virulentadj.

Brit.

/ˈvɪrᵿlənt/,

/ˈvɪrjᵿlənt/,

/ˈvɪrᵿln̩t/,

/ˈvɪrjᵿln̩t/, U.S.

/ˈvɪr(j)ələnt/

Forms: Also Middle English verelent, 1500s vyrulent.

Etymology: < Latin vīrulentus poisonous, < vīrus virus n. So Old French and French virulent, Italian virulento, Spanish virulento, Portuguese virulento.

1. Medicine.

†a. Of wounds or ulcers: Characterized by the presence of corrupt or poisonous matter. Obsolete (passing into next).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders caused by poisons > [adjective] > caused by or involving poison

virulentc1400

intoxicate1607

toxical1855

toxic1872

toxi-infective1897

toxi-infectious1907

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [adjective] > abscess > ulcer > qualities of

virulentc1400

wrootingc1400

fraudulent?1541

serpent?1541

walkripe1585

lachrymous1617

phagedaenical1635

phagedaenic1656

phagedaenous1659

cacoethic1684

feeding1750

indolent1826

resolutive1837

nomadic1842

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 80 If þe vlcus be virulent, þat is to seie venemi, loke if þat venym þat goiþ out be redisch or ȝelowisch.

?a1500 in tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) 77 (margin) Off olde verelent woundes.

?1541 R. Copland Formularye Aydes Apostemes in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Riv The gouernall accomplysshynge the entencyon after the vlceracyon is to drye the rottennesse that is thycke and flesshy, blody, and vyrulent.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 28 Chamaepitys..layd upon great woundes, and virulent..healeth the same.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. xlii. 266 A certaine person, well knowen vnto me, hauing a virulent vlcer, in manner of a Polipus in his nostrils.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Ulcer Ulcers are..Virulent, which instead of Pus, or Sanies, yield a malignant Virus, &c.

b. Of diseases, etc.: Characterized by extreme malignancy or violence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [adjective] > harmful or injurious > very

balefulOE

wanlichc1275

grievous1340

malignc1350

maliciousa1398

venom1538

virulent1563

malignant1564

blasting1591

fatal1681

blighting1796

terminal1952

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > violent or severe

grimc900

strongeOE

grievousc1290

burning1393

acutea1398

maliciousa1398

peracutea1398

sorea1400

wicked14..

malign?a1425

vehement?a1425

malignousc1475

angrya1500

cacoethe?1541

eager?1543

virulent1563

malignant1568

raging1590

roaring1590

furious1597

grassant1601

hearty1601

sharp1607

main1627

generous1632

perperacute1647

serious1655

ferine1666

bad1705

severe1725

unfavourable1782

grave1888

1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iv. ii. f. 22^v Yf the desease be malygne or Uirulent..put in more of the Argentum Viuum.

1700 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana (ed. 2) i. i. 30/1 It may be used..in the Cure of virulent Gonorrhæa's.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. x. 102 The scars of wounds which had been for many years healed, were forced open again by this virulent distemper.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 203 They deny that the contagion has become more frequent..while the disease itself has thus been rendered less virulent and fatal.

1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iv. 66 Scurvy in its most virulent form, and leprosy, were common disorders.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. v. 178 Germs..which may be pushed by foul air into virulent energy of reproduction.

in extended use.1860 R. W. Emerson Fate in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 39 I find the like unity in human structures rather virulent and pervasive.1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxv. 170 A virulent insurrection was still glowing throughout a large portion of the empire.1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. xiii. 299 There is often virulent contagion in a confident tone.

a. Of serpents, material substances, plants, etc.: Possessing venomous or strongly poisonous qualities; highly injurious or fatal to life; extremely noxious.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [adjective] > having specific qualities (of poison)

deadlyc1380

starkc1485

virulent1577

lingeringa1616

irritant1828

intoxicative1854

1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande ii. f. 7/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Ireland bred no snake before S. Patrick was borne: ergo, it engendered no toade, no Adder, no Frogge, nor any other virulent worme.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 196 They giue the too forward maydens a virulent potion.

