tropen.

Brit.

/trəʊp/, U.S.

/troʊp/

Forms:

α. Old English tropes (genitive), 1500s troope, 1500s– trope, 1600s–1700s trop.

β. (In sense 4) 1700s– tropus.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin tropus; Greek τρόπος; Latin tropa; Greek τροπή.

Etymology: Probably partly < (i) classical Latin tropus figure of speech, in post-classical Latin also chant, melody (6th cent.), phrase, sentence, or verse, usually sung, used as an embellishment to mass or divine office (frequently from 11th cent. in British and continental sources), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek τρόπος turn, way, manner, (in music) particular mode, also, more generally, style, (in speaking or writing) manner, style, in Hellenistic Greek also (in rhetoric, in plural) tropes, (in logic) mode or mood of a syllogism, method of instruction or explanation < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the base of τρέπειν to turn (see below), and partly (compare sense 8) < (iii) classical Latin tropa solstice (attested in an inscription; also mid 16th cent. in post-classical Latin), and its etymon (iv) ancient Greek τροπή turn, turning, solstice < an ablaut variant (o-grade) of the base of τρέπειν to turn < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit trap- (in trapate he feels ashamed, becomes timid, more commonly in prefixed form apatrapate, probably originally in sense ‘turns away (in shame)’; compare (with different prefix) ancient Greek ἐντρέπεσθαι to be ashamed).Compare Middle French, French trope figure of speech (1554; c1375 as tropus ), Catalan trop (1596), Spanish tropo (a1440), Portuguese tropo (15th cent.), Italian tropo (a1375, earliest in sense ‘translation’). In sense 4 after German Tropus (1745 or earlier in this sense, in a work by Count Zinzendorf, the founder of the Moravian Brethren). The word was reborrowed in the 16th cent.; there is no continuity of use with Old English. Compare also the following early use of the Latin word (in sense 1a) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 295 Sume sind gehatene tropi, þæt sind mislice getacnunga oððe wisan on ledenspræce abrodene of heora agenre getacnunge to oðre gelicnysse.

I. A particular manner or mode.

a. Rhetoric. A figure of speech which consists in the use of a word or phrase in a sense other than that which is proper to it. Hence (more generally): a figure of speech; (an instance of) figurative or metaphorical language.In quot. OE apparently as a mass noun.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > [noun]

tropeOE

figurec1386

image1550

scheme1553

noema1555

rhetorical figure1565

idea1642

tropics1697

feint1730

arabesque1821

OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Otho) v. Concl. 484 Boc de metrica arte, & oþere to þisse geþydde be scematibus & tropes boc [OE Cambr. Univ. Libr. tropus boc].

1533 W. Tyndale Souper of Lorde C v If ye be so sworne to the litteral sense in this matter, that ye will not in these wordes of Christe, Thys is my bodye, &c., admitte in so playne a speache anye troope.

1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 13^v Christmas is onely a figure or trope.

a1638 J. Mede Wks. (1672) 349 That usual Trope of Scripture, by a part, or that which is more notable or obvious in any kind or rank of things, to imply the rest.

1693 J. Dryden Disc. conc. Satire in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires p. xxxii Where the Trope is far fetch'd, and hard, 'tis fit for nothing but to puzzle the Understanding.

1723 W. Meston Knight i. 24 For every sentence he would prop, With some Metonymie or Trope.

1781 R. B. Sheridan Critic i. i. 24 Your occasional tropes and flowers suit the general coarseness of your stile, as tambour sprigs would a ground of linsey-wolsey.

1799 H. More Strictures Mod. Syst. Female Educ. I. ix. 201 By this negligence in the just application of words, we shall be..much misled by these trope and figure ladies.

1837 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Bacon in Ess. (1887) 428 Irony is one of the four primary tropes.

1876 W. E. Gladstone Homeric Synchronism 262 To treat as a poetical trope this idea of kings as god-born or god-reared.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. III. cxi. 597 [American] rhetoric is Rhodian rather than Attic, overloaded with tropes and figures.

1924 M. I. Barry St. Augustine, Orator Pref. p. iii The teaching of these rhetoricians was chiefly in the skilful manipulation of the tropes and figures of speech.

1960 Yale French Stud. No. 25. 50 The metaphorist unwittingly exhibits his philosophy in his tropes.

2010 J. Kim Ends of Empire i. 42 Kennan's writing..is replete with tropes and metaphors of disease..and health.

†b. Music. A manner of playing; a mode; a harmonization. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1358 To let passe therefore the five positures of the Tetrachords, as also the first five tones, tropes, changes, notes or harmonies [Fr. et les cinq premiers tons, changements de voix ou notes, ou armonies].

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ff1^v Is not the Trope of Musicke, to auoyd or slyde from the close or Cadence, common with the Trope of Rhetoric of deceyuing expectation?

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §113. There be in Musick certaine Figures, or Tropes; almost agreeing with Figures of Rhetoricke.

