variolan.

Brit.

/vəˈrʌɪələ/, U.S.

/vəˈraɪələ/,

/ˌvɛriˈoʊlə/

Forms:

α. Middle English variole.

β. 1500s–1800s variolae (plural), Middle English– variola.

γ. 1500s–1700s varioli (plural), 1700s variolus.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin variola, variolus.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin variola (also variolus, vayrola) pustule, pox (6th cent.) < varius affected by the pox (6th cent.; earlier (5th cent.) denoting a kind of grape; < classical Latin varus pimple (see varus n.²) + -ius , suffix forming adjectives) + classical Latin -ola -ola suffix¹; probably influenced by classical Latin varius speckled, variegated (see various adj.). Compare Middle French verole, French vérole (12th cent. in Old French), Middle French, French variole (14th cent.; in early use only in plural), Old Occitan variola (14th cent.), vayrolo (15th cent.), Catalan verola (15th cent.), Spanish viruela (15th cent.), Italian vaiolo (14th cent.).

Medicine.

†1. In plural. Pustules, vesicles, or other skin lesions forming the rash of an infectious disease, esp. smallpox or measles; (also) the disease itself. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > measles

measlesa1325

measlingsa1325

measlesa1398

variolas?a1425

measles1440

masers1561

measling1573

measledness1611

rossals1661

rubeola1771

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil > pustule > of smallpox

variolas?a1425

variole?a1425

pox1476

small-pock1530

smallpox1562

pox1623

varusa1836

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 125 (MED) To variolas, i. pokkez, & cicatricez, i. errez, or traces of hem [L. Ad variolas et ad cicatrices ipsarum]: To variolez is founden double gouernaunce.

1526 Grete Herball ccccxcv. sig. Cci/2 The iuce of it with water of endyuye is good for the chyldren pockes and messeles varioli and morbilli.]

1544 Bk. Chyldren in T. Phaer tr. J. Goeurot Regiment Lyfe (new ed.) sig. g.vi^v A destinction of it, in .ii. kyndes, that is to saye varioli the meas[y]ls, and morbilli called of us the small pockes.

1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke v. ii. 205 Thicke humours stuffed in the skin, which are commonly called morbili and variolæ.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια v. 290 It belongeth not to this place to dispute of the Nature, differences, and all the causes of the small pockes, as also whether the varioli, morbilli, exanthemata, and ecthymata be of one and the same Nature or no.

1658 G. Starkey Natures Explic. 257 Unless that be performed, (if the party affected be full of those variolæ, which the Pox sends forth) certain death follows.

1685 S. Derham Hydrologia Philosophica 125 Besides the Usual causes of a Consumption of the Lungs, such as..precedent Diseases as Pleuritis, Empyema, Variolæ, &c. obstruction of the Lympheducts of the Lungs, unwhosome [sic] Air, and acrious Steams, a spurious Acidity impressed on the Blood and the Genus Nervosum hath no small share.

1715 P. Kennedy Ess. External Remedies xxxvii. 153 (heading) Of the Variolæ, or Small Pox, the manner of ingrafting, or giving them, and of their Cure.

1769 London Pract. Physic 43 This symptom (viz. bloody urine) sometimes precedes the eruption of the varioli.

1838 J. Baron Life of Edward Jenner II. 225 In the former volume I placed the evidence respecting the existence of the variolæ among the inferior animals, I trust, in its true light.

2. The disease smallpox. In early use also: †any of several other infectious diseases resembling or confused with this, esp. measles and chickenpox (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox

pock1296

variole?a1425

pox1476

small-pockc1510

smallpox?1562

variola1593

little pox?a1649

variolous1676

discrete smallpox1684

varioloid1820

varicelloid1873

variola major1902

whitepox1911

variola minor1925

1593 S. Kellwaye Defensatiue against Plague iii. i. f. 38^v Here some writers doe make a difference betwixt variola and exanthemata: for say they, that is called variola when manie of those pustules doe sodainely runne into a clear bladder as if it had bene scalled, but the other doth not so.

