or dressing] of the said clothe iiij^s x^d.

1608 in Notes & Queries 8th Ser. 11 202/1 That none of the inhabitants..doe washe anie clothes or walk at the well.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 22 When woll is well risen from the skinne, the fleece is, as it weare, walked togeather on the toppe.

1669 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1891) I. 150 The Magistratis ordaines the thesaurer to by thrie scoir elnes of plaiding and caus wack and lit the samen reid to be coittis to the sojoris.

1711 R. Sibbald Descr. Isles Shetland 5 in Descr. Isles Orknay & Zetland They fasten a Web of cloth, the one end upon the Rock, and the other upon the Land, and the Sea by its motion to and fro Walkes the Cloth very thick.

1773 J. Boswell Jrnl. 11 Sept. in Jrnl. Tour Hebrides (1785) 205 Last night Lady Rasay shewed him the operation of wawking cloth, that is, thickening it in the same manner as is done by a mill. Here it is performed by women, who kneel upon the ground, and rub it with both their hands.

1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. III. 266 The fullers received the cloth as it came from the loom, in order that it might be scoured, walked, and smoothed.

1878 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 7 67 From lua, a foot, comes luaigh, to ‘walk cloth’, which was formerly done in the Highlands by pressing it with the feet.

a1917 E. C. Smith Braid Haaick (1927) 23 Ma flaaneen serk's aa up ma back an 's hard as buckram; it's been aa waakeet i the wesheen.

a1919 W. B. Kendall Forness Word Bk. (Cumbria County Archives, Barrow) (transcript of MS) Woak, to walk; to dress cloth.

1928 A. Carmichael Carmina Gadelica I. 306 After the web of cloth is woven it is waulked, to thicken and strengthen and brighten it.

1953 Jrnl. Internat. Folk Music Council 5 95 After the cloth had been waulked and made as thick as desired, it was rolled to the accompaniment of a clapping song.

1997 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Sept. 19 Inspired by the sound of Cape Breton women singing while they waulked the tweed at a milling frolic, Lamond decided that she had to learn the language and the songs.

2. transitive. To beat, drub (a person). Similarly to waulk (a person's) coat. Now Scottish (rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > impact > striking > beating or repeated striking > beat [verb (transitive)] > specifically a person