1664 J. Birchensha tr. J. H. Alsted Templum Musicum ix. 73 The formal Affection of a Song, is that which floweth from the Form thereof: and is called a musical Trope or Mood; which is a Rule, according to which we direct the course of a Song. Otherwise called Nomus and Tonus. And it is the same in Musick, as a certain kind of verse is in Poetry.

1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. i. 52 The Abate Martini heard the Greeks, in Passion Week, sing several tropes or modes..in four parts.

2. Christian Church. A phrase, sentence, or verse, usually sung, introduced in the medieval Western Church as an embellishment into some part of the text of the Mass or of the breviary office, esp. at the close of a psalm or response.The term trope has sometimes been used of purely melodic or only partially texted accretions to the standard medieval melodies for the liturgical texts, and more commonly for textual additions to originally melismatic chants (properly proses or prosulae).Tropes were first added to pre-existing chants in the 9th cent. and were discontinued at the revision of the missal under Pope Pius V in the 16th cent.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > [noun] > verse

versec1175

trope1609

society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > [noun] > refrain

trope1609

antiphona1652

prosula1907

ephymnium1910

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > setting of church offices > of the mass > cadence

trope1609

1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus iii. i. 69 All things that are to be sung..as Hymnes, Sequences, Antiphones, Responsories, Introitus, Tropes [L. Tropi], and the like.

1770 Ann. Reg. 1769 Misc. Ess. 157/1 The melodies, triomphes, tropes, or laudes, still sung in some French cathedrals.

1846 W. Maskell Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae I. p. xxxvii The Tropes..were..sung either before or after the Introit and Hymns in the service of the Mass.

1853 D. Rock Church of our Fathers IV. xi. 21 A..practice..had..grown up..in the north and western quarters of Christendom..of weaving certain pious sentences, called by the Romans ‘festive praises’, by the Franks ‘tropes’, between the words of the psalm in the introit at mass.

1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. ix ‘Trope’..is the regular word to describe additions to the Introit, Offertory and Communion, and is also more rarely found in connection with the Ite missa est or Benedicamus at the close of Mass.

1907 J. M. Manly in Mod. Philol. 4 593 Tropes—that is, insertions in the authorized liturgy—were composed by the hundreds, and of all conceivable varieties.

1958 W. Apel Gregorian Chant iii. 433 The music for the prosula or, as we would say, for the trope, is identical with the closing passage of the verse.

1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. iv. 190 The ‘Salve regina’ with its ‘verses’ (metrical tropes inserted before each of the three final invocations of the text), of which the manuscript provides fifteen settings.

1994 Time 4 Apr. 82/1 There may be as many as 11,000 Gregorian melodies, ranging from relatively simple psalm settings to elaborate tropes that were included in the Mass.

†3. Logic. = mood n.² 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > mood or mode

mode1532

mood1569

trope1656

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 53 Of Moods or Tropes there are two kinds, one of indemonstrables,..the other of demonstrables.

4. Christian Church. Each of the three divisions which form the Unity of the Brethren of the Moravian Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Moravianism > [noun] > person > collective > division of

trope1753

1753 H. Rimius Candid Narr. Rise & Progress Herrnhuters 19 Count Zinzendorf calls them Tropes, Types, and at this very Time there are three of them..viz. the Moravian Trope or Type,..the Lutheran,..and the Reformed or Calvinist Trope.

1780 B. La Trobe tr. D. Cranz Anc. & Mod. Hist. Brethren 355 In..1749..the administration of the Reformed tropus [Ger. des reformirten Tropi] in the Unity of the Brethren was tendered to, and accepted by, the Bishop of Sodor and Man, Thomas Wilson.

1810 D. Bogue & J. Bennett Hist. Dissenters III. i. 102 The three different classes of persons who compose the Unity, bear among the brethren the name of tropes or tropuses.

1864 A. Edersheim tr. J. H. Kurtz Ch. Hist. II. iii. 248 This continued to be the properly Lutheran fund in the society, which also, when it was divided into confessional tropes..remained in all the common basis.

1900 Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc. 6 121 Hence there is a Lutheran, a Reformed and a Moravian ‘trope’, in the Unity of the Brethren, according to which souls are educated for eternity.

1954 Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc. 16 41 In the end Zinzendorf was satisfied to place ‘administrators’ in charge of the ‘tropes’ rather than bishops.

1998 C. Podmore Moravian Church in Eng. vi. 165 The structure in which the tropes existed was thus still Moravian.

5. Ancient Greek Philosophy. An argument in support of scepticism.Included in the ‘Pyrrhonian Principles’, written by the sceptic philosopher Aenesidemus in the 1st cent. BC, were the Ten Tropes, which gave arguments in support of the sceptic view of epistemology. Although these have not survived, they were recorded by the philosopher Sextus Empiricus c. 200 AD.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Greek scepticism > elements of

acatalepsy1640

trope1841

epoché1923

1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 168/1 Pyrrho himself is said by some antient authors to have left no works behind him; the tropes, or epochs, or fundamental principles of his philosophy.

