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trothn.adv.int.  Brit.  /trəʊθ/, /trɒθ/, U.S. /trɔθ/, /trɑθ/, /troʊθ/Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: truth n. Etymology: Originally a variant of truth n., now current in standard English only in a very restricted range of uses. Compare true adj., trow v.Notes on usage. Originally a variant of truth n., and occurring in all the main senses of that word in Middle English. In the 16th and 17th centuries the abstract concept of correspondence with reality was already more typically expressed by truth n., with the present word largely restricted to personal acts of constancy such as public declarations of commitment between two individuals. For full discussion of the semantic development of the two words in the early modern period, see H. Bromhead Reign of Truth & Faith (2009) 122–49. Outside regional varieties, rare after the 16th cent. except in particular archaic locutions (as e.g. to plight one's troth at Phrases 1, by my troth at Phrases 2, in troth at Phrases 3), compounds, and derivatives (as e.g. trothless adj., trothful adj.), all of which reflect the semantic restriction noted above in recent use. Compare current senses of trothful adj. as compared to truthful adj., and also the group troth-plight adj., troth-plight v., troth-plight n., troth-plighting n., none of which is attested after the 17th cent. in forms reflecting truth n. Compare also betroth v. Form history. The α. forms show development from Old English trēowþ (see truth n.), reflecting monophthongization to long close ō followed by vocalization of the following w in early Middle English, giving the diphthong ou ; compare with similar phonological development four adj. Compare γ. forms at trow v. and γ. forms at true adj., n., adv., and int. (Forms without final -th , -þ , -t (as trogh, trouȝ at α. forms etc.) probably show assimilation of the fricatives, although perhaps compare trow n.1) The β. forms reflect development of the ou of the α. forms to au in certain dialects of Middle English. The γ. forms, attested from the 15th cent., partly reflect the usual development of Middle English ou (compare α. forms) to long open ō in early modern English. However, some orthoepists of the early modern period (as e.g. E. Coles Compl. Eng. Schoolmaster (1674)) record a pronunciation with a short stem vowel, apparently arising from a form with Middle English shortening of the diphthong ou to ŏ ; compare e.g. the usual modern pronunciation of knowledge n. and see further E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §34. The form dorth at γ. forms appears to show metathesis. N.E.D. (1915) gives the pronunciation as (trōuþ, trǫ̀þ) /trəʊθ/, /trɒθ/, /trɔːθ/. The pronunciation with short o, rhyming with moth, is already given by E. Coles Compl. Eng. Schoolmaster (1674). Editions of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. from 1917 onwards all give the pronunciation with /əʊ/ as usual and the pronunciation with /ɒ/ as secondary. Editions of Webster record only the pronunciation with /ɔ/ up to 1900; from 1911 the variant with /oʊ/ is given alongside it, and in the 1961 edition a third pronunciation, with /ɑ/, is added. Now archaic. A. n. I. The quality of being true, and related senses. †1. the mind > mental capacity > belief > belief, trust, confidence > [noun] c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 18857 Hæþenn trowwþe onn hæþenn godd. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 4015 He wass drihhtin swiþe lef Þurrh trowwþess rihhtwisnesse. a1350 in G. L. Brook (1968) 45 (MED) Lut in londe are to leue, Þah me hem trewe trouþe ȝeue. J. Gaytryge (York Min.) (1901) l. 387 The firste vertue is trouthe, whar thurgh we trow Anely in a God..Trouthe is beginyng of al gode werkes. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 2387 Abram þat o trouth was tru. a1400 (a1325) (Gött.) l. 18678 Þair mistrovth..Es strinthing of vr troght to-day. a1500 (a1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 349 If þou trowist in þi god, þat trowþe wil suffice þee; but noman trowiþ in god but he þat loueþ him. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun (Royal) vi. l. 2209 Makbeth aye In fantown fretys had gret fay, And trowth had in swylk fantassy. society > faith > aspects of faith > [noun] society > faith > aspects of faith > creed > [noun] c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 1347 Ȝiff þatt tu willt..Wiþþ fulle trowwþe lefenn. All þatt tatt wass bitacnedd tær. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 6953 Forr þi þatt teȝȝ þatt time. Ȝet unnderrstodenn littless whatt Off all þe rihhte trowwþe. J. Gaytryge (York Min.) (1901) l. 53 The lawe and the lore to knawe god..principali may be shewed..In þe fourtene poyntes that falles to the trouthe. a1400 (?c1300) (Royal) (1879) l. 414 Þis is þo trouthe of holy kirk. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 4228 Þai lyved in fals trowthe. 1481 W. Caxton tr. iii. xii. sig. l3 In this only veryte, he [sc. Plato] preuyd the right trouthe, ffor he preued his power, his wisedom, and his goodnes. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) i. §6. 8 Fals cristen men, that has the trouth of ihū crist withouten luf & goed werkes. society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > [noun] society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > fidelity or loyalty > [noun] α. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 57 Mid al þis haue þu charite and soðfeste leaue and trowðe lef. a1275 (?c1200) (Trin. Cambr.) (1955) 112 On him þu maist þe tresten, ȝif is troyþe deȝh. c1390 in C. Horstmann (1892) i. 48 (MED) Wiþ studefast trouþe my wittes wis And..schilde me from þe fende. 1448 Will of Henry VI in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. 379 His high trought and feruent zele. 1474 W. Caxton tr. (1883) ii. iv. 48 He knewe well the trouth of his felawe. 1548 f. clxiiij Many thynges..declared the duke of Yorkes trought and innocencye in this case. the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [noun] ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 45 Þerefter of þet ilke weren trouððen tobroken. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) i. l. 1594 (MED) I woll thee of thi trowthe acquite. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) 8360 Here-of myȝt men moche speke, Of trouþe þat men alle day breke, For, fals trouþes, and fykyl,..are ȝyue mechyl. a1400 (a1325) (Fairf. 14) l. 3240 Of þi trauþ I. make þe free. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 764 Ye shul youre trouthe holden. c1450 (a1400) (Calig.) (1965) l. 246 ‘Ȝys,’ sayd þe erle, ‘lo, her my hond.’ Hys trowthe to hym he strake. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 154v Vntrew of his trawth trust neuer after. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara 7 She demaunded him as hir husband by faith and troth of hand. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy xxi. vii. 397 They observed their troth and loyaltie with their allies. 1684 King James VI & I in B. Cusack (1998) 219 Glory to him yt hes keped mie be his word & trowths as from felien derekely in any theng. 1726 in A. Ramsay II. 63 Give me back my maiden-vow And give me back my troth. 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton II. vi. i. 77 Gryffyth will never keep troth with the English. 1887 26 Nov. 474/1 I know now why my father never came to keep his troth with my mother. 1919 D. Philipson 59 Despite Roumania's broken troth in alienizing her Jewish children, he never despaired of the final victory of right. 1952 20 May ii. 1/7 (heading) Mary Johnson's troth to Joseph R. Varley is being announced. 1992 43 181 Whether the action is wrong in itself or only in so far as it leads him to break troth with Bertilak. 2012 E. L. Risden ii. 52 Cressid fails to keep her troth. †II. Conformity with fact, reality, etc. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > truthfulness, veracity > [noun] > true statement, correct account, truth α. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 221 God..is..liȝt of sooþnesse, and of trowþe [c1410 BL Add. trouthe, 1482 Caxton truthe; L. veritatis], and welle of grace. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vii. l. 1964 Hou so that the cause wende, The trouthe is schameles ate ende. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 18710 He badd..his disciplis..Oueral þis werld his trouth to teche. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 532 He wolde enquere Depper in this, a trouthe for to lere. ?a1425 (a1415) (Harl.) (1917) 11 (MED) A prest schulde not be lettid to preche þe trouþe. a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright (1861) II. 204 Go furthe, libelle,..And pray my lordes the to take in grace.., if that not variaunce Thow haste fro troughte. 