turningn.
/ˈtəːnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈtərnɪŋ/ The action of the verb turn v., in various senses (also concretely).The earliest examples occur in senses 1b (c1230) and 4 (1303).
1.
a. Movement about an axis or centre; rotation, revolution.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [noun]
swayc1374
turning1390
overwhelming?a1439
circumvolution1447
winding1530
conversion1541
rotationa1550
revolution1566
gyring?1578
revolve1598
circulation1605
gyration1615
evolution1654
sweep1679
gyrating1837
revolving1867
1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 8 After the tornynge of the whiel.
1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer i. f. cccxxxv Olde doynges, and by many turnynges of yeres vsed.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Reuolutio,..a reuolucion or tournynge of celestiall bodyes or spheres.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 55 An Order of Monkes,..called Dervises, whom I haue often seene to dance..; dances that consist of continuall turnings.
1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xx. 376 As the turning of a weather-board or tin cap upon the top of a chimney.
1821 Scott Kenilworth III. iv. 57 I mind it not the turning of a key.
1868 M. E. Braddon Dead-Sea Fruit viii An earthly river..instrumental in the turning of paper-mills.
b. A sensation as of rotation; ‘whirling’, giddiness, vertigo.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > vertigo > [noun]
dizzinessc900
swimeOE
swinglingc1000
turningc1230
turngiddya1382
giddiness1398
turngiddiness1398
vertiginyc1400
turn-sick?c1450
swindling1527
vertigo1528
swimming1530
swindle1559
turnsickness1559
duseling1561
whirling1561
turn-sick giddiness1577
megrim1595
vertiginousness1599
whimsya1627
tiegoa1640
lightheadedness1645
swimmering1650
swim1817
swirling1825
swimminess1894
c1230 Hali Meid. 35 Of breines turnunge þin heaued [schal] ake.
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xvi. lxii. (Add. MS. 27944) lf. 202/2 It schal seme..þat þe hous schulde falle anone and þat semynge is by moeuynge þat comeþ by tornynge of þe brayne.
2.
a. The action of shaping or working something on a lathe; the art of shaping things by means of a lathe; the work of a turner.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > types of shaping process
moulding1327
turningc1440
turnerya1680
turnery work1744
steam-bending1835
wheeling1882
fabrication1926
hot moulding1935
tableting1947
micromachining1955
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > wood-turning
turningc1440
turnery1783
turnery work1859
therming1907
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 507/1 Turnynge, or throwynge of treyn vessel..tornatura.
1620 in H. J. F. Swayne Churchwardens' Accts. Sarum (1896) 171 Turninge of Banisters and pendantes.
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xi. 194 In Turning, all Irregularities must be wrought smooth down.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Archit. I. 25/1 Workmen lay their Timber under water.., especially such as they design for turning.
1873 J. Richards On Arrangem. Wood-working Factories 158 Turning is an..important branch of wood work.
b. pl. (concr.) Chips or shavings of some substance produced by turning in a lathe.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a fragment > shaving or chip > shavings produced by lathe
turning1806
1806 W. Henry Epitome Chem. (ed. 4) 60 A small ball formed of turnings of zinc.
1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 322 If iron turnings be heated to whiteness in a curved gun-barrel, and potash be melted and made slowly to come in contact with the turnings,..potassium will be formed.
1868 F. H. Joynson Metals in Constr. 115 To make an iron cement..mix..112 lbs. of clean cast-iron borings or turnings, with 8 oz. of sal ammoniac.
3. fig. Shaping, moulding, fashioning (of literary work, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > form or order of a work > forming or arranging a work
ordinance?a1425
turning1586
collocation1605
ordonnancec1660
casting1865
1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie sig. G.ii Such are the turning of verses: the infolding of wordes.
1858 H. W. Longfellow Courtship Miles Standish ii. 90 You are an elegant scholar, Having..skill in the turning of phrases.
4. † b. Phr. turning of a hand = moment, instant (see hand n. Phrases 3c). So turning of a straw. Obs.(Cf. quot. c1425 for turning about n. at Compounds 1 for turning about, in sense Compounds 1.)
a. The action, or an act, of changing posture or direction by moving as on a pivot; movement so as to face or point in a different, or in some particular, direction. Also fig.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > direction > [noun] > changing to face different direction or turning
turning1303
turnc1390
circumversion1578
conversion1594
head1607
versation1656
wheela1660
slewc1860
1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 8875 Whan we turnede aboute On a womman myn yȝe ys y-caste... Þe dekene loked at þe nexte turnyng, She was a-wey, he sagh no þyng.
1490 Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) iii. 114 & at this tornyng that he thus made, he slewe Esmenfray.
