tsarczarn.

Brit.

/zɑː/,

/tsɑː/, U.S.

/zɑr/,

/tsɑr/

Forms: Also 1600s zarr, czaar, czarr, ksar, 1700s– tzar.

Etymology: Romanized spellings of Russian tsarⁱ, in Bulgarian tsar king, sovereign emperor, Serbian tsar emperor, Croatian, Bohemian, Polish car (= tsar, c in the Roman Slavonic orthography = Ц in Cyrillic, being pronounced ts or German z). The Russian form is reduced from earlier (11th cent.) tsⁱsarⁱ = Old Slavonic tsêsarⁱ, in oblique cases tsⁱsar-, ‘Cæsar, emperor, βασιλεύς, king’, also (in latter senses) tsarⁱ. (In Russian, the full form tsesarⁱ is retained in the sense ‘Cæsar’ and ‘(ancient Roman) emperor’; compare Serbian tsesar applied to the German emperor, but tsar to the Russian tsar and the Sultan. The Slavonic word ultimately represents Latin Caesar , but came, according to Miklosich, through the medium of a Germanic language in which the word had the general sense ‘emperor’: compare Gothic kaisar , Old High German keisar , Old Low German kêsar , Old Norse keysari , whence also Finnish keisari , Estonian keiser , keisri . For the change of Germanic k to c = ts in Slavonic, compare church n.¹ and adj. The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all Slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Herberstein, Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii 1549, the chief early source of knowledge as to Russia in Western Europe, whence it passed into the Western Languages generally; in some of these it is now old-fashioned; the usual German form is now zar; French adopted tsar during the 19th cent. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the Times newspaper as the most suitable English spelling.

a. Historical. The title of the autocrat or emperor of Russia; historically, borne also by Serbian rulers of the 14th cent., as the Tsar Stephen Dushan.In Russia it was partially used by the Grand Duke Ivan III, 1462–1505, and by his son Basil or Vasiliĭ, but was formally assumed by Ivan IV in 1547. According to Herberstein its actual sense in Russian was ‘king’, but it was gradually taken as = ‘emperor’, a sense which it had in other Slavonic languages. Peter the Great introduced the title imperator ‘emperor’, and the official style shortly before the Revolution of 1917 was ‘Emperor of all the Russias, Tsar of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland’; but the Russian popular appellation was still tsar.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > Russian

tsar1555

1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 290 Wheras now this prince is cauled an Emperour, I haue thought good to shewe the tytle, and the cause of this error. Note therefore that Czar in the Ruthens tounge signifieth a kynge, wheras in the language of the Slauons, Pollons, Bohemes, and other, the same woorde Czar, signifieth Cesar by whiche name Themperours haue byn commonly cauled.

1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth vi. f. 19^v Sometimes [there is a] quarrell betwixt them and the Tartar, and Poland Ambassadours: who refuse to call him Czar, that is Emperour.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 95 The word Czaar signifies King, which may be seen in their Bible, where the Muscovites, speaking of David and his successors..they call them Czaars.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 394 The Russian Ksar In Mosco.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1667 (1955) III. 494 He delivered his Speech in the Russe language alowd..halfe of it consisted in repetition of the Zarrs titles.

1756 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. I. 158 The czar at the commencement of the war was in the wrong.

a1670 S. Collins Present State Russia (1671) 55 By the Grace of God We the Great Lord Tzar, and Great Duke Alexei, [etc.]..Tzar of Cazan, Tzar of Astrachan, Tsar of Siberia [etc.].1802 F. W. Blagdon tr. P. S. Pallas Trav. Southern Provinces Russ. Empire I. 229 Heraclius, the Tzar of Georgia.1810 E. D. Clarke Trav. Var. Countries: Pt. 1st vi. 105 The connexion which subsisted between the Tsars of Muscovy and the Emperors of Constantinople.1890 W. R. Morfill Russia 56 Ivan assuming the cognizance of the double-headed eagle, and partially taking the title of Tsar, the complete assumption of it being the achievement of Ivan IV.1893 Times (Weekly ed.) 4 Aug. 606/4 Accident to the Tsar's yacht, the Tsarevna.

b. transferred. A person having great authority or absolute power; a tyrant, ‘boss’. Originally U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > person having absolute authority

dictator1575

tsar1866

1866 in Sperber & Trittschuh Amer. Political Terms (1962) 111/1 There wuz an immense crowd, but the Czar uv all the Amerikas didn't get orf his speech here.