1485 (Caxton) i. iii. sig. aijv Telle me the trouthe... Syre saide she I shalle telle you the trouthe... That is trouthe saide the kynge as ye say. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. (Rawl.) (1898) 211 He sholde bene Sothefaste in worde and dedd, and lowe throuth abowe al thynge, and hate lesynge. 1593 Queen Elizabeth I tr. Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiæ in (1899) v. 103 Aristotle..hath defynd it [sc. chance] in a neere reason to breefenes & trouth. c1613 ( in T. Stapleton (1839) 250 Send forth your excuse..with a letter of the trough of your sicknes. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > [noun] > of tools, materials, etc. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 181 Trouþ of metre I sette..a-syde. 1463–5 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1463 §17. m. 4 The makyng of cloth of the wolles of the growyng of the said reame, and the ordre and conveyaunce therof..was of such trouth, fynesse and parfitnesse that the said cloth excelled the cloth of eny other region or cuntre. B. adv. (and int.) the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > in truth [interjection] a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. i. 323 Troth sir, shee hath eaten vp all her beefe, and she is her selfe in the tub. View more context for this quotation a1627 T. Middleton et al. (1652) ii. i. 16 Troth, and I would have my will then if I were as you. 1720 A. Ramsay 319 And trouth I think they're in the right on't. 1740 S. Richardson I. xxiii. 59 Troth, Sir, said he,..I never knew her Peer. 1787 R. Burns (new ed.) 76 Fine architecture, trowth, I needs must say't o't. 1847 S. C. Reid viii. 77 ‘Do you mind the day, Larry,’ continued Pat, ‘that we went out in the morning to bring in the wounded, iv they wasn't all dead?’ ‘Troth I do,’ said Larry. 1886 R. L. Stevenson xii. 110 Troth and indeed, they will do him no harm. 1913 A. F. Irvine 39 Throth it will that, dear. 1932 John o' Groat Jrnl. 4 Nov. in (1974) IX. 425/3 Weel, trouth, a bonnie boch ye wid be in London. 1958 P. L. Henry in 1 160 The general archaic element..is seen in such words as..the term troth! ‘Indeed!’ Phrasessociety > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > engage oneself to marry [verb (intransitive)] ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 231 Pepigimus cum morte fedus..we habbeð trouðe iplicht to deað. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) (1963) l. 1126 Locrin was on foreward hire habbe to wife. and he hire hafde trouþe i-pliþt. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. vii. l. 37 I plihte þe my trouþe To folfulle þe Foreward while þat I may stonde! c1440 (a1400) (Thornton) l. 465 (MED) Here my trouthe I ȝow plyghte, I salle feghte withe ȝone knyghte. c1475 (?c1425) (1984) l. 462 Þerto grawuntus þe knyȝte, And truly his trauthe pliȝte. 1530 R. Whitford (new ed.) sig. E.iii I take the margery unto my wyfe & therto plyght the my trouth. 1564 in F. J. Furnivall (1897) 201 Therapon they plightid their trouthes together, and kissed together, and after dronk, & made mery. 1633 W. Prynne i. 53 Any who have pledged their faith, and Troth to God in Baptisme. 1659 H. L'Estrange x. 274 To have and to hold from this day forward..till death us depart, according to Gods holy ordinance: and therefore I pledge thee my troth. 1715 108 Says Bet, My Love, if't must be so, I plight my Troth before thou go. 1754 W. Dodd I. vii. 29 Marriage has some shew of advantage, but if a man and woman of honour mutually pledge their troth to each other,..where is the difference in the sight of God? 1833 120/1 The priest..told them quite slowly the sentences holy, For pledging their troth to each other for life. 1871 J. Yeats iv. 188 Betrothal rings, set with pearls and gems, were worn by maidens who had plighted their troth. 1977 (Nexis) 14 May 104 The leaders of the non-communist world publicly plighted their economic troth last weekend. 2004 Oct. 80/1 People are always plighting their troth to and/or screwing their cousins in Hardy and Austen. the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene > with reference to one's word or honour c1225 (?c1200) (Royal) (1938) 10 ‘Nu..forþi [i.e. for þi] trowðe, treoweliche tele us hwuch is helle, & hwet tu hauest isehen þrin.’ ‘Ant ich..omi [i.e. o mi] trowðe bluðeliche..efter þet ich mei & con, þer towart ich chulle reodien.’ c1400 (?c1380) (1920) l. 63 On hade boȝt hym a borȝ, he sayde, by hys trawþe. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) v. l. 1001 If þat I sholde of any Grek han rouþe It shulde be youre-seluen by my trouþe. c1450 (?a1400) (Ashm.) l. 1356 I vndire-take on my trouthe, Tire is þine awen. c1460 (?c1400) Prol. l. 116 ‘Kit, how likith the?’ ‘Be my trowith, wondir wele.’ c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 29v We haue..Armur and all thing abill þerfore..And now tyme, by my trauthe, to take it on hond. 1564 in F. J. Furnivall (1897) 64 Bie my faith and trouth, I will marry the. 1600 W. Shakespeare ii. iii. 99 By my troth my Lord, I cannot tell what to thinke of it. View more context for this quotation 1655 in J. Mennes & J. Smith 27 I have often seen upon my troth, Poor ragged Pedlars carry packs of Cloth. 1704 J. Swift Full Acct. Battel between Bks. in 245 By my Troth, said the Bee, the Comparison will amount to a very good Jest. 1788 ‘Pindaromastix’ 14 Not I, my Liege, upon my troth; On this I'll take my Bible oath. 1820 W. Combe xxvii. 74 Nay, if you swear, Sir, by my troth, The Echo will repeat the oath. a1839 W. M. Praed in (1844) 175 Old Quince averred, upon his troth, They were the ugliest beasts in Devon. 1922 J. Joyce ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 375 Better were they named Beau Mount and Lecher for, by my troth, of such a mingling much might come. 2013 (Nexis) 11 Oct. 35 By my troth, I confess this did cause me apprehension. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed c1390 (Vernon) l. 187 (MED) Heo was in trouþe, as we trowe, tristi and trewe. c1400 (?c1380) (1920) l. 1703 (MED) He..leved in trawþe Hit watz non oþer þen he þat hade al in honde. c1440 (?a1400) l. 2127 Thowe arte to hye by þe halfe, I hete þe in trouthe! Thow sall be handsomere in hye, with þe helpe of my Lorde! ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 365 The faders of whom were not knowen in trawthe [L. cum tamen ejus parentes fuissent ignoti]. a1500 (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1568 (MED) Many merueles, of trought cam ther ryght. 1546 J. Heywood ii. iv. sig. Giii But of trouth I thought, better to haue than wishe. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. iii. 108 In troth I thinke she would. View more context for this quotation 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection v. iii. 205 in Divers sums of money (which in troath were the oblations and offerings which the Incumbent had received). 1728 J. Gay i. viii. 11 A mighty likely speech in troth. 1756 S. Foote i. 14 In gude Troth, not a mighty Booty. 1827 W. Scott Let. in 3 Nov. ‘In troth did I, Tam’, answered Andro... ‘I was at London, in a place they ca' the park.’ 1881 ‘M. Twain’ 143 In troth I might go yet farther. 1902 Mar. 323/1 In troth it's kind, an' the crame of kindness both of yez is, and always was known to be. 2011 ‘A. Scott’ ii. 35 ‘In troth, you might,’ the younger matron said. ?c1445 R. Chamberlain in (2004) II. 16 As for the mater that ye sent to me fore touchyng the maner callid Walshams in Walsham, the trouth is youre husbond soldyt to my moder. ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre (1894) I. lf. 114v Trouthe it is that I am Amorous terrybly of dame Alcumena. 1550 in A. I. Cameron (1927) 438 Trowth it is my lord my husband set that steiding to his father. Compoundssociety > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > [adjective] > betrothed the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > ring > [adjective] > type of ring 1844 E. B. Barrett I. 185 I was betrothed that day; I wore a troth-kiss on my lips, I could not give away! 1856 E. B. Browning ix. 372 I had sooner cut My hand off (though 'twere..promised a pearl troth-ring). 1885 J. Ingelow 193 Ronald, you gave me your troth ring, I gave my troth kiss. 1912 May 714 The years have gone since that troth-kiss was given, and the sweet-faced girl has grown into a lovely woman. 1976 11 140 The ladies in each poem offer their suitors a troth ring. C2. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > truthfulness, veracity > [adjective] 1552 R. Huloet Trought sayinge, or spekinge, or tellyng, ueridicentia, ueriloquentia. 1552 R. Huloet Trought teller, and trought speker. 