typhusn.

Brit.

/ˈtʌɪfəs/, U.S.

/ˈtaɪfəs/

Forms:

α. 1600s–1800s typhos.

β. 1600s– typhus.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin typhus.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin typhus vanity, conceit, pride (4th cent.), type of fever (1539 in translations of Hippocrates, or earlier; compare scientific Latin typhus (Sauvages, 1759)), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek τῦϕος vanity, conceit, name of four kinds of fever, one of which is accompanied by stupor (Hippocrates) < τύϕειν to smoke, to consume in smoke, burn slowly < the same Indo-European base as deaf adj. Compare (in sense 2a) French typhus (1667), Spanish tifus, also tifo (both early 19th cent. or earlier), Portuguese tifo (1836), Italian tifo (1819).In the 17th and 18th cent. a number of Latin phrases showing the Latin word (in sense 1) also occur as borrowings in English; compare:1681 Humble Ess. Peace & Truth Church 18 Proud and haughty Prelates (full of that Typhus Secularis—The old bane of the Church).1684 W. Lloyd Hist. Acct. Church-govt. iii. 80 I pass by the Ambition of the man, and the Arrogance of the Master: there was enough of the Typhus Romanus in both of them.1691 S. Grascome Separation Church of Rome from Church of Eng. 52 That Typhus Seculi, which the Antients all along so feared and bitterly inveighed against.1710 R. Sibbald Hist. Fife & Kinross 71 That Potentiæ Secularis Typhus had not crept in amongst us in these first times; we had nothing ado with the Church of Rome then.These phrases are mainly variants on post-classical Latin potentiae saecularis typhus (5th cent.; compare quot. 1710), itself after Byzantine Greek ἐξουσίας κοσμικῆς τῦϕος ‘the pride of worldly power’.

1. literary. Pride, haughtiness, conceit. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > swelling or inflation with pride > [noun]

bolninga1340

swellingc1386

inflation1526

tympany1581

tumour1599

typhus1643

puffiness1668

inflatedness1867

bloatednessc1875

1643 A. Tuckney Balme of Gilead 31 To bring down our loftinesse and pride,..to take down the Typhus of a Britannia triumphans, as some few yeares since we vainly boasted.

1839 F. W. Faber Let. 23 Jan. in M. J. Wilkinson F. W. Faber (2007) ii. 41 Apt to run off into the typhus of popery.

1887 R. Strothert & A. H. Newman tr. St. Augustine Writings against Manichæans v, in Select Libr. Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers IV. 165/1 The language of Faustus has the typhus of heresy [L. haereticus typhus] in it, and is the language of overweening arrogance.

1995 P. Walsh tr. M. Froment-Meurice Solitudes 126 Strange that Socrates does not speak of the ‘typhus of Being’.

2. Medicine.

a. An acute infectious disease frequently occurring in epidemics under conditions of overcrowding and poor hygiene, which is characterized by high fever, a red petechial rash spreading from the trunk to the extremities (rarely affecting the face), great physical debility, and often neurological abnormalities including delirium and stupor, and is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii, which is transmitted by body lice. Also (esp. in early use): any of various other infectious diseases confused with this, including typhoid fever (now historical); †an instance or case of such disease (obsolete).Many other names were used for typhus, often referring to the locations in which epidemics occurred, as camp fever, prison fever, ship fever, etc., or to the appearance of the rash (see purple fever n.). The disease is now rare in developed countries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid

putrid fever1597

pestilential fever1617

tabardillo1624

synochus1625

Hungaric fever1661

typhus1664

military fever1736

jail distemper1745

hospital fever1750

jail-fever1754

ship-fever1758

typhus fever1780

typhoid fever1789

gastric fever1802

dothinenteritis1826

enteric fever1833

typhoid1837

pythogenic fever1858

thanatotyphus1860

typh fever1861

enteric1872

famine-fever1876

Red River fever1878

laryngo-typhus1888

laryngo-typhoid1896

typh fever1900

paratyphoid1904

1664 G. Havers tr. T. Renaudot et al. Gen. Coll. Disc. Virtuosi France lxxxvi. 503 The Divine Hippocrates..affirms, that the disease call'd Typhos happens commonly in Summer and in these Dog-dayes.

