trialn.¹

Brit.

/ˈtrʌɪəl/, U.S.

/ˈtraɪ(ə)l/

Forms: Also 1500s Scottish triel, 1500s–1600s Scottish tryel(l, 1500s–1600s triall, tryall, 1600s–1700s (1800s dialect) tryal.

Etymology: = Anglo-Norman trial , triel , < trier to try v., instanced in 16th cent., but probably earlier: see -al suffix¹. Compare Du Cange s.v. triallum.

The action or fact of trying or being tried, in various senses of try v.The senses are here arranged not according to the chronological order of the quotations cited, but in accordance with the sense-development seen in try v. and triable adj.¹

a. Law. The examination and determination of a cause by a judicial tribunal; determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused person by a court.Hence to bring (a person or cause) to trial; to put (a person) on his trial, to stand (one's) trial, etc.; also trial by the country, by jury, by proviso, etc.: see these words.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > trial

doomc950

trial1583

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > try or hear cause [verb (transitive)] > put on or bring to trial

to call into (also in) question1534

to bring (a person or cause) to trial1838

to put (a person) on his trial1885

1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. xxiii. 79 The Clarke asketh him howe he will be tryed, and telleth him he must saie, by God and the Countrie, for these be the words formall of this triall after Inditement.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 146 In the ordinary trialls of Right, Twelve men of the common People, are the Judges.

1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses iii. 16 So Jack resolv'd, but he had done more wisely, to have put himself upon the Tryal of his Country.

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. 73 He was brought to trial..Theramenes, lately his intimate friend, became his accuser.

1885 Manch. Examiner 10 July 5/1 In this case the parties were first put upon their trial.

1911 Act 1 & 2 George V c. 6 §9 (1) Any sheriff or his lawful deputy before whom a writ of inquiry or a writ of trial is executed.

(a) The determination of a person's guilt or innocence, or the righteousness of his cause, by a combat between the accuser and accused ( trial by battle, by (single) combat, by wager of battle, by the sword); ‘a combat decisive of the merits of a cause’ (Schmidt); see also trial by ordeal n. These methods of trial are now abolished; but expressions originally referring to them are still in figurative use. Thus, war may be spoken of as a ‘trial by battle’ with God for judge.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > trial > trial by combat

judgementc1300

duelc1475

combat1567

duellum1596

trial1597

duel-trial1631

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. i. 81 Ile answer thee in any faire degree, Or chiualrous designe of knightly triall .

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 286 Those soules, That to their euerlasting residence, Before the dew of euening fall, shall fleete In dreadfull triall of our kingdomes King.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 342 England thou hast not sau'd one drop of blood In this hot triall more then we of France.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. ii. 175 Let your faire eies, and gentle wishes go with mee to my triall .

1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas Combat in our Common Law is taken for a formall triall of a doubtfull cause or quarrell by the sword or bastons, of two champions.

1641 Termes de la Ley 39 Battaile is an ancient triall in our Law, which the Defendant in appeale of murder, robbery, or felony, may chuse.

1737 R. Glover Leonidas iii. 106 By single combat were the tryal vain.

1819 Act 59 Geo. III c. 46 Whereas..the Trial by Battel in any Suit, is a Mode of Trial unfit to be used; and it is expedient that the same should be wholly abolished..be it..enacted, That..in any Writ of Right now depending, or which may here~after be..commenced, the Tenant shall not be received to wage Battel, nor shall Issue be joined nor Trial be had by Battel.

1868 G. Pryme Autobiogr. Recoll. (1870) an. 1818. vii. 133.

(b) trial by television or the media, subjection of a public figure under some cloud to discussion of his case on television or in the media, usually in such a way as to imply his guilt.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > examination by discussion > [noun] > in the media

trial by television or the media1960

1960 J. Freeman in New Statesman 15 Oct. 556/1 A group of Labour MPs had..written to The Times complaining that my questions to Mr. Foulkes, in the BBC programme Panorama, about specific..allegations of malpractice in his union amounted to public trial by television.

1968 Punch 6 Mar. 327/1 Urged to stop ‘trial by television’, the Postmaster-General..said..he himself had no power over the content of programmes.

1979 Broadcast 4 June 10/1 There have been predictable references to ‘trial by the media’, ‘trial by television’.

a. The action of testing or putting to the proof the fitness, truth, strength, or other quality of anything; test, probation. Applied spec. in plural to a boat's trial run (see trial run n. at Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > [noun]

fandingc1000

taste1377

experimenta1382

experience1393

probationc1422

trial1526

test1594

verification1603

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun]

fandingc1000

costningOE

assay1330

say?c1335

assayingc1375

experimenta1382

proofc1390

experience1393

tastinga1400

probationc1422

probe?a1425

approof1436

fraistingc1440

examination?1510

saying1512

approving1523

trial1526

test1594

approbationa1616

trya1616

proval1622

tempting1623

probatea1643

experimental1659

testinga1834

society > travel > travel by water > launching a vessel > [noun] > trials

acceptance trial1889

trial1921

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. KKii^v The tryall of our faythe, & examynacion or proue of our hope.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark viii. 53 b Nowe maketh he a triall howe much his disciples haue profited ghostly.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ix. 339 The most certaine triall of these horses is when they can ouertake the beast called Lant or the Ostrich in a race.

1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iv. vi. 221 The triall of mettall by fire.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 23 They answer all Chymical tryals in like manner as the Sea-shells do.

1903 Motor. Ann. 145 The Automobile Club..held a series of practical and official brake trials in Welbeck Park.

1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 25 Mar. 17/2 On Friday the Traveller was taken out for her trials... Slight trouble arose in the main bearings and the vessel returned to the dock for adjustments.

1969 F. Mowat Boat who wouldn't Float (1970) vii. 70 Seamen refer to the first tentative voyage of a newly commissioned ship as her trials.

b. The fact or condition of being tried by suffering or temptation; probation. †In quot. a1557, temptation (obsolete). (Cf. 9.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [noun] > temptation

foundingOE

flattering?c1225

tempting1303

temptation1340

impugnation1398

fanda1400

triala1557

attempt1611

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > trial or probation of a person > fact or condition of being tried

triala1557

a1557 J. Cheke tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xxvi. 41 Can ie not watch oon hour with me, watch and prai y^t ie enter not into trial.

1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 12 That which purifies us is triall.

1755 E. Young Centaur i, in Wks. (1757) IV. 108 Is not this stretching out our boldness even beyond the day of tryal?

1871 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos vi. 71 The hour of trial—the testing hour of suffering arrived.

c. A contest designed to test the capabilities of motorcyclists or (formerly) car-drivers and their vehicles, in which riding or driving takes place over long distances or rough terrain. Frequently in plural. Cf. reliability trial n. at reliability n. Compounds 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > motor racing > [noun] > other motor-driving events

trial1926

roadeo1940

demolition derby1950

slalom1965

gymkhana1966

thrash1972

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > chariot race > [noun] > wagon race

trial1926

chuck-wagon race1950

1926 in H. Golding Wonder Bk. of Motors 177 Such races as the ‘T.T.’ and the various other Trials and ‘Scrambles’ organized by the larger clubs afford manufacturers an opportunity of submitting their machines..to..severe tests.

1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 429/1 Among the more famous English trials that have been run for many years are the London–Edinburgh run, the London–Exeter run, the London–Land's End Trial and the London–Gloucester Run.

1950 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IX. 328/2 The famous Scott Trial in Yorkshire was the first of such rough-riding fixtures [in motor-cycling contests].

1963 P. Drackett Motor Rallying i. 10 The Thousand Miles Trial of 1903 went several steps nearer to the rally as we know it to-day, with road sections and timed hill-climbs.

1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 3 Nov. Trials enthusiasts will be out in force in Hampshire this weekend to watch the Hood Trophies and Perce Simon Trials—two major events in the British motor cycle calendar.

†3. Inquiry or investigation in order to ascertain something; examination, elucidation. to take (get) trial, to make inquiry. Scottish. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun]

inspection1390

search1415

probationc1422

ensearchingc1430

surview1432

enserchise1436

overseeingc1449

sight1452

hearkeninga1483

discuting1483

ensearcha1509

inquiry1512

upsightc1515

perusing1556

perpending1558

overlooking1565

interview1567

trial1575

peruse1578

visitation1583

perspective?a1586

overviewing1590

looking over1599

sounding1599

perusal1604

supervise1604

disquisition1605

expiscation1605

prospect1625

ravellinga1626

disquiry1628

disquisitive1660

perpendment1667

inspecting1788

sleuthing1900

casing1928

1575 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 126 To be diligent for gaitting of tryall of the deid barne that wes cassin furth in Foresteris wynd.

c1600 Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents (1833) 72 Ane conventioun ordanit to convene in Sanctandrois for taking tryell of the matter aboue writtin.

c1639 W. Mure Psalmes cxxxix. 3 in Wks. (1898) II. 214 My pathes, my lying doun thou eyest, And narrow tryall takes.

a. Action, method, or treatment adopted in order to ascertain the result; investigation by means of experience; experiment. rule of trial and error: see position n. 2 trial and error, (a) also in non-mathematical contexts, the process of succeeding by repeated trying with or without improvement of method by learning from failures; (b) spec. in Psychology, with reference to the theory that a primitive form of learning results, over a series of trials, from erroneous random responses to a problem being replaced by the correct response, rather than from insight. Frequently (with hyphens) attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun]

fandingOE

fanda1325

saya1393

assayc1450

trial1570

examen1609

experimentation1674

experiment1678

examination1819

tâtonnement1847

tentative1865

adventurism1923

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > trial and error

trial and error1894

tâtonnement process1975

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > types of learning > [noun]

rote learning1842

trial and error1894

imitation1895

rehearsal1902

latent learning1929

e-learning1997

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Aiv^v/2 A Tryall, experimentum.

1608 F. Bacon Comm. Sol. in Wks. (1868) IV. 63 A collection of phainomena, of surgery, destillations, minerall tryalls.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 106/1 In what season it is best to make these tryals has not been..declared.

1806 C. Hutton Course Math. (ed. 5) I. 256 They may be all readily solved by the following easy rule of Double Position, sometimes called Trial-and-Error.

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxix. 387 Astronomers have sought, by the indirect methods of trial and conjecture, to avoid them.

1894 C. L. Morgan Introd. Compar. Psychol. xiv. 241 Such a proceeding can be completely explained in terms of sense-experience. The process was throughout one of trial and error.

1898 E. L. Thorndike in Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl. II. viii. 105 If the method of trial and error, with accidental success, be the method of acquiring associations among the animals, the slow progress of primitive man..becomes suggestive.

1900 C. L. Morgan Animal Behaviour iv. 139 The method of varied trial and error with the utilization of chance success, is a lengthy and somewhat clumsy process; but it suffices.

1907 F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (ed. 2 reissued) I. 536 He will have some alders set in the wet places..for a trial.

1940 E. R. Hilgard & D. G. Marquis Conditioning & Learning x. 252/2 The behavior of animals in the trial and error situation yields evidence of more intelligent behavior than is implied in the simple process of stamping in correct responses and stamping out wrong ones.

