bulwarkn.

Brit.

/ˈbʊlwək/,

/ˈbʌlwək/,

/ˈbʊlwəːk/,

/ˈbʌlwəːk/, U.S.

/ˈbʊlˌwərk/

Forms: Middle English bulwerke, Middle English–1500s bul-, bullwork(e, 1500s bolwark, ( bulwarge), 1500s–1600s bulwarke, (1600s burwarke), 1800s bullwark, 1500s– bulwark.

Etymology: Compare Dutch, Middle High German bolwerk , modern German bollwerk , Danish bulværk , Swedish bolverk ; the word is not recorded in Old Norse, and the Danish and Swedish forms may be of German origin. Prof. Skeat, regarding the word as ultimately Scandinavian, derives it from the words represented in English by bole n.¹ and work n., in which case the primitive sense would be ‘a work constructed of tree-trunks’. Others would connect the first element with the Middle High German verb boln to throw, on the ground that the Middle High German word seems in some cases to have meant a machine for throwing large stones. Both etymologies are found in early modern German authors. The Germanic word was borrowed in French as boullewerc , bollewerc , whence boulever , modern boulevard n.

a. A substantial defensive work of earth, or other material; a rampart, a fortification. Now only archaic or poetic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun]

workeOE

forcementa1382

strengtha1382

strengthinga1382

warding1382

closurea1400

bulwarkc1418

propugnaclea1460

fortification1489

munition?c1500

tuition1513

fortifying1523

furniture1577

munificence1596

bloccuz1600

burg-ward1753

propugnaculum1864

c1418 Gesta Hen. V (1850) 17 Unum forte fortalitium quod nos ‘barbican’ sui communis ‘bulwerke’ appellamus.

1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi Barbycans and also bulworkes huge Afore the towne made for hyghe refuge.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxl Syr Iohnn de Pyquygny..wan within the Bulwerkys of the same.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Hab. ii. A Set me vpon my bulworke, to loke & se what he wolde saye.

1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xx. 20 Thou shalt build bulwarkes against the city that maketh warre with thee.

1693 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. viii. 37 They have not the form of a regular Bulwark.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. vi. 11 With bulwarks strong their city he enclosed.

1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. iii. 131 Bulwark and battlement and spire In the red gulph we spy.

b. A breakwater, mole, seawall; an embankment confining the bed of a river. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun]

wharf1038

causeyc1330

wall1330

bulwark1555

scut1561

weir1599

mound1613

staithe1613

breastwork1641

embankment1786

bund1813

sheath1850

fleet-dyke1858

sheathing1867

causeway1878

flood-bank1928

stopbank1950

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun] > sea-wall

sea-dike1394

seawallc1450

sea-head1531

bulwark1555

sea-bank1647

swash bank1852

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. vii. f. 85 The famous ryuer of Padus..hath the greate mountaynes cauled Alpes..lyinge at the backe therof as it were bulwarges full of moysture.

1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 339 Men prouide bulwarks and banks against a riuer that vseth to ouerflow.

1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 11 At Magdalen College, in the water-walks, near the Bull-work called Dover Peer.

1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic II. iii. v. 315 The Hand-bos, a bulwark formed of oaken piles,..was snapped to pieces like packthread.

1865 A. Geikie Scenery & Geol. Scotl. iii. 57 To check the further ravages of the waves a stone bulwark was erected.

2. transferred and figurative. A powerful defence or safeguard. Sometimes applied to persons.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1544/1 The citie and Ile of the Rhodes, one of the principall bulwarkes [1587 bulworks] of Christendome.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. iv. §16. 294 Fortescue that notable Bulwarke of our Lawes.

1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xiii. 357 To destroy their Fleets; which..are their Walls and Bulwarks.

1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. vii. 258 He stood, the Bulwark of the Grecian Band.

1789 W. Belsham Ess. I. xvi. 297 England..appeared..the great bulwark of the common liberties of Europe.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. v. 465 Melanchthon..perceived the necessity of preserving human learning as a bulwark to theology.

3. The raised woodwork running along the sides of a vessel above the level of the deck. (Not in Bailey, Ash, or Johnson.) Usually plural.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > bulwark

bails1558

bulwark1804

1804 A. Duncan Mariner's Chron. II. 274 The guns on the quarter-deck tearing away the bulwark.

1825 H. B. Gascoigne Path to Naval Fame 60 Along the side a yellow streak extends Between his Bullwark and the varnish'd Bends.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxi. 112 Our ship had uncommonly high bulwarks and rail.

