violn.¹

Brit.

/ˈvʌɪəl/, U.S.

/ˈvaɪ(ə)l/

Forms: α. Middle English vyell, 1500s–1600s viall, vyall (1500s wyall), 1600s vial. β. 1500s veol, 1500s–1600s viole (1600s vyolle), violl (1600s wioll), 1600s– viol (1600s vyol).

Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Old French viele, vielle (see vielle n.), but subsequently assimilated to, or replaced by, Old French and French viole (= Italian viola, Spanish viola, Portuguese viola, Provençal viula). That Old French viole and vielle represent earlier *vidule and *videlle (with variant forms of the diminutive suffix) is indicated by the medieval Latin vidula , vitula . On the relation of these to Germanic forms, see the note to fiddle n.

a. A musical instrument (in common use from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century) having five, six, or seven strings and played by means of a bow. Now Historical or archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > bowable instrument > [noun] > viol

viol1484

bumfiddle1599

α.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) cxv. 153 Syre Geffroy called hym before hym, and demaunded hym where his vyell and clauycordes were.

a1500–34 Coventry Corpus Christi Plays i. 538 The whyle thatt I do resst, Trompettis, viallis and othur armone Schall bles the wakyng of my maieste.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) li. 170 He spyed lyeng beside hym an harp and a vyall wheron he coude well play.

1540 in Hist. MSS Comm.: MSS Duke of Rutland (1905) IV. 304 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 2606) LXIII. 301 To a man to helpe to bryng the wyalls..betwixt Croxton and Belwer, ijd.

1600 E. Cliffe in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 751 They were exceedingly delighted with the sound of the trumpet, and vialles.

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §102 If any Man think that the String of the Bow, and the String of the Viall, are neither of them Equall Bodies,..he is in an Errour.

1664 S. Pepys Diary 28 Sept. (1971) V. 282 At home I find Mercer playing on her Vyall, which is a pretty instrument.

1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. 181 Christiana, if need was, could play upon the Vial .

β. 1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 149 To be..x pair of hois to the four playerris on the veolis, four trumpettis of ware, and twa taburnerris.1560 Bible (Geneva) Amos v. 23 For I wil not heare the melodie of thy violes.1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 545 Sing vnto him with Viole, and instrument of ten strings.1604 T. Dekker Magnificent Entertainm. sig. G Nine Boyes..sang the dittie following to their Viols and other Instruments.a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) iii. 10 By occasion of Musitians and a chest of Viols kept in the house, he was drawn by desire and delight into the Dancing-schoole.1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 247 The Viol is an Instrument..very much in use.1745 E. Young Complaint: Night the Eighth 37 Dost call the Bowl, the Viol, and the Dance, Loud Mirth, mad Laughter?1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music IV. iii. vii. 339 Compositions of many parts adapted to viols, of which there are many.1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music (at cited word) The viol was for a long while in such high esteem as to dispute the pre-eminence with the harp.1839 H. W. Longfellow Black Knight v Pipe and viol call the dances, Torch-light through the high halls glances.1875 C. D. E. Fortnum Maiolica x. 88 On another [cup] are the figures of a gentleman and a lady who plays the viol, in the costume of the 15th or early 16th century.

†b. One who plays a viol. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > instrumentalist > string player > [noun] > viol-player

viol1540

violer1551

violistc1670

1540 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. xii. 241 Item, or Hans Highorne, Viall, wagis..xxxiij s iiij d.

1647 L. Haward Charges Crown Revenue 25 Musicians and Players,..Six Sackbuts: Eight Vials: Three Drumsteds.

a. With distinctive modifiers, denoting esp. the form or tone of the instrument.See also bass-viol n., gamba viol at gamba n.¹ 1 (quots. 1598, 1710), lyra viol n. at lyra n. Compounds 2, and viol da gamba n.

ΚΠ

1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. T6^v I heard much good musicke..especially that of a treble violl.