1951 T. Parsons et al. in T. Parsons & E. A. Shils Toward Gen. Theory Action ii. ii. 129 Invention may be..trial-and-error learning.

1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation ix. 230 Scientific hypotheses..are better organisations for coping with our experience of physical phenomena than are trial-and-error methods.

1962 Listener 15 Nov. 796/1 There had been fitful, trial-and-error attempts to create a National Assembly.

1967 M. Dobb Capitalism, Devel. & Planning v. 242 In the Lange trial-and-error process..it was variable prices (accounting prices) that were fixed by the top-level authorities.

1972 New Yorker 26 Aug. 32/1 The American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike..is credited with the first rigorous investigation of trial-and-error, or instrumental, learning.

†b. The result ascertained by testing; effect; efficacy. (Cf. proof n. 7.) Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun]

proofc1330

worka1382

workinga1382

consequentc1386

effectc1390

processa1400

consequencec1400

sequel1477

efficacea1492

operation1525

branch1526

efficacy1549

trial1559

ensuing1561

repercussion1603

success1606

productiona1610

salutation1609

succeedinga1616

pursuancea1626

spawna1631

income1635

result1638

importance1645

consequency1651

product1651

causal1652

causate1656

consectary1659

propter hoc1671

inference1673

corollary1674

resultment1683

produce1698

recussion1754

development1803

suitea1806

eventuation1813

sequent1838

sequence1853

causatum1879

sequela1883

ramification1925

1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 30 They giue it to drinke against the fittes of the falling sycknes with maruellous tryall.

†5. transferred. Evidence, proof. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > evidence given, testimony

witnessc950

proof?c1225

witnessingc1330

evidencea1387

probacyc1460

probation?a1475

testimonial?a1475

testimony?a1475

testimonage1483

testamentc1485

conjecture1526

fact?1531

trial1532

teste1567

suffragy1571

attest1609

probate1610

testa1616

testate1619

discovery1622

constat1623

1532 J. Frith Let. in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) 81/1 Whan can be more triall of a faythfull hart, then to aduenture not onely to ayde and succour by the meanes of other,..but also personally to visite the poore oppressed?

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. vi. i. 153 I will not saie..if I should, I could easilie bring my triall.

a1586 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxvi. 86 Thow..gave gud tryell of thy lytill treuth.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1851) II. 33 Thir newis turned to nothing, for there wes no tryell found that sic materis were trew.

a. A testing of qualifications, attainments, or progress; examination.spec. the examination prescribed by Presbyteries for the licensing of preachers or the ordination of ministers; also, in Scotland, the public probation of a Lord of Session; (plural) at Eton College, Harrow, and other schools, the terminal examination; at Oxford and Cambridge, short for trial eight n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun]

examination1421

examen1612

probation1645

trial1672

exam1837

mug1853

special1890

mid-year1895

periodical1897

test1910

assessment1956

1672 Mem. J. Fraser in Sel. Biog. (1845) II. 309 After trial of my gifts and conversation by several exercises and pieces of trial..they agreed to trust me in the name of Christ with the dispensation of the Gospel.

1706 Act 6 Anne c. ii. Art. xix No writer to the signet [shall] be capable to be admitted a lord of the session unless he undergo a private and publick tryal on the civil law.

1708 J. Chamberlayne Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1710) 425 The Manner of Admission into this Society [sc. the Faculty of Advocates] is..sometimes, tho' rarely, by a Trial in the Scots Law.

1710 T. Halyburton Mem. (1824) ii. 238 I underwent the other parts of my private trials and on May 1, 1700 was ordained at Ceres.

1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xix. 309 He went to stand trial for his licence as a preacher.

1847 in A. J. C. Hare Story of my Life (1896) I. iii. 223 We are busy at our Trial, which we do with our masters in form.

1849 Harper E. Erskine i. 11 Mr. Erskine was after the usual trials licensed by the Presbytery of Kirkcaldy.

1905 H. A. Vachell Hill ix If we put our backs—and heads—into Trials, we can easily get a remove.

1908 G. D. Law in Boston Acc. Life 84 (note) The trials of a probationer about to be ordained were similar to those of a divinity student applying for licence.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 7 Oct. 12/1 The ceremony..which every Scottish judge has to ‘pass’, is called his ‘trials’.

b. Sport. A match held to select players for a major team; esp. in Rugby. Cf. trial match n. at Compounds 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > types of

all comersc1450

after-gamea1500

fore-game1594

revenge1616

plate1639

set-to1743

return match1753

bye1754

scrub-race1791

anybody's game (also race, match)1826

return1834

barney1843

bonspiel1858

handicap1861

pennant1865

home-and-home1868

benefit match1871

run-off1873

international1877

American tournament1878

Grand Prix1879

single1884

friendly1885

all-comers1889

pair1890

championship1893

round robin1894

replay1895

Olympiad1896

junior varsity1902

lightning tournament1903

rematch1903

road trip1903

pickup1905

freestyle1906

marathon1908

test1908

Derby1909

scrimmage1910

eliminator1911

twosome1911

triala1914

quadrangular1916

slug-fest1916

varsity match1921

needle contest1922

curtain jerker1923

needle match1923

open1926

needle fight1927

knock-out1928

shirt1930

masters1933

pro-amateur1934

tune-up1934

World Cup1934

pro-am1937

state1941

sizzler1942

runathon1943

mismatch1954

run-out1955

match-up1959

squeaker1961

triple-header1961

Super Bowl1967

invitational1968

needle game1970

major1976

slobberknocker1986

a1914 J. E. Raphael Mod. Rugby Football (1918) 249 E. W. Baker played for the South and in other important trials.

1921 E. H. D. Sewell Rugby Football up to Date 337 He was nominated to play on the wing in the third Trial.

1950 Sport 7–11 Apr. 14/3 He is Allenby Chilton,..to whom Liverpool gave a trial before the United engaged him, for a £10 signing-on fee, in 1938.

1978 Rugby World Apr. 5/2 Jeeps was the man who instigated the new system of trials which operated this season, involving games between England's regions and divisions.

c. A contest in which horses, dogs, etc., are put through various tests and assessed on their performance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > livestock competition or trial

trial1942

1942 R. B. Kelley Animal Breeding xvi. 145 The second kind of trial endeavours to set out a course during which the dog is required to perform the tasks of everyday life.

1946 M. C. Self Horseman's Encycl. 196 Working hunter trials. Jumps 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches. On special course. Details of course to be withheld until one hour before class.

1960 J. Stroud Shorn Lamb xv. 175 I was..flitting round the suburbs like a sheepdog at a Trial.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia I. 723/3 The park [at Badminton] is also well-known for its horse trials.

†7. The fact of undergoing or experiencing; experience. to have (or make) trial of, to experience. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > knowledge, what is known > experience > [noun]

sentimentc1374

assaya1387

proofa1387

feelingc1405

instructionc1425

experience1553

experiency1556

self-experience1599

trial1600

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 257 Whereof I my selfe haue had often triall.

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 512 Henries command was a Law; of which Cromwell had a triall.

1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso (1674) i. xxiii. 26 Tyrants, by whom they made trial of the most deplorable miseries.

1657 Earl of Monmouth tr. P. Paruta Politick Disc. 72 Even Augustus himself made trial of many Insurrections in Spain, Germany, and in the Eastern parts.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 178 We had a tryal then of these Panniers, and for my part I was much at my ease.

8. An attempt to do something; an endeavour, effort. (In quot. 1614, an attempt to gain.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > [noun] > an attempt

tastec1330

assayc1386

proffera1400

proof?a1400

pluck?1499

saymenta1500

minta1522

attemptate1531

attempt1548

attemption1565

say1568

trice1579

offer1581

fling1590

tempt1597

essay1598

trial1614

tentative1632

molition1643

conamen1661

put1661

tentamen1673

conatus1722

shot1756

go1784

ettle1790

shy1824

hack1830

try1832

pop1839

slap1840

venture1842

stagger1865

flutter1874

whack1884

whirl1884

smack1889

swipe1892

buck1913

lash1941

wham1957

play1961

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. v. iii. §11. 482 [He] went to a greater enterprise: euen to fight in triall of the Empire.

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 72 Ecbar is poysoned;..after foureteene dayes violent torment and trialls to expell the poyson, yeelds up his ghost.

1728 J. Swift Intelligencer (1729) No. 5. 43 But this I confess is a Tryal too dangerous often to engage in.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §98 I proposed to make a trial for landing if the weather should suit.

1853 T. T. Lynch Lect. Self-improvem. i. 6 If you take away trial, you get rid of failure, but of success too.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xviii. 128 He said he would make the trial.

9. That which puts one to the test; esp. a painful test of one's endurance, patience, or faith; hence, affliction, trouble, misfortune. (Cf. 2b.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > circumstance or occurrence

plightc1300

woea1325

fanda1400

afflictionc1429

assayc1430

brier?1504

trouble?1521

distress1549

smarts1552

say?1572

infliction1590

disaccommodation1645

trial1754

ordeal1807

time1809

kill-cow1825

Via Crucis1844

Via Dolorosa1844

racket1877

pisser1957

1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison (1781) III. i. 9 How would such a creature..have behaved under such tryals?

1831 W. Scott Castle Dangerous vii*, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. IV. 198 Trials by which the most generous affections may be soured.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby iv. 25 All people have their trials.

1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. iv. 27 Lavinia has not known the trial that Bella has known.

1885 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ At Bay ix. 137 Her life has been a very trying one... I trust its trials will soon be over.

10.

a. Something that serves as a sample or proof of a manufacture or material, or of the skill of a maker or operator, the progress of an operation, etc.; spec. in Pottery Manufacturing, a piece of clay or the like by which the progress of the firing process may be judged; a trial-piece.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > typical or representative case > part as representative of the whole > sample or specimen

taste1390

muster1400

sample1428

scantillon1465

say1525

casta1556

assay1581

show1582

shave1604

trial1612

essay1614

pattern1648

trial-piece1663

dasha1672

swatch1697

spice1790

sampler1823

1612 W. Symonds Proc. Eng. Colonie Virginia xi. 85 in J. Smith Map of Virginia Wee..produced a triall of glasse, made a well,..recouered our Church [etc.].

1612 in J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia III. vii. 51 Captaine Newport being dispatched with the tryals of pitch, tarre, glasse, frankincense, and sope ashes, with that [= what] clapbord and wainscot could bee provided.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 469 In different parts of the oven..rings of Egyptian black clay are placed, as trials, by which an experienced fireman can tell how much longer the process must be carried on.

1870 J. Roskell in Eng. Mech. 18 Feb. 548/2 If the Copper is intended for rolling purposes, then a large sample termed a trial is taken.

†b. See quot. 1611. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > a balance > tongue of a balance

moment of a balancea1382

tongue1429

languet1483

clefa1513

needle1589

cock1611

trial1611

scape1633

pin1639

examen1719

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Languette,..the tryall, or cocke of a ballance.

c. Short for trial ball n. at Compounds 2, trial-gallop.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > bowling > [noun] > a ball bowled > trial ball

trial ball1830

trial1884

1884 Illustr. London News 1 Nov. 410/3 Three guineas for a ‘lose’ (besides four guineas for every private ‘trial’).

1897 ‘Tivoli’ Short Innings vi ‘That was a trial!’ he explained. ‘It was the second ball!’ cried Tuckett.

