bureaucracyn.

Brit.

/bjᵿˈrɒkrəsi/,

/bjɔːˈrɒkrəsi/, U.S.

/bjʊˈrɑkrəsi/

Forms: 1700s– bureaucracy, 1800s bureaucratie, 1800s bureau-ocracy, 1800s– burocracy.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: bureau n., -cracy comb. form.

Etymology: < bureau n. + -cracy comb. form, after French bureaucratie (a1759). Compare Italian burocrazia (1781), German Bürokratie (1790 as †Bureaukratie ), both < French. Compare earlier bureaucratic adj.In form bureaucratie directly < French bureaucratie. N.E.D. (1888) also gives the pronunciation (biurō^u·krăsi) /bjuːˈrəʊkrəsɪ/.

a. Government by officials; a system of government or (in later use) administration by a hierarchy of professional administrators following clearly defined procedures in a routine and organized manner.Frequently with depreciative connotations; cf. sense 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > [noun] > officialism or bureaucracy

red tape1736

bureaucracy1815

bureauism1829

red-tapery1831

red-tapism1834

officiality1841

functionarism1842

officialism1849

red-tapedom1850

red tapeworm1851

tapism1852

green-ferret1853

officialty1853

paperasserie1856

paperchase1856

paper-chasing1876

departmentalism1886

Whitehallism1915

striped trousers1958

1815 Times 11 Nov. From that multiplicity of employments..has sprung that complication of intrigues of wheels within wheels, which is called bureaucracy.

1837 J. S. Mill in London & Westm. Rev. 28 71 That vast net-work of administrative tyranny..that system of bureaucracy, which leaves no free agent in all France, except the man at Paris who pulls the wires.

1843 R. R. Madden United Irishmen 2nd Ser. II. xvii. 367 This ‘bureau-cracy’ was an inveterate evil of Ireland, in the early part of Earl Grey's administration.

1861 J. S. Mill Considerations Representative Govt. vi. 113 The work of government has been in the hands of governors by profession; which is the essence and meaning of bureaucracy.

1929 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 37 39 Bureaucracy is for Weber so fundamental as to dominate all aspects of modern society where large-scale administration is necessary.

1959 J. D. Thompson & A. Tuden in J. D. Thompson et al. Compar. Stud. Admin. xii. 199 Bureaucracy is formulated on the assumption that rules or procedures can be established for classes of cases or problems.

1992 B. A. Rockman in L. B. Hill State of Public Bureaucracy 144 The question arises, what is the relationship between the bureaucracy of the state and the authority of the state itself?

b. A state, institution, organization, etc., which is governed or run by bureaucrats.

ΚΠ

1843 Spectator 25 Mar. 278/2 Prussia is a bureaucracy, and the censorship of the press is rendering the whole class from which the officials of the bureaux must be recruited hostile to the King and Ministers who enforce it.

1880 T. Hodgkin Italy & her Invaders I. i. 15 He remodelled the internal constitution of the State and moulded it into a bureaucracy so strong..that it subsisted virtually the same for more than a thousand years.

1920 C. N. Fay Labor in Politics xxxv. 252 State regulation..means countless bureaucracies like the Interstate Commerce, the Federal Trade, and the Shipping Commissions.

1983 N.Y. Times Mag. 22 May 61/2 Others in the psychiatric community believe the frustrations of working in a bureaucracy contribute to anxiety and depression.

2003 M. Wieviorka in E. Ben-Rafael Sociol. & Ideol. 88 The USSR may well have appeared as an unacceptable model—that is,..as a bureaucracy or a statocracy.

2. The people employed in such a system, considered collectively.Frequently with depreciative connotations; cf. sense 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun] > under government > collectively

bureaucracy1818

1818 Lady Morgan Florence Macarthy II. i. 35 Mr. Commisioner..represented the Bureaucratie, or office tyranny, by which Ireland has been so long governed.

1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 180 The trade-ocracy and bureau-ocracy must now..prepare themselves.

1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. II. 529 The..inexpediency of concentrating in a dominant bureaucracy..all the power of organized action..in the community.

1858 Mercantile Marine Mag. 5 43 The brigand bureaucracy of China.

1911 B. H. Chamberlain Japanese Poetry 1 A centralised bureaucracy, at whose apex, remote and sacred, a veritable god on earth, stood, or rather sat, the..Mikado.

1942 G. M. Trevelyan Eng. Social Hist. xviii. 572 Many an old family firm was replaced by a Limited Liability Company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.