1866 J. F. Ferrier Lect. Greek Philos. I. xv. 467 Of these tropes or Sceptical arguments Sextus enumerates ten.

1910 R. D. Hicks Stoic & Epicurean 376 The ten tropes were intended to contain the means of refuting dogmatism in all possible forms.

1933 R. G. Bury tr. H. Lotze in Sextus Empiricus Introd. p. xxxviii The ten tropes, or logical grounds of doubt, all come to this, that sensations by themselves cannot discover to us what is the nature of the object which excites them.

1995 N. Rescher Ess. in Hist. Philos. 54 The ideas at work in tropes of Aenesidemus..were a staple of the intellectual diet of his..predecessors of scepticism.

6. Philosophy. An instance of a property as occurring at a particular time and place; a particular unrepeatable property, as opposed to a universal (see universal n. 2a).

ΚΠ

1953 D. C. Williams in Rev. Metaphysics 7 7 A cat and the cat's tail are not tropes, but a cat's smile is a trope, and so is the whole whose constituents are the cat's smile plus her ears and the aridity of the moon.

1976 K. Campbell Metaphysics xiv. 217 In the meantime, tropes and sets comprise the best categorial ontology I know.

1994 Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 94 253 According to the theory of universals, if the particulars a, b, and c are each red, one and the same entity, the property being red, is identical between them. Trope theory denies this. If a, b, and c are each red, there are three properties here. There is a's property of being red, or a's red trope, there is b's red trope, and there is c's.

2012 P. van Inwagen in K. J. Clark & M. Rea Reason, Metaphysics, & Mind viii. 154 Haecceities are not universals, since they can't be shared, but..neither are they what philosophers who believe in them have variously denominated as tropes or individual accidents or particularized properties.

7. A significant or recurrent theme, esp. in a literary or cultural context; a motif.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > materials of topic > [noun] > distinctive element

motif1848

motive1893

trope1975

1975 Chicago Tribune 14 Dec. vii. 2/5 Barthelme is funning with the eternal trope of fatherhood.

1991 D. Rieff Los Angeles ii. viii. 133 A more unvarnished version of the same trope was Ridley Scott's film Blade Runner.

1996 Éire—Ireland Spring 191 The dichotomy between admissable and inadmissable history, between official memory and private experience that Casey sees as the dominant trope of Irish ethnicity in New York.

2006 Observer (Nexis) 23 July 26 [He]..avoids the routine tropes of teen interest while allying youth's oldest theme—loss of innocence—with that most modern of concerns, date rape.

II. Uses related to astronomy.

8. The apparent change of course of the sun at a solstice; a point at which this occurs; = tropic n. 1b. Also: †a terrestrial tropic (tropic n. 2a) (obsolete). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > [noun] > solstice

sunsteadOE

solsticea1325

stinting of the suna1387

solsticionc1400

standing of the sun?1440

solstitium?1521

stay of the sun1538

solstacionc1540

sunstay1545

conversion1553

staying of the sun1555

solstitial1561

solsticy1570

trope1599

solstead1601

the world > the earth > geodetic references > [noun] > latitude > tropic

tropica1527

tropic circle1556

tropic line1577

trope1735

1599 T. Hill Schoole of Skil ii. 236 The same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North, and the nighest comming vnto vs: vnto which being brought, he turneth backe, and directeth his course into the South; of which that place is called Trope.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 258 The Sun has..its annual Tropes and Vicissitudes, what they call Solstices, whereby it is nearer to or remoter from us.

1735 H. Brooke Universal Beauty iv. 169 Now 'thwart the trope, or zone antartic steer.

1858 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 1853–7 6 265 By the sun's entrance into one of the tropes, or cardinal points, the natural place of the intercalation is indicated.

1903 Harper's Bazar Nov. 970/1 The principal ancient religious festivals celebrated the sun's apparent annual ‘turn’, in the spring marking the trope of Cancer.

2003 F. Schaaf Year of Stars ix. 191 This latitude line on Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer..because when it was named a few thousand years ago the Sun made its trope—its 'turning point' back south—in the constellation Cancer.

III. Uses related to mathematics.

9. Geometry. The reciprocal of a node on a surface; a tangent plane or developable surface that touches a given surface in a particular way.In quot. 1869, trope is used only as a proposed combining form (in cnictrope: see cnictrope n. at cnicnode n. Derivatives and bitrope). The meaning of –trope in these words, though related to that of trope in quot. 1875, is not entirely clear.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > point > [noun] > of intersection or contact > reciprocal of

trope1875

cnictrope1887

1869 A. Cayley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 159 202 Or using ‘trope’ as the reciprocal term to node, these will be Cʹ, cnictropes, Bʹ, bitropes.]