1616 J. Cotta Triall Witch-craft ii. 9 Who that is the least practised in Physicke, doth not assuredly know, when, with his eyes he doth behold an inflammation,..Leprosie, Psora, Struma, Petechia, Variola, Iaundes,..and the like.

1661 T. Whitaker Elenchus of Opinions Cure of Small Pox 6 He doth apparently demonstrate by what name the Small Pox, or Variola, passed among the Ancients.

1767 W. Langton Addr. Present Method Inoculation 3 The Fact is, that the Contagion and Symptoms are essentially different from the true Variolus.

1778 A. Duncan Med. Cases 213 It is, therefore, no more a proof that the matters of the syphilis and gonorrhoea are the same, than would be afforded of the sameness of the matters of syphilis and variola, if both these infections should be given by the same person, at the same time.

1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 441 Though very much resembling variola, I remarked, it might yet be found to be varicella.

1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 149 Variola may be met with at any age.

1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) x. 268 Smallpox.—Variola is a highly contagious disease with a death-rate of about 30 per cent. in the more severe types.

1991 R. W. B. Lewis Jameses ii. vi. 174 Agassiz..was of the opinion that his assistant had been hit rather by varioloid, a lesser disease that resembles variola, or smallpox.

2009 A. J. Zuckerman et al. Princ. & Pract. Clin. Virol. (ed. 6) xxvi. 625/1 This programme of intensively vaccinating all humans in a ring surrounding every suspected case of smallpox was successful in part because variola is a human-only disease.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

ΚΠ

1843 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 39 125 Variola-vaccination and recurrence to the primary vaccine vesicle.

1853 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 13 Apr. 219 She had been carried to Baltimore some two or three weeks before, where she was exposed to variola infection.

1903 M. S. Gabriel tr. G. H. Roger Infectious Dis. 386 The late variola epidemic in Paris.

1946 Lancet 2 Mar. 330/1 In view of the ever-present danger of variola outbreaks in this country, with so many men returning from endemic areas, it would be an excellent safeguard if the families of all personnel expected back from the East were vaccinated.

2008 Jrnl. Epidemiol. & Community Health 62 911/1 Some officials were more enthusiastic than others about the goal of variola eradication.

C2. Instrumental.

ΚΠ

1880 Statutes Calif. 197 The Board of Health may enforce compulsory vaccination on passengers or [sic] variola-infected ships.

1898 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 May 1185 The measure of protection afforded these children by his variola-descended lymph.

1903 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 15 315 Many of these acneiform cases..had so little of the variolous aspect that, regarded by themselves apart from the history and the fact that they came from a variola-infected house, their true nature would never have been suspected.

2002 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 102 No. 2. 53/1 Finally, the health department and the CDC may designate entire facilities for the caring of variola-infected patients.

C3.

variola major n. the original, usually severe form of smallpox, often having a mortality rate of 20–30%.In quot. 1902 the precise sense is unclear.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox

pock1296

variole?a1425

pox1476

small-pockc1510

smallpox?1562

variola1593

little pox?a1649

variolous1676

discrete smallpox1684

varioloid1820

varicelloid1873

variola major1902

whitepox1911

variola minor1925

1902 Maryland Med. Jrnl. 45 138 The captain admitted that the man had a profuse eruption, which the captain attributed to variola major.

1925 R. W. Jameson in Lancet 10 Jan. 92/1 I consider that to call classical small-pox, small-pox, and the non-fatal variety mild small-pox, alastrim, amaas, &c., even para-variola, is misleading. I would call them variola major and variola minor, and in the vernacular, serious small-pox and weak small-pox.

1997 P. Cornwell Unnatural Exposure viii. 194 All indicators pointed to the devastating, disfiguring disease variola major, more commonly known as smallpox.