1655 J. Playford Introd. Skill Musick i. 41 The Violl De Gambo consists of severall parts as Treble, Tenor and Basse... These three Violls agree in one manner of Tuning.

1664 S. Pepys Diary 5 Oct. (1971) V. 290 The new instrument was brought, called the Arched Viall..being tuned with Lutestrings and played on with Kees like an Organ.

1724 Short Explic. Foreign Words Musick Bks. Viola Bastardo, a Bastard Viol, which is a Bass Violin, strung and fretted like a Bass Viol.

1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Viola Tenoro, a Tenor-Viol. Ital.

1878 G. Dubourg Violin (ed. 5) i. 9 The viol class—consisting of the viol d'amore, or treble viol; the viol da braccia, or tenor viol; and the viol da gamba, or great viol.

1889 Grove's Dict. Music IV. 267 Viola di Fagotto (Bassoon Viol), a name sometimes given to the Viola Bastarda.

b. viol d'amore or d'amour (see quot. 1786).Cf. viola d'amore (or †d'amour) at viola n.² 3. The French form viole d'amour is also occasionally employed.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > bowable instrument > [noun] > viol > viola d'amore

viol d'amore or d'amoura1684

viola d'amore (or d'amour)1724

violetta marina1786

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 187 For its..novelty the Viol d'Amore of 5 wyre-strings, plaied on with a bow, being but an ordinary Violin, play'd on Lyra way..than which I never heard a sweeter Instrument.

1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 230 The psaltery, the viol d'amor, and other instruments.

1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Viol d'Amour, or Love Viol, a viol, or violin, furnished with six brass or steel wires, instead of sheep's-gut, and usually played with a bow.

1856 M. C. Clarke tr. H. Berlioz Treat. Mod. Instrumentation 29 The viole-d'amour is peculiarly appropriate to chords of three, four, or more notes.]

1880 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant xxiii If you could accompany me for some months, with your viol d'amore, across the mountains.

1889 Daily News 25 Jan. 2/2 Two performers upon that once obsolete but recently revived instrument, the viol d'amore.

†3. A variety of organ stop. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > stop > string-tone stops

viol1688

violin1688

viol da gamba1826

gamba1829

viola da (also di) gamba1852

violon1852

aeolina1855

German gamba1860

aeoline1865

viola1876

violoncello1876

1688 Ber. Smith in Hopkins Organ (1870) 453 Choir Organ... A Violl and Violin, of mettle,..61 pipes,..12 foote.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations, as viol bow, viol-case, viol class, viol-lesson, viol-play, viol species, viol-string; viol-maker, viol-tuning.

ΚΠ

1664 J. Playford Brief Introd. Skill Musick (ed. 4) i. 89 In the choice of your Viol Bow let it be proportioned to the Viol you use.

a1668 W. Davenant Play-house to be Let in Wks. (1673) 76 A man may bring a Pageant through the streets As privatly upon my Lord Mayor's day, As a burden of Viol-cases hither.

1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 258 This..may suffice for the Best Directions in Viol-Play.

1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 264 Viol-Lessons of all sorts of Forms, and Shapes; Suited to the Five Best of the Viol-Tunings.

1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. Dddd3/2 A Viol-Maker, un Faiseur de Violes.

1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music IV. iii. vii. 342 That sweet and delicate tone, which distinguishes the viol species.

1849 D. G. Rossetti Let. 8 Oct. (1965) I. 71 The hand trails weak upon the viol-string That sobs.

1878 [see sense 2a].

1897 H. N. Howard Footsteps Proserpine 7 Life is the viol-string, Love is the melody.

Derivatives

viol v. rare (intransitive) to play the viol.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > playing instruments > playing stringed instrument > play stringed instrument [verb (intransitive)] > play viol

viol1865

1865 J. M. Ludlow Epics Middle Ages II. 212 A thousand dancing, and a thousand violling.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† violn.²

Forms: Also 1600s vial, violl, vyoll; 1700s–1800s voyol, 1800s voyal.