1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden c The Viper and all other virulent Creatures whatever.

1671 R. Bohun Disc. Wind 132 Herbs or mineralls, with Virulent, and Deleterious Qualities.

1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 216 How the same soil..should in a leaf of the vine or sorrel produce a wholesome acid, and in that of a spurge or manchineel a most virulent poison.

1839 T. Carlyle Chartism i. 3 While the virulent humour festers deep within; poisoning the sources of life.

1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 8 In certain cases it contains specific agents in the causation of disease, and promotes their development or renders them more virulent.

figurative.1894 P. Pinkerton Adriatica 6 Jealousy's virulent darts, Fortune's opprobrious thrusts.

†b. Potent, powerful, effective. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > efficacy > [adjective] > greatly

mightyeOE

strongeOE

virtuous1340

rich?c1450

prevalent?a1475

energical1565

powerful?1567

powerable1580

magnipotent1599

virulent1599

validous1603

Herculanean1604

multipotent1609

energetical1610

prevailent1623

energetic1642

valid1656

energic1663

drastic1808

1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 2/2 A very excellent water for the payne of the heade... It wilbe very good and virulent for the heade.

c. Obnoxiously violent or strong.Apparently an isolated use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > obnoxiously violent

virulent1771

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 127 Nay, I am convinced, that she has likewise a most virulent attachment to his person; though her love never shews itself but in the shape of discontent.

3. figurative. Violently bitter, spiteful, or malignant; full of acrimony or enmity:

a. Of action or feeling.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > characterized by unusual violence or force

ketea1290

worthyc1350

violenta1387

stronga1398

dreicha1400

forciblec1422

strainable1497

vehement1531

forceful1592

wieldy1592

virulent1607

forcive1634

ass-kicking1977

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > spitefulness > feeling of spite > [adjective]

virulent1607

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > [adjective]

bitterc1175

stomaching1579

amarulent1583

stomachous1590

gall-ful1596

gall-wet1597

virulent1607

stomachful1610

rancorousa1616

gallsome1633

bitter-hearted1775

vitriolic1841

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > ill will, malevolence > [adjective] > proceeding from ill will

maliciousc1400

misintended1595

virulent1607

1607 S. Hieron Triall of Adoption in Wks. (1620) I. 325 Where hee rules, there is a rancourous heart and a rayling tongue, there malicious and virulent courses cannot bee wanting.

1632 P. Massinger Maid of Honour iii. iii. sig. G1^v I bring you..the sting Of virulent malice, festring your faire name, Pluck'd out and trode on.

1726 Dk. Wharton in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 339 Every virulent vote, every passionate reproach..are so many real commendations of my conduct.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xv. 98 The virulent exaggeration of party must be employed, to rouse..the passions of the people.

1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 98 On my head I may draw down your virulent spite.

1855 D. Brewster Mem. Life I. Newton (new ed.) II. xviii. 165 We have failed, like Mr. Baily, to discover the ground of Flamsteed's virulent antipathy to Halley.

1867 ‘Ouida’ Cecil Castlemaine's Gage 1 She was hated by Whig beauties with virulent wrath.

b. Of speech or writing.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > malediction > [adjective] > abusive

chidingc1175

invective1430

villainous1470

reproachful1531

reviling1534

oblatranta1538

vituperatory1586

vituperous1588

maledicent1599

vituperious1604

abuseful1612

virulent1631

camping1642

Thersitical1650

wording1682

vituperative1727

vituperatious1797

slangwhanging1809

sharp-tongued1837

vituperant1864

campling1881

Thersitean1908

1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 29 He is greatly faulty in his virulent termes and charging the same upon my Lord Falkland.

1689 A. Wood Life & Times (1894) III. 313 A virulent pamphlet..wherein he foolishly reflected on King William.

1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 15. 101 It is impossible..to escape the virulent Pen of that Rascal the Examiner.

1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity 172 Your virulent censures of myself..are abundantly too severe.

