Turkn.¹

Brit.

/təːk/, U.S.

/tərk/

Forms: Also Middle English–1600s Turke, Middle English turque, 1600s Turc; 1800s Toork (sense 1).

Etymology: = French Turc, feminine turque, Italian Turco, Turca, Spanish Turco, Turca, Portuguese Turco, Turca, medieval Latin Turcus, Turca, Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος, Persian (and Arabic) turk. A national name of unknown origin. Possibly the same as the Chinese equivalent Tu-kin, applied to a division of the Hiong-nu (identified by Deguigne with the Huns), who occupied the country south of the Altaian mountains c177 b.c. (In Persian dictionaries turk is explained as ‘A Turk, a beautiful youth, a barbarian, a robber’, but the last three definitions are only applications of the national name, not explanations of its original meaning.)

1. Ethnology. Chiefly in plural Turks. The name of a numerous and widely spread family of the human race, occupying from prehistoric times large parts of central Asia, and speaking a language and dialects belonging to the Turkic (Turkic adj.) branch of the Ural-Altaic (Finno-Tartar, or Turanian) linguistic family (a primary family of co-ordinate rank with the Indo-European or Aryan, and Semitic). Within this linguistic family the Turks are usually held to stand between the Ugrians and Mongols, having closest relationship to the latter group. The form Toork or Tourk (after Persian) has been used by some (esp. in India) in this wide sense.From their original home in central Asia, chiefly from Turkestan, hordes of Turks at various times assailed and conquered other lands. Of these, the best known in the West were those calling themselves, after famous leaders, Seljúk and Osmānli respectively. The former overthrew the Abbasides, or first Muslim caliphs of Baghdad, and founded the Seljúk dynasty in their room; the latter, after embracing Islām, and receiving much Persian and Arab culture, arose on the ruins of the Seljúk empire in a.d. 1300 and became the ancestors of the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks in Asia and south-eastern Europe (see sense 2).Probably the name Turk appears in English first in connection with the Third Crusade, 1187–92. The Turks of that date were Seljúks, not Ottomans. Saladin, the antagonist of Richard I, was a Kurd, originally in the service of the Seljúks. In this wide sense, the name is of comparatively late use in English and the European languages generally, the Turks of central Asia being unknown in Western Europe.

ΚΠ

a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Abbot of Tungland in Poems (1998) I. 56 Me thocht a Turk of Tartary Come throw the boundis of Barbary And lay forloppin in Lumbardy.

1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 36 After them the Turkes hauing an other name, but yet the same people, borne in Scythia.

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. xii. 320 The Kuzzilbaushes are members of that colony of Toorks which now predominates in Persia. I call them by this name (which is usually given them at Caubul)... They speak Persian, and among themselves Toorkee.

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iv. i. 465 That great division of the human race which is known in Asia by the name of Toork, and which, with the Moguls and Maushoors, compose what we call the Tartar nation. Each of these divisions has its separate language, and that of the Toorks is widely diffused throughout the west of Asia.

a1833 J. Malcolm Life & Corr. (1856) I. vi. 91 We were now threatened with an invasion of Toorks and Tartars.

1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 The Turks-Osmanlis are a branch of the Turks in the larger meaning of the word.

1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 We cannot precisely ascertain when the Turks (..in the larger meaning of the word) first appeared in Europe.

1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 The Káyi,..the most illustrious of all [the Turkish tribes], because the Turks-Osmanlis descend from them.

1877 E. A. Freeman Ottoman Power in Europe vii. 286 It is..in the Anatolian peninsula only, that the Turk is really at home. The Ottoman is hardly at home even there; but the Turk, the representative of the earlier and better Turkish races, is at home.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 The use of the name ‘Turks’ has never been limited in a clear and definite way from the time of the Byzantine authors to the present day. To the former, as also to the Arabs, it has a collective sense like Scythians or Huns.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 The Kirghiz..are considered as the typical Turks of the present day, and are described..as being midway between the Mongol and the Caucasian.

1899 J. T. Bealby in Times Gazetteer 1613/2 Thirty years later [than 1017] the Turks—not the Ottomans (Osmanlis), but their predecessors, the Seljuks—invaded the Byzantine Empire for the first time.

a. A native or inhabitant of Turkey; (formerly) a member of the dominant race of the Ottoman empire; sometimes extended to any subject of the Grand Turk or Turkish Sultan, but usually restricted to Muslim people; (in earlier times) a Seljúk; (from 1300) an Osmanli or Ottoman; a person who was, or considered himself, a descendant of the Osmanlis or other Turks. In plural the Turks, the Turkish people; (also) the Ottomans (now historical).

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Turk > [noun]

Turka1400

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Near East, Middle East, or Asia Minor > native or inhabitant of Turkey > [noun]

turkeina1330

Turka1400

Turkman1481

Ottoman1546

Turkisher1607

Ottomanic1614

Ottomitea1616

Othman1787

Johnny Turk1836

Johnny1854

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Semite > [noun] > Arab

Saracenc893

HagareneOE

Araba1382

Turka1400

Ismaelite1571

Ishmaelite1577

A-rab1865

Johnny1884

a1400 Coer de L. 5003 Thre thousand Turkes com, with bost, Betwen Jakes and his hoost.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) iv. 26 [Rodes] was wont to be clept Collos; and so callen it the Turkes ȝit.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) xiii. 145 But a gret man þat he [the Greek Emperour] sente for to kepe the contree aȝenst the Turkes vsurped the lond & helde it to him self, & cleped him Emperour of Trapazond.

c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 591 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 498 Lang tyme eftyre with gret were, þe turkis thru iniquite distroyt þe towne of myrre [= Myra].

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xiv. 348 We shall werre styll on goddys enmyes, as ben turques & sarrasins.

1517 R. Torkington Oldest Diarie Englysshe Trav. (1884) 23 We war receyvyd by the Turkys and Sarrasyns.

1547 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 11 Hedpeces to the same, turkes ffasshyon of blewe Red & yolowe sarcenet.