1866 J. M. Neale Sequences & Hymns 36 Dashed upon our labouring bulwarks that fierce wind Euroclydon.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

bulwarkv.

Brit.

/ˈbʊlwək/,

/ˈbʌlwək/,

/ˈbʊlwəːk/,

/ˈbʌlwəːk/, U.S.

/ˈbʊlˌwərk/

Etymology: < bulwark n.

a. transitive. To furnish with bulwarks.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)]

fastenOE

enfirm1297

ofstrengthc1325

strengthc1325

warnc1330

ward1340

warnestorec1374

abattlec1380

embattlec1380

fortify1436

bulwark1450

strengthen1450

bastille1480

enstrength1483

rempare1525

munite1533

fence1535

force1535

ranforce1547

rampire1550

fort1559

ramforce1570

fortificate1575

refortify1579

ensconce1590

munify1596

sconce1598

renforce1602

harness1611

munish1633

tackle1645

schanze1901

1450 Charter Jas. II in Hist. Edin ii. (1753) 137 Licence to fosse, bullwark, wall, toure and turote the said Burgh.

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) lii. sig. Lii They espyed..a hous..wel bolwarked & fausbrayed.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 209 The Lord hath Bulwark't them about.

1657 T. M. Life Satyrical Puppy 33 Commits the protection of his whole Body to his Eielids, and bullwarks it with closing them.

b. intransitive. To throw up bulwarks. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > throw up fortifications [verb (intransitive)]

bulwark1545

fortify1576

1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xi.) f. 176 The aungell of the lorde bulworketh rowndabout them that feare him.

2. transitive. To serve as a bulwark to; to defend, protect, shelter.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)] > secure or protect