to-beatc893

threshOE

bustc1225

to lay on or upon?c1225

berrya1250

to-bunea1250

touchc1330

arrayc1380

byfrapc1380

boxc1390

swinga1400

forbeatc1420

peal?a1425

routa1425

noddlea1450

forslinger1481

wipe1523

trima1529

baste1533

waulk1533

slip1535

peppera1550

bethwack1555

kembc1566

to beat (a person) black and blue1568

beswinge1568

paik1568

trounce1568

canvass1573

swaddle?1577

bebaste1582

besoop1589

bumfeage1589

dry-beat1589

feague1589

lamback1589

clapperclaw1590

thrash1593

belam1595

lam1595

beswaddle1598

bumfeagle1598

belabour1600

tew1600

flesh-baste1611

dust1612

feeze1612

mill1612

verberate1614

bethumpa1616

rebuke1619

bemaul1620

tabor1624

maula1627

batterfang1630

dry-baste1630

lambaste1637

thunder-thump1637

cullis1639

dry-banga1640

nuddle1640

sauce1651

feak1652

cotton1654

fustigate1656

brush1665

squab1668

raddle1677

to tan (a person's) hide1679

slam1691

bebump1694

to give (a person) his load1694

fag1699

towel1705

to kick a person's butt1741

fum1790

devel1807

bray1808

to beat (also scare, etc.) someone's daylights out1813

mug1818

to knock (a person) into the middle of next week1821

welt1823

hidea1825

slate1825

targe1825

wallop1825

pounce1827

to lay into1838

flake1841

muzzle1843

paste1846

looder1850

frail1851

snake1859

fettle1863

to do over1866

jacket1875

to knock seven kinds of —— out of (a person)1877

to take apart1880

splatter1881

to beat (knock, etc.) the tar out of1884

to —— the shit out of (a person or thing)1886

to do up1887

to —— (the) hell out of1887

to beat — bells out of a person1890

soak1892

to punch out1893

stoush1893

to work over1903

to beat up1907

to punch up1907

cream1929

shellac1930

to —— the bejesus out of (a person or thing)1931

duff1943

clobber1944

to fill in1948

to bash up1954

to —— seven shades of —— out of (a person or thing)1976

to —— seven shades out of (a person or thing)1983

beast1990

becurry-

fan-

1533 J. Heywood Mery Play Iohan Iohan sig. B.iv^v I thank god I haue walkyd them well And dryuen them hens.

1533 J. Heywood Mery Play Iohan Iohan sig. A.i^v Than I thynke he wyll say by and by Walke her cote Iohan Iohan, and bete her hardely.

1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes lxxxvi. sig. Cv^v Thou wilt foole..be walkt with a waster.

1556 J. Olde tr. R. Gwalther Antichrist f. 151^v The rebellious stubburne fleshe must nedes be walked with a good cudgell.

c1563 Jack Juggler sig. C iv^v Thou..drunken sote Yt were an almes dyde to walke thy cote.