1599 T. Dallam Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) i. 79 My drugaman..was a Turke, but a Cornish man borne.

1634 Cal. State Papers, Domest. 31 May (1864) 44 Complaints out of the west country of divers outrages lately committed in those parts by Turks and pirates.

a1658 J. Durham Expos. Rev. (1680) v. ii. 275 To redeem so many of them from the bondage of the Turks.

c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 165 One Turke..he much favourd, who waited on him in his Cabine.

1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 140 The Turcs at our being there [i.e. at Vienna] having taken Neuhausel.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Turk, a Subject of the Grand Signiors, who is also call'd the Great Turk.

1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 352 The debt which England and all Europe had contracted with the Turks for the inoculation of the Small-pox.

1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 24 The Servians, the Bosnians..and the Albanians, once more stood united against the Osmanlis. But the Turks were stronger than all these nations combined.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 At the present day we are wont to restrict the name to the Osmanli Turks, though they themselves refuse to be called Turks, having..ceased to be such in becoming imbued with Arabo-Persian culture. On the other hand when we speak of Uigurs and Tatars, we mean tribes who style themselves Turks and really are such.

b. the Turk n. Turkish people regarded collectively; the Turkish power. Also: the Turkish Sultan, the Grand Turk (see sense 2c) (historical). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > sultan > Turkish sultan

the Grand (also Great) Turk?1482

the Turk?1482

grand signior?1582

?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes In what tyme that thees thynges were thought and counseyled in Constantynople among the turke and his counseyle.

1561 New Cal. 17 Jan. in Prayer-bk. Q. Eliz. (1890) 194 The good Prince Scanderbeg,..a scourge to the Turke.

1581 W. Allen Apol. Two Eng. Colleges f. 18^v Christians of al sortes,..and al other vnder the Turke.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xi. 83 In woman out paromord the Turke .

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. vii. 73 The Turke that two and fiftie Kingdomes hath, Writes not so tedious a Stile as this.

1734 A. Pope Epist. to Arbuthnot 198 Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne.

1896 N. Brit. Daily Mail 17 June 4 The unfortunate lands over which the Turk now exercises his baleful sway.

1898 Daily News 7 Sept. 5/4 The Dervishes..animated by an implacable hatred of ‘The Turk’, which is a comprehensive phrase applied to Egyptians and Englishmen alike.

1908 A. D. H. Smith (title) Fighting the Turk in the Balkans.

c. the Grand (also Great) Turk, the Ottoman Sultan. Cf. the Great Khan at khan n.¹ a, the Great Mogul at Mogul n.¹ 1a. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > sultan > Turkish sultan

the Grand (also Great) Turk?1482

the Turk?1482

grand signior?1582

?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes The turkes..saydyn that theyr lord the grete Turke was dede.

1503 Lett. Rich. III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 210 He said that the Grete Turke feared not the pope.

1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Place of Prayer ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 348 The Enemie of our Lord Christ, the great Turke.

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xlii. 143 What longing-lust would not be alaide, to see three hundred women at his dispose and pleasure, as hath the Grand Turke in his Seraille?

1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. N4, at Sultan For thus they now call the Great Turke,..The Souldan of Stamboli.

1689 Charges against Andros & Others in Andros Tracts (1868) I. 165 They were as Arbitrary as the great Turk.

1731 J. Pitts True & Faithful Acct. Mahometans (ed. 3) viii. 175 Where he became Capatan-Bashaw, i.e. the Head of the Captains of the Grand Turks Men of War.

1846 T. H. Huxley in L. Huxley Life & Lett. T. H. Huxley (1900) I. ii. 26 I am in a very fair way, and would snap my fingers at the Grand Turk.

1853 C. Brontë Villette I. iii. 40 He was more than the Grand Turk in her estimation.

1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Holmby House I. 87 Who..had smoked his chibouque with the Grand Turk at Stamboul.

1860 G. A. Sala Baddington Peerage xliii Whether..he felt as happy as the Grand Turk.

†d. More widely: a Saracen. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1400 Coer de L. 4971 Thre thousand Turkes com at the last, With bowe Turkeys, and arweblaste.

e. Young Turks: see Young Turk n. 2.

a. Often used as: = Muslim.From c1300 the Turks were to Christian nations the typical Muslim power.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Islam > [noun] > person

Saracenc893

Mahomet1508

Mahometista1513

Mahometan1529

Turk1548

Mahomite1559

Mussulman1570

Ismaelite1571

Mahometician1588

Moor1588

Islam1613

Muslim1626

Mahometant1635

Mohammedan1663

Moorman1696

Unitarian1708

Islamite1786

Muslimin1819

Muslimite1840

Islamist1849

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxiii [He] hated hym more then a Panym, or a Turke.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lii Haue mercy vpon all Jewes, Turkes, Infidels, and heretikes.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 30 No Jew is capable to be a Turk but he must be first an Abdvla a Christian.

1695 J. Collier Misc. upon Moral Subj. 136 He is a Christian at Rome, a Heathen at Japan, and a Turk at Constantinople.

1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §10 A divine distributes [mankind] into Turks, Heathens, Jews, or Christians.

b. In to turn Turk, become Turk, and similar phrases. (Also in senses 2, 4.)

ΚΠ

?1592 Trag. Solyman & Perseda sig. F1^v What say these prisoners, will they turne Turke, or no?

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 264 If the rest of my fortunes turne Turk with me.

1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey i. 54 No Iew can turne Turke, untill he first turne Christian.

1629 J. Mabbe tr. C. de Fonseca Deuout Contempl. 403 The Souldier, he will turne Turke vpon point either of profit, or of honor.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 141 [He] turnd Turke, and was circumcised.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 42 Many are perswaded, that when a Jew turns Turk, he must first become Christian, which is very false.

1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 304 He offered to turn Turk, if they would spare him.