Etymology: Of obscure origin.

Nautical. Obsolete.

(See later quots.)

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > large rope to transmit effort from capstan

viol1627

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 8 The violl is fastened together at both ends with an eye or two, with a wall knot, and seased together.

1670 J. Dryden & W. Davenant Shakespeare's Tempest i. 2 Must. within. Our Viall's broke. Vent. within. 'Tis but our Vial-block has given way.

1685 N. Boteler Six Dialogues Sea-services 236.

1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 153 Viol cabl'd, as big as the Fore Stay.

1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 165 Viol, a large Hawser used to heave in the Cable.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms Voyol, a large rope used to unmoor, or heave up the anchors of a ship, by transmitting the effort of the capstern to the cables.

1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 133 Viol, or Voyal, a larger messenger sometimes used in weighing an anchor by a capstan.

Cf. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 713 Viol, or Voyal, a large messenger formerly used to assist in weighing an anchor by the capstan.]

1869 W. M. Thomas tr. Hugo Toilers of Sea 191 Its chain was there, and..might still be of service, unless the strain of the voyal should break away the planking.

Compounds

General attributive, esp. in viol-block.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > tackle or purchase > [noun] > system of) pulley(s) > for raising anchor

viol-block1670

cat-block1769

1670 [see main sense].

1694 in Navy Board Lett. xxix. 833 Blocks. Vyoll, of 54 inch.

1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle II. lxxii. 273 He may man his capstans and viol-block, if he wool; but he'll as soon heave up the Pike of Teneriff, as bring his anchor aweigh!

1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 157 Voyol or Viol Block is a large single-sheaved block... It is used in heaving up the anchor.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Viol or Voyol Block, a large single-sheaved block through which the messenger passed when the anchor was weighed by the fore or jeer capstan.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. This voyal-purchase.]

