burnishv.¹

Brit.

/ˈbəːnɪʃ/, U.S.

/ˈbərnɪʃ/

Forms: Middle English burnissh, burnessh, burnyssch, bornyssh, Middle English–1500s burnyssh, burnisch, bornysch, Middle English bornysh, burnesh, burnesch, burneyssh, Middle English–1500s burnysh, 1500s burnech, bournysh, bournyssh, byrnysh, 1500s– burnish. past participle Middle English bur-, bornyst(e, Middle English burnysyd, byrnyst, 1500s burneist, birneist.

Etymology: < Old French burniss- stem of burnir , variant of brunir ; compare Provençal bornir ; see burn v.²

a. transitive. To make (metal) shining by friction; to furbish; to polish (a surface) by rubbing with a hard and smooth tool.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > polish [verb (transitive)]

rollc1300

burnishc1325

burnc1374

polisha1382

dighta1400

glazec1440

glazer1473

frubbish1570

shine1604

the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)] > polish or cause to shine with reflected light

frot?c1225

burnishc1325

polisha1382

varnishc1405

silvera1592

shine1604

frub1611

rutilate1623

silken1757

gloss1762

pearl1843

gloze1880

lap1881

sheen1901

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > other metalworking processes

burnishc1325

rockc1400

leadc1440

braze1552

run1650

stratify1669

shingle1674

snarl1688

plate1706

bar1712

strake1778

shear1837

pile1839

matt1854

reek1869

bloom1875

siliconize1880

tumble1883

rustproof1886

detin1909

blank1914

anodize1931

roll1972

c1325 Early Eng. Allit. Poems (1864) 554 Þe beryl bornyst byhouez be clene.

1460 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 102 Off clothes of gold burneysshed bright.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 225 Thair basnetis burnyst var all brycht.

1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 36 The standert new payntyd..the crosse new burnechyd.

1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 192 They..burnish the hilts of their swords with the teeth of such great Animals as swim in the sea.

1837 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece IV. xxxiii. 291 Their shields were burnished for the occasion.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 424 Gold-leaf is laid upon the edges, and is then burnished with a polishing tool, tipped with agate.

b. figurative. (Of things non-material.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (transitive)] > purify or refine

slick1340

filec1400

polishc1400

burnish1526

polite1535

extirpate1548

purify1548

soften1579

purgea1582

refine1592

mellow1593

civilize1596

rarefy1600

incivilize1603

sublimate1624

alembicate1627

chastise1627

sublime1631

calcine1635

gentilize1635

ennoble1636

subtilize1638

deconcoct1655

sublimizea1729

smooth1762

absterge1817

decrassify1855

sandpaper1890

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Qvii Hye walles and noble, all bournysshed & polysshed with charite.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. iii. 119 Figuratiue speaches [are] the instrument wherewith we burnish our language.

1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London ii. sig. C4 If a Lye..be not smooth enough, there is no instrumẽt to burnish it, but an oath.

1728 E. Young Love of Fame vii, in Wks. (1757) I. 166 Pursuit of fame..into coxcombs burnishes our fools.

†c. in extended nonce-use.

ΚΠ

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. viii. sig. T So forth he came all in a cote of plate, Burnisht with bloudie rust.

a. transferred. To make bright and glossy; to overspread with lustre.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1085 Þenne watz her blyþe barne burnyst so clene.

a1655 T. T. de Mayerne Archimagirus Anglo-Gallicus (1658) xix. 17 You may burnish your pye or pasty and..put it to the Oven.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 249 Fruit burnisht with Golden Rinde Hung amiable.

1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 94 As he proceeds in burnishing the lights.

1833 H. Martineau Cinnamon & Pearls iv. 74 A mild sunshine burnished the scene.

b. absol. for reflexive. To make oneself shine.

ΚΠ

1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth II. 104 A..flashy Fop..Who if he is not burnishing thinks he all's Time does lose.