1545 R. Ascham Toxophilus i. f. 41 A weake smithe..wyl wyth a lipe and turnyng of his arme, take vp a barre of yron.
a1630 F. Moryson in Shakespeare's Europe (1903) v. i. 440 The Crossings, bowings, turnings of the body to the Alter.
1631 D. Widdowes tr. W. A. Scribonius Nat. Philos. (new ed.) 53 Griefe is his [Delight's] contrary, which is a turning from the hurtfull object.
1738 Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. p. xvii Turnings of the Head, and motions of the Hands.
1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 397 A turning of the Thoughts exclusively to the so-called physical Attributes.
1845 J. Coulter Adventures Pacific ix. 116 The seal cannot quickly turn, so you may..finish him..with a..sharp axe..; but be careful to watch his turning on you.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > [noun] > moment or instant
hand-whileOE
prinkOE
start-while?c1225
twinkling1303
rese?c1335
prick1340
momenta1382
pointa1382
minutea1393
instant1398
braida1400
siquarea1400
twink14..
whip?c1450
movement1490
punct1513
pissing whilea1556
trice1579
turning of a hand1579
wink1585
twinklec1592
semiquaver1602
punto1616
punctilio of time1620
punctum1620
breathing1625
instance1631
tantillation1651
rapc1700
crack1725
turning of a straw1755
pig's whisper1780
jiffy1785
less than no time1788
jiff1797
blinka1813
gliffy1820
handclap1822
glimpsea1824
eyewink1836
thought1836
eye-blink1838
semibreve1845
pop1847
two shakes of a lamb's taila1855
pig's whistle1859
time point1867
New York minute1870
tick1879
mo?1896
second1897
styme1897
split-second1912
split minute1931
no-time1942
sec.1956
1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 239/1 Ye Christians are at euery turning of an hand, at the pits side.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxi. xiv. 401 Anniball..assailed the cittie, and wan it in the turning of an hand.
1679 J. Goodman Penitent Pardoned (1713) ii. v. 236 In the turning of an hand a lewd and flagitious person starts up a great saint.
1755 T. Smollett tr. Cervantes Don Quixote II. iv. x. 403 Two thousand copies that will fetch six rials a piece, in the turning of a straw.
c. Obstetr. (See quot. 1857 at sense 9.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > childbirth or delivery > complications of childbirth or pregnancy
amblosis1706
breech case1774
breech1781
still-birth1785
breech presentation1811
footling1829
turning1842
prematurity1847
head-locking1870
breech position1876
headlock1876
breech delivery1882
breech labour1885
miss1897
postmaturity1902
abruptio placentae1905
preemie1927
breech baby1969
prematuration1977
1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Turning, Versio, the operation of bringing down the feet, or some part of the lower extremity, when the presentation of the child is such, that it cannot be delivered by the natural efforts.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 737 A labour necessitating the use of instruments or of turning.
d. The practice of gymnastics according to the system of F. L. Jahn: cf. turner n.1 8.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > gymnastics > [noun]
gymnastic1598
gymnics1621
gymnastics1652
turning1888
contortionism1927
gym-
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > gymnastics > [noun] > according to specific system
turning1888
1888 U.S. Newspaper 17 Aug. Turning began at 10 o'clock.
5.
a. Reversal, inversion: as of soil, or other substance or object, for exposure to air; of a leaf of a book in reading; of an hour-glass; of a garment; of words in a sentence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > inversion > [noun]
turning1536
inversion1598
reversing1610
topsy-turvy1655
resupination1661
canting1769
retroversion1790
supernaculum1827
upturning1846
upending1968
1536 MS Rawl. D. 780 lf. 73 In the turnyng of tymbre in the tymber yard.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Addicion Anastrophe, a tournynge out of a commune order, as, Italiam contra, for contra Italiam.
1551 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 53 The layenge abroade eyringe turnynge soinge mendinge..foldinge and layeng vp of the same.
1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Hi When I entreated of the conuersion or turnyng of propositions.
1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. Bi He hath turnd his typpet an honest turnyng.
1574 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 23 By oft turning [of wheat], ye seeme to refresh it.
1581 Confer. (1584) iii. sig. P j After a little turning, he sayde, This is not the booke that I meant.
1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World iv. 137 At the turning of every glass..we beat 3 ruffs on the drums.
1831 J. Morton Gloucestershire Hill-farm 14, in Farm-rep. It will be ready to carry in four or five days, with one turning.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 57 Peat..reduced..to a fine mould..by exposure to the air, and repeated turnings.
1844 E. B. Browning Wine of Cyprus ix Betwixt the folio's turnings, Solemn flowed the rhythmic Greek.
b. A row of hay turned with the rake; a windrow. local.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > [noun] > drying of crops in field > row raked for drying
gavelc1440
windrow?1523
wind-balk1532
javel1601
turning1795
roller1844
wallow1875
1795 Scots Mag. 57 304/2 [The hay] is again made into small rows called turnings.
1834 Brit. Husbandry (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. 491 It is turned with the rake-head, and is before noon raked into small rows, called ‘turnings’;..and in the evening of the same day, the rows are made into small ‘hay-cocks’.