1875 A. Cayley Coll. Math. Papers IX. 519 The quartic surface has also four tropes (planes which touch the surface along a conic)... The conic of contact or tropal conic in each plane being the intersection of the plane with the before-mentioned quadric surface.

1926 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 48 247 In this form the surface is referred to its tropes—tangent planes that meet the surface in a conic—as a tetrahedron of reference.

2008 F. Aries et al. in B. Jüttler & R. Piene Geom. Modeling & Algebraic Geom. ii. 36 The lines are distinct, unless the plane is a trope.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

tropev.

Brit.

/trəʊp/, U.S.

/troʊp/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: trope n.

Etymology: < trope n.The following earlier quot. probably shows either a scribal error for trap v.² (compare quot. c1412 at trap v.² b, from an earlier manuscript of the text), or perhaps an alteration of that word by punning association with classical Latin tropus trope n. in its post-classical Latin sense ‘melody, chant’:a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 489 Drapers & eek skynners..ffor swich folk han a special orisoun That troppid [?c1425 Royal trapped] is with curses heere & there..til þei paid be for hir gere.

1. transitive. To represent or interpret (something) in a figurative or metaphorical way. Now chiefly: to express or depict (an image, idea, etc.) figuratively, esp. as a literary motif.In quot. 1582: to represent ironically.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun]

trope1582

graph1878

1582 R. Browne Treat. 23 Matt. in R. Harrison & R. Browne Writings (1953) 183 If one say to mee, O honest man, and I aunswere, you mocke me, doth he vnderstande my aunswere. For I shoulde haue sayed, you doe Trope me, or you are Eironicall towardes me.

1599 T. Storer Life & Death Wolsey sig. I My lamp burnt out, poore Metaphors great store To trope my miseries my heart growes sore.

1647 R. Ibbitson Charitable Constr. Designe Trustees Sadlers-Hall 3 The Schollers..shall..prove the answers in Latine troping them and turning them into Sylogismes.

1796 J. Spalding Sentiments conc. Coming & Kingdom of Christ ix. 241 We..know of but one way of successfully opposing our doctrine of the Millennium, that is, the way of troping and allegorizing the Scriptures.

1920 B. Perry Study of Poetry iv. 131 Observe how this thought is ‘troped’; i.e. turned into figures which re-present the fundamental idea.

1989 Yale Univ. Art Gallery Bull. Spring 70/1 From Classical mythology to the..theories of Carl Jung, patriarchy has troped the feminine with the sea as twin embodiments of something man cannot master.

1993 H. Toliver George Herbert's Christian Narr. vii. 235 Death has always been troped as such a military figure, possessed of a mighty arm and a sting.

2006 Relig. & Lit. Spring 101 The physically free body of the fugitive slave is troped not as a suffering messiah, but as a resurrected Christ.

2. transitive. To embellish, decorate; esp. to embellish with a (musical or rhetorical) trope or tropes (trope n. 1, 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > embellish with figures [verb (transitive)]

figure1652

trope1894

1837 Ladies Pocket Mag. 1 142 Tight sleeve, ornamented with a bell mancheron and round ruffle, both of a very moderate size, the latter is troped by a rosette with floating ends.

1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. xix The Gradual proper seems never to have been subjected to the indignity of being troped.

1959 Listener 24 Dec. 1134/3 The final word ‘portum’, set to a long melisma, is troped ‘portum in ultimo, da nobis iudicio’.

2010 J. P. Swain A to Z of Sacred Music 32 An English setting may omit the Kyrie, leaving it to be chanted because its text had been troped.

3. transitive. To insert (a liturgical text) as a trope (trope n. 2). rare.

ΚΠ

1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. xv The Winchester Tropers..originally contained only a long jubilum on permanebit, but later in MS. CC the words were added and the trope troped.

1992 Gramophone Jan. 86/3 Sarah dates from 1977; the Miserere, a setting of Psalm 51, by contrast is brand new (1989). Troped into it, however, is the torso of a Dies irae,..which Pärt never finished.

Derivatives

troped adj. embellished with or containing tropes.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > [adjective]

figured?a1513

figurate1530

figurative1589

schematical1679

configurative1787

troped1922

1885 Downside Rev. 4 51 Among the troped Kyries used in England the ‘Kyrie rex splendens’ seems to have been held in special favour.

1922 F. Madan Summary Catal. Western MSS Bodl. Libr. II. i. 149 He does not find a troped office for St. K. in English breviaries.