3. Of a stag: To rub the dead ‘velvet’ or skin from his horns [compare French brunir in same sense] ; applied loosely to the annual renewal of the horns, perhaps by confusion with burnish v.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > male > [verb (transitive)] > rub skin off horns

fray1575

burnish1616

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Burnish, is also a terme among hunters when Harts spread their hornes after they be fraied.

1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 68 All Stags as they are burnish'd, beat their Heads dry against some Tree or other.

1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 289 The Deer burnisheth his head.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Burnishing Deer are said to burnish their Heads, when rubbing off a white downy Skin from their Horns against a Tree, they thrust 'em into a reddish Earth, to give 'em a new Colour and Lustre.

1792 W. Osbaldiston Brit. Sportsman 83/1.

4. intransitive. To become bright or glossy; to shine, gleam. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (intransitive)] > shine with reflected light

shinec897

gleama1225

lustre1582

burnisha1625

a1625 J. Fletcher Rule a Wife (1640) i. 2 How you itch Michaell, how you burnish!

1705 J. Swift Descr. of Salamander in Misc. (1711) 374 I've seen a Snake..Burnish and make a gaudy show.

1763 C. Smart Song to David 61 The crocus burnishes alive Upon the snow-clad earth.

a1834 C. Lamb Wks. 491 With Churchill's compliment still burnishing upon her..lips.

5. transitive. To fix into (a setting) by pressing down the metal rim with a burnisher.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > work with tools or equipment [verb (transitive)] > other tools or equipment

rolla1325

coina1483

wedge1530

maul1664

burnish1793

roller1828

shear1837

miser1847

trough1881

tank1905

trepan1909

lance1945

plough1961

1793 Sir G. Shuckburgh in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 83 109 Upon the cell, into which the glass is burnished, and also upon the tube of the telescope, into which the cell is screwed.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† burnishv.²

Forms: Also Middle English and 1800s dialect barnish.

Etymology: Etymology unknown; connection with senses 3 or 4 of preceding seems hardly possible, and is also opposed by the early s.w. and still dialect form barnish. East Anglian dialect uses furnish in same sense.

Obsolete except dialect.

a. intransitive. Of the human frame: To grow plump, or stout, to spread out; to increase in breadth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [verb (intransitive)] > fat or plump

forwaxc897

fatc1000

burnish1398

battle1575

pinguefy1598

bellya1642

fatten1676

(to be) in flesh1677

thrive1711

feed1727

bloat1735

plumpen1795

to fill out1851

stouten1863

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum vi. i This age is calde adolescencia, for it is full age to gete children, and able to barnisch [1535 burnyshe].

c1430 Syr Generides 780 The childe..began to burnesh and sprede.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 345 A man Groweth in height..vntill hee be one and twentie yeares of age: then beginnes he to spread and burnish in squarenesse.

1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 91 We must not all run up in heigth, like a Hop-pole, but also burnish, & spread in bredth.

1684 J. Dryden Epilogue in Misc. Poems 292 A slender Poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his Brothers do.

1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Barnish, to increase in strength or vigour; to fatten; look ruddy and sleek.

1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. (at cited word) ‘You burnish nicely’, meaning, ‘You look well’.

b. transferred.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (intransitive)]

greateOE

grow1382

enlarge1481

to gain more feathers1600

spread1611

burnish1624

sizea1631

dilate1636

greaten1638

expatiate1650

widen1650

biggen1652

expand1791

magnify1814

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1685) 68 Whether the Fabrick be of a beautiful Stature; whether for the breadth it appear well burnished.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) London 190 London..will be found to Burnish round about, to every point of the compasse.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