6. The action of bending or folding over, or condition of being folded over; a part of something folded over, a fold; in quot. 1660, a curl, a volute.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > [noun] > that which is or may be folded > a folded part
turn-over1611
turning1631
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > capital > parts of specific types of capital
caulis1563
helix1563
vase1563
voluta1563
cyllerie1592
codd1601
cilery1611
roll1611
turning1631
pillow1664
volute1696
tambour1706
collarino1715
annulet1728
colarin1728
drum1728
caulicoles1815
intervolute1831
bolster1842
stalk1842
horn1847
bell1848
cauliculusa1878
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 581 The forme of a Rose..: and in the turnings of the leaues this Inscription.
1660 tr. H. Blum Bk. Five Collumnes Archit. (new ed.) E j The middle Voluta hath a Circle..of one part, but the corner turning hath two parts.
1886 Girl's Own Paper 25 Dec. 202/3 All paper patterns..are of medium size... No turnings are allowed.
1894 Daily News 18 Sept. 6/4 Providing deep hems and turnings..for the days when the garments will be all too short.
7.
a. A change in the direction of movement or course; deflection, deviation; winding, tortuous course. Also fig.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > change of direction of movement > [noun]
wentc1374
turning1426
turnagain1545
wrench1549
yaw1597
veer1611
veering1611
version1625
wheelinga1660
sway1818
whiffle1842
twizzle1848
split-turn1932
1426 Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 8666 Lyk a corde..Wythinne yt tourneth ofte aboute,..For cordys be sayd..Off offte tournynges in an herte.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxv. 140 b [The] riuers by the turning in their course haue made..many..yles.
1587 J. Harmar tr. T. de Bèze Serm. i. 11 The diuers turnings and windings, by the which men wander and goe astray.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 244 The Mountaine..was very high, but the way easie, with many turnings about the Mountaine.
1720 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth VI. 132 For 'tis of the making of Dunstable way, Plain without turning.
1751 C. Labelye Descr. Westm. Bridge 25 This Bridge was built without turning of..the River.
b. fig. of verse or melody; in quot. a1830, a refrain.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > repeat or refrain
repeat?c1450
turning1579
reprise1699
replica1724
ripresa1724
ripresa1830
pattern1920
1579 Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Aug. 194 How I admire ech turning of thy verse.
1664 J. Playford Brief Introd. Skill Musick (ed. 4) i. 59 Those long windings and turnings of the Voyce.
a1830 Young Musgrave xi, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1885) II. iii. 249/2 And aye the turning o the tune ‘Away, Musgrave, awa!’
8. A place or point where a road, path, etc. turns, or turns off. Also fig.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > junction of roads, paths, or tracks > [noun] > place where road or path turns off
turningc1384
by-turninga1586
turn-off1888
turn-in1959
c1384 Chaucer Hous of Fame i. 182 In a forest..At a turnynge of a went How Creusa was y-loste allas.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 507/1 Turnynge, of dyuerse weyys, diverticulum.
1582 R. Hakluyt tr. G. da Verrazzano in Diuers Voy. sig. B*3v Wee discouered 32. Ilelandes..hauing many turnings and windings betwene them, making many fayre harboroughes and chanels.
1600 Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ii. 37 Turne vp on your right hand at the next turning, but at the next turning of all on your left. View more context for this quotation
1624 R. Montagu Immediate Addresse 125 God..knoweth the secrets, discouereth the boughts and turnings of the heart.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 113 At the turning of a lane, that led to a village..a couple of robbers a-horseback suddenly appeared.
a1777 S. Foote Trip to Calais (1778) ii. 49 It is a long lane that has no turning.
1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad II. i. 110 About the turning of the 17th into the 18th century.
1867 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood I. vii. 203 I had not gone down more than three turnings [of the stairs].
1890 W. E. Norris Misadventure xvii The longest lane, however, has a turning.
9. Reversal of movement or course; †return, going back (obs.).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > return > [noun]
gaincome?c1225
retourc1330
gaincominga1340
again-cominga1382
returna1393
again-racea1400
returning?c1400
resortc1425
turningc1440
revertence?1457
repairingc1460
again-goinga1475
regress1478
revenuea1500
reversiona1500
back-coming1535
retire?1538
back-return1577
redition1595
regredience1648
reverter1663
epistrophe1814
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > turning back or reversal of course
charec1220
gainturna1225
gain-charingc1275
reverting1540
turn1575
reflectiona1616
reversal1648
turning1806
turnaround1959
c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) lxiv. 276 In hire turnyng hom fro chirch.