1840 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Clive in Ess. (1851) II. 526 The meetings were large, stormy, even riotous, the debates indecently virulent.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. App. 540 He stops twice in the course of his history to apostrophize..Harold..in terms of virulent abuse.

c. Of persons, their dispositions, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > spitefulness > [adjective]

teenfulOE

atteryc1175

ondfula1200

maliciousa1250

doggedc1300

enviousc1330

venoma1350

spitous?a1366

despitousc1374

heinous?a1400

venomyc1400

sinister1411

sputousc1420

doggish?a1425

cankered?a1439

doggya1450

sinistrous1460

spity1481

despiteful1488

spiteful1490

despiteous?1510

viperious?1510

peevisha1522

maliceful1522

envyful1530

viperinec1540

viperous?1542

vipered1560

uncanny1596

dogged-sprighted1600

maliced1602

ill-minded1611

virulent1613

ill-hearteda1617

doleful1617

spitish1627

splenial1641

litherlya1643

venomsome1660

slim1674

viper1721

vipereal1750

viperish1755

vicious1825

waspish1855

viperian1866

viperan1877

cattish1883

catty1886

bitchy1928

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > spite, malice > [adjective]

loathOE

teenfulOE

nithefulOE

ondfula1200

maliciousa1250

doggedc1300

enviousc1330

venomousa1340

venoma1350

spitous?a1366

despitousc1374

heinous?a1400

unkindlya1400

venomyc1400

sinister1411

sputousc1420

doggish?a1425

cankered?a1439

doggya1450

sinistrous1460

spity1481

despiteful1488

spiteful1490

despiteous?1510

viperious?1510

peevisha1522

envyful1530

viperous1535

viperinec1540

vipered1560

bad-minded1588

uncanny1596

dogged-sprighted1600

toothsome1601

maliced1602

ill-minded1611

virulent1613

ill-hearteda1617

doleful1617

spitish1627

ill-meaning1633

splenial1641

litherlya1643

venomsome1660

slim1668

cat-witted1672

vipereal1750

viperish1755

méchant1813

vicious1825

maliceful1840

mean1841

waspish1855

viperian1866

viperan1877

cattish1883

catty1886

bad mind1904

bitchy1908

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 215 Let him take heed of striking his wife, said another, or to be virulent in termes against her.

1647 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 472 Let the virulent tongues of ill men traduce us with what calumnies they please.

1693 J. Edwards Disc. conc. Old & New-Test. I. iv. 150 [Appion] a virulent Writer against the Jews.

1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 24 Since the virulent Opposers of the Queen..have so far prevailed..as to make [etc.].

1792 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 227 His enemies here are as virulent as ever.

1833 I. Taylor Fanaticism i. 3 The deluded religionist, even when virulent in an extreme degree.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xiii. 276 He had since disgusted some virulent fanatics by his humanity and moderation.

1883 F. M. Peard Contradictions I. 42 I am glad you don't consider me very virulent.

4. Microbiology. Of a phage: causing lysis of the host cell immediately after replicating within it, without a period as a prophage; lytic, not lysogenic. [The sense is due to F. Jacob et al. 1953, in Ann. de l'Inst. Pasteur LXXXIV. 223, who used French virulent.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > phage > [adjective] > types of

temperate1953

virulent1953

lambdoid1958

lambda1995

1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XVIII. 65/1 It has been proposed..to call temperate (as opposed to virulent) those phages which are able to establish the lysogenic condition in their host cells.

1969 A. M. Campbell Episomes i. 2 Phage types which are able to establish lysogenic systems and to reproduce as prophage are called temperate phages, as distinguished from virulent phages which are unable to do so.

1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xviii. 506/1 This type of virus is called a virulent virus, the agent functioning continuously as a lethal intracellular parasite.