2012 C. H. Roch et al. in M. Godwyn & J. H. Gittell Sociol. Organizations xxxv. 392/2 Representative bureaucracy considers whether a public organization employs a bureaucracy that matches the general population on salient indicators of diversity, such as race, ethnicity, or gender.

3. Usually depreciative. Behaviour or practice regarded as typical of this system, esp. when characterized by such features as an excessive concern with formal processes and a tendency for administrative power to increase and become more centralized, and hence by inefficiency and impersonality; officialism, red tape.

ΚΠ

1861 Hampshire Advertiser 12 Oct. 7/3 All this bureaucracy has to be set in motion for the mere purpose of deciding if two poor people shall be allowed to marry.

1920 Times 18 Dec. 15/1 He said that the measure..would lead to inefficiency, unnecessary bureaucracy, and to a general ‘upset’.

1981 Rotarian Nov. 21/2 The governor of a state in Colombia announced that there was too much bureaucracy in his administration and proceeded to terminate 200 employees who regularly collected salaries but never appeared on the job.

2003 M. Diawara We won't Budge (2004) iii. 49 I wonder why they make me go through all this bureaucracy for the right to stay in Paris during my sabbatical leave.

Compounds

bureaucracy-loving adj.

ΚΠ

1853 S. Wilberforce Diary 17 Sept. in R. G. Wilberforce Life S. Wilberforce (1881) II. v. 225 The extreme of a bureaucracy-loving government's interference.

1947 PMLA 62 831 The bureaucracy-loving idealism of Germany.

2005 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 21 Feb. 14 We must..not let bureaucracy-loving politicians con us into shackling future generations with the new Constitution.

bureaucracy-ridden adj.

ΚΠ

1861 J. S. Mill Considerations Representative Govt. iv. 85 The bureaucracy-ridden nations of the Continent, who would rather pay higher taxes than diminish..their individual chances of a place for themselves or their relatives.