1806 Scott Let. 11 Feb. (1932) I. 277 I abhor even the shadow of changing or turning with the tide.
1857 J. W. Croker in Croker Papers 1 Feb. (1884) I. 83 I..never saw..so..complete a turning of the tide of victory.
10. fig. Conversion; perversion; desertion to another side (quot. 1665). arch.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > [noun] > of position or attitude
turning1340
metabasis1550
shift1831
reorientation1888
conversion1893
relance1960
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles
recreandisea1425
declining1526
declination1533
back-turning1535
defect1540
revoltc1576
falling off1577
apostasy1578
tergiversation1583
declension1597
recreancy1602
starting1602
recreantness1611
recession1614
turncoating1624
recreancea1632
diffidation1640
withdrawment1640
tergiversating1654
turning1665
ratting1789
renegadism1823
turncoatery1841
defection1884
turncoatism1889
1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 4111 Thurgh his turnyng fra gode til ille.
R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Mending of Life 105 Of conuersyon or holy turnynge.
1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 819/2 The turnyng to them selfe or to Lucifer was in it selfe a tourning from God.
a1555 J. Bradford Let. 11 Feb. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1178/2 [The Lord] hath no pleasure in the death of a sinner: he rather wuld our conuersion & turning.
1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 544 More..that among all these turnings, would yet remain faithful to their Parties.
11. Change; vicissitude; alteration.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > [noun]
wendingeOE
changing?c1225
stirringa1240
wrixlinga1240
changec1325
variancec1340
transmutationc1380
varyingc1380
whileness1382
translationc1384
alterationa1398
mutationa1398
removinga1425
revolutiona1425
shiftingc1440
changementc1450
muance1480
commutation1509
altry1527
transition1545
turning1548
novation1549
immutation?c1550
alterance1559
alienation1562
turn?1567
vicissitude1603
refraction1614
fermentationa1661
diabasis1672
parallax1677
motion1678
aliation1775
transience1946
1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Volubilitas...the turnyng of any thyng.
a1617 S. Hieron Penance for Sinne in Wks. (1620) II. 264 An abuse of Gods goodnesse, and a turning of His graces into wantonnesse.
1659 H. Hammond Paraphr. & Annot. Psalms (lxix. 22 Annot.) 342/2 Safe from the turnings of the world.
1689 in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1875) XII. 71/1 The clause anent the turneing of this meetting into a parliament.
Compounds
C1. With adverbs, corresponding to adverbial combinations of the verb in various senses (see turn v. Phrasal verbs).
turning about n.
ΚΠ
c1425 Cursor M. (Trin.) 23223 In turnyng of þin honde aboute.
1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. ciiijv Two Wheles.., whose turnynges about in one and the same tyme [etc.].
1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1687) xvii. 150 The converting and turning about of our minds and hearts to the original of our Being.
turning again n.
ΚΠ
c1400 Brut clxiii. 182 Þere was so miche presse of peple at the turnyng aȝeyne.
turning away n.
ΚΠ
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. i. 32 The turning awei of litle childer [1611 the turning away of the simple] shal slen hem.
turning back n.
ΚΠ
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Turnyng backe, vide in reuolucion.
turning down n.
ΚΠ
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. Explan. Terms sig. Llv Crank, the end of an Iron Axis turned Square down, and again turned Square to the first turning down.
1837 M. M. Sherwood Henry Milner iii. xv A turning-down which contained the signature..of the epistle.
turning in n. (also attrib.).
ΚΠ
1808 Lady's Econ. Assist. 5 The patterns are drawn, allowing for turning in.
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-in, the process of strapping a dead-eye, that is, bending a rope tightly around it in the score.
1901 Daily Express 21 Mar. 6/5 The crew had gathered about the forecastle to smoke their turning-in pipe.
turning off n.
ΚΠ
1940 Amer. Speech 15 247 He allows nobody else to have anything to do with the..tuning out (or the turning-off) of the radio programs.
1973 Black Panther 5 May 2/1 It is hard to understand how any Oakland residents could have missed some exposure to the..campaign... But turning off can be a total thing.
1976 ‘W. Trevor’ Children of Dynmouth iv. 84 The abrupt turning-off of the kitchen radio, and the bang of the door.
turning out n. (also attrib.).
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > [noun] > giving up of property
outgangeOE
turning out1711
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [noun] > turning outwards
eversion1632
extroversion1656
turning out1711
society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > eviction > [noun]
eviction1502
ouster1531
removing1555
turning out1711
1711 Swift Jrnl. to Stella 22 May (1948) I. 275 This man has grown by persecutions, turnings out, and stabbing.
1826 S. Cooper First Lines Pract. Surg. (ed. 5) ii. xii. 325 ECTROPIUM. A turning out of the eyelids is so named.
1894 E. Banks Campaigns Curiosity 29 You must turn out a room... On turning-out day, you must shake the rug, and scrub up the floor.
turning over n.