4. In extended use.

a. (Applied to) any one having qualities historically attributed to Turks; a cruel, rigorous, or tyrannical person; any one behaving barbarically or savagely. Also: a bad-tempered or unmanageable person; a man who treats his wife harshly. Often (with alliterative qualification) terrible Turk; (also) Young Turk n. 1, an unmanageable or violent child or youth. little Turk: see little adj., pron., n., and adv. Compounds 1d.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > savage person > [noun]

wolfa900

liona1225

beastc1225

wild manc1290

tiger?a1513

Turk1536

club-fist1575

scourgemutton1581

wolver1593

vulture1605

savage1609

inhuman1653

brutal1655

Tartar1669

hyena1671

dragoon1712

Huna1744

panther1822

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun] > tyranny, despotism, or autocracy > one who

tyrantc1290

Turk1536

Pharaoh1565

tyrannizer1602

domineerer1641

Corsican1739

Napoleon1821

Ozymandias1878

big-sticker1905

Mussolini1926

Hitler1930

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [noun] > person

wolfa900

cruelc1420

Turk1536

scourgemutton1581

savage1609

hell-kitea1616

1536 Exhort. North 56 in F. J. Furnivall Ballads from MSS I. 306 Thes Sothorne turkes pervertyng owre lawe.

1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 5^v Was neuer any Impe so wicked & barbarous, any Turke so vile and brutish.

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Turk, any cruel hard-hearted Man.

a1845 T. Hood Lay Real Life v Who said my mother was a Turk, And took me home—and made me work, But managed half my meals to shirk? My Aunt.

1847 A. Helps Friends in Council 1st Ser. vii. 114 Why you Mahometan, you Turk of a lawyer—would you do away with all the higher things of courtesy, tenderness for the weaker [etc.]?

1854 Notes & Queries 1st Ser. 9 451/1 We often hear of people bad to manage being ‘regular Turks’.

1862 Spectator 6 Dec. 1363/1 The new generation of Greeks have a real passion for education; without it they say a man is a ‘Turk’, that last epithet of opprobrium.

1863 W. P. Frith Let. 8 Nov. in Autobiogr. (1887) I. xxiv. 351 As to Prince William of Prussia, of all the little Turks he is one of the worst.

1874 Sir W. W. Hunter in Life (1901) xiii. 228 Mr. Lyall is a terrible Turk at keeping his wife up to her social duties.

1875 A. Mozley Ess. fr. Blackwood 217 A bad temper does seem often favourable to health. The man who has been a Turk all his life lives long to plague all about him.

1891 G. Meredith One of our Conquerors III. i. 7 The tastes of the civilized man—a creature that is not clean-washed of the Turk in him.

1904 Police Magistrate in Daily News 26 Nov. 9/2 ‘You are a young Turk, and a bad Turk, too;..I think I ought to send you to a reformatory school.’

b. slang (usually depreciative). A person of Irish birth or descent. Chiefly U.S.In this sense perhaps a derivative of Irish torc boar, hog, as suggested by W. A. McLaughlin ( Dial. Notes (1914) IV. 147–8); but cf. turkey n.² 6b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of America > native or inhabitant of North America > native or inhabitant of U.S.A. > [noun] > by country of origin

American1648

African1700

High Dutch1773

Low Dutch1773

German-American1775

African American1782

Anglo-American1785

Irish-American1786

Africo-American1788

American African1826

Pennsylvania German1827

Pennsylvania Dutch1831

Afro-American1833

far-downer1834

Mexicano1847

knickerbocker1848

Chinese-American1854

Italian–American1873

Polish-American1876

Polacker1883

roundhead1895

hunk1896

Polack1898

Senegambian1900

bohunk1903

honky1904

hunyak1911

Turk1914

boho1920

Anglo1923

Euro-American1925

turkey1932

narrowback1933

nisei1934

roundheader1934

pachuco1943

pocho1944

Latino1946

Chicano1947

Mexican-American1948

Asian American1952

Amerasian1957

Chicana1966

Afrikan1972

Hispanic1972

1914 in Dial. Notes 4 148 You Italians have the votes, but it takes us Turks to run the government.

1945 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. Suppl. I. 603 Turk is used among Roman Catholic priests in the United States to designate a colleague of Irish birth.

1959 Observer 1 Mar. 10/1 Their backs are to the wall in a desperate tyre-chain feudal war to protect the integrity of their declining manor against the invasion of ‘bubbles and squeaks’ (Greeks and Cypriots), ‘turks’ (Irish) and ‘spades’ (coloureds).

1971 S. Houghton Current Prison Slang (MS notebk.) (O.E.D. Archive) 17 Turk, Paddy, Irishman.

†5.

a. A human figure at which to practise shooting. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > competitive shooting > archery > [noun] > archery target

bercelc1440

butt1440

shell1497

rover1511

standing pricka1525

round1531

popinjay1548

prick-mark1553

Turk1569

twelve (also twenty-four) score prick1569

garden butt1572

parrot1578

clout1584

hoyle1614

shaw-fowl1621

prick wanda1650

goal1662

1569 T. Hearne in W. Camden Hist. Eliz. (1717) Pref. p.xxix The shotinge with the brode arrowe, the shotinge at the twelve skore prick, the shotinge at the Turke.

1604 Penniles Parl. Threed-bare Poets in Iacke of Dover Quest of Inquirie sig. F4^v A Turke can be hit at twelue score pricks in Fiendsbury fields.

1616 Manifest. Abp. Spalato's Motives App. iii. 7 All the rest were but painted posts, and Turkes of ten pence, to fill and adorne the shooting-field.