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

单词	viol
释义	violn.¹ Brit. /ˈvʌɪəl/, U.S. /ˈvaɪ(ə)l/ Forms: α. Middle English vyell, 1500s–1600s viall, vyall (1500s wyall), 1600s vial. β. 1500s veol, 1500s–1600s viole (1600s vyolle), violl (1600s wioll), 1600s– viol (1600s vyol). Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman and Old French viele, vielle (see vielle n.), but subsequently assimilated to, or replaced by, Old French and French viole (= Italian viola, Spanish viola, Portuguese viola, Provençal viula). That Old French viole and vielle represent earlier vidule and videlle (with variant forms of the diminutive suffix) is indicated by the medieval Latin vidula , vitula . On the relation of these to Germanic forms, see the note to fiddle n. 1. a. A musical instrument (in common use from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century) having five, six, or seven strings and played by means of a bow. Now Historical or archaic. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > bowable instrument > [noun] > viol viol1484 bumfiddle1599 α. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) cxv. 153 Syre Geffroy called hym before hym, and demaunded hym where his vyell and clauycordes were. a1500–34 Coventry Corpus Christi Plays i. 538 The whyle thatt I do resst, Trompettis, viallis and othur armone Schall bles the wakyng of my maieste. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) li. 170 He spyed lyeng beside hym an harp and a vyall wheron he coude well play. 1540 in Hist. MSS Comm.: MSS Duke of Rutland (1905) IV. 304 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 2606) LXIII. 301 To a man to helpe to bryng the wyalls..betwixt Croxton and Belwer, ijd. 1600 E. Cliffe in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 751 They were exceedingly delighted with the sound of the trumpet, and vialles. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §102 If any Man think that the String of the Bow, and the String of the Viall, are neither of them Equall Bodies,..he is in an Errour. 1664 S. Pepys Diary 28 Sept. (1971) V. 282 At home I find Mercer playing on her Vyall, which is a pretty instrument. 1684 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 2nd Pt. 181 Christiana, if need was, could play upon the Vial . View more context for this quotation β. 1542 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1908) VIII. 149 To be..x pair of hois to the four playerris on the veolis, four trumpettis of ware, and twa taburnerris.1560 Bible (Geneva) Amos v. 23 For I wil not heare the melodie of thy violes.1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 545 Sing vnto him with Viole, and instrument of ten strings.1604 T. Dekker Magnificent Entertainm. sig. G Nine Boyes..sang the dittie following to their Viols and other Instruments.a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) iii. 10 By occasion of Musitians and a chest of Viols kept in the house, he was drawn by desire and delight into the Dancing-schoole.1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 247 The Viol is an Instrument..very much in use.1745 E. Young Complaint: Night the Eighth 37 Dost call the Bowl, the Viol, and the Dance, Loud Mirth, mad Laughter?1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music IV. iii. vii. 339 Compositions of many parts adapted to viols, of which there are many.1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music (at cited word) The viol was for a long while in such high esteem as to dispute the pre-eminence with the harp.1839 H. W. Longfellow Black Knight v Pipe and viol call the dances, Torch-light through the high halls glances.1875 C. D. E. Fortnum Maiolica x. 88 On another [cup] are the figures of a gentleman and a lady who plays the viol, in the costume of the 15th or early 16th century. †b. One who plays a viol. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > instrumentalist > string player > [noun] > viol-player viol1540 violer1551 violistc1670 1540 in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. xii. 241 Item, or Hans Highorne, Viall, wagis..xxxiij s iiij d. 1647 L. Haward Charges Crown Revenue 25 Musicians and Players,..Six Sackbuts: Eight Vials: Three Drumsteds. 2. a. With distinctive modifiers, denoting esp. the form or tone of the instrument.See also bass-viol n., gamba viol at gamba n.¹ 1 (quots. 1598, 1710), lyra viol n. at lyra n. Compounds 2, and viol da gamba n. ΚΠ 1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. T6^v I heard much good musicke..especially that of a treble violl. 1655 J. Playford Introd. Skill Musick i. 41 The Violl De Gambo consists of severall parts as Treble, Tenor and Basse... These three Violls agree in one manner of Tuning. 1664 S. Pepys Diary 5 Oct. (1971) V. 290 The new instrument was brought, called the Arched Viall..being tuned with Lutestrings and played on with Kees like an Organ. 1724 Short Explic. Foreign Words Musick Bks. Viola Bastardo, a Bastard Viol, which is a Bass Violin, strung and fretted like a Bass Viol. 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Viola Tenoro, a Tenor-Viol. Ital. 1878 G. Dubourg Violin (ed. 5) i. 9 The viol class—consisting of the viol d'amore, or treble viol; the viol da braccia, or tenor viol; and the viol da gamba, or great viol. 1889 Grove's Dict. Music IV. 267 Viola di Fagotto (Bassoon Viol), a name sometimes given to the Viola Bastarda. b. viol d'amore or d'amour (see quot. 1786).Cf. viola d'amore (or †d'amour) at viola n.² 3. The French form viole d'amour is also occasionally employed. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > bowable instrument > [noun] > viol > viola d'amore viol d'amore or d'amoura1684 viola d'amore (or d'amour)1724 violetta marina1786 a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1679 (1955) IV. 187 For its..novelty the Viol d'Amore of 5 wyre-strings, plaied on with a bow, being but an ordinary Violin, play'd on Lyra way..than which I never heard a sweeter Instrument. 1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 230 The psaltery, the viol d'amor, and other instruments. 1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Viol d'Amour, or Love Viol, a viol, or violin, furnished with six brass or steel wires, instead of sheep's-gut, and usually played with a bow. 1856 M. C. Clarke tr. H. Berlioz Treat. Mod. Instrumentation 29 The viole-d'amour is peculiarly appropriate to chords of three, four, or more notes.] 1880 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant xxiii If you could accompany me for some months, with your viol d'amore, across the mountains. 1889 Daily News 25 Jan. 2/2 Two performers upon that once obsolete but recently revived instrument, the viol d'amore. †3. A variety of organ stop. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > stop > string-tone stops viol1688 violin1688 viol da gamba1826 gamba1829 viola da (also di) gamba1852 violon1852 aeolina1855 German gamba1860 aeoline1865 viola1876 violoncello1876 1688 Ber. Smith in Hopkins Organ (1870) 453 Choir Organ... A Violl and Violin, of mettle,..61 pipes,..12 foote. Compounds attributive and in other combinations, as viol bow, viol-case, viol class, viol-lesson, viol-play, viol species, viol-string; viol-maker, viol-tuning. ΚΠ 1664 J. Playford Brief Introd. Skill Musick (ed. 4) i. 89 In the choice of your Viol Bow let it be proportioned to the Viol you use. a1668 W. Davenant Play-house to be Let in Wks. (1673) 76 A man may bring a Pageant through the streets As privatly upon my Lord Mayor's day, As a burden of Viol-cases hither. 1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 258 This..may suffice for the Best Directions in Viol-Play. 1676 T. Mace Musick's Monument 264 Viol-Lessons of all sorts of Forms, and Shapes; Suited to the Five Best of the Viol-Tunings. 1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. Dddd3/2 A Viol-Maker, un Faiseur de Violes. 1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music IV. iii. vii. 342 That sweet and delicate tone, which distinguishes the viol species. 1849 D. G. Rossetti Let. 8 Oct. (1965) I. 71 The hand trails weak upon the viol-string That sobs. 1878 [see sense 2a]. 1897 H. N. Howard Footsteps Proserpine 7 Life is the viol-string, Love is the melody. Derivatives viol v. rare (intransitive) to play the viol. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > playing instruments > playing stringed instrument > play stringed instrument [verb (intransitive)] > play viol viol1865 1865 J. M. Ludlow Epics Middle Ages II. 212 A thousand dancing, and a thousand violling. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † violn.² Forms: Also 1600s vial, violl, vyoll; 1700s–1800s voyol, 1800s voyal. Etymology: Of obscure origin. Nautical. Obsolete. (See later quots.) ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > large rope to transmit effort from capstan viol1627 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 8 The violl is fastened together at both ends with an eye or two, with a wall knot, and seased together. 1670 J. Dryden & W. Davenant Shakespeare's Tempest i. 2 Must. within. Our Viall's broke. Vent. within. 'Tis but our Vial-block has given way. 1685 N. Boteler Six Dialogues Sea-services 236. 1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 153 Viol cabl'd, as big as the Fore Stay. 1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 165 Viol, a large Hawser used to heave in the Cable. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms Voyol, a large rope used to unmoor, or heave up the anchors of a ship, by transmitting the effort of the capstern to the cables. 1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. 133 Viol, or Voyal, a larger messenger sometimes used in weighing an anchor by a capstan. Cf. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 713 Viol, or Voyal, a large messenger formerly used to assist in weighing an anchor by the capstan.] 1869 W. M. Thomas tr. Hugo Toilers of Sea 191 Its chain was there, and..might still be of service, unless the strain of the voyal should break away the planking. Compounds General attributive, esp. in viol-block. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > tackle or purchase > [noun] > system of) pulley(s) > for raising anchor viol-block1670 cat-block1769 1670 [see main sense]. 1694 in Navy Board Lett. xxix. 833 Blocks. Vyoll, of 54 inch. 1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle II. lxxii. 273 He may man his capstans and viol-block, if he wool; but he'll as soon heave up the Pike of Teneriff, as bring his anchor aweigh! 1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 157 Voyol or Viol Block is a large single-sheaved block... It is used in heaving up the anchor. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Viol or Voyol Block, a large single-sheaved block through which the messenger passed when the anchor was weighed by the fore or jeer capstan. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. This voyal-purchase.] This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < n.¹1484n.²1627
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violn.1

Compounds

Derivatives

† violn.2

Compounds

violn.¹

† violn.²