单词	burnish
释义	burnishn. Brit. /ˈbəːnɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈbərnɪʃ/ Etymology: < burnish v.¹ rare. Burnishing; a burnishing; spec. anything laid over a surface to give a bright and glossy look. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer > of material laid on > bright or glossy burnish1646 1646 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple 136 Blushes, that bin The burnish of no sin. 1728 A. Ramsay Epist. to Friends in Ireland Giving ilka verse a burnish. 1781 H. Smeathman in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 71 179 The lacquer or burnish with which the brasswork was covered was totally spoiled. 1871 Daily News 6 Sept. The burnish..was..no subtraction from efficiency. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). burnishv.¹ Brit. /ˈbəːnɪʃ/, U.S. /ˈbərnɪʃ/ Forms: Middle English burnissh, burnessh, burnyssch, bornyssh, Middle English–1500s burnyssh, burnisch, bornysch, Middle English bornysh, burnesh, burnesch, burneyssh, Middle English–1500s burnysh, 1500s burnech, bournysh, bournyssh, byrnysh, 1500s– burnish. past participle Middle English bur-, bornyst(e, Middle English burnysyd, byrnyst, 1500s burneist, birneist. Etymology: < Old French burniss- stem of burnir , variant of brunir ; compare Provençal bornir ; see burn v.² 1. a. transitive. To make (metal) shining by friction; to furbish; to polish (a surface) by rubbing with a hard and smooth tool. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > polishing > polish [verb (transitive)] rollc1300 burnishc1325 burnc1374 polisha1382 dighta1400 glazec1440 glazer1473 frubbish1570 shine1604 the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)] > polish or cause to shine with reflected light frot?c1225 burnishc1325 polisha1382 varnishc1405 silvera1592 shine1604 frub1611 rutilate1623 silken1757 gloss1762 pearl1843 gloze1880 lap1881 sheen1901 society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > other metalworking processes burnishc1325 rockc1400 leadc1440 braze1552 run1650 stratify1669 shingle1674 snarl1688 plate1706 bar1712 strake1778 shear1837 pile1839 matt1854 reek1869 bloom1875 siliconize1880 tumble1883 rustproof1886 detin1909 blank1914 anodize1931 roll1972 c1325 Early Eng. Allit. Poems (1864) 554 Þe beryl bornyst byhouez be clene. 1460 Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 102 Off clothes of gold burneysshed bright. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) viii. 225 Thair basnetis burnyst var all brycht. 1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 36 The standert new payntyd..the crosse new burnechyd. 1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 192 They..burnish the hilts of their swords with the teeth of such great Animals as swim in the sea. 1837 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece IV. xxxiii. 291 Their shields were burnished for the occasion. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 424 Gold-leaf is laid upon the edges, and is then burnished with a polishing tool, tipped with agate. b. figurative. (Of things non-material.) ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (transitive)] > purify or refine slick1340 filec1400 polishc1400 burnish1526 polite1535 extirpate1548 purify1548 soften1579 purgea1582 refine1592 mellow1593 civilize1596 rarefy1600 incivilize1603 sublimate1624 alembicate1627 chastise1627 sublime1631 calcine1635 gentilize1635 ennoble1636 subtilize1638 deconcoct1655 sublimizea1729 smooth1762 absterge1817 decrassify1855 sandpaper1890 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection ii. sig. Qvii Hye walles and noble, all bournysshed & polysshed with charite. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. iii. 119 Figuratiue speaches [are] the instrument wherewith we burnish our language. 1606 T. Dekker Seuen Deadly Sinnes London ii. sig. C4 If a Lye..be not smooth enough, there is no instrumẽt to burnish it, but an oath. 1728 E. Young Love of Fame vii, in Wks. (1757) I. 166 Pursuit of fame..into coxcombs burnishes our fools. †c. in extended nonce-use. ΚΠ 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. viii. sig. T So forth he came all in a cote of plate, Burnisht with bloudie rust. View more context for this quotation 2. a. transferred. To make bright and glossy; to overspread with lustre. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1085 Þenne watz her blyþe barne burnyst so clene. a1655 T. T. de Mayerne Archimagirus Anglo-Gallicus (1658) xix. 17 You may burnish your pye or pasty and..put it to the Oven. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 249 Fruit burnisht with Golden Rinde Hung amiable. View more context for this quotation 1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 94 As he proceeds in burnishing the lights. 