2006 L. Collier & J. Oxford Human Virol. (ed. 3) xiv. 114/2 There were two main categories of smallpox, caused by slightly different viruses: variola major had a mortality of about 30 per cent whereas variola minor, or alastrim, killed less than 1 per cent of its victims.

variola minor n. a mild form of smallpox with a low mortality rate, caused by a variola virus of reduced virulence, and recognized as a distinct entity in the late 19th and early 20th cent.; also called alastrim.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox

pock1296

variole?a1425

pox1476

small-pockc1510

smallpox?1562

variola1593

little pox?a1649

variolous1676

discrete smallpox1684

varioloid1820

varicelloid1873

variola major1902

whitepox1911

variola minor1925

1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) xv. 336/2 The pox diseases affect man (smallpox or variola major and alastrim or variola minor) and mammals (sheep, goats, swine, horse, rabbit, fowl).

2004 Clin. Infectious Dis. 39 1671/1 Methisazone was investigated as prophylaxis for variola minor (alastrim), where contacts were not vaccinated, and was found to be effective.

variola virus n. the causative agent of smallpox (now known to be an orthopoxvirus).

ΚΠ

1854 Philadelphia Jrnl. Homœopathy 2 605 The idea had been entertained by some..that variola virus, transferred from human to kine, if it would not become the genuine cow-pox, would, nevertheless, become so modified as to answer all the purposes of the genuine.

1925 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 Aug. 193/1 The agglutinin present in this serum produced visible flocculi in suspensions of vaccinia or of variola virus.

