vicariousadj.

Brit.

/vʌɪˈkɛːrɪəs/,

/vᵻˈkɛːrɪəs/, U.S.

/vəˈkɛriəs/,

/vaɪˈkɛriəs/

Etymology: < Latin vicārius adjective and noun, < vicis change, turn, stead, office, etc.: see -arious suffix.

a. That takes or supplies the place of another thing or person; substituted instead of the proper thing or person.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > that substitutes

vicaryc1475

vicegerent1577

succedaneal1633

surrogatea1638

vicarious1637

succedaneous1646

substitutive1656

substitutory1664

supersessory1789

substitutional1816

supersessive1837

shadow1936

omnivicarious1949

1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. iv. 56 If I..religiously adore before the Pastor, as the Vicarious Signe of Christ himself.

1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 319 The Interreges are necessarily reducible to the Regal Power, being but a vicarious Appendage thereto.

1688 R. Boyle Disquis. Final Causes ii. 70 Gravel and little stones..are often found..in their stomachs, where they prove a vicarious kind of teeth.

1709 T. Robinson Vindic. Mosaick Syst. 29 in Ess. Nat. Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland God..made it [sc. the moon] a vicarious Light to the Sun, to supply its absence in this lower World.

1785 E. Burke Speech Nabob Arcot's Debts in Wks. (1842) I. 320 These modern flagellants are sure..to whip their own enormities on the vicarious back of every small offender.

1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm vii. 161 Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned minister of religion is..in..a real sense..a vicarious person.

1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 68 This, And worse expect, unless some god endure Vicarious thy tortures.

1853 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 3) §30. 59 The cry or exclamation..would be consciously reproduced to represent or recal the feeling on another occasion; and it then became a word, or vicarious sign.

b. Const. of (something). rare.

ΚΠ

1831 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. June 386 The University and Colleges are thus neither identical, nor vicarious of each other.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. viii. 131 If the science be able to possess no single name vicarious of its definition.

2. Of punishment, etc.: Endured or suffered by one person in place of another; accomplished or attained by the substitution of some other person, etc., for the actual offender. Frequently in Theology with reference to the suffering and death of Christ.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > punished > in place of another

vicarious1696

society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > atonement > [adjective] > of satisfaction: done by another

vicarious1696

1696 R. Bentley Of Revel. & Messias 17 Some means of Reconciliation..must be contrived; some vicarious satisfaction to justice.

1698 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. IV. 137 But as Precious as it was, it was not the very thing that the Law required, but a Vicarious Punishment.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. v. 211 Vicarious Punishments may be..absolutely necessary.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1781 II. 404 [Johnson:] Whatever difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious punishments.

1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. iii. 110 The christian doctrine of vicarious expiation.

1850 J. S. Blackie in tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice, or punishment by substitution,..does not seem to have been very familiar to the Greek mind.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 12 The manifold harvest, which He..should bring forth..by His vicarious Death.

1883 J. Gilmour Among Mongols xvii. 202 Vicarious suffering too seems strange to them, their own system teaching that for his sin a man must suffer, and there is no escape.

3. Of power, authority, etc.: Exercised by one person, or body of persons, as the representative or deputy of another.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > delegated authority > [adjective]

delegatory1533

ministerial1577

vicarial1617

vicariate1619

vicary1660

vicegerent1667

procurationalc1702

vicarious1706

administrative1753

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Vicarious, belonging to a Vicar, subordinate; as A Vicarious Power.

1777 S. Johnson in Boswell Life Johnson (1904) I. 126 I shall be considered as exercising a kind of vicarious jurisdiction.

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 21 Who sway'd a moment, with vicarious power, Iberia's sceptre.

1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. vi. 285 Such vicarious powers were conferred upon His Majesty's Courts at all the Indian Presidencies.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 487 He had..held, during some months, a vicarious primacy.

in extended use.1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 322/1 Redi's opinion, that the pebbles [swallowed by birds] perform the vicarious office of teeth.

a. Performed or achieved by means of another, or by one person, etc., on behalf of another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > performed by another

vicarious1806

1806 R. Fellowes tr. J. Milton Second Def. in C. Symmons Prose Wks. John Milton VI. 377 He had not the courage..to prefix a dedication to Charles without the vicarious aid of Flaccus.