1579 E. Hake iv. sig. D.vi They nill disdaine at this troth telling tale. ?1660 in ‘Democritus Pseudomantis’ tr. F. Rabelais sig. A8 Him well you may trust, He's a Troth-teller just. 1673 W. Wycherley iv. i. 68 The Troth-telling Trojan Gentlewoman of old was ne're believ'd till the Town was taken. b. 1592 A. Munday tr. L. T. A. sig. Q4 The French (saith he) are men sound and plaine, no deceiuers, or troth-breakers. 1648 R. Herrick sig. C8v Promise, and keep your vowes, Or vow ye never: Loves doctrine disallowes Troth-breakers ever. 2001 C. R. Fee & D. A. Leeming i. 19 In this myth Odin is even represented as a troth-breaker. the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > treachery or treason > treacherous action > [noun] > instance society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > unfaithfulness > [noun] > breach of trust or good faith a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) 26234 Fals wijtnes and trouth breking. 1464 M. Paston in (2004) I. 290 Master Constantyn sewyd hym fore feyth and trowth brekyng. 1871 R. Williams tr. II. 170 In spite of Egyptian allies, or troth-breaking idols. 2009 P. Metevelis 471 In Japan the part about castration is elided—or rather, replaced by the troth-breaking. society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > [noun] 1605 R. Verstegan viii. 253 A mouth of troth-keeping or loyaltie. 1862 A. P. Peabody 24 The tractable and troth-keeping dog. 1876 R. H. Newton i. 12 The fundamental requirement for trade order and prosperity is troth-keeping. 1995 29 396 Several critics have noticed Arveragus's lawyer-like recourse to..a universal idea of troth-keeping. C3. Instrumental and similative. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > [adjective] > betrothed 1633 J. Ford ii. iii. sig. D4v Entercourse of troth-contracted loues. Derivatives the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adjective] 1544 P. Betham tr. J. di Porcia ii. xl. sig. K.viii Other thynges are to be feyned, whyche appere trouthlyke. 1556 N. Grimald in tr. Cicero ii. f. 83 The iudges parte is, euermore in causes to folow the trouth: the counselers parte, manie times to defend the trouthlike, though it be not so true. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2022). trothv. Brit. /trəʊθ/, /trɒθ/, U.S. /trɔθ/, /troʊθ/, /trɑθ/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Partly formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: troth n.; betroth v. Etymology: Partly < troth n., and partly shortened < betroth v. Now archaic. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > betroth [verb (transitive)] > engage oneself to a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) l. 1724 (MED) Ȝyf fadyr or modyr be þer aȝen Seþþe þey haue trouþed..Þey dysturble þys sacrament. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 3690 (MED) Sche trouthed was to Iudibal. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. (Rawl.) (1898) 190 (MED) A gentill-man of the contrey had hyr trouthid. 1835 E. Stuart-Wortley 63 Pale Pity, 'trothed to paler Grief! 1908 W. Campbell Morning ii. in 225 To-morrow the chief senator Proclaims his daughter trothed to young Lord Varra. 2014 L. Leveen xvii. 354 He wanted no delay in trothing her to me. Derivatives the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [adjective] > bound by promise society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > [adjective] > betrothed 1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace sig. Hiiij Too Orators..Th' one was to the other, In mutuall prayse for both their gaynes A faste ytrothed brother. 1893 F. Thompson 4 I reach back through the days A trothed hand to the dead. 1907 I. N. Phipps 108 My youth-time, where my 'trothed bride And I had met always. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > betrothal > [noun] 1565 T. Cooper Coemptio,..a solemnitie of the ciuill lawe where the woman and man commyng together at a trothyng, as it were, bye one the other. 1584 in (1895) 8 Sept. 251/2 There was a bankett prouided, comonlie called ‘a trothinge feaste’, where the parties did eate & drincke, & weare meary together. 1860 Feb. 142 A similar, but more elaborate, document, the form being printed, and the words of the trothing inserted with the pen. 1889 C. E. Barns 49 I shall feel Her trothing kiss no more unto my meek appeal. 2008 D. L. McKiernan xii. 68 Now let's talk about something more cheerful..our trothing perhaps? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adv.int.c1175 v.a1400 |