11. A sieve or sifting screen. Now dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > sifting > [noun] > sieve

sievec725

riddereOE

hair-sievea1100

riddlelOE

sift1499

try?a1500

searcer1540

range-sieve1542

ranging sieve1548

cribble1565

cribe1570

screen1573

sifter1611

scryc1615

clensieve1623

cernicle1657

incernicle1657

ranch-sievea1665

duster1667

drum1702

fry1707

harp1788

lawn-sieve1804

trial1825

separator1830

lawn1853

shaker1906

chinois1937

microscreen1959

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 446 The spout..receives the bark from the stones, and conveys it into the tryal..which tryal is wired, to shift or dress the bark as it descends from the stones.

1885 Cheshire Gloss. Trial, a coarse sieve in a winnowing machine.

12. Phrases. on trial (sense 2), on the basis or condition of being tried, as to take a person or thing on trial, to take subject to the condition of being satisfactory when tried. to be on (his, her, or its) trial (2, 6), to be in a state of probation until it is seen how he or it will succeed or work. See also to put a person on his trial; to bring to trial; to stand (one's) trial, trial by television or the media at sense 1b(b).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > on trial [phrase]

on (also upon) likinga1594

on promotion1852

on trial1888

1741 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 301 The others were put upon trial again.

1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars iii. 133 During the thirteenth century they [the monks] were, so to speak, upon their trial.

1904 H. Paul Hist. Mod. Eng. I. 409 Speaking at the Trinity House on the 9th of June [1855], Prince Albert declared that Constitutional government was on its trial, and urged the duty of placing more confidence in the Ministers of the Crown. [But Pr. Albert's words, as given in Illustr. London News 16 June, 1855, and other newspapers, were ‘Gentlemen, our Constitutional Government is undergoing a heavy trial’ [etc.]. See also Th. Martin Life of Pr. Consort (1874–9).]

1914 N.E.D. at Trial Mod. I will take the maid for a month on trial. You may have the dust-extractor three days on trial.

Compounds

C1. General attributive. Of or pertaining to trial; made, done, used, or taken for or as a trial.

trial animal n.

ΚΠ

1905 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1141 The dose which the trial animals stood will set up serious symptoms in the infected ones.

trial-chord n.

ΚΠ

1889 E. Brinsmead Hist. Pianoforte 187 The trial-chord, when struck, should produce a rapid beat or series of undulations of sound.

trial-correction n.

ΚΠ

1867 G. F. Chambers Descr. Astron. i. x. 119 Applying this..to the eclipses, in the form of a trial-correction.

trial day n.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. i. 114 That Doyt that ere I wrested from the King..Be brought against me at my Tryall day .

trial-examination n.

trial-feat n.

ΚΠ

1878 W. Stubbs 17 Lect. Study Hist. (1886) 157 [The Crusades] were the trial-feat of the young world.

trial-fire n.

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) v. v. 83 With Triall-fire touch me his finger end.

trial flight n.

ΚΠ

1909 F. Ash Trip to Mars xii. 89 I only took my trial flight in it yesterday!

trial-ground n.

ΚΠ

1878 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) IV. 323 The Mont Cenis tunnel formed the greatest trial-ground ever brought to the attention of inventors and makers of either rock-drills or air-compressors.

1909 West. Gaz. 29 May 9/4 Arrangements have been made for aeroplane flights..at Wembley, where an excellent stretch of suitable trial-ground exists.

trial heat n. heat n. 10.

trial-hole n.

ΚΠ

1894 A. Robertson Nuggets 212 He turned from side to side, apparently looking for a digger's trial-hole that would suit his purpose.

1907 Sir W. M. Ramsay in Expositor Sept. 203 The terms of our firman permitted..the making of trial-holes.

trial-hour n.

ΚΠ

1847 M. Howitt Ballads 317 In this, the fiercest trial-hour, My doubting soul sustain!

trial-impression n.

ΚΠ

1879 H. Phillips Addit. Notes upon Coins 1 There are also leaden trial-impressions of the dies.

trial lot n.

ΚΠ

1908 Westm. Gaz. 11 June 2/1 They..gave orders for trial lots [of soft wire-rods].

trial machine n.

ΚΠ

1897 Outing 29 485/1 The result is a lot of fast trial-machines, all of one general family.

trial marriage n.

ΚΠ

1906 E. C. Parsons Family vii. 142 Trial-marriage is a variety of time-marriage, it being distinctly agreed that the relationship may be dissolved by either man or woman at any time.

1930 New Statesman 27 Dec. 355/2 The Bishops of Miss Dunbar's Church recently gave an episcopal blessing to birth control, one prominent clergyman approving trial marriage.

1977 Time 4 Apr. 11/2 For the moment, the Liberals and Labour are only committed to keep their trial marriage going until the end of this parliamentary session in November.

trial match n. Cricket

ΚΠ

1833 J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor 58 The whole country round would flock to see one of their trial matches.

trial night n.

ΚΠ

1825 P. Egan Life of Actor vii. 253 Our hero received a letter, offering him a trial night in Hamlet.

1904 W. D. Adams Dict. Drama I. 187/2 At last in 1817 he was granted, through the influence of friends, a trial-night at Covent Garden.

trial number n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 273 The Greenwich method of arriving at the trial number.

trial-ordeal n.

trial-pan n.

ΚΠ

1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 500 Inasmuch as the samples of ore were not large in quantity, they commenced making small trial-pans.

trial parlour n.

ΚΠ

a1555 J. Bradford in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1570) III. 1834 You are in the scholehouse, and triall parlour of the Lord.

trial pit n.

ΚΠ

1905 D. MacKenzie Let. in Observer (1962) 11 Feb. 11/3 The many preliminary trial-pits sunk in the early years of the excavation.

1966 R. Ashworth Highway Engin. iii. 49 The soil survey involves an exploration of the soil conditions along the proposed road alignment by means of boreholes or trial pits.

trial plot n.

ΚΠ

1906 Westm. Gaz. 20 Aug. 3/1 The county [Gloucestersh.] happens to be one which affords a great variety of experiment owing to the variety of its soils... Hence the advent of the trial plots.

trial race n.

ΚΠ

1847 Illustr. London News 10 July 23/2 The first day is to be occupied with the trial races.

trial separation n. [separation n. 3]

ΚΠ

1968 Listener 4 Oct. 439/2 We are telling our friends that he's not around because we've agreed to a trial separation.

1978 M. Tripp Wife-smuggler ii. 20 When I suggested..a trial separation she said..I didn't have the guts to make a clean break.

trial stone n.

ΚΠ

1877 W. R. Cooper Short Hist. Egypt. Obelisks (1878) xxii. 126 A trial stone for every idle Greek or ignorant tourist to cut his initials upon.

trial time n.

ΚΠ

c1841 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1845) II. x. 300 The first seventy years of the eighteenth century,..the abused trial time of modern Europe.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 79 It was a long trial-time, in which they were taught entire dependance upon God.

trial-working n.

ΚΠ

1905 A. R. Wallace My Life II. 182 The house being used for prospecting purposes and trial-workings.

trial-yard n.

b. plural.

trials man n.

ΚΠ

1905 Daily Chron. 1 July 6/4 Both crews are awarded their distinctive medals, and every member may wear the ‘Trials’ cap—the white flannel cap with the crossed oars. The ‘Trials’ man is out of the ruck.

trials cap n.

ΚΠ

1901 Daily Chron. 23 Nov. 9/5 A ‘Trials’ cap is eagerly sought after, and the inclusion of ‘Old Blues’ robs other men of their chance.

trial secretary n.

C2.

trial balance n. in book-keeping by double entry, an addition of the whole of the entries on each side of the ledger, when the sum of the debits ought to balance the sum of the credits.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > [noun] > balancing of accounts > test for balance of credit and debit totals

trial balance1838

1838 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. I. 42 He becomes familiar..with trial balances, balance sheets, [etc.].

1884 G. W. Cable Dr. Sevier viii. 59 I should begin to take a trial-balance off the books.

1910 Encycl. Brit. IV. 227/1 A trial balance is thus no very adequate safeguard against fraud.

1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. c 16/5 (advt.) Local Co. needs a mature individual for full-charge bookkeeping thru trial balance.

† trial ball n. Cricket Obsolete a practice ball which a bowler was formerly allowed to bowl before beginning his first over (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > bowling > [noun] > a ball bowled > trial ball

trial ball1830

trial1884

1830 in R. S. Holmes Hist. Yorks. County Cricket (1904) 25 It is usual for a bowler, before he commences, to bowl a trial ball at one of his colleagues.

1870 Times 1 Sept. 10/4 The former [bowler] preluded his successes..with three trial balls.

trial balloon n. = ballon d'essai n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > an experiment > proposal or project to test attitudes

feeler1823

ballon d'essai1858

to fly a kite1902

trial balloon1939

1939 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Apr. 3/4 Congressional moves to bar alliance members from relief funds are in the ‘trial balloon’ stage.

?1949 Q. Howe in W. Safire New Lang. Politics (1968) 454/1 He [sc. Theodore Roosevelt] also originated the ‘trial-balloon’ technique and gave favored correspondents ‘off-the-record’ statements that they attributed to ‘authoritative sources’. If the statement caught on, Roosevelt would make it his own. If it fell flat, he would drop it.

a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1976) II. 590 Since I'd been wanting to launch a trial balloon on this subject, I aired my views at length.

Categories »

trial bar n. ‘a cuboid used by turners for testing the inclination of planes’ ( Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909).

trial-bed n. a nurseryman's bed for the trying-out of new plants.

ΚΠ

1906 A. Quiller-Couch From Cornish Window 119 Messrs. Sutton's trial-beds just outside Reading.

trial bit n. an adjustable bit for measuring a horse's mouth (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1877).

trial-book n. a book in which a cashier enters sums paid and received so as at any time to take out a trial balance of cash in hand.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [noun] > account book > other types of account book

journal1540

bankers' book1585

shop book?1594

waste-book1613

cash-book1622

counter-book1622

pay-book1622

copybook1660

audit-booka1680

bankbook1682

transfer-book1694

malt-book1710

pay list1757

petty cash book1827

passbook1833

stock book1835

guard book1839

tommy book1841

bought-book1849

in-clearing book1872

out-clearing book1882

out-book1884

trial-book1890

1890 Times 11 July 13/5 Witness drew his attention to the figures in the cashier's trial-book, and asked how he accounted for them.

trial-bred adj. of a dog: bred to compete in trials ( 6c).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [adjective] > of sporting or hunting dog

working1577

flying1684

pointing1745

faulting1837

short-running1853

short-working1853

gun-shy1884

trencher-fed1887

trial-bred1948

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping dogs or cats > [adjective] > affinity with dogs > trial-bred

trial-bred1948

1948 J. A. Reid in B. Vesey-Fitzgerald Bk. Dog 749 The ‘trial-bred’ collie.

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 9 Feb. 91/3 Many collies lie down almost instinctively and, among trial-bred dogs, getting them to stay on their feet is far more difficult.

trial case n. = trial sight n.

trial cock n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 167 Trial or gauge cocks..to ascertain the height of the water in the boiler.

trial court n. a court before which trials take place in the first instance; distinguished from an appeal court.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > court of first instance

lower court1577

court of first instance1864

trial court1890

1890 D. J. Brewer in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 137 347 On review in this court, the rulings of the trial court were sustained.