ΚΠ
1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi vi. v. App. 38/2 It prov'd her own Father that was to be hang'd, at whose Turning over, she thus cry'd out.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 131 Picks..combine the operation of perforating with that of separating, breaking, loosening, and turning over.
1856 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 17 i. 119 There is a quicker turning over of the farmer's capital.
1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 173 The heart executes an asymmetry of movement which gives rise to a sensation popularly known as turning over.
turning round n.
ΚΠ
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Buelta A returne, turning away, turning round, reditus, conuersio, auersio.
1690 J. Norris Christian Blessedness 157 The swiftest turnings round of a Globe look like standing still.
1966 M. R. D. Foot SOE in France viii. 190 Among [Pierre] de Vomécourt's achievements, this successful turning round again of Mme Carré stands second only to his indispensable contribution towards getting organized resistance going at all.
turning up n. (also concr. a part turned up).
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [noun] > occurring or happening
chance1297
befallingc1374
betidingc1374
occasionc1390
happening1431
turna1475
event1601
cadence1603
turning up1628
eveniencya1646
cadency1647
coming1651
occurrence1725
eventuation1728
encounter1870
occurrency1920
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [noun] > turning upwards
turning up1628
upturning1846
the world > space > direction > specific directions > [noun] > turning upwards > a turned up part
turning up1628
retroussé1861
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. xlv. sig. H6 Her deuotion at the Church is much in the turning vp of her eye.
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Schoenen met tuyten, shoes with turnings up.
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 199 He leaves no wrinckles in the turnings up [of the paper lining] against the sides of the Box.
1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 166 Tillings, or second Turnings up of the Ground.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 95 The turning up of a fat sheep.
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-up (Bookbinding), taking the round out of the back, while the fore edge is cut.
C2.
a. General attrib. (in sense 2).
turning-carrier n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > lathe > [noun] > part holding work
mandrel1664
chock1665
pike1680
centre plate1717
carrier1733
chuck1806
screw chuck1827
grip-knob1833
faceplate1837
surface chuck1842
jaw-chuck1874
turning-carrier1877
screw worm chuck1881
steady1885
roller steady1911
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-carrier, a device for holding metallic work while being turned in the foot-lathe.
turning-chisel n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > chisel > [noun] > for cutting wood
gouge1495
former1530
ripping-chisel1659
firming chisel1799
framing chisel1829
slick1875
turning-chisel1877
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-chisel, a chisel used by turners for finishing work after being roughed out by the gouge.
1881 W. E. Dickson Pract. Organ-building i. 6 The usual turning-chisels and gouges.
turning-gauge n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > lathe > [noun] > other parts of lathe
steel bow1680
shear1812
dog plate1834
wheel-plate1859
turning-gauge1877
spur centre1881
tail-pin1887
cat-head1940
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-gage, an instrument to assist in setting over the tail-stock of the lathe, so that a given taper in a given length of work may be obtained.
turning-gouge n.
ΚΠ
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. at Turning-tools [description of figure] n, turning-gouge.
turning-lathe n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > lathe > [noun]
turn?c1475
brake?1577
lare1611
lathe1611
throw1657
turn-lathe1665
turn-tool1665
turning-lathe1794
turning-looma1805
turning-engine1889
1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 152 Turning-lathe, a well known machine for turning.
1840 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 3 175/2 An improved expanding mandrel for turning-lathes.
1879 R. S. Ball in Cassell's Techn. Educator vii. 60 The turning-lathe..enables us to produce with perfect accuracy any surface of revolution.
turning-tool n.
ΚΠ
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 192 These Gouges (and..other Turning Tools).
b. See also turning adj. Compounds, and turning-evil n., turning-point n. † turning-tree n. Obs. a gallows (cf. to turn off 4 at turn v. Phrasal verbs, to turn over 6 at Phrasal verbs).
turning circle n. the smallest circle within which a ship, motor vehicle, etc., can be turned round completely.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > [noun] > attributes of vessel > turning circle
turning circle1903
turning radius1967
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > expressing speed or acceleration > turning circle or radius
turning circle1903
steering circle1912
1903 R. Kipling Traffics & Discov. (1904) 39 The endurance, armament, turning-circle, and inner gear of every ship in the British Navy.
1928 Motor Man. (ed. 27) 219 Turning circle, the minimum diameter of circle within which a car can be turned round completely.
1959 Observer 1 Mar. 21/5 From lock to lock it takes 35/ 8 turns, allowing prompt correction if a heavy throttle foot should provoke tail wag on a slippery surface. Turning circle is 37 ft.
