vindicationn.

Brit.

/ˌvɪndᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌvɪndəˈkeɪʃən/

Forms: Also Middle English vyndicacion, vyndycacion.

Etymology: < Old French (now French dialect) vindication vengeance, or < Latin vindicātio action of claiming, defending, punishing, etc., < vindicāre : see vindicate v. Compare Spanish vindicacion, Portuguese -ação, French vendication, Italian vendicazione.

†1.

a. The action of avenging or revenging. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun] > infliction of

hevening1303

wreakingc1374

vengeance-takingc1386

vindication1484

revenging1485

avengementa1513

avenging1541

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > action of taking revenge

wreakingc1374

vengeance-takingc1386

vindication1484

revenging1485

avenging1541

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope i. xvi An asse..smote hym [the lion] in the forhede with his feete by maner of vyndycacion.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxii. 83 [She] pursued hym at alle houres, in alle places, for to distroye hym, in makynge vyndicacion of the deth of his sayd moder.

1658 in E. Phillips New World Eng. Words

1690 J. Norris Christian Blessedness 77 As to private Vindication of Injuries, that which we more especially call Revenge, this I shall readily allow to be utterly unlawful.

†b. Retribution, punishment. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun]

wrakec825

wrechec1175

yielda1200

wrakedomc1275

vengeancea1300

hevening1303

vengement1338

wreakc1340

rewardc1350

retributiona1425

revengeancec1480

wratha1500

revengementa1513

avengeance1535

avenge1568

ultion1575

venge1587

wreck1591

nemesis1597

revanche1615

vindict1639

vindication1647

1647 T. May Hist. Parl. i. ii. 17 Things carried so far on in a wrong way must needs..require a vindication so sharpe and smarting, as that the nation would groan under it.

†2. Deliverance; emancipation. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > [noun]

alesingOE

liverisona1225

deliverancec1300

healtha1325

redemptiona1325

deliveringc1330

savementc1330

salvationc1374

savinga1387

rescousc1390

rescuec1400

winningc1400

rescuingc1405

acquittancec1430

rescours1439

saveage1507

deliveration1509

deliverya1513

riddancea1530

liverance1553

rescousing1605

vindication1613

out-takinga1617

acquittal1619

vindicating1624

deliverancy1641

safety1654

1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 7 So abhorred a neighbour, from whom their vindication, into liberty, must bee maintained by their own constancy.

a. The action of vindicating or defending against censure, calumny, etc.; justification by proof or explanation.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication

defensiona1425

assertion1532

apology1533

propugnation1575

apologizing1611

propugnating1657

vindication1669

1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I To Rdr. The vindication of the Jewish and Christian Religion, against the Gentile Philosophers.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 3 That the Memory of those..may not loose the recompence due to their Virtue, but..may find a vindication in a better age.

1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. x. 34 The Soldiers publish'd a vindication, as they call'd it, of their Proceedings and Resolutions.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 37 Pere Mabillon is now engag'd in the Vindication of this Tear, which a learned Ecclesiastic..would have suppress'd, as a false and ridiculous Relick.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. ix. 59 The author of the vindication of your conduct..writes from his own mere motion.

1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 299 Leave the vindication of your character to your children.

1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. xi. 111 He enriched Mrs. Jones for life, in gratitude for her vindication of his lost and early love.

1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood vii. 44 Jasper..begged to thank Miss Landless for her vindication of his character.

b. In the phrase in vindication of.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > in justification of [phrase]

in vindication of1660

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection v. iv. 266* in Justice Vindicated It will not be amisse before I conclude to add a word or two in vindication of Sir Edward Coke.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋3 I can add other circumstances in Vindication of the Account of this Learned Body.

1752 Bp. Thomas in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. i. 307 Then Lord Sandwich spoke in Vindication of the Measure.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation i. iv. 118 It has been said, in vindication of this inequality, that the properties are of a different description.

c. A justifying fact or circumstance.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > that which

coverture1583

vindication1846

1846 R. C. Trench Notes Miracles Introd. iv. 45 The position which it has won..is itself its vindication now.

1848 L. Hunt Jar of Honey x. 134 The great vindication of evil is, we could not manifest so much virtue without it.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xvii. 179 It must..stand..as my vindication for the step, in case we should be overtaken by disaster.

4. The action of asserting or maintaining.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > maintaining or upholding as true > [noun]

maintaininga1387

maintenancec1450

upholding1587

asserting1644

vindication1871

1871 R. W. Dale Ten Commandm. vi. 166 The Commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’, is a Divine vindication of the greatness and sanctity of man.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §3. 490 The bulk of the members supported Eliot in his last vindication of English liberty.

5. Roman Law. (See quots.)

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > succession > [noun] > descent by inheritance > fact of becoming property of heir immediately

vindication1880

1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 141 A legacy by vindication is so called because the thing bequeathed becomes the property of the legatee in quiritarian right the moment the inheritance has been entered upon.