1699 J. Drake & A. Baden tr. D. Le Clerc Hist. Physick iii. ix. 256 Diseases of the fourth Class, that have not been known to Physicians that liv'd since Hippocrates... Amongst the distempers of this Class.., the most remarkable are these two; the (a) Typhus, and (b) the thick or gross disease: these are the names which Hippocrates gives them.

1780 F. Home Clin. Exper. 14 In most of the other symptoms, one typhus is very similar to another.

1785 D. Campbell Observ. Typhus 7 We shall therefore, in speaking of this fever, either employ the technical term Typhus; or call it a low contagious fever.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. II. 190 The heavier, severer, or putrid typhus chiefly differs from the mild in the violence and rapidity of its march.

1861 T. H. Tanner Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 4) ii. i. 153 The fatal cases in typhus and typhoid are one in between five and six.

1893 A. J. A. Ball tr. R. Koch in Practitioner 51 220 Cholera we have only periodically, but abdominal typhus is an endemic disease.

1930 Nature Mag. Mar. 177/2 Typhus, malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness and Rocky Mountain fever are just a few of the maladies insects visit upon mankind.

1986 J. Bauman Winter in Morning (1991) iii. 40 After a critical period of suffering and despair, he eventually recovered. None of us caught typhus from him. The quarantine was over.

2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) vii. 179 In typhus, dengue, and other ‘haemorrhagic’ fevers, probably both direct and immune–mediated mechanisms contribute to the rash.

b. With distinguishing word: any of several other diseases caused by rickettsial bacteria, usually having symptoms of fever and rash.mite-borne typhus, scrub typhus, tick typhus, etc.: see the first element. See also murine typhus n.

ΚΠ

1892 J. Chico in Public Health Papers & Rep. (Amer. Public Health Assoc.) (1893) 18 130 (title) To what extent is the Mexican typhus a communicable disease?

1919 Jrnl. Med. Res. 41 87 The name ‘Rickettsia’ has been applied by da Rocha-Lima to minute bacillary forms found by Hegler and von Prowazek in typhus fever, and regarded as identical with bodies described by Ricketts in Mexican typhus.

1921 Indian Med. Gaz. 56 370/1 (table) Mite typhus.

1944 R. Matheson Entomol. for Introd. Courses xxii. 541 Endemic typhus or murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia muricola.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) xxxi. 459 Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF), which is sometimes called rickettsial spotted fever or tick-borne typhus, is caused by R. rickettsii.

2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health ii. 390 Endemic flea-borne typhus (also known as murine typhus) occurs worldwide but prevails around ports and coastal areas.

Compounds

C1. General attributive (in sense 2), as typhus case, typhus epidemic, typhus patient, etc.

ΚΠ

1788 T. Denman Introd. Pract. Midwifery II. vii. 519 Experience has proved that in the advanced state of fevers of the typhus class, costiveness is a most favourable symptom.

1799 J. Franks (title) On the Non-Existence of Typhus Contagion.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. iv. 41 The chief causes of typhus epidemics.

1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 186 It is important that typhus patients should be treated in large, airy, well-ventilated chambers.

a1883 C. H. Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (1886) I. 146 He had headache and fever, and the typhus eruption followed in due course.

1915 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Mar. 528/1 I should most strongly advise, therefore, that typhus cases should be treated in tents.

1971 W. D. Fronk in R. E. Pfadt Fund. Appl. Entomol. (ed. 2) vii. 208 Mass delousing with the new insecticide was started and within three weeks the typhus outbreak was brought under control.

2005 Isis 96 134/2 McNeely argues that Virchow's typical ‘blend of compassion and distance’..was mobilized by his experience dealing with the Upper Silesian typhus epidemic of 1848.