1977 Gramophone Sept. 469/3 In its original fifteenth-century French Franciscan version, as a two-part troped litany.

1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. iii. 128 The tenor is curious. It consists of a fragment of a troped Benedictus.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	trope
释义	tropen. Brit. /trəʊp/, U.S. /troʊp/ Forms: α. Old English tropes (genitive), 1500s troope, 1500s– trope, 1600s–1700s trop. β. (In sense 4) 1700s– tropus. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin tropus; Greek τρόπος; Latin tropa; Greek τροπή. Etymology: Probably partly < (i) classical Latin tropus figure of speech, in post-classical Latin also chant, melody (6th cent.), phrase, sentence, or verse, usually sung, used as an embellishment to mass or divine office (frequently from 11th cent. in British and continental sources), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek τρόπος turn, way, manner, (in music) particular mode, also, more generally, style, (in speaking or writing) manner, style, in Hellenistic Greek also (in rhetoric, in plural) tropes, (in logic) mode or mood of a syllogism, method of instruction or explanation < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the base of τρέπειν to turn (see below), and partly (compare sense 8) < (iii) classical Latin tropa solstice (attested in an inscription; also mid 16th cent. in post-classical Latin), and its etymon (iv) ancient Greek τροπή turn, turning, solstice < an ablaut variant (o-grade) of the base of τρέπειν to turn < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit trap- (in trapate he feels ashamed, becomes timid, more commonly in prefixed form apatrapate, probably originally in sense ‘turns away (in shame)’; compare (with different prefix) ancient Greek ἐντρέπεσθαι to be ashamed).Compare Middle French, French trope figure of speech (1554; c1375 as tropus ), Catalan trop (1596), Spanish tropo (a1440), Portuguese tropo (15th cent.), Italian tropo (a1375, earliest in sense ‘translation’). In sense 4 after German Tropus (1745 or earlier in this sense, in a work by Count Zinzendorf, the founder of the Moravian Brethren). The word was reborrowed in the 16th cent.; there is no continuity of use with Old English. Compare also the following early use of the Latin word (in sense 1a) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 295 Sume sind gehatene tropi, þæt sind mislice getacnunga oððe wisan on ledenspræce abrodene of heora agenre getacnunge to oðre gelicnysse. I. A particular manner or mode. 1. a. Rhetoric. A figure of speech which consists in the use of a word or phrase in a sense other than that which is proper to it. Hence (more generally): a figure of speech; (an instance of) figurative or metaphorical language.In quot. OE apparently as a mass noun. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > [noun] tropeOE figurec1386 image1550 scheme1553 noema1555 rhetorical figure1565 idea1642 tropics1697 feint1730 arabesque1821 OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Otho) v. Concl. 484 Boc de metrica arte, & oþere to þisse geþydde be scematibus & tropes boc [OE Cambr. Univ. Libr. tropus boc]. 1533 W. Tyndale Souper of Lorde C v If ye be so sworne to the litteral sense in this matter, that ye will not in these wordes of Christe, Thys is my bodye, &c., admitte in so playne a speache anye troope. 1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 13^v Christmas is onely a figure or trope. a1638 J. Mede Wks. (1672) 349 That usual Trope of Scripture, by a part, or that which is more notable or obvious in any kind or rank of things, to imply the rest. 1693 J. Dryden Disc. conc. Satire in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires p. xxxii Where the Trope is far fetch'd, and hard, 'tis fit for nothing but to puzzle the Understanding. 1723 W. Meston Knight i. 24 For every sentence he would prop, With some Metonymie or Trope. 1781 R. B. Sheridan Critic i. i. 24 Your occasional tropes and flowers suit the general coarseness of your stile, as tambour sprigs would a ground of linsey-wolsey. 1799 H. More Strictures Mod. Syst. Female Educ. I. ix. 201 By this negligence in the just application of words, we shall be..much misled by these trope and figure ladies. 1837 T. B. Macaulay Ld. Bacon in Ess. (1887) 428 Irony is one of the four primary tropes. 1876 W. E. Gladstone Homeric Synchronism 262 To treat as a poetical trope this idea of kings as god-born or god-reared. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. III. cxi. 597 [American] rhetoric is Rhodian rather than Attic, overloaded with tropes and figures. 1924 M. I. Barry St. Augustine, Orator Pref. p. iii The teaching of these rhetoricians was chiefly in the skilful manipulation of the tropes and figures of speech. 1960 Yale French Stud. No. 25. 50 The metaphorist unwittingly exhibits his philosophy in his tropes. 2010 J. Kim Ends of Empire i. 42 Kennan's writing..is replete with tropes and metaphors of disease..and health. †b. Music. A manner of playing; a mode; a harmonization. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1358 To let passe therefore the five positures of the Tetrachords, as also the first five tones, tropes, changes, notes or harmonies [Fr. et les cinq premiers tons, changements de voix ou notes, ou armonies]. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ff1^v Is not the Trope of Musicke, to auoyd or slyde from the close or Cadence, common with the Trope of Rhetoric of deceyuing expectation? View more context for this quotation 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §113. There be in Musick certaine Figures, or Tropes; almost agreeing with Figures of Rhetoricke. 