1893 McClure's Mag. 1 375 He was being held up as ‘The Czar’—a man whose iron heels were crushing out American popular government.

1899 Daily News 20 Apr. 5/5 It is unlikely that any successor will be found able to dominate..as ‘Czar’ Reed could do.

1931 E. Linklater Juan in Amer. iv. vii. 338 Red-eye was a czar at whose anger the household grew faint.

1959 Listener 5 Nov. 784/1 The Czar—as we say—or President of the Motion Picture Producers' Association.

1970 Guardian 18 Apr. 10/6 Many [American] Presidents..establish a staff ‘Czar’ to cut down on ‘unnecessary’ memos and contacts.

Derivatives

tsarlet n.

/ˈtsɑːlɪt/ a petty Tsar.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > Russian > petty

tsarlet1889

1889 Fortn. Rev. 46 285 This frightful régime of innumerable Tsarlets.

1905 Dillon in Contemp. Rev. Aug. 280 They are sharers of autocratic absolutism, provincial tsarlets.

Draft additions May 2001

Originally U.S. A person appointed by a government to recommend and coordinate policy in a particular area and to oversee its implementation. Usually with modifying word denoting the area of responsibility.

ΚΠ

1933 S. Walker Night Club Era 167 There are several versions of why Mulrooney quit the job to become the state beer ‘Czar’.

1942 Amer. Observer 2 Feb. 8/1 From June 1940 until the recent appointment of Donald M. Nelson as war production czar, the American defense effort was best described in terms of red tape, delay, buck passing, and lack of authority.

1959 Madison (New Jersey) Eagle 30 Apr. 1/1 New Jersey's newly-created ‘czar’ of transportation..announced Thursday night that he expected to have a solution to the commuting crisis worked out in from six months to a year.

1977 Time Jan. 35/1 The job as energy czar will be Schlesinger's fifth Government post.

1989 Economist 25 Mar. 47/2 Bennett's first move, after he was sworn in as his country's drug tsar, was to select Washington, its capital, as a test case for his new crusade.