1819 J. Hogg Jacobite Relics 122 We'll wauk their hides and fyle their fuds, And bring the Stuarts back again.

1942 P. Wettstein Phonol. Berwickshire Dial. iv. 37 Walk, drub.

单词	waulk
释义	waulkv. Brit. /wɔːk/, U.S. /wɔk/, /wɑk/, Scottish English /wɔk/ Forms: late Middle English–1600s walke, late Middle English– walk, 1500s woke, 1600s wak, 1600s waulke, 1900s– waulk; English regional (northern) 1800s– wack (Northumberland), 1800s– wauk, 1800s– wawk, 1900s– woak (Lancashire); Scottish pre-1700 vak, pre-1700 vake, pre-1700 valk, pre-1700 waick, pre-1700 waik, pre-1700 waike, pre-1700 wak, pre-1700 walcke, pre-1700 wallk, pre-1700 walx, pre-1700 wawik, pre-1700 1700s wack, pre-1700 1700s wake, pre-1700 1700s walke, pre-1700 1700s– walk, pre-1700 1700s– wauk, pre-1700 1700s– waulk, pre-1700 1800s wauch, pre-1700 1900s– waak, 1700s wawk, 1800s wauck, 1800s wauke. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: walk v. Etymology: Originally the same word as walk v. (compare senses of Germanic cognates cited at that entry), now often distinguished in form in the senses below.It is noteworthy that the word is not independently attested until the 15th cent., in contrast to the corresponding agent noun waulker n., which is attested in early Old English. This has led to the proposal of an alternative etymology (see N.E.D. (1921)) either as a borrowing < Middle Dutch walken or Middle Low German walken , or as a back-formation < waulker n. (in both cases assuming that the corresponding sense of the Germanic verb had not survived in Old English); however, this seems unlikely, especially given the earlier currency in compounds of the apparently deverbative element waulk in the sense ‘fulling of cloth’ (see waulk mill n. and discussion at that entry and compare Compounds). The existence of the Middle Dutch and Middle Low German verbs may, nevertheless, have reinforced the use in Middle English. The form waulk, which is the usual spelling in Scots, has to some extent been adopted in standard English historical use, and is now more common than walk (formerly the usual English spelling), except in specifically English regional contexts. 1. transitive. To subject (woollen cloth) to the operation of beating or pressing (together with other processes, as moistening and heating), in order to cause felting of the fibres and consequent shrinkage and thickening; to cause (woollen cloth) to mat together or felt; = full v.² 1. Also intransitive. In later use chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern). Now chiefly historical. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Shetland and northern Scotland in 1973, but marks it as obsolescent (except in historical use). ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > wool > [verb (transitive)] > mat together felter1615 waulka1642 eOE [implied in: Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 204 Fullonis, wealceres. (at waulker n.)]. a1450 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Cambr. Dd.1.17) (1869) B. xv. l. 447 (MED) Ywalked [c1400 Laud Cloth þat cometh fro þe weuyng is nouȝt comly to were, tyl it is fulled vnder fote..Ytouked, and ytented & vnder tailloures hande]. 1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 383 To dye, carde, or spynne, weve, or cloth-walke, withyn the seid cyte. 1511–12 Act 3 Hen. VIII c. 6 §1 The Walker and Fuller shall truely walke fulle thikke and werke every webbe of wollen yerne. a1525 (?1437) Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 187 The orden that euery walker withe-in this Cite ffro this tyme fforwarde walke no Cloth & wete hym, but yeff the seyde Cloth bere the lengeth off xxiiij yerdes atte leste. 1568 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlviii. 41 It is weill walkit, cairdit, and calkit. 1596 in J. Harland House & Farm Accts. Shutlewortths (1856) I. 107 For wokinge and ditchinge [i.e. dighting or dressing] of the said clothe iiij^s x^d. 1608 in Notes & Queries 8th Ser. 11 202/1 That none of the inhabitants..doe washe anie clothes or walk at the well. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 22 When woll is well risen from the skinne, the fleece is, as it weare, walked togeather on the toppe. 1669 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1891) I. 150 The Magistratis ordaines the thesaurer to by thrie scoir elnes of plaiding and caus wack and lit the samen reid to be coittis to the sojoris. 1711 R. Sibbald Descr. Isles Shetland 5 in Descr. Isles Orknay & Zetland They fasten a Web of cloth, the one end upon the Rock, and the other upon the Land, and the Sea by its motion to and fro Walkes the Cloth very thick. 1773 J. Boswell Jrnl. 11 Sept. in Jrnl. Tour Hebrides (1785) 205 Last night Lady Rasay shewed him the operation of wawking cloth, that is, thickening it in the same manner as is done by a mill. Here it is performed by women, who kneel upon the ground, and rub it with both their hands. 1797 W. Johnston tr. J. Beckmann Hist. Inventions & Discov. III. 266 The fullers received the cloth as it came from the loom, in order that it might be scoured, walked, and smoothed. 1878 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 7 67 From lua, a foot, comes luaigh, to ‘walk cloth’, which was formerly done in the Highlands by pressing it with the feet. a1917 E. C. Smith Braid Haaick (1927) 23 Ma flaaneen serk's aa up ma back an 's hard as buckram; it's been aa waakeet i the wesheen. a1919 W. B. Kendall Forness Word Bk. (Cumbria County Archives, Barrow) (transcript of MS) Woak, to walk; to dress cloth. 