1811 C. Lamb in Reflector 2 354 I must protest against the vicarious gluttony of Cerasia, who..sent away a dish of Morellas..to her husband at the other end of the table.

1846 Edinb. Rev. 84 68 The increasing laxity of the Mussulman world, and the practice of vicarious pilgrimage, have greatly diminished the numbers of the sacred caravans.

1877 W. E. Gladstone Gleanings Past Years IV. viii. 347 May we never be subjected to the humiliation of dependence upon vicarious labour.

1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 301 Unconscious of their vicarious service, the butterfly and the bee..carry the fertilizing dust to the waiting stigma.

b. Of qualities, etc.: Possessed by one person but reckoned to the credit of another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > attributed to another

vicarious1842

1842 E. B. Pusey Crisis Eng. Church 136 To confound..individual duties with vicarious merits.

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vi. 36 A system..where sin was expiated by the vicarious virtues of other men.

c. Of methods, principles, etc.: Based upon the substitution of one person for another.

ΚΠ

1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. iii. 290 It may be called the vicarious method, obtained amongst big boys of lazy or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever boys..do their whole vulgus for them.

1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent ii. x. 400 On this vicarious principle, by which we appropriate to ourselves what others do for us, the whole structure of society is raised.

d. Experienced imaginatively through another person or agency.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > [adjective] > experienced through another

vicarious1929

1929 R. S. Lynd & H. M. Lynd Middletown xvii. 237 To Middletown adults, reading a book means overwhelmingly what story-telling means to primitive man—the vicarious entry into other, imagined kinds of living.

1948 E. Waugh Loved One 31 He had lived his twenty-eight years at arm's length from violence, but he came of a generation which enjoys a vicarious intimacy with death.

1976 A. Powell Infants of Spring ix. 146 My father, between spasms of grumbling about school bills, and occasional resistance to attitudes of mind inevitably acquired at Eton, had taken a fair amount of vicarious pleasure in my being there.

5. Physiology. Denoting the performance by or through one organ of functions normally discharged by another; substitutive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > part of body > [adjective] > substitutive

vicarious1780

1780 Encycl. Brit. VI. 4747 The Vicarious Hæmoptysis.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 573 With a view of exciting a vicarious action, I opened an issue in one of the arms.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 591 When the complaint is strictly idiopathic and uncombined, it has often been found to give way to some local irritation or vicarious drain.

1846 G. E. Day tr. J. F. Simon Animal Chem. II. 170 The vicarious action of the skin and lungs.

1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (1878) 477 Vicarious reflex movements may also be witnessed in mammals.

6. Ecology. Of two or more species, etc.: similar to one another and occurring without the other(s) in different areas; usually, = vicariant adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective] > vicariance

vicarious1932

vicariant1952

1932 G. D. Fuller & H. S. Conard tr. J. Braun-Blanquet Plant Sociol. vi. 160 Closely related species found upon lime and clay slates he [sc. Unger] called substitute or vicarious species.

1937 W. C. Allee & K. P. Schmidt Hesse's Ecol. Animal Geogr. vi. 77 Transitional variation may be wanting at the boundary between the ranges of vicarious forms which are then considered specifically distinct.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. vii. 201 With higher groupings—and even families and whole communities may in a sense be vicarious—there is less reason to suppose that their mutual exclusiveness is due to competition.