2001 Observer 25 Mar. i. 2/3 Equal pay ‘tsars’ will shame sexist employers into giving women a fair wage under a government action plan to root out workplace discrimination.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1915; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	tsar
释义	tsarczarn. Brit. /zɑː/, /tsɑː/, U.S. /zɑr/, /tsɑr/ Forms: Also 1600s zarr, czaar, czarr, ksar, 1700s– tzar. Etymology: Romanized spellings of Russian tsarⁱ, in Bulgarian tsar king, sovereign emperor, Serbian tsar emperor, Croatian, Bohemian, Polish car (= tsar, c in the Roman Slavonic orthography = Ц in Cyrillic, being pronounced ts or German z). The Russian form is reduced from earlier (11th cent.) tsⁱsarⁱ = Old Slavonic tsêsarⁱ, in oblique cases tsⁱsar-, ‘Cæsar, emperor, βασιλεύς, king’, also (in latter senses) tsarⁱ. (In Russian, the full form tsesarⁱ is retained in the sense ‘Cæsar’ and ‘(ancient Roman) emperor’; compare Serbian tsesar applied to the German emperor, but tsar to the Russian tsar and the Sultan. The Slavonic word ultimately represents Latin Caesar , but came, according to Miklosich, through the medium of a Germanic language in which the word had the general sense ‘emperor’: compare Gothic kaisar , Old High German keisar , Old Low German kêsar , Old Norse keysari , whence also Finnish keisari , Estonian keiser , keisri . For the change of Germanic k to c = ts in Slavonic, compare church n.¹ and adj. The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all Slavonic languages; the word was so spelt by Herberstein, Rerum Moscovit. Commentarii 1549, the chief early source of knowledge as to Russia in Western Europe, whence it passed into the Western Languages generally; in some of these it is now old-fashioned; the usual German form is now zar; French adopted tsar during the 19th cent. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the Times newspaper as the most suitable English spelling. a. Historical. The title of the autocrat or emperor of Russia; historically, borne also by Serbian rulers of the 14th cent., as the Tsar Stephen Dushan.In Russia it was partially used by the Grand Duke Ivan III, 1462–1505, and by his son Basil or Vasiliĭ, but was formally assumed by Ivan IV in 1547. According to Herberstein its actual sense in Russian was ‘king’, but it was gradually taken as = ‘emperor’, a sense which it had in other Slavonic languages. Peter the Great introduced the title imperator ‘emperor’, and the official style shortly before the Revolution of 1917 was ‘Emperor of all the Russias, Tsar of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland’; but the Russian popular appellation was still tsar. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > Russian tsar1555 1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 290 Wheras now this prince is cauled an Emperour, I haue thought good to shewe the tytle, and the cause of this error. Note therefore that Czar in the Ruthens tounge signifieth a kynge, wheras in the language of the Slauons, Pollons, Bohemes, and other, the same woorde Czar, signifieth Cesar by whiche name Themperours haue byn commonly cauled. 1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth vi. f. 19^v Sometimes [there is a] quarrell betwixt them and the Tartar, and Poland Ambassadours: who refuse to call him Czar, that is Emperour. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 95 The word Czaar signifies King, which may be seen in their Bible, where the Muscovites, speaking of David and his successors..they call them Czaars. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 394 The Russian Ksar In Mosco. View more context for this quotation a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1667 (1955) III. 494 He delivered his Speech in the Russe language alowd..halfe of it consisted in repetition of the Zarrs titles. 1756 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. I. 158 The czar at the commencement of the war was in the wrong. a1670 S. Collins Present State Russia (1671) 55 By the Grace of God We the Great Lord Tzar, and Great Duke Alexei, [etc.]..Tzar of Cazan, Tzar of Astrachan, Tsar of Siberia [etc.].1802 F. W. Blagdon tr. P. S. Pallas Trav. Southern Provinces Russ. Empire I. 229 Heraclius, the Tzar of Georgia.1810 E. D. Clarke Trav. Var. Countries: Pt. 1st vi. 105 The connexion which subsisted between the Tsars of Muscovy and the Emperors of Constantinople.1890 W. R. Morfill Russia 56 Ivan assuming the cognizance of the double-headed eagle, and partially taking the title of Tsar, the complete assumption of it being the achievement of Ivan IV.1893 Times (Weekly ed.) 4 Aug. 606/4 Accident to the Tsar's yacht, the Tsarevna. b. transferred. A person having great authority or absolute power; a tyrant, ‘boss’. Originally U.S. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > person having absolute authority dictator1575 tsar1866 1866 in Sperber & Trittschuh Amer. Political Terms (1962) 111/1 There wuz an immense crowd, but the Czar uv all the Amerikas didn't get orf his speech here. 1893 McClure's Mag. 1 375 He was being held up as ‘The Czar’—a man whose iron heels were crushing out American popular government. 1899 Daily News 20 Apr. 5/5 It is unlikely that any successor will be found able to dominate..as ‘Czar’ Reed could do. 1931 E. Linklater Juan in Amer. iv. vii. 338 Red-eye was a czar at whose anger the household grew faint. 1959 Listener 5 Nov. 784/1 The Czar—as we say—or President of the Motion Picture Producers' Association. 1970 Guardian 18 Apr. 10/6 Many [American] Presidents..establish a staff ‘Czar’ to cut down on ‘unnecessary’ memos and contacts. Derivatives tsarlet n. /ˈtsɑːlɪt/ a petty Tsar. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > Russian > petty tsarlet1889 1889 Fortn. Rev. 46 285 This frightful régime of innumerable Tsarlets. 1905 Dillon in Contemp. Rev. Aug. 280 They are sharers of autocratic absolutism, provincial tsarlets. Draft additions May 2001 Originally U.S. A person appointed by a government to recommend and coordinate policy in a particular area and to oversee its implementation. Usually with modifying word denoting the area of responsibility. ΚΠ 1933 S. Walker Night Club Era 167 There are several versions of why Mulrooney quit the job to become the state beer ‘Czar’. 1942 Amer. Observer 2 Feb. 8/1 From June 1940 until the recent appointment of Donald M. Nelson as war production czar, the American defense effort was best described in terms of red tape, delay, buck passing, and lack of authority. 1959 Madison (New Jersey) Eagle 30 Apr. 1/1 New Jersey's newly-created ‘czar’ of transportation..announced Thursday night that he expected to have a solution to the commuting crisis worked out in from six months to a year. 1977 Time Jan. 35/1 The job as energy czar will be Schlesinger's fifth Government post. 1989 Economist 25 Mar. 47/2 Bennett's first move, after he was sworn in as his country's drug tsar, was to select Washington, its capital, as a test case for his new crusade. 2001 Observer 25 Mar. i. 2/3 Equal pay ‘tsars’ will shame sexist employers into giving women a fair wage under a government action plan to root out workplace discrimination. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1915; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1555
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