C2.

typhus fever n. = sense 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid

putrid fever1597

pestilential fever1617

tabardillo1624

synochus1625

Hungaric fever1661

typhus1664

military fever1736

jail distemper1745

hospital fever1750

jail-fever1754

ship-fever1758

typhus fever1780

typhoid fever1789

gastric fever1802

dothinenteritis1826

enteric fever1833

typhoid1837

pythogenic fever1858

thanatotyphus1860

typh fever1861

enteric1872

famine-fever1876

Red River fever1878

laryngo-typhus1888

laryngo-typhoid1896

typh fever1900

paratyphoid1904

1780 Encycl. Brit. VI. 4670/1 (heading) Genus V. Typhus; the Typhus Fever.

1789 G. Buchanan (title) Treatise on the Typhus Fever.

1818 W. Scott Let. Mar. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Sir W. Scott (1837) IV. iv. 135 Many of the better ranks are ill of the typhus fever.

1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 110 Typhus fever is generated by a specific poison, and is highly contagious.

1934 Rotarian June 36 Believing that a siege of typhus fever in the vicinity of Blakely had been spread by rats, members of the Blakely Rotary Club inaugurated a campaign to rid the town and surrounding country of this plague.

1991 Materia Med. Polona 23 60/2 In the camp she had typhus fever which she survived.

2002 P. Jalland Austral. Ways Death ii. 36 Typhus fever was responsible for high levels of mortality on early convict ships.

typhus louse n. a louse (capable of) carrying typhus; spec. the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse) > pediculus corporis (body-louse)

body louse1545

crumb1863

typhus louse1910

coot1915

cootie1917

pants rabbits1917

1910 National Mag. Sept. 615/2 The yellow-fever mosquito, the malaria mosquito, the typhus louse, and the bubonic flea have each and all become publicly posted as ‘malicious and undesirable’.