1907 Westm. Gaz. 4 Apr. 2/1 The new law permits the Government to appeal from certain judgments of the trial Court.

trial eight n. Boat-racing an eight-oared boat's provisional crew, from among whom some members of the final eight may be chosen.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > rower or oarsman > crew of 4- or 8-oared boat

eight1847

four1861

trial eight1873

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > boat racing or race > [noun] > types of rowing race > oarsman

seven1870

trial eight1873

sweep-swinger1949

1873 C. C. Knollys Oxf. Univ. Challenge Races p. iii The crews of the Trial and University Eights.

1900 W. E. Sherwood Oxford Rowing 63 In 1858..considerable alterations were made..the most important perhaps being the establishment of the Trial Eight Race.

trial frame n. (also trial spectacle frame) an adjustable frame with revolving graduated fittings to hold trial glasses (trial glasses n.).

ΚΠ

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 903/2 A trial spectacle frame, with double grooves to each eye, graduated to 180°... Used for finding the axis of imperfect vision in astigmatism or cylindrical cornea.

trial glasses n. (plural) a set of graduated glasses for ascertaining the requirements of defective vision.

ΚΠ

1891 Cent. Dict. Trial glasses.

1895 Catal. Surg. Instruments (Arnold & Sons) 125 Spectacle Frame, plain, for Trial Glasses.

trial-jar n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Trial-jar, a tall glass vessel used for containing liquids to be tested by the hydrometer.

trial judge n. cf. trial court n.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > judges with other specific jurisdiction

president1491

Judge Ordinarc1670

judge of probate1692

Judge Ordinary1754

probate judge1776

vice-chancellor1813

probate1863

LJ1866

V.C.1866

trial judge1892

1892 D. J. Brewer in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 141 562 The conclusion of the trial judge was that the second claim of the reissue was an enlargement of the single claim of the original patent.

trial jury n. a petty jury, distinguished from a grand jury (Webster, 1911).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun] > petty or trial jury

petty (or petit) jury1495

common jury1614

second inquest1681

trial jury1884

traverse jury1911

1884 Pacific Reporter 4 255 A trial jury in this territory is a body of 12 men, possessing the requisite qualifications, duly summoned, and sworn to well and truly try the questions of fact submitted to them by the court, and a true verdict render according to the law and the evidence.

trial justice n. = trial judge n.

trial lawyer n. a lawyer practising in a trial court.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > lawyer dealing with specific type of business

conveyancer1650

prerogative lawyer1681

pettifogger1688

crown lawyer1738

criminal lawyer1753

Crown solicitor1779

trial lawyer1929

1929 R. R. Morton What Negro Thinks 146 His practice is seldom that of a trial lawyer, but rather as an adjuster of cases and an adviser in civil processes.

1983 ‘E. Lathen’ Green grow Dollars vi. 48 She..had steered Wisconsin Seedsmen into the arms of the right trial lawyer.

trial-list n. the register of causes or prisoners to be tried; the calendar ( Encycl. Dict. 1888).

trial-piece n. something made or taken as a specimen; spec. a coin or the like struck as a test of the die, or as a specimen of the design.

ΘΚΠ

taste1390

muster1400

sample1428

scantillon1465

say1525

casta1556

assay1581

show1582

shave1604

trial1612

essay1614

pattern1648

trial-piece1663

dasha1672

swatch1697

spice1790

sampler1823

1663 Inscr. Simon's Petit. Crown Thomas Simon most humbly prays your Majesty to compare this his tryall piece with the Dutch [etc.].

1830 E. Hawkins Anglo-Fr. Coinage 64 I cannot consider this as current money, neither does it exactly come under the description of a trial piece.

1859 Edinb. Rev. 109 377 Cicero attempted to make words, and his trial-pieces were very neat..struck of good metal.

1904 Westm. Gaz. 11 July 10/2 Some interesting trial-pieces..executed in true fresco on a suitable ground before beginning to paint on the wall.

trial plate n. in assaying coin (see quot.).

ΚΠ

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 484/1 Pieces cut from trial plates of standard fineness,..being assayed against the coins under examination.

trial proof n. a proof taken from a plate during the process of engraving to show its state.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > printed matter > [noun] > proof > trial-proof

trial proof1891

1891 Cent. Dict. Trial proof.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 8 Nov. 1/3 These rare mezzotints are all in trial proof state.

1903 Daily Chron. 3 Aug. 3/3 The prints exist in a far less ‘restricted’ number than he imagines, and are not by any means chiefly trial-proofs.

trial run n. a preliminary trip given to a new vessel or vehicle, to test its performance; frequently transferred or figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > an experiment > trial run

dry run1887

trial run1903

dummy run1916

pipe-openera1936

shakedown1958

1903 Trans. Inst. Naval Architects 45 295 Some twenty trial runs..were made under various conditions as to speed.

1909 Chambers's Jrnl. 25 Sept. 675/1 The first great trial-run of a number of motor-cars.

1949 Sun (Baltimore) 22 July 1/2 The House rejected the proposal for a ‘trial run’ of the Brannan farm program for a period of two years.

1962 Rep. Comm. Broadcasting 1960 4 in Parl. Papers 1961–2 (Cmnd. 1753) X. 259 Two trial runs of local sound broadcasting were arranged for us.

1974 D. Seaman Bomb that could Lip-read xviii. 177 The government desperately wants the new [Irish] Assembly to have a peaceful trial run.

trial sight n. (see quot.).

ΚΠ

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 903/2 Trial Sight (Optical), an oculist's case of trial lenses, etc., for testing sight.

trial square n. a try-square (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1877).

trial trench n. Archaeology an exploratory trench dug on a site; hence trial-trench vb. intr.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > history [verb (intransitive)] > study or practise archaeology

dig1740

archaeologize1874

excave1884

trial trench1947

excavate1957

the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > [noun] > archaeology > archaeological expedition or excavation > trench

test-pit1896

sondage1914

robber trench1932

trial trench1947

1947 E. Afr. Ann. 1946–7 67/2 Once trial trenches had been cut, it became obvious that the site was even more important than we had at first believed.

1954 M. Beresford Lost Villages Eng. App. iii. 416 The position of each house is clearly visible, thus precluding the need to trial-trench to find structures.

1980 Rescue News Sept. 2/3 In the first small trial trench was found a rim of Saxo-Norman pottery.

trial-trip n. a trip taken to test the speed and other qualities of a vessel, etc.

ΚΠ

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Trial-trip, an experimental trip.

1902 E. Banks Autobiogr. Newspaper Girl 211 I wouldn't let any reporter take the trial trip, anyway.

C3. attributive in plural (cf. sense 2c above), as trials bike, trials rider, trials riding, etc.

ΚΠ

1969 Daily Tel. 25 Oct. 8/8 Quite a few leading trials riders are farmers... Light-weight two-stroke machines are now favoured for trials work.

1976Trials enthusiast [see sense 2c].

1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 10 Nov. 21/1 The cream of British trials riders left their native Yorkshire and came south to compete in rain and mud in the National Perce Simon and Hoad Trophy Trials.

1976 Norwich Mercury 19 Nov. 12/1 Trials riding is the cheapest form of motor cycle sport.

1977 West Briton 25 Aug. 10/3 The new trials bike group..have raised half the £180 for their trials machine by a sponsored walk.

Draft additions December 2021

trials and tribulations: experiences, situations, and events that test a person's endurance or forbearance; troubles, difficulties. Also occasionally in singular, as trial and tribulation.In earliest use with reference to St Paul's Epistle to the Romans v. 3, although the phrase itself does not occur there.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction

teeneOE

harmOE

sourc1000

trayOE

angec1175

wosithc1200

ail?c1225

barrat?c1225

misease?c1225

passion?c1225

troublec1230

sorenessc1275

grievancea1300

cumbermentc1300

cumbering1303

thro1303

angera1325

strifea1325

sweama1325

encumbrancec1330

tribulationc1330

threst1340

mischiefa1375

pressc1375

unhend1377

miseasetya1382

angernessc1390

molestc1390

troublancec1400

notea1425

miseasenessc1450

cumber?a1513

tribule1513

unseasonableness?1523

troublesomeness1561

tribulance1575

tine1590

trials and tribulations1591

pressure1648

difficulty1667

hell to pay1758

dree1791

trial and tribulation1792

Queer Street1811

Sturm und Drang1857

a thin time1924

shit1929

crap1932

shtook1936

1591 R. Turnbull Expos. Epist. St. Iames f. 15^v Saint Paul preacheth to the Romans, We reioyce in tribulation, knowing that tribulation bringeth foorth patience. Our trials and tribulations..inure and accustome vs to the crosse.

1792 Strange & Wonderful Predict. C. Love (new ed.) 6 Many have followed Christ hitherto for the loaves, and are now turned back for the roughness of the way, and the sore trial and tribulation which others met with who are gone before them.

1856 ‘W. March’ Shoepac Recoll. viii. 58 I need not set forth, one by one, the trials and tribulations that fell to our family lot during that sad year.