1963 Listener 21 Feb. 339/2 I cannot myself..accept the suggestion..that Admiral Tryon confused radius and diameter of the ship's turning circle... Diameter is so inseparable in the mind of a seaman with ‘turning circle’ that the phrase ‘turning circle’ is commonly and loosely used to mean its diameter.
1980 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts July 513/2 The dimensions of a ship's turning circle vary approximately in proportion to ship's length.
1983 Sunday Tel. 20 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 18 Although over three feet longer than the Golf, the Volvo's turning circle is seven inches smaller.
Thesaurus »
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turning-engine n. (a) a lathe (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1877); (b) a small engine for turning over a large one slowly for inspection or adjustment ( Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909).
turning-glass n. (see quot.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > engraving > [noun] > plate
turning-glass1902
1902 Census Bulletin 216, 28 June 64 (Cent. Dict. Suppl.) After the negative [in half-tone engraving] is developed the film is stripped from the plate, reversed, and placed on another, called a turning-glass, thus becoming a positive.
turning-loom n. a lathe.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > lathe > [noun]
turn?c1475
brake?1577
lare1611
lathe1611
throw1657
turn-lathe1665
turn-tool1665
turning-lathe1794
turning-looma1805
turning-engine1889
a1805 A. Carlyle Autobiogr. (1860) iii. 96 He said he would order his son.., who was a more powerful master of the turning-loom than he was, to turn me a nice snuff-box or egg-cup.
turning-machine n. (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > tailoring or making clothes > making footwear > [noun] > equipment or materials for > equipment > for shaping
shaping board1442
turning-machine1849
boot-crimpa1877
1849 E. Chamberlain Indiana Gazetteer (ed. 3) 429 There are..one foundry and several turning and carding machines, all driven by water.
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-machine, one for turning boot-legs after the seams have been sewn and rolled.
turning-mill n. (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine tool > lathe > [noun] > horizontal
turning-mill1844
1844 Knickerbocker 24 184 The uplifted arm of Labor..meets his eye everywhere, in the paper-mill and grist-mill, and..turning-mill.
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-mill, a form of horizontal lathe or boring-mill.
turning-piece n. (see quot.).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for marking out work > [noun] > templates
mitre box1678
temple1688
profile1751
curb1792
rod1793
template1819
turning-piece1823
mitring box1845
mitre block1846
former1847
sweep1885
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 595 Turning-piece, a board with a circular edge, for turning a thin brick arch upon.
turning-pin n. = turn-pin n. (a) at turn- comb. form ; also attrib.
ΚΠ
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Vira A turning pin, a shaft, verticulum, subscus, sagitta.
1875 W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 43 This quern-stone..has three turning-pin holes in it.
turning-plate n. (a) = turn-plate n. (a) at turn- comb. form ; (b) (see quot. 1877).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road laid with parallel planks, slabs, or rails > [noun] > laid with rails > turning apparatus
turn-frame1789
turn-rail1793
turning-plate1797
turn1836
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > parts of cart or carriage > [noun] > sway-bar or turning-plate
sway-bar1796
turning-plate1797
sweep-bar1802
sway plate1842
sweeping-bar1859
wheel-plate1859
fifth-wheel1874
1797 J. Curr Coal Viewer 28 These turning plates [in a cast iron rail road].
1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Turning-plate, a circular plate above the front axle, where the bed moves upon it as the carriage turns from its direct course; a fifth-wheel.
turning radius n. the radius of a turning circle.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel with reference to qualities or attributes > [noun] > attributes of vessel > turning circle
turning circle1903
turning radius1967
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > qualities and parameters of aircraft > [noun] > range
radius of action1887
cruising range1922
range1922
turning radius1967
1967 Jane's Surface Skimmer Syst. 1967–8 79/1 Characteristics... Turning radius at cruising speed 1,640 ft (500 m).
1973 T. Pynchon Gravity's Rainbow i. 105 She's fed back who knows how many reams' worth of Most Secret flimsies.., squadron numbers, fueling stops, spin-recovery techniques and turning radii.
Thesaurus »
Categories »
turning-rest n. a rest for a turning-tool, attached to a lathe, as a slide-rest ( Cent. Dict. 1891).
turning-saw n. a saw with a narrow blade adapted for cutting in a curve, as a bow-saw, compass-saw, keyhole-saw, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > cutting tool > saw > [noun] > saws for cutting curves
whip-saw1538
compass-saw1678
turning-saw1725
sweep-saw1846
turn-saw1875
coping saw1925
1725 W. Halfpenny Art of Sound Building 24 With a narrow Turning-Saw cut directly thro' the Arch-Line.
1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 584 A compass-saw,..a key-hole-saw. Both of these..are called turning-saws, and have their plates thin and narrow towards their bottoms, and each succeeding tooth finer.