Derivatives

ˈvirulent v. (transitive) to render virulent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > characterize a disease [verb (transitive)] > render virulent

virulent1661

1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 301 They say, Certain spirits virulented from the inward humor, darted on the object, convey a Venom where they point and fix.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	virulent
释义	virulentadj. Brit. /ˈvɪrᵿlənt/, /ˈvɪrjᵿlənt/, /ˈvɪrᵿln̩t/, /ˈvɪrjᵿln̩t/, U.S. /ˈvɪr(j)ələnt/ Forms: Also Middle English verelent, 1500s vyrulent. Etymology: < Latin vīrulentus poisonous, < vīrus virus n. So Old French and French virulent, Italian virulento, Spanish virulento, Portuguese virulento. 1. Medicine. †a. Of wounds or ulcers: Characterized by the presence of corrupt or poisonous matter. Obsolete (passing into next). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders caused by poisons > [adjective] > caused by or involving poison virulentc1400 intoxicate1607 toxical1855 toxic1872 toxi-infective1897 toxi-infectious1907 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [adjective] > abscess > ulcer > qualities of virulentc1400 wrootingc1400 fraudulent?1541 serpent?1541 walkripe1585 lachrymous1617 phagedaenical1635 phagedaenic1656 phagedaenous1659 cacoethic1684 feeding1750 indolent1826 resolutive1837 nomadic1842 c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 80 If þe vlcus be virulent, þat is to seie venemi, loke if þat venym þat goiþ out be redisch or ȝelowisch. ?a1500 in tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) 77 (margin) Off olde verelent woundes. ?1541 R. Copland Formularye Aydes Apostemes in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Riv The gouernall accomplysshynge the entencyon after the vlceracyon is to drye the rottennesse that is thycke and flesshy, blody, and vyrulent. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 28 Chamaepitys..layd upon great woundes, and virulent..healeth the same. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. xlii. 266 A certaine person, well knowen vnto me, hauing a virulent vlcer, in manner of a Polipus in his nostrils. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Ulcer Ulcers are..Virulent, which instead of Pus, or Sanies, yield a malignant Virus, &c. b. Of diseases, etc.: Characterized by extreme malignancy or violence. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [adjective] > harmful or injurious > very balefulOE wanlichc1275 grievous1340 malignc1350 maliciousa1398 venom1538 virulent1563 malignant1564 blasting1591 fatal1681 blighting1796 terminal1952 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > violent or severe grimc900 strongeOE grievousc1290 burning1393 acutea1398 maliciousa1398 peracutea1398 sorea1400 wicked14.. malign?a1425 vehement?a1425 malignousc1475 angrya1500 cacoethe?1541 eager?1543 virulent1563 malignant1568 raging1590 roaring1590 furious1597 grassant1601 hearty1601 sharp1607 main1627 generous1632 perperacute1647 serious1655 ferine1666 bad1705 severe1725 unfavourable1782 grave1888 1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iv. ii. f. 22^v Yf the desease be malygne or Uirulent..put in more of the Argentum Viuum. 1700 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana (ed. 2) i. i. 30/1 It may be used..in the Cure of virulent Gonorrhæa's. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. x. 102 The scars of wounds which had been for many years healed, were forced open again by this virulent distemper. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 203 They deny that the contagion has become more frequent..while the disease itself has thus been rendered less virulent and fatal. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iv. 66 Scurvy in its most virulent form, and leprosy, were common disorders. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. v. 178 Germs..which may be pushed by foul air into virulent energy of reproduction. in extended use.1860 R. W. Emerson Fate in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 39 I find the like unity in human structures rather virulent and pervasive.1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxv. 170 A virulent insurrection was still glowing throughout a large portion of the empire.1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. xiii. 299 There is often virulent contagion in a confident tone. 2. a. Of serpents, material substances, plants, etc.: Possessing venomous or strongly poisonous qualities; highly injurious or fatal to life; extremely noxious. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > poison > [adjective] > having specific qualities (of poison) deadlyc1380 starkc1485 virulent1577 lingeringa1616 irritant1828 intoxicative1854 1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande ii. f. 7/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Ireland bred no snake before S. Patrick was borne: ergo, it engendered no toade, no Adder, no Frogge, nor any other virulent worme. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 196 They giue the too forward maydens a virulent potion. 1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden c The Viper and all other virulent Creatures whatever. 1671 R. Bohun Disc. Wind 132 Herbs or mineralls, with Virulent, and Deleterious Qualities. 1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 216 How the same soil..should in a leaf of the vine or sorrel produce a wholesome acid, and in that of a spurge or manchineel a most virulent poison. 1839 T. Carlyle Chartism i. 3 While the virulent humour festers deep within; poisoning the sources of life. 1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 8 In certain cases it contains specific agents in the causation of disease, and promotes their development or renders them more virulent. figurative.1894 P. Pinkerton Adriatica 6 Jealousy's virulent darts, Fortune's opprobrious thrusts. †b. Potent, powerful, effective. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > efficacy > [adjective] > greatly mightyeOE strongeOE virtuous1340 rich?c1450 prevalent?a1475 energical1565 powerful?1567 powerable1580 magnipotent1599 virulent1599 validous1603 Herculanean1604 multipotent1609 energetical1610 prevailent1623 energetic1642 valid1656 energic1663 drastic1808 1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 2/2 A very excellent water for the payne of the heade... It wilbe very good and virulent for the heade. c. Obnoxiously violent or strong.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > obnoxiously violent virulent1771 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 127 Nay, I am convinced, that she has likewise a most virulent attachment to his person; though her love never shews itself but in the shape of discontent. 3. figurative. Violently bitter, spiteful, or malignant; full of acrimony or enmity: a. Of action or feeling. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] > characterized by unusual violence or force ketea1290 worthyc1350 violenta1387 stronga1398 dreicha1400 forciblec1422 strainable1497 vehement1531 forceful1592 wieldy1592 virulent1607 forcive1634 ass-kicking1977 the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > spitefulness > feeling of spite > [adjective] virulent1607 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > [adjective] bitterc1175 stomaching1579 amarulent1583 stomachous1590 gall-ful1596 gall-wet1597 virulent1607 stomachful1610 rancorousa1616 gallsome1633 bitter-hearted1775 vitriolic1841 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > ill will, malevolence > [adjective] > proceeding from ill will maliciousc1400 misintended1595 virulent1607 1607 S. Hieron Triall of Adoption in Wks. (1620) I. 325 Where hee rules, there is a rancourous heart and a rayling tongue, there malicious and virulent courses cannot bee wanting. 1632 P. Massinger Maid of Honour iii. iii. sig. G1^v I bring you..the sting Of virulent malice, festring your faire name, Pluck'd out and trode on. 1726 Dk. Wharton in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 339 Every virulent vote, every passionate reproach..are so many real commendations of my conduct. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xv. 98 The virulent exaggeration of party must be employed, to rouse..the passions of the people. 1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 98 On my head I may draw down your virulent spite. 1855 D. Brewster Mem. Life I. Newton (new ed.) II. xviii. 165 We have failed, like Mr. Baily, to discover the ground of Flamsteed's virulent antipathy to Halley. 1867 ‘Ouida’ Cecil Castlemaine's Gage 1 She was hated by Whig beauties with virulent wrath. b. Of speech or writing. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > [adjective] > abusive chidingc1175 invective1430 villainous1470 reproachful1531 reviling1534 oblatranta1538 vituperatory1586 vituperous1588 maledicent1599 vituperious1604 abuseful1612 virulent1631 camping1642 Thersitical1650 wording1682 vituperative1727 vituperatious1797 slangwhanging1809 sharp-tongued1837 vituperant1864 campling1881 Thersitean1908 1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 29 He is greatly faulty in his virulent termes and charging the same upon my Lord Falkland. 1689 A. Wood Life & Times (1894) III. 313 A virulent pamphlet..wherein he foolishly reflected on King William. 