umlungun.adj.

Brit.

/ʊmˈlʊnɡuː/, U.S.

/ˌʊmˈlʊnɡu/, South African English

/ʊmˈlʊnɡʊ/

Inflections: Plural umlungus, unchanged.

Forms: 1800s umlunga, 1800s umlungo, 1800s umlungi (plural), 1800s– umlungu, 1800s– uMlungu. Frequently with capital initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Xhosa. Partly a borrowing from Zulu. Etymons: Xhosa umlungu; Zulu umlungu.

Etymology: < Xhosa umlungu and its cognate Zulu umlungu (see mlungu n. and adj.).

South African (now frequently derogatory or ironic, esp. as used by black writers).

A. n.

1. = mlungu n. Now somewhat offensive, esp. as a form of address.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun]

white mana1398

Christian1622

European1666

white-face1684

long knife1784

buckra1794

sahib1796

white-skin1803

whitey1811

Pakeha1817

papalagi1817

paleface1823

whitefellow1826

Abelungu1836

haole1843

gringo1849

lightiea1855

umlungu1859

mzungu1860

heaven-burster1861

ladino1877

mooniasc1880

Conchy Joe1888

béké1889

ofay1899

ridge runner1904

Ngati Pakeha1905

kelch1912

pink1913

leucoderm1924

fay1927

Mr Charlie1928

pinkie1935

devil1938

wonk1938

oaf1941

grey1943

paddy1945

Caucasoid1956

Jumble1957

Caucasian1958

white boy1958

pinko-grey1964

honky1967

toubab1976

palagi1977

1859 ‘B.’ in Cape Monthly Mag. (Cape Town) Jan. 43 These princesses came to beg a present from the Umlungu (white man).

1879 A. Aylward Transvaal of Today 202 The black villain saluted me as ‘Umlunga’ (white man) although he could plainly see by my dress I was an Inkosi and a teacher.

1889 H. A. Bryden Kloof & Karroo 63 It could only have been English ūmlūngos or drunken men who would have taken the drift on such a night.

1910 J. Angove In Early Days 68 They would get as many diamonds as they could, in order to ingratiate themselves with the ‘umlungu’, who took such a great interest in them.

1940 F. B. Young City of Gold 114 Where are you going and what do you want here, Umlungu?

1955 J. B. Shephard Land of Tikoloshe 76 If I called him ‘Kaffir’ he would, quite rightly, think I was being rude, and then he would probably call me ‘Umlungu’—White man—and that would be rude too.

1992 Weekend Mercury (Durban) 4 Jan. 6 Everyone seemed to be having far too good a time to worry about two stray umlungus.

2. With singular agreement. White people collectively.

ΚΠ

1931 F. H. Dutton tr. T. Mofolo Chaka xxvi. 198 It is your hope that by killing me ye will become chiefs when I am dead. But ye are deluded; it will not be so, for Umlungu will come and it is he who will rule, and ye will be his bondmen.

1952 H. Klein Land of Silver Mist 71 He told him how the white man, the umlungu, had conquered the Zulu armies, but had never broken the Zulu spirit.

1959 L. Longmore Dispossessed 245 Umlungu (the white man)! Don't tell me about him... He stabs you in order to stitch you up.

1976 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. 2 138 In Sol Plaatje's Mhudi..uMlungu makes his entry for the first time in South African black literature. The Boers appear, trekking North.

1999 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 26 May a1 You can tell everyone we are living just like the umlungu.