2001 Quicksilver Mag. Spring 22/2 The daily treadmill, including a vapid job and the trials and tribulations of commuting can finally take their toll.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	trial
释义	trialn.¹ Brit. /ˈtrʌɪəl/, U.S. /ˈtraɪ(ə)l/ Forms: Also 1500s Scottish triel, 1500s–1600s Scottish tryel(l, 1500s–1600s triall, tryall, 1600s–1700s (1800s dialect) tryal. Etymology: = Anglo-Norman trial , triel , < trier to try v., instanced in 16th cent., but probably earlier: see -al suffix¹. Compare Du Cange s.v. triallum. The action or fact of trying or being tried, in various senses of try v.The senses are here arranged not according to the chronological order of the quotations cited, but in accordance with the sense-development seen in try v. and triable adj.¹ 1. a. Law. The examination and determination of a cause by a judicial tribunal; determination of the guilt or innocence of an accused person by a court.Hence to bring (a person or cause) to trial; to put (a person) on his trial, to stand (one's) trial, etc.; also trial by the country, by jury, by proviso, etc.: see these words. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > trial doomc950 trial1583 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > try or hear cause [verb (transitive)] > put on or bring to trial to call into (also in) question1534 to bring (a person or cause) to trial1838 to put (a person) on his trial1885 1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. xxiii. 79 The Clarke asketh him howe he will be tryed, and telleth him he must saie, by God and the Countrie, for these be the words formall of this triall after Inditement. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 146 In the ordinary trialls of Right, Twelve men of the common People, are the Judges. 1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses iii. 16 So Jack resolv'd, but he had done more wisely, to have put himself upon the Tryal of his Country. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) IV. 73 He was brought to trial..Theramenes, lately his intimate friend, became his accuser. 1885 Manch. Examiner 10 July 5/1 In this case the parties were first put upon their trial. 1911 Act 1 & 2 George V c. 6 §9 (1) Any sheriff or his lawful deputy before whom a writ of inquiry or a writ of trial is executed. b. (a) The determination of a person's guilt or innocence, or the righteousness of his cause, by a combat between the accuser and accused ( trial by battle, by (single) combat, by wager of battle, by the sword); ‘a combat decisive of the merits of a cause’ (Schmidt); see also trial by ordeal n. These methods of trial are now abolished; but expressions originally referring to them are still in figurative use. Thus, war may be spoken of as a ‘trial by battle’ with God for judge. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > trial > trial by combat judgementc1300 duelc1475 combat1567 duellum1596 trial1597 duel-trial1631 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II i. i. 81 Ile answer thee in any faire degree, Or chiualrous designe of knightly triall . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 286 Those soules, That to their euerlasting residence, Before the dew of euening fall, shall fleete In dreadfull triall of our kingdomes King. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 342 England thou hast not sau'd one drop of blood In this hot triall more then we of France. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) i. ii. 175 Let your faire eies, and gentle wishes go with mee to my triall . View more context for this quotation 1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas Combat in our Common Law is taken for a formall triall of a doubtfull cause or quarrell by the sword or bastons, of two champions. 1641 Termes de la Ley 39 Battaile is an ancient triall in our Law, which the Defendant in appeale of murder, robbery, or felony, may chuse. 1737 R. Glover Leonidas iii. 106 By single combat were the tryal vain. 1819 Act 59 Geo. III c. 46 Whereas..the Trial by Battel in any Suit, is a Mode of Trial unfit to be used; and it is expedient that the same should be wholly abolished..be it..enacted, That..in any Writ of Right now depending, or which may here~after be..commenced, the Tenant shall not be received to wage Battel, nor shall Issue be joined nor Trial be had by Battel. 1868 G. Pryme Autobiogr. Recoll. (1870) an. 1818. vii. 133. (b) trial by television or the media, subjection of a public figure under some cloud to discussion of his case on television or in the media, usually in such a way as to imply his guilt. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > examination by discussion > [noun] > in the media trial by television or the media1960 1960 J. Freeman in New Statesman 15 Oct. 556/1 A group of Labour MPs had..written to The Times complaining that my questions to Mr. Foulkes, in the BBC programme Panorama, about specific..allegations of malpractice in his union amounted to public trial by television. 1968 Punch 6 Mar. 327/1 Urged to stop ‘trial by television’, the Postmaster-General..said..he himself had no power over the content of programmes. 1979 Broadcast 4 June 10/1 There have been predictable references to ‘trial by the media’, ‘trial by television’. 2. a. The action of testing or putting to the proof the fitness, truth, strength, or other quality of anything; test, probation. Applied spec. in plural to a boat's trial run (see trial run n. at Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > [noun] fandingc1000 taste1377 experimenta1382 experience1393 probationc1422 trial1526 test1594 verification1603 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] fandingc1000 costningOE assay1330 say?c1335 assayingc1375 experimenta1382 proofc1390 experience1393 tastinga1400 probationc1422 probe?a1425 approof1436 fraistingc1440 examination?1510 saying1512 approving1523 trial1526 test1594 approbationa1616 trya1616 proval1622 tempting1623 probatea1643 experimental1659 testinga1834 society > travel > travel by water > launching a vessel > [noun] > trials acceptance trial1889 trial1921 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. KKii^v The tryall of our faythe, & examynacion or proue of our hope. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Mark viii. 53 b Nowe maketh he a triall howe much his disciples haue profited ghostly. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ix. 339 The most certaine triall of these horses is when they can ouertake the beast called Lant or the Ostrich in a race. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iv. vi. 221 The triall of mettall by fire. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 23 They answer all Chymical tryals in like manner as the Sea-shells do. 1903 Motor. Ann. 145 The Automobile Club..held a series of practical and official brake trials in Welbeck Park. 1921 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 25 Mar. 17/2 On Friday the Traveller was taken out for her trials... Slight trouble arose in the main bearings and the vessel returned to the dock for adjustments. 1969 F. Mowat Boat who wouldn't Float (1970) vii. 70 Seamen refer to the first tentative voyage of a newly commissioned ship as her trials. b. The fact or condition of being tried by suffering or temptation; probation. †In quot. a1557, temptation (obsolete). (Cf. 9.) ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [noun] > temptation foundingOE flattering?c1225 tempting1303 temptation1340 impugnation1398 fanda1400 triala1557 attempt1611 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > trial or probation of a person > fact or condition of being tried triala1557 a1557 J. Cheke tr. Gospel St. Matthew (1843) xxvi. 41 Can ie not watch oon hour with me, watch and prai y^t ie enter not into trial. 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 12 That which purifies us is triall. 1755 E. Young Centaur i, in Wks. (1757) IV. 108 Is not this stretching out our boldness even beyond the day of tryal? 1871 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos vi. 71 The hour of trial—the testing hour of suffering arrived. c. A contest designed to test the capabilities of motorcyclists or (formerly) car-drivers and their vehicles, in which riding or driving takes place over long distances or rough terrain. Frequently in plural. Cf. reliability trial n. at reliability n. Compounds 1. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > motor racing > [noun] > other motor-driving events trial1926 roadeo1940 demolition derby1950 slalom1965 gymkhana1966 thrash1972 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > chariot race > [noun] > wagon race trial1926 chuck-wagon race1950 1926 in H. Golding Wonder Bk. of Motors 177 Such races as the ‘T.T.’ and the various other Trials and ‘Scrambles’ organized by the larger clubs afford manufacturers an opportunity of submitting their machines..to..severe tests. 1935 Encycl. Sports, Games & Pastimes 429/1 Among the more famous English trials that have been run for many years are the London–Edinburgh run, the London–Exeter run, the London–Land's End Trial and the London–Gloucester Run. 1950 Oxf. Junior Encycl. IX. 328/2 The famous Scott Trial in Yorkshire was the first of such rough-riding fixtures [in motor-cycling contests]. 1963 P. Drackett Motor Rallying i. 10 The Thousand Miles Trial of 1903 went several steps nearer to the rally as we know it to-day, with road sections and timed hill-climbs. 1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 3 Nov. Trials enthusiasts will be out in force in Hampshire this weekend to watch the Hood Trophies and Perce Simon Trials—two major events in the British motor cycle calendar. †3. Inquiry or investigation in order to ascertain something; examination, elucidation. to take (get) trial, to make inquiry. Scottish. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > [noun] inspection1390 search1415 probationc1422 ensearchingc1430 surview1432 enserchise1436 overseeingc1449 sight1452 hearkeninga1483 discuting1483 ensearcha1509 inquiry1512 upsightc1515 perusing1556 perpending1558 overlooking1565 interview1567 trial1575 peruse1578 visitation1583 perspective?a1586 overviewing1590 looking over1599 sounding1599 perusal1604 supervise1604 disquisition1605 expiscation1605 prospect1625 ravellinga1626 disquiry1628 disquisitive1660 perpendment1667 inspecting1788 sleuthing1900 casing1928 1575 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 126 To be diligent for gaitting of tryall of the deid barne that wes cassin furth in Foresteris wynd. c1600 Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents (1833) 72 Ane conventioun ordanit to convene in Sanctandrois for taking tryell of the matter aboue writtin. c1639 W. Mure Psalmes cxxxix. 3 in Wks. (1898) II. 214 My pathes, my lying doun thou eyest, And narrow tryall takes. 4. a. Action, method, or treatment adopted in order to ascertain the result; investigation by means of experience; experiment. rule of trial and error: see position n. 2 trial and error, (a) also in non-mathematical contexts, the process of succeeding by repeated trying with or without improvement of method by learning from failures; (b) spec. in Psychology, with reference to the theory that a primitive form of learning results, over a series of trials, from erroneous random responses to a problem being replaced by the correct response, rather than from insight. Frequently (with hyphens) attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] fandingOE fanda1325 saya1393 assayc1450 trial1570 examen1609 experimentation1674 experiment1678 examination1819 tâtonnement1847 tentative1865 adventurism1923 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > trial and error trial and error1894 tâtonnement process1975 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > types of learning > [noun] rote learning1842 trial and error1894 imitation1895 rehearsal1902 latent learning1929 e-learning1997 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Aiv^v/2 A Tryall, experimentum. 1608 F. Bacon Comm. Sol. in Wks. (1868) IV. 63 A collection of phainomena, of surgery, destillations, minerall tryalls. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture II. 106/1 In what season it is best to make these tryals has not been..declared. 1806 C. Hutton Course Math. (ed. 5) I. 256 They may be all readily solved by the following easy rule of Double Position, sometimes called Trial-and-Error. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xxxix. 387 Astronomers have sought, by the indirect methods of trial and conjecture, to avoid them. 1894 C. L. Morgan Introd. Compar. Psychol. xiv. 241 Such a proceeding can be completely explained in terms of sense-experience. The process was throughout one of trial and error. 1898 E. L. Thorndike in Psychol. Rev. Monogr. Suppl. II. viii. 105 If the method of trial and error, with accidental success, be the method of acquiring associations among the animals, the slow progress of primitive man..becomes suggestive. 