1631 J. Burges Answer Reioyned 182 The Replier hath set vp a man of cloutes of his owne making, and then shootes at a Turke, as boyes doe.

b. A hideous image to frighten children; a bugbear. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of terribleness > [noun] > one who or that which terrifies > object of terror (usually imaginary) > nursery bugbear

Bloody Bones?1548

raw-head1566

scare-babea1591

raw-flesh1598

Turk1598

scare-bairn1681

raw necka1774

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Manduco, a disguised or vglie picture vsed in shewes to make children afraid,..a turke, or a bug-beare.

a. A Turkish or Turkey horse.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > Turkish

Turk1623

Turkey1678

Turki1782

1623 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husb. (ed. 3) i. iii. 42 The best Stallion to beget horses for the warres is the Courser, the Iennet, or the Turke.

1831 W. Youatt Horse iii. 29 Charles II. sent his master of the horse to the Levant, to purchase brood mares and stallions. These were principally Barbs and Turks.

2005 J. James Byerley Turk xxix. 312 ‘Show the gentleman the stable, Mr. Poyntz,’ Byerley says abruptly, wheeling the great Turk.

†b. A Turkish sword or sabre, a scimitar. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > sword > [noun] > scimitar

scimitar1530

shamsheer1634

Turk1638

badelaire1693

ataghan1813

yataghan1819

1638 N. Whiting Le Hore di Recreatione (new ed.) 108 He forthwith unsheathd his trusty Turke, Cald forth that blood which in his veines did lurk.

c. plural. Turkish bonds.

ΚΠ

1876 J. Payn Fallen Fortunes xiii If he had heard that the Archbishop of Canterbury had been obliged to let Lambeth Palace..on account of speculation in ‘Turks’, he would not have been astonished.

d. A Turkish ship.

ΚΠ

a1907 F. Thompson Life St. Ignatius (1909) 40 There were three vessels, a Turk and two Venetians... The Turk foundered with all hands.

e. A Turkish cigarette.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > other types of cigarette

Russian cigarette1851

papirosa1856

Egyptian1892

Russian1892

tickler1904

joystick1911

gyppy1920

king-size1920

Sobranie1923

virgin1923

Turk1926

roll-your-own1932

ready roll1949

roll-up1950

filter1956

filterless1956

rollie1964

Virginia1964

untipped1968

primo1986

1926 ‘Sapper’ Final Count iii. 65 Why the devil don't you smoke a Corona Corona, you fool! Put out that Turk.

1935 N. Marsh Enter Murderer vi. 71 Cigarette? These are Turks.

1965 ‘R. Erskine’ Passion Flowers in Business v. 60 Fat, oval Turks in a Wedgwood box.

Compounds

C1. General attributive: = Turkish adj.

ΚΠ

?a1366 Romaunt Rose 923 In his honde holdyng Turke bowes two, fulle wel deuysed had he.

1534 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 193 iij quarteris of taphety turke, price of the elne xiiij s.

1708 London Gaz. No. 4435/4 To be sold,..a true Turk Stalion about 15 Hands high.

2005 J. James Byerley Turk xxix. 321 Turk horses imported into Britain are often incorrectly described as Arabs.

C2. Instrumental, as Turk-ruled, Turk-worked (adjs.), etc.

ΚΠ

1791 F. Grose Grumbler xi. 46 The best parlour..was furnished with Turk-worked chairs.

1873 W. Cory Lett. & Jrnls. (1897) 328 Frankified Turk-ruled Egyptians.

2002 J. G. A. Pocock in A. Pagden Idea of Europe ii. 61 The increasingly Turk-dominated Arab Khalifat.

C3. In genitive.

a. In general compounds, as Turk's knife.

ΚΠ

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xiv. 3/2 These are called Turks knives because they turne vpward in the back towards the end, or point of the blade.

b. In the names of plants, as Turk's turban. See also Turk's cap n., Turk's head n. 1.

ΚΠ

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 319/1 Turk's Turban, Ranunculus.

1866 R. S. Charnock Verba Nominalia 315 Turk's Turban, a plant of the genus Ranunculus.

Derivatives

ˈTurkdom n. the realm or domain of the Turks; Turkey. Young Turkdom, the party of Young Turk.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Near East, Middle East, and Asia Minor > [noun] > Near East > Turkey

Turkdom1900

society > authority > rule or government > politics > politics of other European countries > [noun] > principle or policy in Turkish politics > party or association in Turkish politics

Young Turkdom1900

Young Turk1948

1900 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 150 For fifty years the whole of Turkdom was then more or less effectively administered by Chinese proconsuls.

1909 Vambéry in 19th Cent. Mar. 371 The whole Turkish nation, with very few exceptions, belongs to Young Turkdom. Every one who feels Turkish and speaks Turkish is a Young Turk.

Turk-like adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [adjective] > barbarously

barbarical1569

barbarous1594

Turkish1602

Moorish1795

Saracenic1836

Turk-like1850

medieval1917

Neanderthalic1922

1850 R. Browning Christmas-eve xviii. 65 Or Turklike brandishing a scimetar.

1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. Introd. 5 Adopting the Turk-like philosophy of this Scotchman!