1939 W. H. Auden & C. Isherwood Journey to War 136 Their upholstery often contained typhus-lice.

2011 H. Jones Violence against Prisoners of War ii. 105 During the war, the German authorities even tried to use the typhus epidemic to try to divide the Allies—denying all German responsibility and blaming the Russian prisoners entirely as the carriers of typhus lice.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	typhus
释义	typhusn. Brit. /ˈtʌɪfəs/, U.S. /ˈtaɪfəs/ Forms: α. 1600s–1800s typhos. β. 1600s– typhus. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin typhus. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin typhus vanity, conceit, pride (4th cent.), type of fever (1539 in translations of Hippocrates, or earlier; compare scientific Latin typhus (Sauvages, 1759)), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek τῦϕος vanity, conceit, name of four kinds of fever, one of which is accompanied by stupor (Hippocrates) < τύϕειν to smoke, to consume in smoke, burn slowly < the same Indo-European base as deaf adj. Compare (in sense 2a) French typhus (1667), Spanish tifus, also tifo (both early 19th cent. or earlier), Portuguese tifo (1836), Italian tifo (1819).In the 17th and 18th cent. a number of Latin phrases showing the Latin word (in sense 1) also occur as borrowings in English; compare:1681 Humble Ess. Peace & Truth Church 18 Proud and haughty Prelates (full of that Typhus Secularis—The old bane of the Church).1684 W. Lloyd Hist. Acct. Church-govt. iii. 80 I pass by the Ambition of the man, and the Arrogance of the Master: there was enough of the Typhus Romanus in both of them.1691 S. Grascome Separation Church of Rome from Church of Eng. 52 That Typhus Seculi, which the Antients all along so feared and bitterly inveighed against.1710 R. Sibbald Hist. Fife & Kinross 71 That Potentiæ Secularis Typhus had not crept in amongst us in these first times; we had nothing ado with the Church of Rome then.These phrases are mainly variants on post-classical Latin potentiae saecularis typhus (5th cent.; compare quot. 1710), itself after Byzantine Greek ἐξουσίας κοσμικῆς τῦϕος ‘the pride of worldly power’. 1. literary. Pride, haughtiness, conceit. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > swelling or inflation with pride > [noun] bolninga1340 swellingc1386 inflation1526 tympany1581 tumour1599 typhus1643 puffiness1668 inflatedness1867 bloatednessc1875 1643 A. Tuckney Balme of Gilead 31 To bring down our loftinesse and pride,..to take down the Typhus of a Britannia triumphans, as some few yeares since we vainly boasted. 1839 F. W. Faber Let. 23 Jan. in M. J. Wilkinson F. W. Faber (2007) ii. 41 Apt to run off into the typhus of popery. 1887 R. Strothert & A. H. Newman tr. St. Augustine Writings against Manichæans v, in Select Libr. Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers IV. 165/1 The language of Faustus has the typhus of heresy [L. haereticus typhus] in it, and is the language of overweening arrogance. 1995 P. Walsh tr. M. Froment-Meurice Solitudes 126 Strange that Socrates does not speak of the ‘typhus of Being’. 2. Medicine. a. An acute infectious disease frequently occurring in epidemics under conditions of overcrowding and poor hygiene, which is characterized by high fever, a red petechial rash spreading from the trunk to the extremities (rarely affecting the face), great physical debility, and often neurological abnormalities including delirium and stupor, and is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii, which is transmitted by body lice. Also (esp. in early use): any of various other infectious diseases confused with this, including typhoid fever (now historical); †an instance or case of such disease (obsolete).Many other names were used for typhus, often referring to the locations in which epidemics occurred, as camp fever, prison fever, ship fever, etc., or to the appearance of the rash (see purple fever n.). The disease is now rare in developed countries. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid putrid fever1597 pestilential fever1617 tabardillo1624 synochus1625 Hungaric fever1661 typhus1664 military fever1736 jail distemper1745 hospital fever1750 jail-fever1754 ship-fever1758 typhus fever1780 typhoid fever1789 gastric fever1802 dothinenteritis1826 enteric fever1833 typhoid1837 pythogenic fever1858 thanatotyphus1860 typh fever1861 enteric1872 famine-fever1876 Red River fever1878 laryngo-typhus1888 laryngo-typhoid1896 typh fever1900 paratyphoid1904 1664 G. Havers tr. T. Renaudot et al. Gen. Coll. Disc. Virtuosi France lxxxvi. 503 The Divine Hippocrates..affirms, that the disease call'd Typhos happens commonly in Summer and in these Dog-dayes. 1699 J. Drake & A. Baden tr. D. Le Clerc Hist. Physick iii. ix. 256 Diseases of the fourth Class, that have not been known to Physicians that liv'd since Hippocrates... Amongst the distempers of this Class.., the most remarkable are these two; the (a) Typhus, and (b) the thick or gross disease: these are the names which Hippocrates gives them. 1780 F. Home Clin. Exper. 14 In most of the other symptoms, one typhus is very similar to another. 1785 D. Campbell Observ. Typhus 7 We shall therefore, in speaking of this fever, either employ the technical term Typhus; or call it a low contagious fever. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. II. 190 The heavier, severer, or putrid typhus chiefly differs from the mild in the violence and rapidity of its march. 1861 T. H. Tanner Man. Pract. Med. (ed. 4) ii. i. 153 The fatal cases in typhus and typhoid are one in between five and six. 1893 A. J. A. Ball tr. R. Koch in Practitioner 51 220 Cholera we have only periodically, but abdominal typhus is an endemic disease. 