1981 P. Stott Hist. Plant Geogr. viii. 115 Vicarious evolution has been invoked..to explain the distribution [in the Canaries] of endemic species in Centaurea sect. Cheirolophus subsect. Flaviflorae.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	vicarious
释义	vicariousadj. Brit. /vʌɪˈkɛːrɪəs/, /vᵻˈkɛːrɪəs/, U.S. /vəˈkɛriəs/, /vaɪˈkɛriəs/ Etymology: < Latin vicārius adjective and noun, < vicis change, turn, stead, office, etc.: see -arious suffix. 1. a. That takes or supplies the place of another thing or person; substituted instead of the proper thing or person. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > that substitutes vicaryc1475 vicegerent1577 succedaneal1633 surrogatea1638 vicarious1637 succedaneous1646 substitutive1656 substitutory1664 supersessory1789 substitutional1816 supersessive1837 shadow1936 omnivicarious1949 1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. iv. 56 If I..religiously adore before the Pastor, as the Vicarious Signe of Christ himself. 1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity 319 The Interreges are necessarily reducible to the Regal Power, being but a vicarious Appendage thereto. 1688 R. Boyle Disquis. Final Causes ii. 70 Gravel and little stones..are often found..in their stomachs, where they prove a vicarious kind of teeth. 1709 T. Robinson Vindic. Mosaick Syst. 29 in Ess. Nat. Hist. Westmorland & Cumberland God..made it [sc. the moon] a vicarious Light to the Sun, to supply its absence in this lower World. 1785 E. Burke Speech Nabob Arcot's Debts in Wks. (1842) I. 320 These modern flagellants are sure..to whip their own enormities on the vicarious back of every small offender. 1829 I. Taylor Nat. Hist. Enthusiasm vii. 161 Every right-minded and heaven-commissioned minister of religion is..in..a real sense..a vicarious person. 1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 68 This, And worse expect, unless some god endure Vicarious thy tortures. 1853 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 3) §30. 59 The cry or exclamation..would be consciously reproduced to represent or recal the feeling on another occasion; and it then became a word, or vicarious sign. b. Const. of (something). rare. ΚΠ 1831 W. Hamilton in Edinb. Rev. June 386 The University and Colleges are thus neither identical, nor vicarious of each other. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. viii. 131 If the science be able to possess no single name vicarious of its definition. 2. Of punishment, etc.: Endured or suffered by one person in place of another; accomplished or attained by the substitution of some other person, etc., for the actual offender. Frequently in Theology with reference to the suffering and death of Christ. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > punished > in place of another vicarious1696 society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > atonement > [adjective] > of satisfaction: done by another vicarious1696 1696 R. Bentley Of Revel. & Messias 17 Some means of Reconciliation..must be contrived; some vicarious satisfaction to justice. 1698 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. IV. 137 But as Precious as it was, it was not the very thing that the Law required, but a Vicarious Punishment. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. v. 211 Vicarious Punishments may be..absolutely necessary. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1781 II. 404 [Johnson:] Whatever difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious punishments. 1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. iii. 110 The christian doctrine of vicarious expiation. 1850 J. S. Blackie in tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 319 The idea of vicarious sacrifice, or punishment by substitution,..does not seem to have been very familiar to the Greek mind. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 12 The manifold harvest, which He..should bring forth..by His vicarious Death. 1883 J. Gilmour Among Mongols xvii. 202 Vicarious suffering too seems strange to them, their own system teaching that for his sin a man must suffer, and there is no escape. 3. Of power, authority, etc.: Exercised by one person, or body of persons, as the representative or deputy of another. ΘΚΠ society > authority > delegated authority > [adjective] delegatory1533 ministerial1577 vicarial1617 vicariate1619 vicary1660 vicegerent1667 procurationalc1702 vicarious1706 administrative1753 1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Vicarious, belonging to a Vicar, subordinate; as A Vicarious Power. 1777 S. Johnson in Boswell Life Johnson (1904) I. 126 I shall be considered as exercising a kind of vicarious jurisdiction. 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 21 Who sway'd a moment, with vicarious power, Iberia's sceptre. 1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. vi. 285 Such vicarious powers were conferred upon His Majesty's Courts at all the Indian Presidencies. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 487 He had..held, during some months, a vicarious primacy. in extended use.1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 322/1 Redi's opinion, that the pebbles [swallowed by birds] perform the vicarious office of teeth. 4. a. Performed or achieved by means of another, or by one person, etc., on behalf of another. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > performed by another vicarious1806 1806 R. Fellowes tr. J. Milton Second Def. in C. Symmons Prose Wks. John Milton VI. 377 He had not the courage..to prefix a dedication to Charles without the vicarious aid of Flaccus. 1811 C. Lamb in Reflector 2 354 I must protest against the vicarious gluttony of Cerasia, who..sent away a dish of Morellas..to her husband at the other end of the table. 1846 Edinb. Rev. 84 68 The increasing laxity of the Mussulman world, and the practice of vicarious pilgrimage, have greatly diminished the numbers of the sacred caravans. 1877 W. E. Gladstone Gleanings Past Years IV. viii. 347 May we never be subjected to the humiliation of dependence upon vicarious labour. 1894 H. Drummond Lowell Lect. Ascent of Man 301 Unconscious of their vicarious service, the butterfly and the bee..carry the fertilizing dust to the waiting stigma. b. Of qualities, etc.: Possessed by one person but reckoned to the credit of another. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [adjective] > attributed to another vicarious1842 1842 E. B. Pusey Crisis Eng. Church 136 To confound..individual duties with vicarious merits. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vi. 36 A system..where sin was expiated by the vicarious virtues of other men. c. Of methods, principles, etc.: Based upon the substitution of one person for another. ΚΠ 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. iii. 290 It may be called the vicarious method, obtained amongst big boys of lazy or bullying habits, and consisted simply in making clever boys..do their whole vulgus for them. 1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent ii. x. 400 On this vicarious principle, by which we appropriate to ourselves what others do for us, the whole structure of society is raised. d. Experienced imaginatively through another person or agency. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of imagination > [adjective] > experienced through another vicarious1929 1929 R. S. Lynd & H. M. Lynd Middletown xvii. 237 To Middletown adults, reading a book means overwhelmingly what story-telling means to primitive man—the vicarious entry into other, imagined kinds of living. 1948 E. Waugh Loved One 31 He had lived his twenty-eight years at arm's length from violence, but he came of a generation which enjoys a vicarious intimacy with death. 1976 A. Powell Infants of Spring ix. 146 My father, between spasms of grumbling about school bills, and occasional resistance to attitudes of mind inevitably acquired at Eton, had taken a fair amount of vicarious pleasure in my being there. 5. Physiology. Denoting the performance by or through one organ of functions normally discharged by another; substitutive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > part of body > [adjective] > substitutive vicarious1780 1780 Encycl. Brit. VI. 4747 The Vicarious Hæmoptysis. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 573 With a view of exciting a vicarious action, I opened an issue in one of the arms. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 591 When the complaint is strictly idiopathic and uncombined, it has often been found to give way to some local irritation or vicarious drain. 1846 G. E. Day tr. J. F. Simon Animal Chem. II. 170 The vicarious action of the skin and lungs. 1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. (1878) 477 Vicarious reflex movements may also be witnessed in mammals. 6. Ecology. Of two or more species, etc.: similar to one another and occurring without the other(s) in different areas; usually, = vicariant adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective] > vicariance vicarious1932 vicariant1952 1932 G. D. Fuller & H. S. Conard tr. J. Braun-Blanquet Plant Sociol. vi. 160 Closely related species found upon lime and clay slates he [sc. Unger] called substitute or vicarious species. 1937 W. C. Allee & K. P. Schmidt Hesse's Ecol. Animal Geogr. vi. 77 Transitional variation may be wanting at the boundary between the ranges of vicarious forms which are then considered specifically distinct. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. vii. 201 With higher groupings—and even families and whole communities may in a sense be vicarious—there is less reason to suppose that their mutual exclusiveness is due to competition. 1981 P. Stott Hist. Plant Geogr. viii. 115 Vicarious evolution has been invoked..to explain the distribution [in the Canaries] of endemic species in Centaurea sect. Cheirolophus subsect. Flaviflorae. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.1637
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