brewstern.¹

/ˈbruːstər/

Forms: Middle English breuster, Middle English brewester(e, Middle English– brewster.

Etymology: < brew v. + feminine suffix -ster suffix: compare baxter . See also browster n.

1. originally. A woman that brews, a female brewer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > brewer > woman

brewsterc1308

brew-wife1393

lucky1717

breweress1841

c1308 T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) II. 176 Hail be ȝe, brewesters, with ȝur galuns, Potels and quarters.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 306 Beton þe brewestere bad hym good morwe.

c1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 662 Hec brasiatrix, brewster.

c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 692 Hec pandoxatrix, a brewster.

1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xv. 326 We will play..in Dame Martin the Brewster's barn-yard.

2. Extended to both sexes: A brewer. (Only north English and Scottish since 15th cent., except as in Compounds.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > brewer

browster1283

brewera1300

brewster1377

beer-brewer1465

brachetour1598

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 218 Baxsteres and brewesteres, and bocheres manye.

1607 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) I. 71 Fr. Steele brewster presented for selling ale contrary to the Statute.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations.

brewster-wife n. Scottish a woman that brews or sells malt liquors.

ΚΠ

1818 R. Jamieson in E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (ed. 5) I. 323 A bad specimen of a Scotish brewster-wife.

1864 A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock (ed. 3) 128 The brewster-wives had formed a scheme for raising the price of ale.

brewster sessions n. sessions for the issue of licenses to trade in alcoholic liquors.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts with other specific jurisdictions

marshalseaa1400

oyer and terminer1469

High Commission1581

jail-delivery1612

Court of (the) Verge1647

palace court1685

Court of Claims1691

Industrial Court1852

brewster sessions1883

traffic court1896

family court1917

1883 Standard 7 Sept. At the Canterbury Brewster-Sessions..all the licenses were granted except two.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

Brewstern.²

Brit.

/ˈbruːstə/, U.S.

/ˈbrustər/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Brewster.

Etymology: < the name of Sir David Brewster (1781–1868), Scottish physicist. who made various discoveries in optics that came to be named after him.

Physics.

1. Used attributively in connection with his discoveries in optics.

a. Brewster angle n. (also Brewster's angle) the angle of incidence at the surface of a dielectric for which a wave polarized in the plane of incidence is not reflected at all, and an unpolarized wave is reflected as a plane-polarized one.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > reflected light > plane or angle of

plane of reflection1704

angle of reflection1753

Brewster angle1950

1932 A. C. Hardy & F. H. Perrin Princ. Optics xxix. 600 The angle of incidence for which the polarization of the transmitted light is a maximum is somewhat less than the Brewsterian angle.]

1950 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics (ed. 2) xxiv. 489 The physical reason why light vibrating in the plane of incidence is not reflected at Brewster's angle lies in the transverse character of light vibrations.

1962 D. R. Corson & P. Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields xi. 369 For light incident on glass with an index of refraction of 1·6, the Brewster angle is about 58°.

1980 Sci. Amer. Oct. 178/1 Because of the Brewster angle, however, one type of polarization is enhanced, and it quickly comes to dominate the laser process.

1984 D. C. Giancoli Gen. Physics xxxviii. 736 At Brewster's angle, the reflected and transmitted rays make a 90° angle to each other.

b. Brewster bands n. (also Brewster's bands) = Brewster fringes n. at sense 1c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > interference effects

Brewster bands1890

1890 T. Preston Theory of Light viii. 156 (heading) Brewster's bands.

c. Brewster fringes n. (also Brewster's fringes) interference fringes produced when a beam of (white or monochromatic) light passes through two sheets of glass, etc., and undergoes different internal reflections in them.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > band, strip

fringe1718

schliere1867

isogyre1902

isochromatic1924

Brewster fringes1934

1934 Discovery July 185/2 A group of straight and parallel interference fringes (known as Brewster's fringes) is seen through the telescope, the group consisting of a central white fringe accompanied by a few coloured fringes on either side.

1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) ix. 359 The Brewster fringes..are observed by means of M₁.

1976 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics (ed. 4) xiv. 303 The usefulness of Brewster's fringes lies chiefly in the fact that when they appear, the ratio of the two interferometer spacings is very exactly a whole number.

d. Brewster's law n. [published by Brewster in 1815] the law that the tangent of the Brewster angle is equal to the refractive index of the dielectric (in a vacuum), or to the ratio of the refractive indices of the media either side of the interface.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction > law concerning

Brewster's law1882

1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 611 (heading) Brewster's law.

1937 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics xiv. 316 This is Brewster's law, which shows that the angle of maximum polarization depends on the refractive index and therefore varies with wave-length.