1928 A. Carmichael Carmina Gadelica I. 306 After the web of cloth is woven it is waulked, to thicken and strengthen and brighten it. 1953 Jrnl. Internat. Folk Music Council 5 95 After the cloth had been waulked and made as thick as desired, it was rolled to the accompaniment of a clapping song. 1997 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Sept. 19 Inspired by the sound of Cape Breton women singing while they waulked the tweed at a milling frolic, Lamond decided that she had to learn the language and the songs. 2. transitive. To beat, drub (a person). Similarly to waulk (a person's) coat. Now Scottish (rare). ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impact > striking > beating or repeated striking > beat [verb (transitive)] > specifically a person to-beatc893 threshOE bustc1225 to lay on or upon?c1225 berrya1250 to-bunea1250 touchc1330 arrayc1380 byfrapc1380 boxc1390 swinga1400 forbeatc1420 peal?a1425 routa1425 noddlea1450 forslinger1481 wipe1523 trima1529 baste1533 waulk1533 slip1535 peppera1550 bethwack1555 kembc1566 to beat (a person) black and blue1568 beswinge1568 paik1568 trounce1568 canvass1573 swaddle?1577 bebaste1582 besoop1589 bumfeage1589 dry-beat1589 feague1589 lamback1589 clapperclaw1590 thrash1593 belam1595 lam1595 beswaddle1598 bumfeagle1598 belabour1600 tew1600 flesh-baste1611 dust1612 feeze1612 mill1612 verberate1614 bethumpa1616 rebuke1619 bemaul1620 tabor1624 maula1627 batterfang1630 dry-baste1630 lambaste1637 thunder-thump1637 cullis1639 dry-banga1640 nuddle1640 sauce1651 feak1652 cotton1654 fustigate1656 brush1665 squab1668 raddle1677 to tan (a person's) hide1679 slam1691 bebump1694 to give (a person) his load1694 fag1699 towel1705 to kick a person's butt1741 fum1790 devel1807 bray1808 to beat (also scare, etc.) someone's daylights out1813 mug1818 to knock (a person) into the middle of next week1821 welt1823 hidea1825 slate1825 targe1825 wallop1825 pounce1827 to lay into1838 flake1841 muzzle1843 paste1846 looder1850 frail1851 snake1859 fettle1863 to do over1866 jacket1875 to knock seven kinds of —— out of (a person)1877 to take apart1880 splatter1881 to beat (knock, etc.) the tar out of1884 to —— the shit out of (a person or thing)1886 to do up1887 to —— (the) hell out of1887 to beat — bells out of a person1890 soak1892 to punch out1893 stoush1893 to work over1903 to beat up1907 to punch up1907 cream1929 shellac1930 to —— the bejesus out of (a person or thing)1931 duff1943 clobber1944 to fill in1948 to bash up1954 to —— seven shades of —— out of (a person or thing)1976 to —— seven shades out of (a person or thing)1983 beast1990 becurry- fan- 1533 J. Heywood Mery Play Iohan Iohan sig. B.iv^v I thank god I haue walkyd them well And dryuen them hens. 1533 J. Heywood Mery Play Iohan Iohan sig. A.i^v Than I thynke he wyll say by and by Walke her cote Iohan Iohan, and bete her hardely. 1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes lxxxvi. sig. Cv^v Thou wilt foole..be walkt with a waster. 1556 J. Olde tr. R. Gwalther Antichrist f. 151^v The rebellious stubburne fleshe must nedes be walked with a good cudgell. c1563 Jack Juggler sig. C iv^v Thou..drunken sote Yt were an almes dyde to walke thy cote. 1819 J. Hogg Jacobite Relics 122 We'll wauk their hides and fyle their fuds, And bring the Stuarts back again. 1942 P. Wettstein Phonol. Berwickshire Dial. iv. 37 Walk, drub. Compounds See also waulk mill n. † waulk-apron n. Hat-making Obsolete rare an apron worn while working felt for hats. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > clothing for body or trunk (and limbs) > [noun] > that covers or protects other clothing > apron > types of barm-felc1350 barm-skinc1440 ribskin1440 ribbing-skinc1450 fore-smock1536 apron1654 trashbag1688 bib-apron1750 queyu1796 mantlea1825 praskeen1827 dick1838 dicky1847 towser1865 Mother Hubbard1877 barvel1878 waulk-apron1886 1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester Walk apron, hatting term, the apron used by workmen to keep them dry while working at the kettles. † waulk-pin n. Hat-making Obsolete rare a rolling pin used in working felt for hats. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making headgear > [noun] > hat-making > equipment > rolling pin waulking-pin1688 waulk-pin1845 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 761/2 The felt is worked and squeezed by means of a rolling pin, called a walk pin. † waulk-stock n. [ < waulk v. + stock n.¹; compare German Walkstock (16th cent.)] Obsolete = fulling-stock at stock n.¹ 22. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > [noun] > fulling > mallet or staff perchc1300 perka1425 waulk-stock1434 millstock1546 waulking-staff1678 wool-stock1858 1434–5 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 232 (MED) In cariacione de le walkstoke. 1460–1 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 242 (MED) Pro factura unius walkestocke pro molendino ibidem [fulling-mill at Rilly]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.eOE
随便看	fichant fiche fiches fichtean fichtelite fichu fichus ficiform ficin ficinite ficins fick fick equation fick law fick method fick principle fick's equation fick's law fick's principle ficker fickian fickle fickle under one's lock fickle with fickle-fancied