1664 J. Birchensha tr. J. H. Alsted Templum Musicum ix. 73 The formal Affection of a Song, is that which floweth from the Form thereof: and is called a musical Trope or Mood; which is a Rule, according to which we direct the course of a Song. Otherwise called Nomus and Tonus. And it is the same in Musick, as a certain kind of verse is in Poetry. 1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. i. 52 The Abate Martini heard the Greeks, in Passion Week, sing several tropes or modes..in four parts. 2. Christian Church. A phrase, sentence, or verse, usually sung, introduced in the medieval Western Church as an embellishment into some part of the text of the Mass or of the breviary office, esp. at the close of a psalm or response.The term trope has sometimes been used of purely melodic or only partially texted accretions to the standard medieval melodies for the liturgical texts, and more commonly for textual additions to originally melismatic chants (properly proses or prosulae).Tropes were first added to pre-existing chants in the 9th cent. and were discontinued at the revision of the missal under Pope Pius V in the 16th cent. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > [noun] > verse versec1175 trope1609 society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > [noun] > refrain trope1609 antiphona1652 prosula1907 ephymnium1910 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > setting of church offices > of the mass > cadence trope1609 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus iii. i. 69 All things that are to be sung..as Hymnes, Sequences, Antiphones, Responsories, Introitus, Tropes [L. Tropi], and the like. 1770 Ann. Reg. 1769 Misc. Ess. 157/1 The melodies, triomphes, tropes, or laudes, still sung in some French cathedrals. 1846 W. Maskell Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesiae Anglicanae I. p. xxxvii The Tropes..were..sung either before or after the Introit and Hymns in the service of the Mass. 1853 D. Rock Church of our Fathers IV. xi. 21 A..practice..had..grown up..in the north and western quarters of Christendom..of weaving certain pious sentences, called by the Romans ‘festive praises’, by the Franks ‘tropes’, between the words of the psalm in the introit at mass. 1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. ix ‘Trope’..is the regular word to describe additions to the Introit, Offertory and Communion, and is also more rarely found in connection with the Ite missa est or Benedicamus at the close of Mass. 1907 J. M. Manly in Mod. Philol. 4 593 Tropes—that is, insertions in the authorized liturgy—were composed by the hundreds, and of all conceivable varieties. 1958 W. Apel Gregorian Chant iii. 433 The music for the prosula or, as we would say, for the trope, is identical with the closing passage of the verse. 1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. iv. 190 The ‘Salve regina’ with its ‘verses’ (metrical tropes inserted before each of the three final invocations of the text), of which the manuscript provides fifteen settings. 1994 Time 4 Apr. 82/1 There may be as many as 11,000 Gregorian melodies, ranging from relatively simple psalm settings to elaborate tropes that were included in the Mass. †3. Logic. = mood n.² 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > mood or mode mode1532 mood1569 trope1656 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. viii. 53 Of Moods or Tropes there are two kinds, one of indemonstrables,..the other of demonstrables. 4. Christian Church. Each of the three divisions which form the Unity of the Brethren of the Moravian Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Moravianism > [noun] > person > collective > division of trope1753 1753 H. Rimius Candid Narr. Rise & Progress Herrnhuters 19 Count Zinzendorf calls them Tropes, Types, and at this very Time there are three of them..viz. the Moravian Trope or Type,..the Lutheran,..and the Reformed or Calvinist Trope. 1780 B. La Trobe tr. D. Cranz Anc. & Mod. Hist. Brethren 355 In..1749..the administration of the Reformed tropus [Ger. des reformirten Tropi] in the Unity of the Brethren was tendered to, and accepted by, the Bishop of Sodor and Man, Thomas Wilson. 1810 D. Bogue & J. Bennett Hist. Dissenters III. i. 102 The three different classes of persons who compose the Unity, bear among the brethren the name of tropes or tropuses. 1864 A. Edersheim tr. J. H. Kurtz Ch. Hist. II. iii. 248 This continued to be the properly Lutheran fund in the society, which also, when it was divided into confessional tropes..remained in all the common basis. 1900 Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc. 6 121 Hence there is a Lutheran, a Reformed and a Moravian ‘trope’, in the Unity of the Brethren, according to which souls are educated for eternity. 1954 Trans. Moravian Hist. Soc. 16 41 In the end Zinzendorf was satisfied to place ‘administrators’ in charge of the ‘tropes’ rather than bishops. 1998 C. Podmore Moravian Church in Eng. vi. 165 The structure in which the tropes existed was thus still Moravian. 5. Ancient Greek Philosophy. An argument in support of scepticism.Included in the ‘Pyrrhonian Principles’, written by the sceptic philosopher Aenesidemus in the 1st cent. BC, were the Ten Tropes, which gave arguments in support of the sceptic view of epistemology. Although these have not survived, they were recorded by the philosopher Sextus Empiricus c. 200 AD. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Greek scepticism > elements of acatalepsy1640 trope1841 epoché1923 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 168/1 Pyrrho himself is said by some antient authors to have left no works behind him; the tropes, or epochs, or fundamental principles of his philosophy. 1866 J. F. Ferrier Lect. Greek Philos. I. xv. 467 Of these tropes or Sceptical arguments Sextus enumerates ten. 1910 R. D. Hicks Stoic & Epicurean 376 The ten tropes were intended to contain the means of refuting dogmatism in all possible forms. 1933 R. G. Bury tr. H. Lotze in Sextus Empiricus Introd. p. xxxviii The ten tropes, or logical grounds of doubt, all come to this, that sensations by themselves cannot discover to us what is the nature of the object which excites them. 1995 N. Rescher Ess. in Hist. Philos. 54 The ideas at work in tropes of Aenesidemus..were a staple of the intellectual diet of his..predecessors of scepticism. 6. Philosophy. An instance of a property as occurring at a particular time and place; a particular unrepeatable property, as opposed to a universal (see universal n. 2a). ΚΠ 1953 D. C. Williams in Rev. Metaphysics 7 7 A cat and the cat's tail are not tropes, but a cat's smile is a trope, and so is the whole whose constituents are the cat's smile plus her ears and the aridity of the moon. 1976 K. Campbell Metaphysics xiv. 217 In the meantime, tropes and sets comprise the best categorial ontology I know. 1994 Proc. Aristotelian Soc. 94 253 According to the theory of universals, if the particulars a, b, and c are each red, one and the same entity, the property being red, is identical between them. Trope theory denies this. If a, b, and c are each red, there are three properties here. There is a's property of being red, or a's red trope, there is b's red trope, and there is c's. 2012 P. van Inwagen in K. J. Clark & M. Rea Reason, Metaphysics, & Mind viii. 154 Haecceities are not universals, since they can't be shared, but..neither are they what philosophers who believe in them have variously denominated as tropes or individual accidents or particularized properties. 7. A significant or recurrent theme, esp. in a literary or cultural context; a motif. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > topic, subject-matter > materials of topic > [noun] > distinctive element motif1848 motive1893 trope1975 1975 Chicago Tribune 14 Dec. vii. 2/5 Barthelme is funning with the eternal trope of fatherhood. 1991 D. Rieff Los Angeles ii. viii. 133 A more unvarnished version of the same trope was Ridley Scott's film Blade Runner. 1996 Éire—Ireland Spring 191 The dichotomy between admissable and inadmissable history, between official memory and private experience that Casey sees as the dominant trope of Irish ethnicity in New York. 2006 Observer (Nexis) 23 July 26 [He]..avoids the routine tropes of teen interest while allying youth's oldest theme—loss of innocence—with that most modern of concerns, date rape. II. Uses related to astronomy. 8. The apparent change of course of the sun at a solstice; a point at which this occurs; = tropic n. 1b. Also: †a terrestrial tropic (tropic n. 2a) (obsolete). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > solar movement > [noun] > solstice sunsteadOE solsticea1325 stinting of the suna1387 solsticionc1400 standing of the sun?1440 solstitium?1521 stay of the sun1538 solstacionc1540 sunstay1545 conversion1553 staying of the sun1555 solstitial1561 solsticy1570 trope1599 solstead1601 the world > the earth > geodetic references > [noun] > latitude > tropic tropica1527 tropic circle1556 tropic line1577 trope1735 1599 T. Hill Schoole of Skil ii. 236 The same is the bound of the sunnes iourney or course toward the North, and the nighest comming vnto vs: vnto which being brought, he turneth backe, and directeth his course into the South; of which that place is called Trope. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 258 The Sun has..its annual Tropes and Vicissitudes, what they call Solstices, whereby it is nearer to or remoter from us. 1735 H. Brooke Universal Beauty iv. 169 Now 'thwart the trope, or zone antartic steer. 1858 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 1853–7 6 265 By the sun's entrance into one of the tropes, or cardinal points, the natural place of the intercalation is indicated. 1903 Harper's Bazar Nov. 970/1 The principal ancient religious festivals celebrated the sun's apparent annual ‘turn’, in the spring marking the trope of Cancer. 2003 F. Schaaf Year of Stars ix. 191 This latitude line on Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer..because when it was named a few thousand years ago the Sun made its trope—its 'turning point' back south—in the constellation Cancer. III. Uses related to mathematics. 9. Geometry. The reciprocal of a node on a surface; a tangent plane or developable surface that touches a given surface in a particular way.In quot. 1869, trope is used only as a proposed combining form (in cnictrope: see cnictrope n. at cnicnode n. Derivatives and bitrope). The meaning of –trope in these words, though related to that of trope in quot. 1875, is not entirely clear. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > point > [noun] > of intersection or contact > reciprocal of trope1875 cnictrope1887 1869 A. Cayley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 159 202 Or using ‘trope’ as the reciprocal term to node, these will be Cʹ, cnictropes, Bʹ, bitropes.] 