Thesaurus »
turning-steel n. a smooth round bar of steel used to turn the edge of a cutting instrument so as to give it a flanged form ( Cent. Dict. 1891).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > hanging > [noun] > gallows
gallowsOE
gallows-treea1000
warytre?a1200
gibbet?c1225
gallow-forka1250
forkc1275
juisec1320
forchesc1380
crossa1382
treec1425
patible1428
justice1484
potencec1500
haltera1533
turning-tree1548
potentc1550
three treesa1566
chates1567
mare1568
furel1587
bough1590
gibe1590
derrickc1600
hangrella1605
cross-tree1638
Gregorian tree1641
wooden horse1642
timber-marec1650
triple tree1651
furca1653
nubbing1673
a horse that was foaled of an acorn1678
nub1699
Tyburn tree1728
raven-stone1738
picture frame1785
crap1789
lamp-iron1790
Moll Blood1818
stifler1818
scragging-post1819
government signposta1828
leafless tree1830
shuggie-shue1836
doom-tree1837
stob1860–62
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. ccxxiiiiv She and her husband..were..hanged at the foresayd turnyng tree.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1916; most recently modified version published online March 2018).
ˈturningadj.
That turns, in various senses of the verb.
1. That moves round, or so as to face another way; rotating, revolving, etc. (See also Compounds.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [adjective] > revolving or rotating
rolling?1518
turning1558
gyreful1566
gyring1590
revoluble1598
ambient?1614
vertiginous1680
revolving1681
rotating1757
veering1798
gyratory1815
peristrephic1816
peristrephical1827
gyral1828
gyrating1837
volutory1839
volvent1898
1558 J. Knox First Blast against Monstruous Regiment Women f. 18v The turning wethercocke.
1645 Milton On Christ's Nativity: Hymn iii, in Poems 3 Peace..came softly sliding Down through the turning sphear.
1700 M. Prior Carmen Sæculare 14 Practise them now to Curb the turning Steed.
2. Changing direction of movement or course; winding, sinuous; branching off, as a road or path.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > change of direction of movement > [adjective]
turning1495
veering1605
wheeling1716
sheering1896
1495 Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. (W. de W.) xvii. clxxiii. 715 Of Thus set a fyr comyth a good smellynge smoke:..full meuable and tornynge and crokyd wyth many bendynges and wrynklynges.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Turnyng or wyndyng manye wayes lyke an eale, or snake, tortuosus.
1573–80 J. Baret Aluearie T 439 A little lane, or turning path going out of the great or high waie, diuerticulum.
a1592 R. Greene Hist. Orlando Furioso (1594) sig. Dii And Rhodanus..flow with calme alongst his turning bounds.
1867 Trollope Last Chron. Barset II. liii. 98 Near a corner, where a turning path made an angle in the iron rails.
1879 R. L. Stevenson Trav. with Donkey (1892) 163 A deep turning gully in the hills.
3. Mil. That turns an enemy's position.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military operations > manoeuvre > [adjective] > other manoeuvres
Parthian1581
advanced?1611
turning1877
pincer1918
1877 Daily News 30 Nov. 5/7 The cavalry of the turning column had captured their whole camp.
1912 Col. H. S. Massy in Standard 20 Sept. 7/2 Direct general attacks are not anticipated, but wide turning movements..will be the chief aim.
4. Reversing its course; beginning to go back.In quot. 1601 as rendering of Greek τροπικός (see tropic n. and adj.1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective] > turning back or reversing course
turning1601
revertive1727
1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 97 These circles are nominated Tropickes, that is, turning or conuertiue.
1857 W. A. Butler Serm. iv. 98 Turning with the turning tide.
5. Changing, changeful, variable. Obsolete or arch.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > [adjective] > changing or undergoing alteration
changing1340
turningc1450
muantc1460
shifting1479
altering1561
kaleidoscopic1857
kaleidoscopical1858
c1450 in R. Dyboski Songs, Carols, & Other Misc. Poems (1908) 78/202 Love..vertu,..Which dowble Fortune may neuer tak þe fro: Than mayst þou boldly desire her tornyng chance.
1600 Shakespeare Henry V iii. vi. 32 Fortune..is..painted with a wheele, Which is the morall that Fortune is turning, And inconstant.
6. With adverb (cf. turn v. Phrasal verbs), as turning-up.
ΚΠ
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Tornatiles Turning vp, aduncus.