B. adj.

Of a person: white. Cf. mlungu adj. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective]

European1666

white1726

whitey1798

Caucasian1807

paleface1830

blue-eyed1838

papalagi1844

Caucasic1890

Caucasoid1902

ofay1911

leucoderm1924

pinko-grey1924

pink1930

ladino1934

mzungu1961

honky1967

mlungu1973

umlungu1976

palagi1977

1976 A. Delius Border 195 The Fundees and his ‘umlungu’ companion.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	umlungu
释义	umlungun.adj. Brit. /ʊmˈlʊnɡuː/, U.S. /ˌʊmˈlʊnɡu/, South African English /ʊmˈlʊnɡʊ/ Inflections: Plural umlungus, unchanged. Forms: 1800s umlunga, 1800s umlungo, 1800s umlungi (plural), 1800s– umlungu, 1800s– uMlungu. Frequently with capital initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Xhosa. Partly a borrowing from Zulu. Etymons: Xhosa umlungu; Zulu umlungu. Etymology: < Xhosa umlungu and its cognate Zulu umlungu (see mlungu n. and adj.). South African (now frequently derogatory or ironic, esp. as used by black writers). A. n. 1. = mlungu n. Now somewhat offensive, esp. as a form of address. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun] white mana1398 Christian1622 European1666 white-face1684 long knife1784 buckra1794 sahib1796 white-skin1803 whitey1811 Pakeha1817 papalagi1817 paleface1823 whitefellow1826 Abelungu1836 haole1843 gringo1849 lightiea1855 umlungu1859 mzungu1860 heaven-burster1861 ladino1877 mooniasc1880 Conchy Joe1888 béké1889 ofay1899 ridge runner1904 Ngati Pakeha1905 kelch1912 pink1913 leucoderm1924 fay1927 Mr Charlie1928 pinkie1935 devil1938 wonk1938 oaf1941 grey1943 paddy1945 Caucasoid1956 Jumble1957 Caucasian1958 white boy1958 pinko-grey1964 honky1967 toubab1976 palagi1977 1859 ‘B.’ in Cape Monthly Mag. (Cape Town) Jan. 43 These princesses came to beg a present from the Umlungu (white man). 1879 A. Aylward Transvaal of Today 202 The black villain saluted me as ‘Umlunga’ (white man) although he could plainly see by my dress I was an Inkosi and a teacher. 1889 H. A. Bryden Kloof & Karroo 63 It could only have been English ūmlūngos or drunken men who would have taken the drift on such a night. 1910 J. Angove In Early Days 68 They would get as many diamonds as they could, in order to ingratiate themselves with the ‘umlungu’, who took such a great interest in them. 1940 F. B. Young City of Gold 114 Where are you going and what do you want here, Umlungu? 1955 J. B. Shephard Land of Tikoloshe 76 If I called him ‘Kaffir’ he would, quite rightly, think I was being rude, and then he would probably call me ‘Umlungu’—White man—and that would be rude too. 1992 Weekend Mercury (Durban) 4 Jan. 6 Everyone seemed to be having far too good a time to worry about two stray umlungus. 2. With singular agreement. White people collectively. ΚΠ 1931 F. H. Dutton tr. T. Mofolo Chaka xxvi. 198 It is your hope that by killing me ye will become chiefs when I am dead. But ye are deluded; it will not be so, for Umlungu will come and it is he who will rule, and ye will be his bondmen. 1952 H. Klein Land of Silver Mist 71 He told him how the white man, the umlungu, had conquered the Zulu armies, but had never broken the Zulu spirit. 1959 L. Longmore Dispossessed 245 Umlungu (the white man)! Don't tell me about him... He stabs you in order to stitch you up. 1976 Jrnl. Southern Afr. Stud. 2 138 In Sol Plaatje's Mhudi..uMlungu makes his entry for the first time in South African black literature. The Boers appear, trekking North. 1999 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 26 May a1 You can tell everyone we are living just like the umlungu. B. adj. Of a person: white. Cf. mlungu adj. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective] European1666 white1726 whitey1798 Caucasian1807 paleface1830 blue-eyed1838 papalagi1844 Caucasic1890 Caucasoid1902 ofay1911 leucoderm1924 pinko-grey1924 pink1930 ladino1934 mzungu1961 honky1967 mlungu1973 umlungu1976 palagi1977 1976 A. Delius Border 195 The Fundees and his ‘umlungu’ companion. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1859
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