1875 A. Cayley Coll. Math. Papers IX. 519 The quartic surface has also four tropes (planes which touch the surface along a conic)... The conic of contact or tropal conic in each plane being the intersection of the plane with the before-mentioned quadric surface. 1926 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 48 247 In this form the surface is referred to its tropes—tangent planes that meet the surface in a conic—as a tetrahedron of reference. 2008 F. Aries et al. in B. Jüttler & R. Piene Geom. Modeling & Algebraic Geom. ii. 36 The lines are distinct, unless the plane is a trope. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). tropev. Brit. /trəʊp/, U.S. /troʊp/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: trope n. Etymology: < trope n.The following earlier quot. probably shows either a scribal error for trap v.² (compare quot. c1412 at trap v.² b, from an earlier manuscript of the text), or perhaps an alteration of that word by punning association with classical Latin tropus trope n. in its post-classical Latin sense ‘melody, chant’:a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 489 Drapers & eek skynners..ffor swich folk han a special orisoun That troppid [?c1425 Royal trapped] is with curses heere & there..til þei paid be for hir gere. 1. transitive. To represent or interpret (something) in a figurative or metaphorical way. Now chiefly: to express or depict (an image, idea, etc.) figuratively, esp. as a literary motif.In quot. 1582: to represent ironically. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] trope1582 graph1878 1582 R. Browne Treat. 23 Matt. in R. Harrison & R. Browne Writings (1953) 183 If one say to mee, O honest man, and I aunswere, you mocke me, doth he vnderstande my aunswere. For I shoulde haue sayed, you doe Trope me, or you are Eironicall towardes me. 1599 T. Storer Life & Death Wolsey sig. I My lamp burnt out, poore Metaphors great store To trope my miseries my heart growes sore. 1647 R. Ibbitson Charitable Constr. Designe Trustees Sadlers-Hall 3 The Schollers..shall..prove the answers in Latine troping them and turning them into Sylogismes. 1796 J. Spalding Sentiments conc. Coming & Kingdom of Christ ix. 241 We..know of but one way of successfully opposing our doctrine of the Millennium, that is, the way of troping and allegorizing the Scriptures. 1920 B. Perry Study of Poetry iv. 131 Observe how this thought is ‘troped’; i.e. turned into figures which re-present the fundamental idea. 1989 Yale Univ. Art Gallery Bull. Spring 70/1 From Classical mythology to the..theories of Carl Jung, patriarchy has troped the feminine with the sea as twin embodiments of something man cannot master. 1993 H. Toliver George Herbert's Christian Narr. vii. 235 Death has always been troped as such a military figure, possessed of a mighty arm and a sting. 2006 Relig. & Lit. Spring 101 The physically free body of the fugitive slave is troped not as a suffering messiah, but as a resurrected Christ. 2. transitive. To embellish, decorate; esp. to embellish with a (musical or rhetorical) trope or tropes (trope n. 1, 2). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > embellish with figures [verb (transitive)] figure1652 trope1894 1837 Ladies Pocket Mag. 1 142 Tight sleeve, ornamented with a bell mancheron and round ruffle, both of a very moderate size, the latter is troped by a rosette with floating ends. 1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. xix The Gradual proper seems never to have been subjected to the indignity of being troped. 1959 Listener 24 Dec. 1134/3 The final word ‘portum’, set to a long melisma, is troped ‘portum in ultimo, da nobis iudicio’. 2010 J. P. Swain A to Z of Sacred Music 32 An English setting may omit the Kyrie, leaving it to be chanted because its text had been troped. 3. transitive. To insert (a liturgical text) as a trope (trope n. 2). rare. ΚΠ 1894 W. H. Frere Winchester Troper p. xv The Winchester Tropers..originally contained only a long jubilum on permanebit, but later in MS. CC the words were added and the trope troped. 1992 Gramophone Jan. 86/3 Sarah dates from 1977; the Miserere, a setting of Psalm 51, by contrast is brand new (1989). Troped into it, however, is the torso of a Dies irae,..which Pärt never finished. Derivatives troped adj. embellished with or containing tropes. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > [adjective] figured?a1513 figurate1530 figurative1589 schematical1679 configurative1787 troped1922 1885 Downside Rev. 4 51 Among the troped Kyries used in England the ‘Kyrie rex splendens’ seems to have been held in special favour. 1922 F. Madan Summary Catal. Western MSS Bodl. Libr. II. i. 149 He does not find a troped office for St. K. in English breviaries. 1977 Gramophone Sept. 469/3 In its original fifteenth-century French Franciscan version, as a two-part troped litany. 1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. iii. 128 The tenor is curious. It consists of a fragment of a troped Benedictus. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > see also also refers to : -tropecomb. form < n.OEv.1582 see also
随便看	herring-barrel herring-bree herring-brook herring-buss herring-cob herring-cooper herring-couper herring-curer herring-drift herring-fare herring-fisher herring-fishery herring-fleet herring-fry herring-gull herring-gutted herring-hang herring-harvest herring-hog herring-king herring-lugger herring-man herring-monger herring-net herring-pie

tropen.

tropev.

Derivatives

> see also