1841 E. C. Grey Little Wife xxix I won't let them come into this room, with all their sneers, and turning-up noses.
Compounds
In combinations or special collocations:† turning platform n. Obsolete = turntable n. 1.† turning-stile n. Obsolete = turnstile n.† turning-wheel n. Obsolete (a) a turnstile or similar device; (b) an apparatus consisting of a rapidly revolving wheel (see quot.).
turning-beam n. an axle-tree (cf. turn-beam n. at turn- comb. form ).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > axle
axle-treec1400
axisa1620
arbor1659
ax-tree1659
axle1730
turning-beam1766
stud centre1851
stub-axle1875
crank-axle1887
banjo axle1922
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > [noun] > parts of vehicle moving on wheels > axle
ax-treea1230
axle-treea1400
axle1637
turning-beam1766
1766 Compl. Farmer at Madder Another axle-tree, or turning-beam,..ten inches square near the trundle-head, and fourteen inches diameter in its octogonal part.
turning-box n. a kind of turn-table.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > rotating box or disc in wall
turning-box1611
turn1670
turning-table1839
turntable1887
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Tour,..the open turning box in the wall of a Nunnerie, whereby the sisters..receiue in, and deliuer out, commodities.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas I. i. xiv. 121 I besought the attendant at the turning-box to tell that lady [etc.].
turning bridge n. = turn-bridge n. at turn- comb. form .
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > other means of passage or access > [noun] > bridge > swing-bridge
swinging-bridge1708
swivel-bridge1754
turn-bridge1767
swing-bridge1791
pivot bridge1795
turning bridge1840
1840 Evid. Hull Docks Comm. 39 Q. Are those bridges all draw~bridges? A. Yes, draw or turning bridges.
turning pitch n. Cricket a pitch on which the ball turns or deviates on delivery.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > cricket ground > [noun] > surface of ground > types of
batsman's wicket1876
bowler's wicket1876
shirt front1893
sticky dog1904
sticky1936
turning pitch1956
belter1983
1956 N. Cardus Close of Play 31 Parkin had no superior at off-breaks on a turning pitch.
1959 Listener 19 Mar. 516/1 Slow and turning pitches.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > rail travel > railway system or organization > [noun] > turntable
turn-plate1797
turning platform1825
turntable1835
turning-table1839
1825 T. Tredgold Pract. Treat. Rail-roads & Carriages 121 Turning platforms for changing the direction of a carriage.
turning plough n. = turn-plough n. at turn- comb. form .
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > ploughing equipment > [noun] > plough > turn-plough
turning plough1850
turn-plough1854
1850 in J. A. Turner Cotton Planter's Man. (1865) 118 Many planters here say they scrape with the turning-plough as well.
1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 414 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV The field was plowed with a turning plow, followed in the same furrow with a long bull-tongue plow.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > turnstile
wheel14..
turnpike1545
whirl-gate1550
turning-stile1611
turnstilea1643
turning-wheel1669
moulinet1706
tourniquet1706
turnabout1805
turn-gate1905
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Tour,..a Turnepike, or Turning-stile.
turning-table n. = turntable n.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > rail travel > railway system or organization > [noun] > turntable
turn-plate1797
turning platform1825
turntable1835
turning-table1839
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > wall of building > [noun] > rotating box or disc in wall
turning-box1611
turn1670
turning-table1839
turntable1887
1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 202/2 Some method of turning..trains more efficiently than the common turning-table.
1843 G. Borrow Bible in Spain I. vi. 111 A kind of window occupied by a turning table, at which articles were received into the convent or delivered out.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > [noun] > apparatus for warding off darts
turning-wheel1669
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > gate > turnstile
wheel14..
turnpike1545
whirl-gate1550
turning-stile1611
turnstilea1643
turning-wheel1669
moulinet1706
tourniquet1706
turnabout1805
turn-gate1905
1669 A. Woodhead tr. Life St. Teresa (1671) ii. 274 [Knocks] given by some Body at the turning-wheel of the Vestry.
1736 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. VI. 200 They warded off all the arrows..by the assistance of turning wheels.
Derivatives
ˈturningness n. rare (in quot. a1586 fig. tortuous character, as opp. to ‘straightforwardness’).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > crookedness > [noun]
crookednessc1380
deformityc1400
turningnessa1586
indirectiona1616
obliquitya1620
curvity1620
tortuosity1621
indirectness1628
unsinglenessa1658
unstraightness1693
tortuousness1824
underhandedness1884
society > morality > moral evil > lack of principle or integrity > [noun] > lack of straightforwardness or uprightness
crookednessc1380
turningnessa1586
indirectiona1616
obliquitya1620
curvity1620
tortuosity1621
indirectness1628
unuprightnessa1680
unstraightness1693
deviousness1727
tortuousness1824
obliqueness1877
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1593) sig. M5v So had nature formed him, and the exercise of craft conformed him to all turningnes of sleights.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1916; most recently modified version published online June 2018).
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n.c1230adj.c1450