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1915; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	turk
释义	Turkn.¹ Brit. /təːk/, U.S. /tərk/ Forms: Also Middle English–1600s Turke, Middle English turque, 1600s Turc; 1800s Toork (sense 1). Etymology: = French Turc, feminine turque, Italian Turco, Turca, Spanish Turco, Turca, Portuguese Turco, Turca, medieval Latin Turcus, Turca, Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος, Persian (and Arabic) turk. A national name of unknown origin. Possibly the same as the Chinese equivalent Tu-kin, applied to a division of the Hiong-nu (identified by Deguigne with the Huns), who occupied the country south of the Altaian mountains c177 b.c. (In Persian dictionaries turk is explained as ‘A Turk, a beautiful youth, a barbarian, a robber’, but the last three definitions are only applications of the national name, not explanations of its original meaning.) 1. Ethnology. Chiefly in plural Turks. The name of a numerous and widely spread family of the human race, occupying from prehistoric times large parts of central Asia, and speaking a language and dialects belonging to the Turkic (Turkic adj.) branch of the Ural-Altaic (Finno-Tartar, or Turanian) linguistic family (a primary family of co-ordinate rank with the Indo-European or Aryan, and Semitic). Within this linguistic family the Turks are usually held to stand between the Ugrians and Mongols, having closest relationship to the latter group. The form Toork or Tourk (after Persian) has been used by some (esp. in India) in this wide sense.From their original home in central Asia, chiefly from Turkestan, hordes of Turks at various times assailed and conquered other lands. Of these, the best known in the West were those calling themselves, after famous leaders, Seljúk and Osmānli respectively. The former overthrew the Abbasides, or first Muslim caliphs of Baghdad, and founded the Seljúk dynasty in their room; the latter, after embracing Islām, and receiving much Persian and Arab culture, arose on the ruins of the Seljúk empire in a.d. 1300 and became the ancestors of the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks in Asia and south-eastern Europe (see sense 2).Probably the name Turk appears in English first in connection with the Third Crusade, 1187–92. The Turks of that date were Seljúks, not Ottomans. Saladin, the antagonist of Richard I, was a Kurd, originally in the service of the Seljúks. In this wide sense, the name is of comparatively late use in English and the European languages generally, the Turks of central Asia being unknown in Western Europe. ΚΠ a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Abbot of Tungland in Poems (1998) I. 56 Me thocht a Turk of Tartary Come throw the boundis of Barbary And lay forloppin in Lumbardy. 1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 36 After them the Turkes hauing an other name, but yet the same people, borne in Scythia. 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul ii. xii. 320 The Kuzzilbaushes are members of that colony of Toorks which now predominates in Persia. I call them by this name (which is usually given them at Caubul)... They speak Persian, and among themselves Toorkee. 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iv. i. 465 That great division of the human race which is known in Asia by the name of Toork, and which, with the Moguls and Maushoors, compose what we call the Tartar nation. Each of these divisions has its separate language, and that of the Toorks is widely diffused throughout the west of Asia. a1833 J. Malcolm Life & Corr. (1856) I. vi. 91 We were now threatened with an invasion of Toorks and Tartars. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 The Turks-Osmanlis are a branch of the Turks in the larger meaning of the word. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 We cannot precisely ascertain when the Turks (..in the larger meaning of the word) first appeared in Europe. 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 395/1 The Káyi,..the most illustrious of all [the Turkish tribes], because the Turks-Osmanlis descend from them. 1877 E. A. Freeman Ottoman Power in Europe vii. 286 It is..in the Anatolian peninsula only, that the Turk is really at home. The Ottoman is hardly at home even there; but the Turk, the representative of the earlier and better Turkish races, is at home. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 The use of the name ‘Turks’ has never been limited in a clear and definite way from the time of the Byzantine authors to the present day. To the former, as also to the Arabs, it has a collective sense like Scythians or Huns. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 The Kirghiz..are considered as the typical Turks of the present day, and are described..as being midway between the Mongol and the Caucasian. 1899 J. T. Bealby in Times Gazetteer 1613/2 Thirty years later [than 1017] the Turks—not the Ottomans (Osmanlis), but their predecessors, the Seljuks—invaded the Byzantine Empire for the first time. 2. a. A native or inhabitant of Turkey; (formerly) a member of the dominant race of the Ottoman empire; sometimes extended to any subject of the Grand Turk or Turkish Sultan, but usually restricted to Muslim people; (in earlier times) a Seljúk; (from 1300) an Osmanli or Ottoman; a person who was, or considered himself, a descendant of the Osmanlis or other Turks. In plural the Turks, the Turkish people; (also) the Ottomans (now historical). ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Turk > [noun] Turka1400 the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Near East, Middle East, or Asia Minor > native or inhabitant of Turkey > [noun] turkeina1330 Turka1400 Turkman1481 Ottoman1546 Turkisher1607 Ottomanic1614 Ottomitea1616 Othman1787 Johnny Turk1836 Johnny1854 the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Semite > [noun] > Arab Saracenc893 HagareneOE Araba1382 Turka1400 Ismaelite1571 Ishmaelite1577 A-rab1865 Johnny1884 a1400 Coer de L. 5003 Thre thousand Turkes com, with bost, Betwen Jakes and his hoost. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) iv. 26 [Rodes] was wont to be clept Collos; and so callen it the Turkes ȝit. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) xiii. 145 But a gret man þat he [the Greek Emperour] sente for to kepe the contree aȝenst the Turkes vsurped the lond & helde it to him self, & cleped him Emperour of Trapazond. c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 591 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 498 Lang tyme eftyre with gret were, þe turkis thru iniquite distroyt þe towne of myrre [= Myra]. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xiv. 348 We shall werre styll on goddys enmyes, as ben turques & sarrasins. 1517 R. Torkington Oldest Diarie Englysshe Trav. (1884) 23 We war receyvyd by the Turkys and Sarrasyns. 1547 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 11 Hedpeces to the same, turkes ffasshyon of blewe Red & yolowe sarcenet. 1599 T. Dallam Diary in J. T. Bent Early Voy. Levant (1893) i. 79 My drugaman..was a Turke, but a Cornish man borne. 1634 Cal. State Papers, Domest. 31 May (1864) 44 Complaints out of the west country of divers outrages lately committed in those parts by Turks and pirates. a1658 J. Durham Expos. Rev. (1680) v. ii. 275 To redeem so many of them from the bondage of the Turks. c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 165 One Turke..he much favourd, who waited on him in his Cabine. 1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 140 The Turcs at our being there [i.e. at Vienna] having taken Neuhausel. 1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Turk, a Subject of the Grand Signiors, who is also call'd the Great Turk. 1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 352 The debt which England and all Europe had contracted with the Turks for the inoculation of the Small-pox. 1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 24 The Servians, the Bosnians..and the Albanians, once more stood united against the Osmanlis. But the Turks were stronger than all these nations combined. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 658/2 At the present day we are wont to restrict the name to the Osmanli Turks, though they themselves refuse to be called Turks, having..ceased to be such in becoming imbued with Arabo-Persian culture. On the other hand when we speak of Uigurs and Tatars, we mean tribes who style themselves Turks and really are such. b. the Turk n. Turkish people regarded collectively; the Turkish power. Also: the Turkish Sultan, the Grand Turk (see sense 2c) (historical). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > sultan > Turkish sultan the Grand (also Great) Turk?1482 the Turk?1482 grand signior?1582 ?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes In what tyme that thees thynges were thought and counseyled in Constantynople among the turke and his counseyle. 1561 New Cal. 17 Jan. in Prayer-bk. Q. Eliz. (1890) 194 The good Prince Scanderbeg,..a scourge to the Turke. 1581 W. Allen Apol. Two Eng. Colleges f. 18^v Christians of al sortes,..and al other vnder the Turke. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xi. 83 In woman out paromord the Turke . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. vii. 73 The Turke that two and fiftie Kingdomes hath, Writes not so tedious a Stile as this. View more context for this quotation 1734 A. Pope Epist. to Arbuthnot 198 Should such a man, too fond to rule alone, Bear, like the Turk, no brother near the throne. 1896 N. Brit. Daily Mail 17 June 4 The unfortunate lands over which the Turk now exercises his baleful sway. 1898 Daily News 7 Sept. 5/4 The Dervishes..animated by an implacable hatred of ‘The Turk’, which is a comprehensive phrase applied to Egyptians and Englishmen alike. 1908 A. D. H. Smith (title) Fighting the Turk in the Balkans. c. the Grand (also Great) Turk, the Ottoman Sultan. Cf. the Great Khan at khan n.¹ a, the Great Mogul at Mogul n.¹ 1a. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > other independent rulers > [noun] > sultan > Turkish sultan the Grand (also Great) Turk?1482 the Turk?1482 grand signior?1582 ?1482 J. Kay tr. G. Caoursin Siege of Rhodes The turkes..saydyn that theyr lord the grete Turke was dede. 1503 Lett. Rich. III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 210 He said that the Grete Turke feared not the pope. 1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Place of Prayer ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 348 The Enemie of our Lord Christ, the great Turke. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xlii. 143 What longing-lust would not be alaide, to see three hundred women at his dispose and pleasure, as hath the Grand Turke in his Seraille? 1615 W. Bedwell Arabian Trudgman in tr. Mohammedis Imposturæ sig. N4, at Sultan For thus they now call the Great Turke,..The Souldan of Stamboli. 1689 Charges against Andros & Others in Andros Tracts (1868) I. 165 They were as Arbitrary as the great Turk. 1731 J. Pitts True & Faithful Acct. Mahometans (ed. 3) viii. 175 Where he became Capatan-Bashaw, i.e. the Head of the Captains of the Grand Turks Men of War. 1846 T. H. Huxley in L. Huxley Life & Lett. T. H. Huxley (1900) I. ii. 26 I am in a very fair way, and would snap my fingers at the Grand Turk. 1853 C. Brontë Villette I. iii. 40 He was more than the Grand Turk in her estimation. 1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Holmby House I. 87 Who..had smoked his chibouque with the Grand Turk at Stamboul. 1860 G. A. Sala Baddington Peerage xliii Whether..he felt as happy as the Grand Turk. †d. More widely: a Saracen. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1400 Coer de L. 4971 Thre thousand Turkes com at the last, With bowe Turkeys, and arweblaste. e. Young Turks: see Young Turk n. 2. 3. a. Often used as: = Muslim.From c1300 the Turks were to Christian nations the typical Muslim power. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Islam > [noun] > person Saracenc893 Mahomet1508 Mahometista1513 Mahometan1529 Turk1548 Mahomite1559 Mussulman1570 Ismaelite1571 Mahometician1588 Moor1588 Islam1613 Muslim1626 Mahometant1635 Mohammedan1663 Moorman1696 Unitarian1708 Islamite1786 Muslimin1819 Muslimite1840 Islamist1849 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxxiii [He] hated hym more then a Panym, or a Turke. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lii Haue mercy vpon all Jewes, Turkes, Infidels, and heretikes. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 30 No Jew is capable to be a Turk but he must be first an Abdvla a Christian. 1695 J. Collier Misc. upon Moral Subj. 136 He is a Christian at Rome, a Heathen at Japan, and a Turk at Constantinople. 1725 I. Watts Logick i. vi. §10 A divine distributes [mankind] into Turks, Heathens, Jews, or Christians. b. In to turn Turk, become Turk, and similar phrases. (Also in senses 2, 4.) ΚΠ ?1592 Trag. Solyman & Perseda sig. F1^v What say these prisoners, will they turne Turke, or no? 