1930 Nature Mag. Mar. 177/2 Typhus, malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness and Rocky Mountain fever are just a few of the maladies insects visit upon mankind. 1986 J. Bauman Winter in Morning (1991) iii. 40 After a critical period of suffering and despair, he eventually recovered. None of us caught typhus from him. The quarantine was over. 2004 J. Playfair Living with Germs (2007) vii. 179 In typhus, dengue, and other ‘haemorrhagic’ fevers, probably both direct and immune–mediated mechanisms contribute to the rash. b. With distinguishing word: any of several other diseases caused by rickettsial bacteria, usually having symptoms of fever and rash.mite-borne typhus, scrub typhus, tick typhus, etc.: see the first element. See also murine typhus n. ΚΠ 1892 J. Chico in Public Health Papers & Rep. (Amer. Public Health Assoc.) (1893) 18 130 (title) To what extent is the Mexican typhus a communicable disease? 1919 Jrnl. Med. Res. 41 87 The name ‘Rickettsia’ has been applied by da Rocha-Lima to minute bacillary forms found by Hegler and von Prowazek in typhus fever, and regarded as identical with bodies described by Ricketts in Mexican typhus. 1921 Indian Med. Gaz. 56 370/1 (table) Mite typhus. 1944 R. Matheson Entomol. for Introd. Courses xxii. 541 Endemic typhus or murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia muricola. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) xxxi. 459 Rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF), which is sometimes called rickettsial spotted fever or tick-borne typhus, is caused by R. rickettsii. 2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health ii. 390 Endemic flea-borne typhus (also known as murine typhus) occurs worldwide but prevails around ports and coastal areas. Compounds C1. General attributive (in sense 2), as typhus case, typhus epidemic, typhus patient, etc. ΚΠ 1788 T. Denman Introd. Pract. Midwifery II. vii. 519 Experience has proved that in the advanced state of fevers of the typhus class, costiveness is a most favourable symptom. 1799 J. Franks (title) On the Non-Existence of Typhus Contagion. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. iv. 41 The chief causes of typhus epidemics. 1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 186 It is important that typhus patients should be treated in large, airy, well-ventilated chambers. a1883 C. H. Fagge Princ. & Pract. Med. (1886) I. 146 He had headache and fever, and the typhus eruption followed in due course. 1915 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Mar. 528/1 I should most strongly advise, therefore, that typhus cases should be treated in tents. 1971 W. D. Fronk in R. E. Pfadt Fund. Appl. Entomol. (ed. 2) vii. 208 Mass delousing with the new insecticide was started and within three weeks the typhus outbreak was brought under control. 2005 Isis 96 134/2 McNeely argues that Virchow's typical ‘blend of compassion and distance’..was mobilized by his experience dealing with the Upper Silesian typhus epidemic of 1848. C2. typhus fever n. = sense 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > typhus or typhoid putrid fever1597 pestilential fever1617 tabardillo1624 synochus1625 Hungaric fever1661 typhus1664 military fever1736 jail distemper1745 hospital fever1750 jail-fever1754 ship-fever1758 typhus fever1780 typhoid fever1789 gastric fever1802 dothinenteritis1826 enteric fever1833 typhoid1837 pythogenic fever1858 thanatotyphus1860 typh fever1861 enteric1872 famine-fever1876 Red River fever1878 laryngo-typhus1888 laryngo-typhoid1896 typh fever1900 paratyphoid1904 1780 Encycl. Brit. VI. 4670/1 (heading) Genus V. Typhus; the Typhus Fever. 1789 G. Buchanan (title) Treatise on the Typhus Fever. 1818 W. Scott Let. Mar. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Sir W. Scott (1837) IV. iv. 135 Many of the better ranks are ill of the typhus fever. 1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 110 Typhus fever is generated by a specific poison, and is highly contagious. 1934 Rotarian June 36 Believing that a siege of typhus fever in the vicinity of Blakely had been spread by rats, members of the Blakely Rotary Club inaugurated a campaign to rid the town and surrounding country of this plague. 1991 Materia Med. Polona 23 60/2 In the camp she had typhus fever which she survived. 2002 P. Jalland Austral. Ways Death ii. 36 Typhus fever was responsible for high levels of mortality on early convict ships. typhus louse n. a louse (capable of) carrying typhus; spec. the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse) > pediculus corporis (body-louse) body louse1545 crumb1863 typhus louse1910 coot1915 cootie1917 pants rabbits1917 1910 National Mag. Sept. 615/2 The yellow-fever mosquito, the malaria mosquito, the typhus louse, and the bubonic flea have each and all become publicly posted as ‘malicious and undesirable’. 1939 W. H. Auden & C. Isherwood Journey to War 136 Their upholstery often contained typhus-lice. 2011 H. Jones Violence against Prisoners of War ii. 105 During the war, the German authorities even tried to use the typhus epidemic to try to divide the Allies—denying all German responsibility and blaming the Russian prisoners entirely as the carriers of typhus lice. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1643
随便看	cowardice cowardices cowardise cowardish cowardize cowardizing cowardlier cowardliest cowardlike cowardliness cowardlinesses cowardly cowardly custard cowardness cowardous cowardry cowards cowardship cowardtree cowardy cowardy, cowardy, custard cowbaby cowbail cowbailie cowbane