fence1435

munite1533

fortress1542

entrench1559

bulwark1610

antidote1630

retrench1705

vaccinate1809

inoculate1863

immunize1903

1610 R. Davies Chesters Triumph sig. C1^v A hideous Dragon (whose thick scales, Like shields..Did Bulwarke him).

1630 J. Taylor Pennyles Pilgrimage in All Wks. i. 123/2 Well bulwarked by a hedge from raine and winde.

1746 Fool (1748) I. 146 A General..who..bulwarks Europe against the common Enemy.

1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 78 Friends bulwarked him about From infancy to boyhood.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	bulwark
释义	bulwarkn. Brit. /ˈbʊlwək/, /ˈbʌlwək/, /ˈbʊlwəːk/, /ˈbʌlwəːk/, U.S. /ˈbʊlˌwərk/ Forms: Middle English bulwerke, Middle English–1500s bul-, bullwork(e, 1500s bolwark, ( bulwarge), 1500s–1600s bulwarke, (1600s burwarke), 1800s bullwark, 1500s– bulwark. Etymology: Compare Dutch, Middle High German bolwerk , modern German bollwerk , Danish bulværk , Swedish bolverk ; the word is not recorded in Old Norse, and the Danish and Swedish forms may be of German origin. Prof. Skeat, regarding the word as ultimately Scandinavian, derives it from the words represented in English by bole n.¹ and work n., in which case the primitive sense would be ‘a work constructed of tree-trunks’. Others would connect the first element with the Middle High German verb boln to throw, on the ground that the Middle High German word seems in some cases to have meant a machine for throwing large stones. Both etymologies are found in early modern German authors. The Germanic word was borrowed in French as boullewerc , bollewerc , whence boulever , modern boulevard n. 1. a. A substantial defensive work of earth, or other material; a rampart, a fortification. Now only archaic or poetic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] workeOE forcementa1382 strengtha1382 strengthinga1382 warding1382 closurea1400 bulwarkc1418 propugnaclea1460 fortification1489 munition?c1500 tuition1513 fortifying1523 furniture1577 munificence1596 bloccuz1600 burg-ward1753 propugnaculum1864 c1418 Gesta Hen. V (1850) 17 Unum forte fortalitium quod nos ‘barbican’ sui communis ‘bulwerke’ appellamus. 1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi Barbycans and also bulworkes huge Afore the towne made for hyghe refuge. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxl Syr Iohnn de Pyquygny..wan within the Bulwerkys of the same. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Hab. ii. A Set me vpon my bulworke, to loke & se what he wolde saye. 1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xx. 20 Thou shalt build bulwarkes against the city that maketh warre with thee. View more context for this quotation 1693 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. viii. 37 They have not the form of a regular Bulwark. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. vi. 11 With bulwarks strong their city he enclosed. 1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. iii. 131 Bulwark and battlement and spire In the red gulph we spy. b. A breakwater, mole, seawall; an embankment confining the bed of a river. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun] wharf1038 causeyc1330 wall1330 bulwark1555 scut1561 weir1599 mound1613 staithe1613 breastwork1641 embankment1786 bund1813 sheath1850 fleet-dyke1858 sheathing1867 causeway1878 flood-bank1928 stopbank1950 the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > embankment or dam > [noun] > sea-wall sea-dike1394 seawallc1450 sea-head1531 bulwark1555 sea-bank1647 swash bank1852 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. vii. f. 85 The famous ryuer of Padus..hath the greate mountaynes cauled Alpes..lyinge at the backe therof as it were bulwarges full of moysture. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 339 Men prouide bulwarks and banks against a riuer that vseth to ouerflow. 1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 11 At Magdalen College, in the water-walks, near the Bull-work called Dover Peer. 1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic II. iii. v. 315 The Hand-bos, a bulwark formed of oaken piles,..was snapped to pieces like packthread. 1865 A. Geikie Scenery & Geol. Scotl. iii. 57 To check the further ravages of the waves a stone bulwark was erected. 2. transferred and figurative. A powerful defence or safeguard. Sometimes applied to persons. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1544/1 The citie and Ile of the Rhodes, one of the principall bulwarkes [1587 bulworks] of Christendome. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. iv. §16. 294 Fortescue that notable Bulwarke of our Lawes. 1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xiii. 357 To destroy their Fleets; which..are their Walls and Bulwarks. 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. vii. 258 He stood, the Bulwark of the Grecian Band. 1789 W. Belsham Ess. I. xvi. 297 England..appeared..the great bulwark of the common liberties of Europe. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. v. 465 Melanchthon..perceived the necessity of preserving human learning as a bulwark to theology. 3. The raised woodwork running along the sides of a vessel above the level of the deck. (Not in Bailey, Ash, or Johnson.) Usually plural. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > part of vessel above water > [noun] > bulwark bails1558 bulwark1804 1804 A. Duncan Mariner's Chron. II. 274 The guns on the quarter-deck tearing away the bulwark. 1825 H. B. Gascoigne Path to Naval Fame 60 Along the side a yellow streak extends Between his Bullwark and the varnish'd Bends. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxi. 112 Our ship had uncommonly high bulwarks and rail. 1866 J. M. Neale Sequences & Hymns 36 Dashed upon our labouring bulwarks that fierce wind Euroclydon. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). bulwarkv. Brit. /ˈbʊlwək/, /ˈbʌlwək/, /ˈbʊlwəːk/, /ˈbʌlwəːk/, U.S. /ˈbʊlˌwərk/ Etymology: < bulwark n. 1. a. transitive. To furnish with bulwarks. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)] fastenOE enfirm1297 ofstrengthc1325 strengthc1325 warnc1330 ward1340 warnestorec1374 abattlec1380 embattlec1380 fortify1436 bulwark1450 strengthen1450 bastille1480 enstrength1483 rempare1525 munite1533 fence1535 force1535 ranforce1547 rampire1550 fort1559 ramforce1570 fortificate1575 refortify1579 ensconce1590 munify1596 sconce1598 renforce1602 harness1611 munish1633 tackle1645 schanze1901 1450 Charter Jas. II in Hist. Edin ii. (1753) 137 Licence to fosse, bullwark, wall, toure and turote the said Burgh. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. Arthur of Brytayn (?1560) lii. sig. Lii They espyed..a hous..wel bolwarked & fausbrayed. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 209 The Lord hath Bulwark't them about. 1657 T. M. Life Satyrical Puppy 33 Commits the protection of his whole Body to his Eielids, and bullwarks it with closing them. b. intransitive. To throw up bulwarks. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > throw up fortifications [verb (intransitive)] bulwark1545 fortify1576 1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xi.) f. 176 The aungell of the lorde bulworketh rowndabout them that feare him. 2. transitive. To serve as a bulwark to; to defend, protect, shelter. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)] > secure or protect fence1435 munite1533 fortress1542 entrench1559 bulwark1610 antidote1630 retrench1705 vaccinate1809 inoculate1863 immunize1903 1610 R. Davies Chesters Triumph sig. C1^v A hideous Dragon (whose thick scales, Like shields..Did Bulwarke him). 1630 J. Taylor Pennyles Pilgrimage in All Wks. i. 123/2 Well bulwarked by a hedge from raine and winde. 1746 Fool (1748) I. 146 A General..who..bulwarks Europe against the common Enemy. 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 78 Friends bulwarked him about From infancy to boyhood. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1418v.1450
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