1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 268 Actions in rem are called vindications; while those in which we contend that something ought to be given to or done for us are called condictions.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	vindication
释义	vindicationn. Brit. /ˌvɪndᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌvɪndəˈkeɪʃən/ Forms: Also Middle English vyndicacion, vyndycacion. Etymology: < Old French (now French dialect) vindication vengeance, or < Latin vindicātio action of claiming, defending, punishing, etc., < vindicāre : see vindicate v. Compare Spanish vindicacion, Portuguese -ação, French vendication, Italian vendicazione. †1. a. The action of avenging or revenging. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun] > infliction of hevening1303 wreakingc1374 vengeance-takingc1386 vindication1484 revenging1485 avengementa1513 avenging1541 the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > action of taking revenge wreakingc1374 vengeance-takingc1386 vindication1484 revenging1485 avenging1541 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope i. xvi An asse..smote hym [the lion] in the forhede with his feete by maner of vyndycacion. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xxii. 83 [She] pursued hym at alle houres, in alle places, for to distroye hym, in makynge vyndicacion of the deth of his sayd moder. 1658 in E. Phillips New World Eng. Words 1690 J. Norris Christian Blessedness 77 As to private Vindication of Injuries, that which we more especially call Revenge, this I shall readily allow to be utterly unlawful. †b. Retribution, punishment. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > retributive punishment > [noun] wrakec825 wrechec1175 yielda1200 wrakedomc1275 vengeancea1300 hevening1303 vengement1338 wreakc1340 rewardc1350 retributiona1425 revengeancec1480 wratha1500 revengementa1513 avengeance1535 avenge1568 ultion1575 venge1587 wreck1591 nemesis1597 revanche1615 vindict1639 vindication1647 1647 T. May Hist. Parl. i. ii. 17 Things carried so far on in a wrong way must needs..require a vindication so sharpe and smarting, as that the nation would groan under it. †2. Deliverance; emancipation. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > [noun] alesingOE liverisona1225 deliverancec1300 healtha1325 redemptiona1325 deliveringc1330 savementc1330 salvationc1374 savinga1387 rescousc1390 rescuec1400 winningc1400 rescuingc1405 acquittancec1430 rescours1439 saveage1507 deliveration1509 deliverya1513 riddancea1530 liverance1553 rescousing1605 vindication1613 out-takinga1617 acquittal1619 vindicating1624 deliverancy1641 safety1654 1613 A. Sherley Relation Trav. Persia 7 So abhorred a neighbour, from whom their vindication, into liberty, must bee maintained by their own constancy. 3. a. The action of vindicating or defending against censure, calumny, etc.; justification by proof or explanation. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication defensiona1425 assertion1532 apology1533 propugnation1575 apologizing1611 propugnating1657 vindication1669 1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I To Rdr. The vindication of the Jewish and Christian Religion, against the Gentile Philosophers. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 3 That the Memory of those..may not loose the recompence due to their Virtue, but..may find a vindication in a better age. 1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. x. 34 The Soldiers publish'd a vindication, as they call'd it, of their Proceedings and Resolutions. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 37 Pere Mabillon is now engag'd in the Vindication of this Tear, which a learned Ecclesiastic..would have suppress'd, as a false and ridiculous Relick. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. ix. 59 The author of the vindication of your conduct..writes from his own mere motion. 1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 299 Leave the vindication of your character to your children. 1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. xi. 111 He enriched Mrs. Jones for life, in gratitude for her vindication of his lost and early love. 1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood vii. 44 Jasper..begged to thank Miss Landless for her vindication of his character. b. In the phrase in vindication of. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > in justification of [phrase] in vindication of1660 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection v. iv. 266* in Justice Vindicated It will not be amisse before I conclude to add a word or two in vindication of Sir Edward Coke. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 39. ⁋3 I can add other circumstances in Vindication of the Account of this Learned Body. 1752 Bp. Thomas in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. i. 307 Then Lord Sandwich spoke in Vindication of the Measure. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation i. iv. 118 It has been said, in vindication of this inequality, that the properties are of a different description. c. A justifying fact or circumstance. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > that which coverture1583 vindication1846 1846 R. C. Trench Notes Miracles Introd. iv. 45 The position which it has won..is itself its vindication now. 1848 L. Hunt Jar of Honey x. 134 The great vindication of evil is, we could not manifest so much virtue without it. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xvii. 179 It must..stand..as my vindication for the step, in case we should be overtaken by disaster. 4. The action of asserting or maintaining. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > maintaining or upholding as true > [noun] maintaininga1387 maintenancec1450 upholding1587 asserting1644 vindication1871 1871 R. W. Dale Ten Commandm. vi. 166 The Commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’, is a Divine vindication of the greatness and sanctity of man. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People viii. §3. 490 The bulk of the members supported Eliot in his last vindication of English liberty. 5. Roman Law. (See quots.) ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > succession > [noun] > descent by inheritance > fact of becoming property of heir immediately vindication1880 1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 141 A legacy by vindication is so called because the thing bequeathed becomes the property of the legatee in quiritarian right the moment the inheritance has been entered upon. 1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 268 Actions in rem are called vindications; while those in which we contend that something ought to be given to or done for us are called condictions. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1484
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