2002 Science 15 Mar. 2005/1 His piece..was the latest flare-up in a long-running battle between destructionists—those who believe the last known stocks of the variola virus should be destroyed—and retentionists, who want to keep them around for study.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	variola
释义	variolan. Brit. /vəˈrʌɪələ/, U.S. /vəˈraɪələ/, /ˌvɛriˈoʊlə/ Forms: α. Middle English variole. β. 1500s–1800s variolae (plural), Middle English– variola. γ. 1500s–1700s varioli (plural), 1700s variolus. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin variola, variolus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin variola (also variolus, vayrola) pustule, pox (6th cent.) < varius affected by the pox (6th cent.; earlier (5th cent.) denoting a kind of grape; < classical Latin varus pimple (see varus n.²) + -ius , suffix forming adjectives) + classical Latin -ola -ola suffix¹; probably influenced by classical Latin varius speckled, variegated (see various adj.). Compare Middle French verole, French vérole (12th cent. in Old French), Middle French, French variole (14th cent.; in early use only in plural), Old Occitan variola (14th cent.), vayrolo (15th cent.), Catalan verola (15th cent.), Spanish viruela (15th cent.), Italian vaiolo (14th cent.). Medicine. †1. In plural. Pustules, vesicles, or other skin lesions forming the rash of an infectious disease, esp. smallpox or measles; (also) the disease itself. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > measles measlesa1325 measlingsa1325 measlesa1398 variolas?a1425 measles1440 masers1561 measling1573 measledness1611 rossals1661 rubeola1771 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > suppuration > [noun] > a suppuration > abscess > boil > pustule > of smallpox variolas?a1425 variole?a1425 pox1476 small-pock1530 smallpox1562 pox1623 varusa1836 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 125 (MED) To variolas, i. pokkez, & cicatricez, i. errez, or traces of hem [L. Ad variolas et ad cicatrices ipsarum]: To variolez is founden double gouernaunce. 1526 Grete Herball ccccxcv. sig. Cci/2 The iuce of it with water of endyuye is good for the chyldren pockes and messeles varioli and morbilli.] 1544 Bk. Chyldren in T. Phaer tr. J. Goeurot Regiment Lyfe (new ed.) sig. g.vi^v A destinction of it, in .ii. kyndes, that is to saye varioli the meas[y]ls, and morbilli called of us the small pockes. 1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke v. ii. 205 Thicke humours stuffed in the skin, which are commonly called morbili and variolæ. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια v. 290 It belongeth not to this place to dispute of the Nature, differences, and all the causes of the small pockes, as also whether the varioli, morbilli, exanthemata, and ecthymata be of one and the same Nature or no. 1658 G. Starkey Natures Explic. 257 Unless that be performed, (if the party affected be full of those variolæ, which the Pox sends forth) certain death follows. 1685 S. Derham Hydrologia Philosophica 125 Besides the Usual causes of a Consumption of the Lungs, such as..precedent Diseases as Pleuritis, Empyema, Variolæ, &c. obstruction of the Lympheducts of the Lungs, unwhosome [sic] Air, and acrious Steams, a spurious Acidity impressed on the Blood and the Genus Nervosum hath no small share. 1715 P. Kennedy Ess. External Remedies xxxvii. 153 (heading) Of the Variolæ, or Small Pox, the manner of ingrafting, or giving them, and of their Cure. 1769 London Pract. Physic 43 This symptom (viz. bloody urine) sometimes precedes the eruption of the varioli. 1838 J. Baron Life of Edward Jenner II. 225 In the former volume I placed the evidence respecting the existence of the variolæ among the inferior animals, I trust, in its true light. 2. The disease smallpox. In early use also: †any of several other infectious diseases resembling or confused with this, esp. measles and chickenpox (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox pock1296 variole?a1425 pox1476 small-pockc1510 smallpox?1562 variola1593 little pox?a1649 variolous1676 discrete smallpox1684 varioloid1820 varicelloid1873 variola major1902 whitepox1911 variola minor1925 1593 S. Kellwaye Defensatiue against Plague iii. i. f. 38^v Here some writers doe make a difference betwixt variola and exanthemata: for say they, that is called variola when manie of those pustules doe sodainely runne into a clear bladder as if it had bene scalled, but the other doth not so. 1616 J. Cotta Triall Witch-craft ii. 9 Who that is the least practised in Physicke, doth not assuredly know, when, with his eyes he doth behold an inflammation,..Leprosie, Psora, Struma, Petechia, Variola, Iaundes,..and the like. 1661 T. Whitaker Elenchus of Opinions Cure of Small Pox 6 He doth apparently demonstrate by what name the Small Pox, or Variola, passed among the Ancients. 1767 W. Langton Addr. Present Method Inoculation 3 The Fact is, that the Contagion and Symptoms are essentially different from the true Variolus. 1778 A. Duncan Med. Cases 213 It is, therefore, no more a proof that the matters of the syphilis and gonorrhoea are the same, than would be afforded of the sameness of the matters of syphilis and variola, if both these infections should be given by the same person, at the same time. 1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 441 Though very much resembling variola, I remarked, it might yet be found to be varicella. 1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 149 Variola may be met with at any age. 1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) x. 268 Smallpox.