1973 R. S. Longhurst Geom. & Physical Optics (ed. 3) xxi. 519 If the angle of incidence for light in one direction is the polarizing angle and the directions of the incident and refracted rays are reversed, the new angle of incidence is the polarizing angle for light in the reverse direction. This follows at once from the original statement of Brewster's law.

e. Brewster window n. a window in a laser, etc., so arranged as to polarize light by reflection at the Brewster angle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > instrument

Fresnel's rhomb1835

Fresnel('s) mirror or mirrors1874

reflectometer1879

gloss-meter1930

Brewster window1965

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > laser > [noun] > component of

Brewster window1965

1962 Rev. Sci. Instruments XXXIII. 921 (heading) Construction of a gaseous optical maser using Brewster angle windows.]

1965 Appl. Physics Lett. 7 244/1 In the present work a Brewster window tube with external mirrors was used.

1984 National Geographic Mar. 341 (caption) In some gas lasers transparent disks called Brewster windows.., slanted at a precise angle, polarize the laser's light.

2. (With lower-case initial.) A unit of measurement for the stress-optical coefficient of a material, equal to 10⁻¹² m²N⁻¹ (originally 10⁻¹⁰ cm² per gramme force, equal to (10⁻¹²/0.981) m²N⁻¹).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction > stress-optical co-efficient

Brewster1910

1910 L. N. G. Filon in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 83 576 The stress-optical coefficients..are expressed in a unit of 10⁻¹⁰ cm.² per gramme weight. It would be very desirable to have a short name for this unit…I propose to call it a brewster.

1938 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 42 570 The stress-optical coefficient of a certain soft vulcanised rubber compound is found to be 2,030 brewsters.

1980 L. Levi Appl. Optics II. x. 11 The difference in refractive index parallel and normal to the stress direction is readily calculated by the formula Δn = SB = 10⁻¹²S*B* where S is the stress (S* when in units of N/m²) and B is the stress-optic coefficient (sometimes called Brewster's constant) of the material (B* when in units of brewsters, i.e., reciprocal pN/m²).

Derivatives

Brewˈsterian adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective]

refractious1633

refractive1642

refracting1644

refringent1654

dioptric1672

refractory1788

anaclastic1796

refractile1797

prismy1799

diaclastic1883

Brewsterian1942

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to Brewster

Brewsterian1942

1942 Ann. Reg. 1941 355 An explanation of the elliptical polarisation of light reflected at the Brewsterian angle which is independent of the existence of surface films or strains in the refracting medium.