1924 Amer. Child July 4/1 The pictures of a bureaucracy-ridden reign of horror drawn by the anti-amendment prophets.

2011 A. Giridharadas India Calling iv. 125 It was..harder still to get a telephone line from the bureaucracy-ridden government monopoly.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	bureaucracy
释义	bureaucracyn. Brit. /bjᵿˈrɒkrəsi/, /bjɔːˈrɒkrəsi/, U.S. /bjʊˈrɑkrəsi/ Forms: 1700s– bureaucracy, 1800s bureaucratie, 1800s bureau-ocracy, 1800s– burocracy. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: bureau n., -cracy comb. form. Etymology: < bureau n. + -cracy comb. form, after French bureaucratie (a1759). Compare Italian burocrazia (1781), German Bürokratie (1790 as †Bureaukratie ), both < French. Compare earlier bureaucratic adj.In form bureaucratie directly < French bureaucratie. N.E.D. (1888) also gives the pronunciation (biurō^u·krăsi) /bjuːˈrəʊkrəsɪ/. 1. a. Government by officials; a system of government or (in later use) administration by a hierarchy of professional administrators following clearly defined procedures in a routine and organized manner.Frequently with depreciative connotations; cf. sense 3. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > [noun] > officialism or bureaucracy red tape1736 bureaucracy1815 bureauism1829 red-tapery1831 red-tapism1834 officiality1841 functionarism1842 officialism1849 red-tapedom1850 red tapeworm1851 tapism1852 green-ferret1853 officialty1853 paperasserie1856 paperchase1856 paper-chasing1876 departmentalism1886 Whitehallism1915 striped trousers1958 1815 Times 11 Nov. From that multiplicity of employments..has sprung that complication of intrigues of wheels within wheels, which is called bureaucracy. 1837 J. S. Mill in London & Westm. Rev. 28 71 That vast net-work of administrative tyranny..that system of bureaucracy, which leaves no free agent in all France, except the man at Paris who pulls the wires. 1843 R. R. Madden United Irishmen 2nd Ser. II. xvii. 367 This ‘bureau-cracy’ was an inveterate evil of Ireland, in the early part of Earl Grey's administration. 1861 J. S. Mill Considerations Representative Govt. vi. 113 The work of government has been in the hands of governors by profession; which is the essence and meaning of bureaucracy. 1929 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 37 39 Bureaucracy is for Weber so fundamental as to dominate all aspects of modern society where large-scale administration is necessary. 1959 J. D. Thompson & A. Tuden in J. D. Thompson et al. Compar. Stud. Admin. xii. 199 Bureaucracy is formulated on the assumption that rules or procedures can be established for classes of cases or problems. 1992 B. A. Rockman in L. B. Hill State of Public Bureaucracy 144 The question arises, what is the relationship between the bureaucracy of the state and the authority of the state itself? b. A state, institution, organization, etc., which is governed or run by bureaucrats. ΚΠ 1843 Spectator 25 Mar. 278/2 Prussia is a bureaucracy, and the censorship of the press is rendering the whole class from which the officials of the bureaux must be recruited hostile to the King and Ministers who enforce it. 1880 T. Hodgkin Italy & her Invaders I. i. 15 He remodelled the internal constitution of the State and moulded it into a bureaucracy so strong..that it subsisted virtually the same for more than a thousand years. 1920 C. N. Fay Labor in Politics xxxv. 252 State regulation..means countless bureaucracies like the Interstate Commerce, the Federal Trade, and the Shipping Commissions. 1983 N.Y. Times Mag. 22 May 61/2 Others in the psychiatric community believe the frustrations of working in a bureaucracy contribute to anxiety and depression. 2003 M. Wieviorka in E. Ben-Rafael Sociol. & Ideol. 88 The USSR may well have appeared as an unacceptable model—that is,..as a bureaucracy or a statocracy. 2. The people employed in such a system, considered collectively.Frequently with depreciative connotations; cf. sense 3. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun] > under government > collectively bureaucracy1818 1818 Lady Morgan Florence Macarthy II. i. 35 Mr. Commisioner..represented the Bureaucratie, or office tyranny, by which Ireland has been so long governed. 1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 180 The trade-ocracy and bureau-ocracy must now..prepare themselves. 1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. II. 529 The..inexpediency of concentrating in a dominant bureaucracy..all the power of organized action..in the community. 1858 Mercantile Marine Mag. 5 43 The brigand bureaucracy of China. 1911 B. H. Chamberlain Japanese Poetry 1 A centralised bureaucracy, at whose apex, remote and sacred, a veritable god on earth, stood, or rather sat, the..Mikado. 1942 G. M. Trevelyan Eng. Social Hist. xviii. 572 Many an old family firm was replaced by a Limited Liability Company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. 2012 C. H. Roch et al. in M. Godwyn & J. H. Gittell Sociol. Organizations xxxv. 392/2 Representative bureaucracy considers whether a public organization employs a bureaucracy that matches the general population on salient indicators of diversity, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. 3. Usually depreciative. Behaviour or practice regarded as typical of this system, esp. when characterized by such features as an excessive concern with formal processes and a tendency for administrative power to increase and become more centralized, and hence by inefficiency and impersonality; officialism, red tape. ΚΠ 1861 Hampshire Advertiser 12 Oct. 7/3 All this bureaucracy has to be set in motion for the mere purpose of deciding if two poor people shall be allowed to marry. 1920 Times 18 Dec. 15/1 He said that the measure..would lead to inefficiency, unnecessary bureaucracy, and to a general ‘upset’. 1981 Rotarian Nov. 21/2 The governor of a state in Colombia announced that there was too much bureaucracy in his administration and proceeded to terminate 200 employees who regularly collected salaries but never appeared on the job. 2003 M. Diawara We won't Budge (2004) iii. 49 I wonder why they make me go through all this bureaucracy for the right to stay in Paris during my sabbatical leave. Compounds bureaucracy-loving adj. ΚΠ 1853 S. Wilberforce Diary 17 Sept. in R. G. Wilberforce Life S. Wilberforce (1881) II. v. 225 The extreme of a bureaucracy-loving government's interference. 1947 PMLA 62 831 The bureaucracy-loving idealism of Germany. 2005 Grimsby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 21 Feb. 14 We must..not let bureaucracy-loving politicians con us into shackling future generations with the new Constitution. bureaucracy-ridden adj. ΚΠ 1861 J. S. Mill Considerations Representative Govt. iv. 85 The bureaucracy-ridden nations of the Continent, who would rather pay higher taxes than diminish..their individual chances of a place for themselves or their relatives. 1924 Amer. Child July 4/1 The pictures of a bureaucracy-ridden reign of horror drawn by the anti-amendment prophets. 2011 A. Giridharadas India Calling iv. 125 It was..harder still to get a telephone line from the bureaucracy-ridden government monopoly. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1815
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