1900 C. L. Morgan Animal Behaviour iv. 139 The method of varied trial and error with the utilization of chance success, is a lengthy and somewhat clumsy process; but it suffices. 1907 F. P. Verney & M. M. Verney Mem. Verney Family 17th Cent. (ed. 2 reissued) I. 536 He will have some alders set in the wet places..for a trial. 1940 E. R. Hilgard & D. G. Marquis Conditioning & Learning x. 252/2 The behavior of animals in the trial and error situation yields evidence of more intelligent behavior than is implied in the simple process of stamping in correct responses and stamping out wrong ones. 1951 T. Parsons et al. in T. Parsons & E. A. Shils Toward Gen. Theory Action ii. ii. 129 Invention may be..trial-and-error learning. 1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation ix. 230 Scientific hypotheses..are better organisations for coping with our experience of physical phenomena than are trial-and-error methods. 1962 Listener 15 Nov. 796/1 There had been fitful, trial-and-error attempts to create a National Assembly. 1967 M. Dobb Capitalism, Devel. & Planning v. 242 In the Lange trial-and-error process..it was variable prices (accounting prices) that were fixed by the top-level authorities. 1972 New Yorker 26 Aug. 32/1 The American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike..is credited with the first rigorous investigation of trial-and-error, or instrumental, learning. †b. The result ascertained by testing; effect; efficacy. (Cf. proof n. 7.) Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun] proofc1330 worka1382 workinga1382 consequentc1386 effectc1390 processa1400 consequencec1400 sequel1477 efficacea1492 operation1525 branch1526 efficacy1549 trial1559 ensuing1561 repercussion1603 success1606 productiona1610 salutation1609 succeedinga1616 pursuancea1626 spawna1631 income1635 result1638 importance1645 consequency1651 product1651 causal1652 causate1656 consectary1659 propter hoc1671 inference1673 corollary1674 resultment1683 produce1698 recussion1754 development1803 suitea1806 eventuation1813 sequent1838 sequence1853 causatum1879 sequela1883 ramification1925 1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 30 They giue it to drinke against the fittes of the falling sycknes with maruellous tryall. †5. transferred. Evidence, proof. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > evidence given, testimony witnessc950 proof?c1225 witnessingc1330 evidencea1387 probacyc1460 probation?a1475 testimonial?a1475 testimony?a1475 testimonage1483 testamentc1485 conjecture1526 fact?1531 trial1532 teste1567 suffragy1571 attest1609 probate1610 testa1616 testate1619 discovery1622 constat1623 1532 J. Frith Let. in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) 81/1 Whan can be more triall of a faythfull hart, then to aduenture not onely to ayde and succour by the meanes of other,..but also personally to visite the poore oppressed? 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. vi. i. 153 I will not saie..if I should, I could easilie bring my triall. a1586 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxvi. 86 Thow..gave gud tryell of thy lytill treuth. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1851) II. 33 Thir newis turned to nothing, for there wes no tryell found that sic materis were trew. 6. a. A testing of qualifications, attainments, or progress; examination.spec. the examination prescribed by Presbyteries for the licensing of preachers or the ordination of ministers; also, in Scotland, the public probation of a Lord of Session; (plural) at Eton College, Harrow, and other schools, the terminal examination; at Oxford and Cambridge, short for trial eight n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] examination1421 examen1612 probation1645 trial1672 exam1837 mug1853 special1890 mid-year1895 periodical1897 test1910 assessment1956 1672 Mem. J. Fraser in Sel. Biog. (1845) II. 309 After trial of my gifts and conversation by several exercises and pieces of trial..they agreed to trust me in the name of Christ with the dispensation of the Gospel. 1706 Act 6 Anne c. ii. Art. xix No writer to the signet [shall] be capable to be admitted a lord of the session unless he undergo a private and publick tryal on the civil law. 1708 J. Chamberlayne Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1710) 425 The Manner of Admission into this Society [sc. the Faculty of Advocates] is..sometimes, tho' rarely, by a Trial in the Scots Law. 1710 T. Halyburton Mem. (1824) ii. 238 I underwent the other parts of my private trials and on May 1, 1700 was ordained at Ceres. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. xix. 309 He went to stand trial for his licence as a preacher. 1847 in A. J. C. Hare Story of my Life (1896) I. iii. 223 We are busy at our Trial, which we do with our masters in form. 1849 Harper E. Erskine i. 11 Mr. Erskine was after the usual trials licensed by the Presbytery of Kirkcaldy. 1905 H. A. Vachell Hill ix If we put our backs—and heads—into Trials, we can easily get a remove. 1908 G. D. Law in Boston Acc. Life 84 (note) The trials of a probationer about to be ordained were similar to those of a divinity student applying for licence. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 7 Oct. 12/1 The ceremony..which every Scottish judge has to ‘pass’, is called his ‘trials’. b. Sport. A match held to select players for a major team; esp. in Rugby. Cf. trial match n. at Compounds 1a. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > types of all comersc1450 after-gamea1500 fore-game1594 revenge1616 plate1639 set-to1743 return match1753 bye1754 scrub-race1791 anybody's game (also race, match)1826 return1834 barney1843 bonspiel1858 handicap1861 pennant1865 home-and-home1868 benefit match1871 run-off1873 international1877 American tournament1878 Grand Prix1879 single1884 friendly1885 all-comers1889 pair1890 championship1893 round robin1894 replay1895 Olympiad1896 junior varsity1902 lightning tournament1903 rematch1903 road trip1903 pickup1905 freestyle1906 marathon1908 test1908 Derby1909 scrimmage1910 eliminator1911 twosome1911 triala1914 quadrangular1916 slug-fest1916 varsity match1921 needle contest1922 curtain jerker1923 needle match1923 open1926 needle fight1927 knock-out1928 shirt1930 masters1933 pro-amateur1934 tune-up1934 World Cup1934 pro-am1937 state1941 sizzler1942 runathon1943 mismatch1954 run-out1955 match-up1959 squeaker1961 triple-header1961 Super Bowl1967 invitational1968 needle game1970 major1976 slobberknocker1986 a1914 J. E. Raphael Mod. Rugby Football (1918) 249 E. W. Baker played for the South and in other important trials. 1921 E. H. D. Sewell Rugby Football up to Date 337 He was nominated to play on the wing in the third Trial. 1950 Sport 7–11 Apr. 14/3 He is Allenby Chilton,..to whom Liverpool gave a trial before the United engaged him, for a £10 signing-on fee, in 1938. 1978 Rugby World Apr. 5/2 Jeeps was the man who instigated the new system of trials which operated this season, involving games between England's regions and divisions. c. A contest in which horses, dogs, etc., are put through various tests and assessed on their performance. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > livestock competition or trial trial1942 1942 R. B. Kelley Animal Breeding xvi. 145 The second kind of trial endeavours to set out a course during which the dog is required to perform the tasks of everyday life. 1946 M. C. Self Horseman's Encycl. 196 Working hunter trials. Jumps 4 feet to 4 feet 6 inches. On special course. Details of course to be withheld until one hour before class. 1960 J. Stroud Shorn Lamb xv. 175 I was..flitting round the suburbs like a sheepdog at a Trial. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia I. 723/3 The park [at Badminton] is also well-known for its horse trials. †7. The fact of undergoing or experiencing; experience. to have (or make) trial of, to experience. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > knowledge, what is known > experience > [noun] sentimentc1374 assaya1387 proofa1387 feelingc1405 instructionc1425 experience1553 experiency1556 self-experience1599 trial1600 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 257 Whereof I my selfe haue had often triall. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 512 Henries command was a Law; of which Cromwell had a triall. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso (1674) i. xxiii. 26 Tyrants, by whom they made trial of the most deplorable miseries. 1657 Earl of Monmouth tr. P. Paruta Politick Disc. 72 Even Augustus himself made trial of many Insurrections in Spain, Germany, and in the Eastern parts. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 178 We had a tryal then of these Panniers, and for my part I was much at my ease. 8. An attempt to do something; an endeavour, effort. (In quot. 1614, an attempt to gain.) ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > [noun] > an attempt tastec1330 assayc1386 proffera1400 proof?a1400 pluck?1499 saymenta1500 minta1522 attemptate1531 attempt1548 attemption1565 say1568 trice1579 offer1581 fling1590 tempt1597 essay1598 trial1614 tentative1632 molition1643 conamen1661 put1661 tentamen1673 conatus1722 shot1756 go1784 ettle1790 shy1824 hack1830 try1832 pop1839 slap1840 venture1842 stagger1865 flutter1874 whack1884 whirl1884 smack1889 swipe1892 buck1913 lash1941 wham1957 play1961 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. v. iii. §11. 482 [He] went to a greater enterprise: euen to fight in triall of the Empire. 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 72 Ecbar is poysoned;..after foureteene dayes violent torment and trialls to expell the poyson, yeelds up his ghost. 1728 J. Swift Intelligencer (1729) No. 5. 43 But this I confess is a Tryal too dangerous often to engage in. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §98 I proposed to make a trial for landing if the weather should suit. 1853 T. T. Lynch Lect. Self-improvem. i. 6 If you take away trial, you get rid of failure, but of success too. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xviii. 128 He said he would make the trial. 9. That which puts one to the test; esp. a painful test of one's endurance, patience, or faith; hence, affliction, trouble, misfortune. (Cf. 2b.) ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > circumstance or occurrence plightc1300 woea1325 fanda1400 afflictionc1429 assayc1430 brier?1504 trouble?1521 distress1549 smarts1552 say?1572 infliction1590 disaccommodation1645 trial1754 ordeal1807 time1809 kill-cow1825 Via Crucis1844 Via Dolorosa1844 racket1877 pisser1957 1754 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison (1781) III. i. 9 How would such a creature..have behaved under such tryals? 1831 W. Scott Castle Dangerous vii, in Tales of my Landlord* 4th Ser. IV. 198 Trials by which the most generous affections may be soured. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby iv. 25 All people have their trials. 1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. iv. 27 Lavinia has not known the trial that Bella has known. 1885 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ At Bay ix. 137 Her life has been a very trying one... I trust its trials will soon be over. 10. a. Something that serves as a sample or proof of a manufacture or material, or of the skill of a maker or operator, the progress of an operation, etc.; spec. in Pottery Manufacturing, a piece of clay or the like by which the progress of the firing process may be judged; a trial-piece. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > typical or representative case > part as representative of the whole > sample or specimen taste1390 muster1400 sample1428 scantillon1465 say1525 casta1556 assay1581 show1582 shave1604 trial1612 essay1614 pattern1648 trial-piece1663 dasha1672 swatch1697 spice1790 sampler1823 1612 W. Symonds Proc. Eng. Colonie Virginia xi. 85 in J. Smith Map of Virginia Wee..produced a triall of glasse, made a well,..recouered our Church [etc.]. 1612 in J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia III. vii. 51 Captaine Newport being dispatched with the tryals of pitch, tarre, glasse, frankincense, and sope ashes, with that [= what] clapbord and wainscot could bee provided. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 469 In different parts of the oven..rings of Egyptian black clay are placed, as trials, by which an experienced fireman can tell how much longer the process must be carried on. 1870 J. Roskell in Eng. Mech. 18 Feb. 548/2 If the Copper is intended for rolling purposes, then a large sample termed a trial is taken. †b. See quot. 1611. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > a balance > tongue of a balance moment of a balancea1382 tongue1429 languet1483 clefa1513 needle1589 cock1611 trial1611 scape1633 pin1639 examen1719 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Languette,..the tryall, or cocke of a ballance. c. Short for trial ball n. at Compounds 2, trial-gallop. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > bowling > [noun] > a ball bowled > trial ball trial ball1830 trial1884 1884 Illustr. London News 1 Nov. 410/3 Three guineas for a ‘lose’ (besides four guineas for every private ‘trial’). 1897 ‘Tivoli’ Short Innings vi ‘That was a trial!’ he explained. ‘It was the second ball!’ cried Tuckett. 11. A sieve or sifting screen. Now dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > sifting > [noun] > sieve sievec725 riddereOE hair-sievea1100 riddlelOE sift1499 try?a1500 searcer1540 range-sieve1542 ranging sieve1548 cribble1565 cribe1570 screen1573 sifter1611 scryc1615 clensieve1623 cernicle1657 incernicle1657 ranch-sievea1665 duster1667 drum1702 fry1707 harp1788 lawn-sieve1804 trial1825 separator1830 lawn1853 shaker1906 chinois1937 microscreen1959 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 446 The spout..receives the bark from the stones, and conveys it into the tryal..which tryal is wired, to shift or dress the bark as it descends from the stones. 1885 Cheshire Gloss. Trial, a coarse sieve in a winnowing machine. 12. Phrases. on trial (sense 2), on the basis or condition of being tried, as to take a person or thing on trial, to take subject to the condition of being satisfactory when tried. to be on (his, her, or its) trial (2, 6), to be in a state of probation until it is seen how he or it will succeed or work. See also to put a person on his trial; to bring to trial; to stand (one's) trial, trial by television or the media at sense 1b(b). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > on trial [phrase] on (also upon) likinga1594 on promotion1852 on trial1888 1741 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 301 The others were put upon trial again. 1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars iii. 133 During the thirteenth century they [the monks] were, so to speak, upon their trial. 1904 H. Paul Hist. Mod. Eng. I. 409 Speaking at the Trinity House on the 9th of June [1855], Prince Albert declared that Constitutional government was on its trial, and urged the duty of placing more confidence in the Ministers of the Crown. [But Pr. Albert's words, as given in Illustr. London News 16 June, 1855, and other newspapers, were ‘Gentlemen, our Constitutional Government is undergoing a heavy trial’ [etc.]. See also Th. Martin Life of Pr. Consort (1874–9).] 1914 N.E.D. at Trial Mod. I will take the maid for a month on trial. You may have the dust-extractor three days on trial. Compounds C1. General attributive. Of or pertaining to trial; made, done, used, or taken for or as a trial. a. trial animal n. ΚΠ 1905 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1141 The dose which the trial animals stood will set up serious symptoms in the infected ones. trial-chord n. ΚΠ 1889 E. Brinsmead Hist. Pianoforte 187 The trial-chord, when struck, should produce a rapid beat or series of undulations of sound. trial-correction n. ΚΠ 1867 G. F. Chambers Descr. Astron. i. x. 119 Applying this..to the eclipses, in the form of a trial-correction. trial day n. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iii. i. 114 That Doyt that ere I wrested from the King..Be brought against me at my Tryall day . View more context for this quotation trial-examination n. trial-feat n. ΚΠ 1878 W. Stubbs 17 Lect. Study Hist. (1886) 157 [The Crusades] were the trial-feat of the young world. trial-fire n. ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) v. v. 83 With Triall-fire touch me his finger end. View more context for this quotation trial flight n. ΚΠ 1909 F. Ash Trip to Mars xii. 89 I only took my trial flight in it yesterday! trial-ground n. ΚΠ 1878 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) IV. 323 The Mont Cenis tunnel formed the greatest trial-ground ever brought to the attention of inventors and makers of either rock-drills or air-compressors. 1909 West. Gaz. 29 May 9/4 Arrangements have been made for aeroplane flights..at Wembley, where an excellent stretch of suitable trial-ground exists. trial heat n. heat n. 10. trial-hole n. ΚΠ 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets 212 He turned from side to side, apparently looking for a digger's trial-hole that would suit his purpose. 1907 Sir W. M. Ramsay in Expositor Sept. 203 The terms of our firman permitted..the making of trial-holes. trial-hour n. ΚΠ 1847 M. Howitt Ballads 317 In this, the fiercest trial-hour, My doubting soul sustain! trial-impression n. ΚΠ 1879 H. Phillips Addit. Notes upon Coins 1 There are also leaden trial-impressions of the dies. trial lot n. ΚΠ 1908 Westm. Gaz. 11 June 2/1 They..gave orders for trial lots [of soft wire-rods]. trial machine n. ΚΠ 1897 Outing 29 485/1 The result is a lot of fast trial-machines, all of one general family. trial marriage n. ΚΠ 1906 E. C. Parsons Family vii. 142 Trial-marriage is a variety of time-marriage, it being distinctly agreed that the relationship may be dissolved by either man or woman at any time. 1930 New Statesman 27 Dec. 355/2 The Bishops of Miss Dunbar's Church recently gave an episcopal blessing to birth control, one prominent clergyman approving trial marriage. 1977 Time 4 Apr. 11/2 For the moment, the Liberals and Labour are only committed to keep their trial marriage going until the end of this parliamentary session in November. trial match n. Cricket ΚΠ 1833 J. Nyren Young Cricketer's Tutor 58 The whole country round would flock to see one of their trial matches. trial night n. ΚΠ 1825 P. Egan Life of Actor vii. 253 Our hero received a letter, offering him a trial night in Hamlet. 1904 W. D. Adams Dict. Drama I. 187/2 At last in 1817 he was granted, through the influence of friends, a trial-night at Covent Garden. trial number n. ΚΠ 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 273 The Greenwich method of arriving at the trial number. trial-ordeal n. trial-pan n. ΚΠ 1874 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 500 Inasmuch as the samples of ore were not large in quantity, they commenced making small trial-pans. trial parlour n. ΚΠ a1555 J. Bradford in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1570) III. 1834 You are in the scholehouse, and triall parlour of the Lord. trial pit n. ΚΠ 1905 D. MacKenzie Let. in Observer (1962) 11 Feb. 11/3 The many preliminary trial-pits sunk in the early years of the excavation. 1966 R. Ashworth Highway Engin. iii. 49 The soil survey involves an exploration of the soil conditions along the proposed road alignment by means of boreholes or trial pits. trial plot n. ΚΠ 1906 Westm. Gaz. 20 Aug. 3/1 The county [Gloucestersh.] happens to be one which affords a great variety of experiment owing to the variety of its soils... Hence the advent of the trial plots. trial race n. ΚΠ 1847 Illustr. London News 10 July 23/2 The first day is to be occupied with the trial races. trial separation n. [separation n. 3] ΚΠ 1968 Listener 4 Oct. 439/2 We are telling our friends that he's not around because we've agreed to a trial separation. 1978 M. Tripp Wife-smuggler ii. 20 When I suggested..a trial separation she said..I didn't have the guts to make a clean break. trial stone n. ΚΠ 1877 W. R. Cooper Short Hist. Egypt. Obelisks (1878) xxii. 126 A trial stone for every idle Greek or ignorant tourist to cut his initials upon. trial time n. ΚΠ c1841 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1845) II. x. 300 The first seventy years of the eighteenth century,..the abused trial time of modern Europe. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 79 It was a long trial-time, in which they were taught entire dependance upon God. trial-working n. ΚΠ 1905 A. R. Wallace My Life II. 182 The house being used for prospecting purposes and trial-workings. trial-yard n. b. plural. trials man n. ΚΠ 1905 Daily Chron. 1 July 6/4 Both crews are awarded their distinctive medals, and every member may wear the ‘Trials’ cap—the white flannel cap with the crossed oars. The ‘Trials’ man is out of the ruck. trials cap n. ΚΠ 1901 Daily Chron. 23 Nov. 9/5 A ‘Trials’ cap is eagerly sought after, and the inclusion of ‘Old Blues’ robs other men of their chance. trial secretary n. C2. trial balance n. in book-keeping by double entry, an addition of the whole of the entries on each side of the ledger, when the sum of the debits ought to balance the sum of the credits. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > [noun] > balancing of accounts > test for balance of credit and debit totals trial balance1838 1838 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. I. 42 He becomes familiar..with trial balances, balance sheets, [etc.]. 1884 G. W. Cable Dr. Sevier viii. 59 I should begin to take a trial-balance off the books. 1910 Encycl. Brit. IV. 227/1 A trial balance is thus no very adequate safeguard against fraud. 1978 Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. c 16/5 (advt.) Local Co. needs a mature individual for full-charge bookkeeping thru trial balance. † trial ball n. Cricket Obsolete a practice ball which a bowler was formerly allowed to bowl before beginning his first over (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > bowling > [noun] > a ball bowled > trial ball trial ball1830 trial1884 1830 in R. S. Holmes Hist. Yorks. County Cricket (1904) 25 It is usual for a bowler, before he commences, to bowl a trial ball at one of his colleagues. 1870 Times 1 Sept. 10/4 The former [bowler] preluded his successes..with three trial balls. trial balloon n. = ballon d'essai n. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > an experiment > proposal or project to test attitudes feeler1823 ballon d'essai1858 to fly a kite1902 trial balloon1939 1939 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Apr. 3/4 Congressional moves to bar alliance members from relief funds are in the ‘trial balloon’ stage. ?1949 Q. Howe in W. Safire New Lang. Politics (1968) 454/1 He [sc. Theodore Roosevelt] also originated the ‘trial-balloon’ technique and gave favored correspondents ‘off-the-record’ statements that they attributed to ‘authoritative sources’. If the statement caught on, Roosevelt would make it his own. If it fell flat, he would drop it. a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1976) II. 590 Since I'd been wanting to launch a trial balloon on this subject, I aired my views at length. Categories » trial bar n. ‘a cuboid used by turners for testing the inclination of planes’ ( Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909). trial-bed n. a nurseryman's bed for the trying-out of new plants. ΚΠ 1906 A. Quiller-Couch From Cornish Window 119 Messrs. Sutton's trial-beds just outside Reading. trial bit n. an adjustable bit for measuring a horse's mouth (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1877). trial-book n. a book in which a cashier enters sums paid and received so as at any time to take out a trial balance of cash in hand. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [noun] > account book > other types of account book journal1540 bankers' book1585 shop book?1594 waste-book1613 cash-book1622 counter-book1622 pay-book1622 copybook1660 audit-booka1680 bankbook1682 transfer-book1694 malt-book1710 pay list1757 petty cash book1827 passbook1833 stock book1835 guard book1839 tommy book1841 bought-book1849 in-clearing book1872 out-clearing book1882 out-book1884 trial-book1890 1890 Times 11 July 13/5 Witness drew his attention to the figures in the cashier's trial-book, and asked how he accounted for them. trial-bred adj. of a dog: bred to compete in trials ( 6c). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [adjective] > of sporting or hunting dog working1577 flying1684 pointing1745 faulting1837 short-running1853 short-working1853 gun-shy1884 trencher-fed1887 trial-bred1948 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping dogs or cats > [adjective] > affinity with dogs > trial-bred trial-bred1948 1948 J. A. Reid in B. Vesey-Fitzgerald Bk. Dog 749 The ‘trial-bred’ collie. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 9 Feb. 91/3 Many collies lie down almost instinctively and, among trial-bred dogs, getting them to stay on their feet is far more difficult. trial case n. = trial sight n. trial cock n. (see quot.). ΚΠ 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 167 Trial or gauge cocks..to ascertain the height of the water in the boiler. trial court n. a court before which trials take place in the first instance; distinguished from an appeal court. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > court of first instance lower court1577 court of first instance1864 trial court1890 1890 D. J. Brewer in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 137 347 On review in this court, the rulings of the trial court were sustained. 1907 Westm. Gaz. 4 Apr. 2/1 The new law permits the Government to appeal from certain judgments of the trial Court. trial eight n. Boat-racing an eight-oared boat's provisional crew, from among whom some members of the final eight may be chosen. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > rower or oarsman > crew of 4- or 8-oared boat eight1847 four1861 trial eight1873 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > boat racing or race > [noun] > types of rowing race > oarsman seven1870 trial eight1873 sweep-swinger1949 1873 C. C. Knollys Oxf. Univ. Challenge Races p. iii The crews of the Trial and University Eights. 1900 W. E. Sherwood Oxford Rowing 63 In 1858..considerable alterations were made..the most important perhaps being the establishment of the Trial Eight Race. trial frame n. (also trial spectacle frame) an adjustable frame with revolving graduated fittings to hold trial glasses (trial glasses n.). ΚΠ a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 903/2 A trial spectacle frame, with double grooves to each eye, graduated to 180°... Used for finding the axis of imperfect vision in astigmatism or cylindrical cornea. trial glasses n. (plural) a set of graduated glasses for ascertaining the requirements of defective vision. ΚΠ 1891 Cent. Dict. Trial glasses. 1895 Catal. Surg. Instruments (Arnold & Sons) 125 Spectacle Frame, plain, for Trial Glasses. trial-jar n. (see quot.). ΚΠ 1877 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Trial-jar, a tall glass vessel used for containing liquids to be tested by the hydrometer. trial judge n. cf. trial court n. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > judges with other specific jurisdiction president1491 Judge Ordinarc1670 judge of probate1692 Judge Ordinary1754 probate judge1776 vice-chancellor1813 probate1863 LJ1866 V.C.1866 trial judge1892 1892 D. J. Brewer in U.S. Rep. (Supreme Court) 141 562 The conclusion of the trial judge was that the second claim of the reissue was an enlargement of the single claim of the original patent. trial jury n. a petty jury, distinguished from a grand jury (Webster, 1911). ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > jury > [noun] > petty or trial jury petty (or petit) jury1495 common jury1614 second inquest1681 trial jury1884 traverse jury1911 1884 Pacific Reporter 4 255 A trial jury in this territory is a body of 12 men, possessing the requisite qualifications, duly summoned, and sworn to well and truly try the questions of fact submitted to them by the court, and a true verdict render according to the law and the evidence. trial justice n. = trial judge n. trial lawyer n. a lawyer practising in a trial court. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > lawyer dealing with specific type of business conveyancer1650 prerogative lawyer1681 pettifogger1688 crown lawyer1738 criminal lawyer1753 Crown solicitor1779 trial lawyer1929 1929 R. R. Morton What Negro Thinks 146 His practice is seldom that of a trial lawyer, but rather as an adjuster of cases and an adviser in civil processes. 1983 ‘E. Lathen’ Green grow Dollars vi. 48 She..had steered Wisconsin Seedsmen into the arms of the right trial lawyer. trial-list n. the register of causes or prisoners to be tried; the calendar ( Encycl. Dict. 1888). trial-piece n. something made or taken as a specimen; spec. a coin or the like struck as a test of the die, or as a specimen of the design. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > [noun] > typical or representative case > part as representative of the whole > sample or specimen taste1390 muster1400 sample1428 scantillon1465 say1525 casta1556 assay1581 show1582 shave1604 trial1612 essay1614 pattern1648 trial-piece1663 dasha1672 swatch1697 spice1790 sampler1823 1663 Inscr. Simon's Petit. Crown Thomas Simon most humbly prays your Majesty to compare this his tryall piece with the Dutch [etc.]. 1830 E. Hawkins Anglo-Fr. Coinage 64 I cannot consider this as current money, neither does it exactly come under the description of a trial piece. 1859 Edinb. Rev. 109 377 Cicero attempted to make words, and his trial-pieces were very neat..struck of good metal. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 11 July 10/2 Some interesting trial-pieces..executed in true fresco on a suitable ground before beginning to paint on the wall. trial plate n. in assaying coin (see quot.). ΚΠ 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 484/1 Pieces cut from trial plates of standard fineness,..being assayed against the coins under examination. trial proof n. a proof taken from a plate during the process of engraving to show its state. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > printed matter > [noun] > proof > trial-proof trial proof1891 1891 Cent. Dict. Trial proof. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 8 Nov. 1/3 These rare mezzotints are all in trial proof state. 1903 Daily Chron. 3 Aug. 3/3 The prints exist in a far less ‘restricted’ number than he imagines, and are not by any means chiefly trial-proofs. trial run n. a preliminary trip given to a new vessel or vehicle, to test its performance; frequently transferred or figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [noun] > an experiment > trial run dry run1887 trial run1903 dummy run1916 pipe-openera1936 shakedown1958 1903 Trans. Inst. Naval Architects 45 295 Some twenty trial runs..were made under various conditions as to speed. 1909 Chambers's Jrnl. 25 Sept. 675/1 The first great trial-run of a number of motor-cars. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 22 July 1/2 The House rejected the proposal for a ‘trial run’ of the Brannan farm program for a period of two years. 1962 Rep. Comm. Broadcasting 1960 4 in Parl. Papers 1961–2 (Cmnd. 1753) X. 259 Two trial runs of local sound broadcasting were arranged for us. 1974 D. Seaman Bomb that could Lip-read xviii. 177 The government desperately wants the new [Irish] Assembly to have a peaceful trial run. trial sight n. (see quot.). ΚΠ a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 903/2 Trial Sight (Optical), an oculist's case of trial lenses, etc., for testing sight. trial square n. a try-square (E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1877). trial trench n. Archaeology an exploratory trench dug on a site; hence trial-trench vb. intr. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > history [verb (intransitive)] > study or practise archaeology dig1740 archaeologize1874 excave1884 trial trench1947 excavate1957 the world > time > relative time > the past > history or knowledge about the past > [noun] > archaeology > archaeological expedition or excavation > trench test-pit1896 sondage1914 robber trench1932 trial trench1947 1947 E. Afr. Ann. 1946–7 67/2 Once trial trenches had been cut, it became obvious that the site was even more important than we had at first believed. 1954 M. Beresford Lost Villages Eng. App. iii. 416 The position of each house is clearly visible, thus precluding the need to trial-trench to find structures. 1980 Rescue News Sept. 2/3 In the first small trial trench was found a rim of Saxo-Norman pottery. trial-trip n. a trip taken to test the speed and other qualities of a vessel, etc. ΚΠ 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Trial-trip, an experimental trip. 1902 E. Banks Autobiogr. Newspaper Girl 211 I wouldn't let any reporter take the trial trip, anyway. C3. attributive in plural (cf. sense 2c above), as trials bike, trials rider, trials riding, etc. ΚΠ 1969 Daily Tel. 25 Oct. 8/8 Quite a few leading trials riders are farmers... Light-weight two-stroke machines are now favoured for trials work. 1976Trials enthusiast [see sense 2c]. 1976 Southern Evening Echo (Southampton) 10 Nov. 21/1 The cream of British trials riders left their native Yorkshire and came south to compete in rain and mud in the National Perce Simon and Hoad Trophy Trials. 1976 Norwich Mercury 19 Nov. 12/1 Trials riding is the cheapest form of motor cycle sport. 1977 West Briton 25 Aug. 10/3 The new trials bike group..have raised half the £180 for their trials machine by a sponsored walk. Draft additions December 2021 trials and tribulations: experiences, situations, and events that test a person's endurance or forbearance; troubles, difficulties. Also occasionally in singular, as trial and tribulation.In earliest use with reference to St Paul's Epistle to the Romans v. 3, although the phrase itself does not occur there. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction teeneOE harmOE sourc1000 trayOE angec1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 misease?c1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 sorenessc1275 grievancea1300 cumbermentc1300 cumbering1303 thro1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 encumbrancec1330 tribulationc1330 threst1340 mischiefa1375 pressc1375 unhend1377 miseasetya1382 angernessc1390 molestc1390 troublancec1400 notea1425 miseasenessc1450 cumber?a1513 tribule1513 unseasonableness?1523 troublesomeness1561 tribulance1575 tine1590 trials and tribulations1591 pressure1648 difficulty1667 hell to pay1758 dree1791 trial and tribulation1792 Queer Street1811 Sturm und Drang1857 a thin time1924 shit1929 crap1932 shtook1936 1591 R. Turnbull Expos. Epist. St. Iames f. 15^v Saint Paul preacheth to the Romans, We reioyce in tribulation, knowing that tribulation bringeth foorth patience. Our trials and tribulations..inure and accustome vs to the crosse. 1792 Strange & Wonderful Predict. C. Love (new ed.) 6 Many have followed Christ hitherto for the loaves, and are now turned back for the roughness of the way, and the sore trial and tribulation which others met with who are gone before them. 1856 ‘W. March’ Shoepac Recoll. viii. 58 I need not set forth, one by one, the trials and tribulations that fell to our family lot during that sad year. 2001 Quicksilver Mag. Spring 22/2 The daily treadmill, including a vapid job and the trials and tribulations of commuting can finally take their toll. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † trialn.² Forms: In Middle English tryall. Etymology: Apparently < tri- comb. form + -al suffix¹. Obsolete. rare. A group or set of three, a triad. (In the second quot. confusedly used for each one of the three.) ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > three > group of three > [noun] > one of three trial?a1500 ?a1500 Chester Pl. i. 7 I am the tryall of the trynitie that neuer shall be twynninge. ?a1500 Chester Pl. i. 17 These three tryalls in a Trone and true Trynitie Be grounded in my godhead, exalted by my exellence. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online December 2021). trialadj. Etymology: < Latin tri-, stem of trēs, tria three + -al suffix¹, after dual.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈtrial. Grammar. Applied to a ‘number’ or inflected form denoting three, in some languages of New Guinea and Polynesia; = trinal adj. 3. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > other grammatical categories or concepts > [adjective] > number > other trial1887 paucal1930 1887 J. Inglis In New Hebrides ix. 99 There are four numbers in the personal pronouns [used by the Aneityumese], the singular, the dual, the trial, and the plural; as I, we two, we three, and we all. 1911 Bible in World July 206/2 The Kiwai language is one of the most difficult in New Guinea... The verb..distinguishes singular, dual, trial (3) and plural number both in the subject and object. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2021). trialv. Brit. /ˈtrʌɪəl/, U.S. /ˈtraɪ(ə)l/ Etymology: < trial n.¹ transitive. To submit (something, esp. a new product) to a test or trial; to test. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > try or test [verb (transitive)] fandc893 costeneOE afondOE provea1200 fraista1300 assay1330 sayc1330 try1362 approvec1380 examinea1382 winnowa1382 tempt1382 tastea1400 assailc1405 essay1484 scryc1615 sensea1688 test1748 trial1981 dogfood1997 1981 M. H. Aston in Lewis & Tagg Computers in Educ. 385 Several distribution models are already being trialled in the United Kingdom. 1982 Internat. Conf. Road Traffic Signalling (IEE Conf. Ser. ccvii.) 123/1 The radar was briefly trialled in two road situations, a T-junction and a straight section of road. 1982 ICL News Mar. 2/5 The 2946 [computer] was successfully trialled on the weekend of February 19. 1984 Proc. Conf. NATO Advisory Group Aerospace Res. & Devel. cccxliv. xiv. 1 Field trials models weighing 17kg..have been..extensively trialled in field conditions. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1989; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1526n.²?a1500adj.1887v.1981
随便看	root-graft root-grafted root-inwoven root-knot root-leaf root-loving root-mean-square root-mercy root-pale root-prune root-puller root-pulping root-rising root-sort root-spire root-steamer root-stressed root-stricken root-stroke root-torn root-walt root-walted root-weary root-welt root-welted

trialn.1

Compounds

Draft additions December 2021

† trialn.2

trialadj.

trialv.

trialn.¹

† trialn.²