1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) xii. 545 With most surfaces, the light reflected at the Brewsterian angle is elliptically polarized.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1989; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	brewster
释义	brewstern.¹ /ˈbruːstər/ Forms: Middle English breuster, Middle English brewester(e, Middle English– brewster. Etymology: < brew v. + feminine suffix -ster suffix: compare baxter . See also browster n. 1. originally. A woman that brews, a female brewer. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > brewer > woman brewsterc1308 brew-wife1393 lucky1717 breweress1841 c1308 T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) II. 176 Hail be ȝe, brewesters, with ȝur galuns, Potels and quarters. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 306 Beton þe brewestere bad hym good morwe. c1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 662 Hec brasiatrix, brewster. c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 692 Hec pandoxatrix, a brewster. 1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xv. 326 We will play..in Dame Martin the Brewster's barn-yard. 2. Extended to both sexes: A brewer. (Only north English and Scottish since 15th cent., except as in Compounds.) ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > brewer browster1283 brewera1300 brewster1377 beer-brewer1465 brachetour1598 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 218 Baxsteres and brewesteres, and bocheres manye. 1607 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) I. 71 Fr. Steele brewster presented for selling ale contrary to the Statute. Compounds attributive and in other combinations. brewster-wife n. Scottish a woman that brews or sells malt liquors. ΚΠ 1818 R. Jamieson in E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (ed. 5) I. 323 A bad specimen of a Scotish brewster-wife. 1864 A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock (ed. 3) 128 The brewster-wives had formed a scheme for raising the price of ale. brewster sessions n. sessions for the issue of licenses to trade in alcoholic liquors. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts with other specific jurisdictions marshalseaa1400 oyer and terminer1469 High Commission1581 jail-delivery1612 Court of (the) Verge1647 palace court1685 Court of Claims1691 Industrial Court1852 brewster sessions1883 traffic court1896 family court1917 1883 Standard 7 Sept. At the Canterbury Brewster-Sessions..all the licenses were granted except two. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online September 2021). Brewstern.² Brit. /ˈbruːstə/, U.S. /ˈbrustər/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Brewster. Etymology: < the name of Sir David Brewster (1781–1868), Scottish physicist. who made various discoveries in optics that came to be named after him. Physics. 1. Used attributively in connection with his discoveries in optics. a. Brewster angle n. (also Brewster's angle) the angle of incidence at the surface of a dielectric for which a wave polarized in the plane of incidence is not reflected at all, and an unpolarized wave is reflected as a plane-polarized one. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > reflected light > plane or angle of plane of reflection1704 angle of reflection1753 Brewster angle1950 1932 A. C. Hardy & F. H. Perrin Princ. Optics xxix. 600 The angle of incidence for which the polarization of the transmitted light is a maximum is somewhat less than the Brewsterian angle.] 1950 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics (ed. 2) xxiv. 489 The physical reason why light vibrating in the plane of incidence is not reflected at Brewster's angle lies in the transverse character of light vibrations. 1962 D. R. Corson & P. Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields xi. 369 For light incident on glass with an index of refraction of 1·6, the Brewster angle is about 58°. 1980 Sci. Amer. Oct. 178/1 Because of the Brewster angle, however, one type of polarization is enhanced, and it quickly comes to dominate the laser process. 1984 D. C. Giancoli Gen. Physics xxxviii. 736 At Brewster's angle, the reflected and transmitted rays make a 90° angle to each other. b. Brewster bands n. (also Brewster's bands) = Brewster fringes n. at sense 1c. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > interference effects Brewster bands1890 1890 T. Preston Theory of Light viii. 156 (heading) Brewster's bands. c. Brewster fringes n. (also Brewster's fringes) interference fringes produced when a beam of (white or monochromatic) light passes through two sheets of glass, etc., and undergoes different internal reflections in them. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > band, strip fringe1718 schliere1867 isogyre1902 isochromatic1924 Brewster fringes1934 1934 Discovery July 185/2 A group of straight and parallel interference fringes (known as Brewster's fringes) is seen through the telescope, the group consisting of a central white fringe accompanied by a few coloured fringes on either side. 1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) ix. 359 The Brewster fringes..are observed by means of M₁. 1976 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics (ed. 4) xiv. 303 The usefulness of Brewster's fringes lies chiefly in the fact that when they appear, the ratio of the two interferometer spacings is very exactly a whole number. d. Brewster's law n. [published by Brewster in 1815] the law that the tangent of the Brewster angle is equal to the refractive index of the dielectric (in a vacuum), or to the ratio of the refractive indices of the media either side of the interface. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction > law concerning Brewster's law1882 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 611 (heading) Brewster's law. 1937 F. A. Jenkins & H. E. White Fund. Optics xiv. 316 This is Brewster's law, which shows that the angle of maximum polarization depends on the refractive index and therefore varies with wave-length. 1973 R. S. Longhurst Geom. & Physical Optics (ed. 3) xxi. 519 If the angle of incidence for light in one direction is the polarizing angle and the directions of the incident and refracted rays are reversed, the new angle of incidence is the polarizing angle for light in the reverse direction. This follows at once from the original statement of Brewster's law. e. Brewster window n. a window in a laser, etc., so arranged as to polarize light by reflection at the Brewster angle. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [noun] > instrument Fresnel's rhomb1835 Fresnel('s) mirror or mirrors1874 reflectometer1879 gloss-meter1930 Brewster window1965 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > laser > [noun] > component of Brewster window1965 1962 Rev. Sci. Instruments XXXIII. 921 (heading) Construction of a gaseous optical maser using Brewster angle windows.] 1965 Appl. Physics Lett. 7 244/1 In the present work a Brewster window tube with external mirrors was used. 1984 National Geographic Mar. 341 (caption) In some gas lasers transparent disks called Brewster windows.., slanted at a precise angle, polarize the laser's light. 2. (With lower-case initial.) A unit of measurement for the stress-optical coefficient of a material, equal to 10⁻¹² m²N⁻¹ (originally 10⁻¹⁰ cm² per gramme force, equal to (10⁻¹²/0.981) m²N⁻¹). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [noun] > index of refraction > stress-optical co-efficient Brewster1910 1910 L. N. G. Filon in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 83 576 The stress-optical coefficients..are expressed in a unit of 10⁻¹⁰ cm.² per gramme weight. It would be very desirable to have a short name for this unit…I propose to call it a brewster. 1938 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 42 570 The stress-optical coefficient of a certain soft vulcanised rubber compound is found to be 2,030 brewsters. 1980 L. Levi Appl. Optics II. x. 11 The difference in refractive index parallel and normal to the stress direction is readily calculated by the formula Δn = SB = 10⁻¹²SB where S is the stress (S* when in units of N/m²) and B is the stress-optic coefficient (sometimes called Brewster's constant) of the material (B* when in units of brewsters, i.e., reciprocal pN/m²). Derivatives Brewˈsterian adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > refraction > [adjective] refractious1633 refractive1642 refracting1644 refringent1654 dioptric1672 refractory1788 anaclastic1796 refractile1797 prismy1799 diaclastic1883 Brewsterian1942 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > reflection > [adjective] > relating to Brewster Brewsterian1942 1942 Ann. Reg. 1941 355 An explanation of the elliptical polarisation of light reflected at the Brewsterian angle which is independent of the existence of surface films or strains in the refracting medium. 1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) xii. 545 With most surfaces, the light reflected at the Brewsterian angle is elliptically polarized. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1989; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹c1308n.²1882
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brewstern.1

Compounds

Brewstern.2

Derivatives

brewstern.¹

Brewstern.²