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 264 If the rest of my fortunes turne Turk with me. View more context for this quotation 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey i. 54 No Iew can turne Turke, untill he first turne Christian. 1629 J. Mabbe tr. C. de Fonseca Deuout Contempl. 403 The Souldier, he will turne Turke vpon point either of profit, or of honor. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 141 [He] turnd Turke, and was circumcised. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 42 Many are perswaded, that when a Jew turns Turk, he must first become Christian, which is very false. 1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 304 He offered to turn Turk, if they would spare him. 4. In extended use. a. (Applied to) any one having qualities historically attributed to Turks; a cruel, rigorous, or tyrannical person; any one behaving barbarically or savagely. Also: a bad-tempered or unmanageable person; a man who treats his wife harshly. Often (with alliterative qualification) terrible Turk; (also) Young Turk n. 1, an unmanageable or violent child or youth. little Turk: see little adj., pron., n., and adv. Compounds 1d. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > savage person > [noun] wolfa900 liona1225 beastc1225 wild manc1290 tiger?a1513 Turk1536 club-fist1575 scourgemutton1581 wolver1593 vulture1605 savage1609 inhuman1653 brutal1655 Tartar1669 hyena1671 dragoon1712 Huna1744 panther1822 society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun] > tyranny, despotism, or autocracy > one who tyrantc1290 Turk1536 Pharaoh1565 tyrannizer1602 domineerer1641 Corsican1739 Napoleon1821 Ozymandias1878 big-sticker1905 Mussolini1926 Hitler1930 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [noun] > person wolfa900 cruelc1420 Turk1536 scourgemutton1581 savage1609 hell-kitea1616 1536 Exhort. North 56 in F. J. Furnivall Ballads from MSS I. 306 Thes Sothorne turkes pervertyng owre lawe. 1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 5^v Was neuer any Impe so wicked & barbarous, any Turke so vile and brutish. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Turk, any cruel hard-hearted Man. a1845 T. Hood Lay Real Life v Who said my mother was a Turk, And took me home—and made me work, But managed half my meals to shirk? My Aunt. 1847 A. Helps Friends in Council 1st Ser. vii. 114 Why you Mahometan, you Turk of a lawyer—would you do away with all the higher things of courtesy, tenderness for the weaker [etc.]? 1854 Notes & Queries 1st Ser. 9 451/1 We often hear of people bad to manage being ‘regular Turks’. 1862 Spectator 6 Dec. 1363/1 The new generation of Greeks have a real passion for education; without it they say a man is a ‘Turk’, that last epithet of opprobrium. 1863 W. P. Frith Let. 8 Nov. in Autobiogr. (1887) I. xxiv. 351 As to Prince William of Prussia, of all the little Turks he is one of the worst. 1874 Sir W. W. Hunter in Life (1901) xiii. 228 Mr. Lyall is a terrible Turk at keeping his wife up to her social duties. 1875 A. Mozley Ess. fr. Blackwood 217 A bad temper does seem often favourable to health. The man who has been a Turk all his life lives long to plague all about him. 1891 G. Meredith One of our Conquerors III. i. 7 The tastes of the civilized man—a creature that is not clean-washed of the Turk in him. 1904 Police Magistrate in Daily News 26 Nov. 9/2 ‘You are a young Turk, and a bad Turk, too;..I think I ought to send you to a reformatory school.’ b. slang (usually depreciative). A person of Irish birth or descent. Chiefly U.S.In this sense perhaps a derivative of Irish torc boar, hog, as suggested by W. A. McLaughlin ( Dial. Notes (1914) IV. 147–8); but cf. turkey n.² 6b. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of America > native or inhabitant of North America > native or inhabitant of U.S.A. > [noun] > by country of origin American1648 African1700 High Dutch1773 Low Dutch1773 German-American1775 African American1782 Anglo-American1785 Irish-American1786 Africo-American1788 American African1826 Pennsylvania German1827 Pennsylvania Dutch1831 Afro-American1833 far-downer1834 Mexicano1847 knickerbocker1848 Chinese-American1854 Italian–American1873 Polish-American1876 Polacker1883 roundhead1895 hunk1896 Polack1898 Senegambian1900 bohunk1903 honky1904 hunyak1911 Turk1914 boho1920 Anglo1923 Euro-American1925 turkey1932 narrowback1933 nisei1934 roundheader1934 pachuco1943 pocho1944 Latino1946 Chicano1947 Mexican-American1948 Asian American1952 Amerasian1957 Chicana1966 Afrikan1972 Hispanic1972 1914 in Dial. Notes 4 148 You Italians have the votes, but it takes us Turks to run the government. 1945 H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. Suppl. I. 603 Turk is used among Roman Catholic priests in the United States to designate a colleague of Irish birth. 1959 Observer 1 Mar. 10/1 Their backs are to the wall in a desperate tyre-chain feudal war to protect the integrity of their declining manor against the invasion of ‘bubbles and squeaks’ (Greeks and Cypriots), ‘turks’ (Irish) and ‘spades’ (coloureds). 1971 S. Houghton Current Prison Slang (MS notebk.) (O.E.D. Archive) 17 Turk, Paddy, Irishman. †5. a. A human figure at which to practise shooting. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > competitive shooting > archery > [noun] > archery target bercelc1440 butt1440 shell1497 rover1511 standing pricka1525 round1531 popinjay1548 prick-mark1553 Turk1569 twelve (also twenty-four) score prick1569 garden butt1572 parrot1578 clout1584 hoyle1614 shaw-fowl1621 prick wanda1650 goal1662 1569 T. Hearne in W. Camden Hist. Eliz. (1717) Pref. p.xxix The shotinge with the brode arrowe, the shotinge at the twelve skore prick, the shotinge at the Turke. 1604 Penniles Parl. Threed-bare Poets in Iacke of Dover Quest of Inquirie sig. F4^v A Turke can be hit at twelue score pricks in Fiendsbury fields. 1616 Manifest. Abp. Spalato's Motives App. iii. 7 All the rest were but painted posts, and Turkes of ten pence, to fill and adorne the shooting-field. 1631 J. Burges Answer Reioyned 182 The Replier hath set vp a man of cloutes of his owne making, and then shootes at a Turke, as boyes doe. b. A hideous image to frighten children; a bugbear. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > quality of inspiring fear > quality of terribleness > [noun] > one who or that which terrifies > object of terror (usually imaginary) > nursery bugbear Bloody Bones?1548 raw-head1566 scare-babea1591 raw-flesh1598 Turk1598 scare-bairn1681 raw necka1774 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Manduco, a disguised or vglie picture vsed in shewes to make children afraid,..a turke, or a bug-beare. 6. a. A Turkish or Turkey horse. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > Turkish Turk1623 Turkey1678 Turki1782 1623 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husb. (ed. 3) i. iii. 42 The best Stallion to beget horses for the warres is the Courser, the Iennet, or the Turke. 1831 W. Youatt Horse iii. 29 Charles II. sent his master of the horse to the Levant, to purchase brood mares and stallions. These were principally Barbs and Turks. 2005 J. James Byerley Turk xxix. 312 ‘Show the gentleman the stable, Mr. Poyntz,’ Byerley says abruptly, wheeling the great Turk. †b. A Turkish sword or sabre, a scimitar. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > sword > [noun] > scimitar scimitar1530 shamsheer1634 Turk1638 badelaire1693 ataghan1813 yataghan1819 1638 N. Whiting Le Hore di Recreatione (new ed.) 108 He forthwith unsheathd his trusty Turke, Cald forth that blood which in his veines did lurk. c. plural. Turkish bonds. ΚΠ 1876 J. Payn Fallen Fortunes xiii If he had heard that the Archbishop of Canterbury had been obliged to let Lambeth Palace..on account of speculation in ‘Turks’, he would not have been astonished. d. A Turkish ship. ΚΠ a1907 F. Thompson Life St. Ignatius (1909) 40 There were three vessels, a Turk and two Venetians... The Turk foundered with all hands. e. A Turkish cigarette. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > other types of cigarette Russian cigarette1851 papirosa1856 Egyptian1892 Russian1892 tickler1904 joystick1911 gyppy1920 king-size1920 Sobranie1923 virgin1923 Turk1926 roll-your-own1932 ready roll1949 roll-up1950 filter1956 filterless1956 rollie1964 Virginia1964 untipped1968 primo1986 1926 ‘Sapper’ Final Count iii. 65 Why the devil don't you smoke a Corona Corona, you fool! Put out that Turk. 1935 N. Marsh Enter Murderer vi. 71 Cigarette? These are Turks. 1965 ‘R. Erskine’ Passion Flowers in Business v. 60 Fat, oval Turks in a Wedgwood box. Compounds C1. General attributive: = Turkish adj. ΚΠ ?a1366 Romaunt Rose 923 In his honde holdyng Turke bowes two, fulle wel deuysed had he. 1534 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 193 iij quarteris of taphety turke, price of the elne xiiij s. 1708 London Gaz. No. 4435/4 To be sold,..a true Turk Stalion about 15 Hands high. 2005 J. James Byerley Turk xxix. 321 Turk horses imported into Britain are often incorrectly described as Arabs. C2. Instrumental, as Turk-ruled, Turk-worked (adjs.), etc. ΚΠ 1791 F. Grose Grumbler xi. 46 The best parlour..was furnished with Turk-worked chairs. 1873 W. Cory Lett. & Jrnls. (1897) 328 Frankified Turk-ruled Egyptians. 2002 J. G. A. Pocock in A. Pagden Idea of Europe ii. 61 The increasingly Turk-dominated Arab Khalifat. C3. In genitive. a. In general compounds, as Turk's knife. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory (1905) iii. xiv. 3/2 These are called Turks knives because they turne vpward in the back towards the end, or point of the blade. b. In the names of plants, as Turk's turban. See also Turk's cap n., Turk's head n. 1. ΚΠ 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 319/1 Turk's Turban, Ranunculus. 1866 R. S. Charnock Verba Nominalia 315 Turk's Turban, a plant of the genus Ranunculus. Derivatives ˈTurkdom n. the realm or domain of the Turks; Turkey. Young Turkdom, the party of Young Turk. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Near East, Middle East, and Asia Minor > [noun] > Near East > Turkey Turkdom1900 society > authority > rule or government > politics > politics of other European countries > [noun] > principle or policy in Turkish politics > party or association in Turkish politics Young Turkdom1900 Young Turk1948 1900 Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 150 For fifty years the whole of Turkdom was then more or less effectively administered by Chinese proconsuls. 1909 Vambéry in 19th Cent. Mar. 371 The whole Turkish nation, with very few exceptions, belongs to Young Turkdom. Every one who feels Turkish and speaks Turkish is a Young Turk. Turk-like adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > ill-treatment > cruelty > [adjective] > barbarously barbarical1569 barbarous1594 Turkish1602 Moorish1795 Saracenic1836 Turk-like1850 medieval1917 Neanderthalic1922 1850 R. Browning Christmas-eve xviii. 65 Or Turklike brandishing a scimetar. 1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. Introd. 5 Adopting the Turk-like philosophy of this Scotchman! This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1915; most recently modified version published online March 2022). turkn.² Etymology: < French turc; origin and history uncertain. As early as 1688 associated in French with the national name turc Turk n.¹; but Littré and Hatzfeld & Darmesteter treat it as a distinct word. Boyceau de la Baraudière Tr. du Jardin 58 (1688) has ‘Les poiriers de bon chrestien en sont sur tous autres endommagez, et c'est pourquoy on a nommé ce ver Turc.’ But the American Little Turk is said to be named from the crescent-shaped punctures made in the fruit by the female. The larva of an insect (perhaps of the fruit-bark beetle, Scolytus rugulosus) dreaded for the destruction it does to pear-trees by mining under the bark; also, the larva of the cockchafer (Littré). According to Cent. Dict., the plum-weevil or plum-curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, which is very destructive to fruit trees generally, is known as the Turk or Little Turk. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > member of (beetle) > larva worma1100 turk1712 the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Lamellicornia Scarabaeoidea > family Scarabaeidae > genus Melolontha > larva of cockchafer white grub1496 whitebait1681 ton1693 turk1712 rook worma1722 white worm1724 earth-lard1801 grass grub1854 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 173 The great Enemies to Trees, are..Snails, Tons, Turks, and abundance of Worms. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 176 Turks are certain white Worms that get into Trees and eat Holes in them, running betwixt the Bark and the Stem. 1815 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) I. vi. 213 Their ravages have long been known in Germany under the name of Wurm trökniss (decay caused by worms); and in the old liturgies of that country the animal itself is formally mentioned under its vulgar appellation, ‘The Turk’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1915; most recently modified version published online March 2018). < n.¹?a1366n.²1712
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Turkn.1

Compounds

Derivatives

turkn.2

Turkn.¹

turkn.²