—Variola is a highly contagious disease with a death-rate of about 30 per cent. in the more severe types. 1991 R. W. B. Lewis Jameses ii. vi. 174 Agassiz..was of the opinion that his assistant had been hit rather by varioloid, a lesser disease that resembles variola, or smallpox. 2009 A. J. Zuckerman et al. Princ. & Pract. Clin. Virol. (ed. 6) xxvi. 625/1 This programme of intensively vaccinating all humans in a ring surrounding every suspected case of smallpox was successful in part because variola is a human-only disease. Compounds C1. General attributive. ΚΠ 1843 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 39 125 Variola-vaccination and recurrence to the primary vaccine vesicle. 1853 Boston Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 13 Apr. 219 She had been carried to Baltimore some two or three weeks before, where she was exposed to variola infection. 1903 M. S. Gabriel tr. G. H. Roger Infectious Dis. 386 The late variola epidemic in Paris. 1946 Lancet 2 Mar. 330/1 In view of the ever-present danger of variola outbreaks in this country, with so many men returning from endemic areas, it would be an excellent safeguard if the families of all personnel expected back from the East were vaccinated. 2008 Jrnl. Epidemiol. & Community Health 62 911/1 Some officials were more enthusiastic than others about the goal of variola eradication. C2. Instrumental. ΚΠ 1880 Statutes Calif. 197 The Board of Health may enforce compulsory vaccination on passengers or [sic] variola-infected ships. 1898 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 May 1185 The measure of protection afforded these children by his variola-descended lymph. 1903 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 15 315 Many of these acneiform cases..had so little of the variolous aspect that, regarded by themselves apart from the history and the fact that they came from a variola-infected house, their true nature would never have been suspected. 2002 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 102 No. 2. 53/1 Finally, the health department and the CDC may designate entire facilities for the caring of variola-infected patients. C3. variola major n. the original, usually severe form of smallpox, often having a mortality rate of 20–30%.In quot. 1902 the precise sense is unclear. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox pock1296 variole?a1425 pox1476 small-pockc1510 smallpox?1562 variola1593 little pox?a1649 variolous1676 discrete smallpox1684 varioloid1820 varicelloid1873 variola major1902 whitepox1911 variola minor1925 1902 Maryland Med. Jrnl. 45 138 The captain admitted that the man had a profuse eruption, which the captain attributed to variola major. 1925 R. W. Jameson in Lancet 10 Jan. 92/1 I consider that to call classical small-pox, small-pox, and the non-fatal variety mild small-pox, alastrim, amaas, &c., even para-variola, is misleading. I would call them variola major and variola minor, and in the vernacular, serious small-pox and weak small-pox. 1997 P. Cornwell Unnatural Exposure viii. 194 All indicators pointed to the devastating, disfiguring disease variola major, more commonly known as smallpox. 2006 L. Collier & J. Oxford Human Virol. (ed. 3) xiv. 114/2 There were two main categories of smallpox, caused by slightly different viruses: variola major had a mortality of about 30 per cent whereas variola minor, or alastrim, killed less than 1 per cent of its victims. variola minor n. a mild form of smallpox with a low mortality rate, caused by a variola virus of reduced virulence, and recognized as a distinct entity in the late 19th and early 20th cent.; also called alastrim. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > smallpox pock1296 variole?a1425 pox1476 small-pockc1510 smallpox?1562 variola1593 little pox?a1649 variolous1676 discrete smallpox1684 varioloid1820 varicelloid1873 variola major1902 whitepox1911 variola minor1925 1925 R. W. Jameson in Lancet 10 Jan. 92/1 I consider that to call classical small-pox, small-pox, and the non-fatal variety mild small-pox, alastrim, amaas, &c., even para-variola, is misleading. I would call them variola major and variola minor, and in the vernacular, serious small-pox and weak small-pox. 1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) xv. 336/2 The pox diseases affect man (smallpox or variola major and alastrim or variola minor) and mammals (sheep, goats, swine, horse, rabbit, fowl). 2004 Clin. Infectious Dis. 39 1671/1 Methisazone was investigated as prophylaxis for variola minor (alastrim), where contacts were not vaccinated, and was found to be effective. variola virus n. the causative agent of smallpox (now known to be an orthopoxvirus). ΚΠ 1854 Philadelphia Jrnl. Homœopathy 2 605 The idea had been entertained by some..that variola virus, transferred from human to kine, if it would not become the genuine cow-pox, would, nevertheless, become so modified as to answer all the purposes of the genuine. 1925 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 1 Aug. 193/1 The agglutinin present in this serum produced visible flocculi in suspensions of vaccinia or of variola virus. 2002 Science 15 Mar. 2005/1 His piece..was the latest flare-up in a long-running battle between destructionists—those who believe the last known stocks of the variola virus should be destroyed—and retentionists, who want to keep them around for study. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.?a1425
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