1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 15. 101 It is impossible..to escape the virulent Pen of that Rascal the Examiner. 1777 J. Priestley Doctr. Philos. Necessity 172 Your virulent censures of myself..are abundantly too severe. 1840 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Clive in Ess. (1851) II. 526 The meetings were large, stormy, even riotous, the debates indecently virulent. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. App. 540 He stops twice in the course of his history to apostrophize..Harold..in terms of virulent abuse. c. Of persons, their dispositions, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > spitefulness > [adjective] teenfulOE atteryc1175 ondfula1200 maliciousa1250 doggedc1300 enviousc1330 venoma1350 spitous?a1366 despitousc1374 heinous?a1400 venomyc1400 sinister1411 sputousc1420 doggish?a1425 cankered?a1439 doggya1450 sinistrous1460 spity1481 despiteful1488 spiteful1490 despiteous?1510 viperious?1510 peevisha1522 maliceful1522 envyful1530 viperinec1540 viperous?1542 vipered1560 uncanny1596 dogged-sprighted1600 maliced1602 ill-minded1611 virulent1613 ill-hearteda1617 doleful1617 spitish1627 splenial1641 litherlya1643 venomsome1660 slim1674 viper1721 vipereal1750 viperish1755 vicious1825 waspish1855 viperian1866 viperan1877 cattish1883 catty1886 bitchy1928 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > spite, malice > [adjective] loathOE teenfulOE nithefulOE ondfula1200 maliciousa1250 doggedc1300 enviousc1330 venomousa1340 venoma1350 spitous?a1366 despitousc1374 heinous?a1400 unkindlya1400 venomyc1400 sinister1411 sputousc1420 doggish?a1425 cankered?a1439 doggya1450 sinistrous1460 spity1481 despiteful1488 spiteful1490 despiteous?1510 viperious?1510 peevisha1522 envyful1530 viperous1535 viperinec1540 vipered1560 bad-minded1588 uncanny1596 dogged-sprighted1600 toothsome1601 maliced1602 ill-minded1611 virulent1613 ill-hearteda1617 doleful1617 spitish1627 ill-meaning1633 splenial1641 litherlya1643 venomsome1660 slim1668 cat-witted1672 vipereal1750 viperish1755 méchant1813 vicious1825 maliceful1840 mean1841 waspish1855 viperian1866 viperan1877 cattish1883 catty1886 bad mind1904 bitchy1908 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 215 Let him take heed of striking his wife, said another, or to be virulent in termes against her. 1647 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 472 Let the virulent tongues of ill men traduce us with what calumnies they please. 1693 J. Edwards Disc. conc. Old & New-Test. I. iv. 150 [Appion] a virulent Writer against the Jews. 1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 24 Since the virulent Opposers of the Queen..have so far prevailed..as to make [etc.]. 1792 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 227 His enemies here are as virulent as ever. 1833 I. Taylor Fanaticism i. 3 The deluded religionist, even when virulent in an extreme degree. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xiii. 276 He had since disgusted some virulent fanatics by his humanity and moderation. 1883 F. M. Peard Contradictions I. 42 I am glad you don't consider me very virulent. 4. Microbiology. Of a phage: causing lysis of the host cell immediately after replicating within it, without a period as a prophage; lytic, not lysogenic. [The sense is due to F. Jacob et al. 1953, in Ann. de l'Inst. Pasteur LXXXIV. 223, who used French virulent.] ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > phage > [adjective] > types of temperate1953 virulent1953 lambdoid1958 lambda1995 1953 Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XVIII. 65/1 It has been proposed..to call temperate (as opposed to virulent) those phages which are able to establish the lysogenic condition in their host cells. 1969 A. M. Campbell Episomes i. 2 Phage types which are able to establish lysogenic systems and to reproduce as prophage are called temperate phages, as distinguished from virulent phages which are unable to do so. 1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xviii. 506/1 This type of virus is called a virulent virus, the agent functioning continuously as a lethal intracellular parasite. Derivatives ˈvirulent v. (transitive) to render virulent. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > characterize a disease [verb (transitive)] > render virulent virulent1661 1661 O. Felltham Resolves (rev. ed.) 301 They say, Certain spirits virulented from the inward humor, darted on the object, convey a Venom where they point and fix. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.c1400
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