1833 H. Martineau Cinnamon & Pearls iv. 74 A mild sunshine burnished the scene. b. absol. for reflexive. To make oneself shine. ΚΠ 1719 T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth II. 104 A..flashy Fop..Who if he is not burnishing thinks he all's Time does lose. 3. Of a stag: To rub the dead ‘velvet’ or skin from his horns [compare French brunir in same sense] ; applied loosely to the annual renewal of the horns, perhaps by confusion with burnish v.² ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > male > [verb (transitive)] > rub skin off horns fray1575 burnish1616 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Burnish, is also a terme among hunters when Harts spread their hornes after they be fraied. 1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 68 All Stags as they are burnish'd, beat their Heads dry against some Tree or other. 1693 W. Robertson Phraseologia Generalis (new ed.) 289 The Deer burnisheth his head. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Burnishing Deer are said to burnish their Heads, when rubbing off a white downy Skin from their Horns against a Tree, they thrust 'em into a reddish Earth, to give 'em a new Colour and Lustre. 1792 W. Osbaldiston Brit. Sportsman 83/1. 4. intransitive. To become bright or glossy; to shine, gleam. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (intransitive)] > shine with reflected light shinec897 gleama1225 lustre1582 burnisha1625 a1625 J. Fletcher Rule a Wife (1640) i. 2 How you itch Michaell, how you burnish! 1705 J. Swift Descr. of Salamander in Misc. (1711) 374 I've seen a Snake..Burnish and make a gaudy show. 1763 C. Smart Song to David 61 The crocus burnishes alive Upon the snow-clad earth. a1834 C. Lamb Wks. 491 With Churchill's compliment still burnishing upon her..lips. 5. transitive. To fix into (a setting) by pressing down the metal rim with a burnisher. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > work with tools or equipment [verb (transitive)] > other tools or equipment rolla1325 coina1483 wedge1530 maul1664 burnish1793 roller1828 shear1837 miser1847 trough1881 tank1905 trepan1909 lance1945 plough1961 1793 Sir G. Shuckburgh in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 83 109 Upon the cell, into which the glass is burnished, and also upon the tube of the telescope, into which the cell is screwed. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † burnishv.² Forms: Also Middle English and 1800s dialect barnish. Etymology: Etymology unknown; connection with senses 3 or 4 of preceding seems hardly possible, and is also opposed by the early s.w. and still dialect form barnish. East Anglian dialect uses furnish in same sense. Obsolete except dialect. a. intransitive. Of the human frame: To grow plump, or stout, to spread out; to increase in breadth. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [verb (intransitive)] > fat or plump forwaxc897 fatc1000 burnish1398 battle1575 pinguefy1598 bellya1642 fatten1676 (to be) in flesh1677 thrive1711 feed1727 bloat1735 plumpen1795 to fill out1851 stouten1863 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum vi. i This age is calde adolescencia, for it is full age to gete children, and able to barnisch [1535 burnyshe]. c1430 Syr Generides 780 The childe..began to burnesh and sprede. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 345 A man Groweth in height..vntill hee be one and twentie yeares of age: then beginnes he to spread and burnish in squarenesse. 1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 91 We must not all run up in heigth, like a Hop-pole, but also burnish, & spread in bredth. 1684 J. Dryden Epilogue in Misc. Poems 292 A slender Poet must have time to grow, And spread and burnish as his Brothers do. 1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Barnish, to increase in strength or vigour; to fatten; look ruddy and sleek. 1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. (at cited word) ‘You burnish nicely’, meaning, ‘You look well’. b. transferred. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (intransitive)] greateOE grow1382 enlarge1481 to gain more feathers1600 spread1611 burnish1624 sizea1631 dilate1636 greaten1638 expatiate1650 widen1650 biggen1652 expand1791 magnify1814 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1685) 68 Whether the Fabrick be of a beautiful Stature; whether for the breadth it appear well burnished. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) London 190 London..will be found to Burnish round about, to every point of the compasse. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.1646v.¹c1325v.²1398
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burnishn.

burnishv.1

† burnishv.2

burnishv.¹

† burnishv.²