travailn.¹

Brit.

/ˈtraveɪl/,

/trəˈveɪl/, U.S.

/trəˈveɪ(ə)l/,

/ˈtræˌveɪl/

Forms:

α. Middle English traiuail, Middle English transuaille (transmission error), Middle English trauael, Middle English trauale, Middle English traualie, Middle English traualye, Middle English trauavayle (transmission error), Middle English travaylle, Middle English trawalye, Middle English trawayle, Middle English trawayll, Middle English trayuayll, Middle English trewayle, Middle English–1500s trauaylle, Middle English–1600s trauail, Middle English–1600s trauaile, Middle English–1600s trauaill, Middle English–1600s trauaille, Middle English–1600s traualle, Middle English–1600s trauayl, Middle English–1600s trauayle, Middle English–1600s travaile, Middle English–1600s travaill, Middle English–1600s travayle, Middle English– travail, 1500s trauall, 1500s trauayll, 1500s travaille, 1500s travayll, 1500s–1600s travayl, 1600s travale, 1600s travall; Scottish pre-1700 traiuaill, pre-1700 trauail, pre-1700 trauaile, pre-1700 trauailȝie, pre-1700 trauaill, pre-1700 trauale, pre-1700 travaill, pre-1700 travaille, pre-1700 travale, pre-1700 trawail, pre-1700 trawaile, pre-1700 trawailȝe, pre-1700 trawaill, pre-1700 trawaille, pre-1700 trawal, pre-1700 trawale, pre-1700 trawall, pre-1700 trawalle, pre-1700 trawaylle, pre-1700 trevall, pre-1700 trewaill, pre-1700 1700s– travail; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English trauayll, Middle English travale, Middle English travalle.

β. Middle English traueal, Middle English traueile, Middle English traueille, Middle English trauele, Middle English traueylle, Middle English traveyle, Middle English travyll, Middle English trawel, Middle English trawele, Middle English trawell, Middle English traweyll, Middle English trayueyle, Middle English trayueyll, Middle English–1500s traueyle, Middle English–1500s traueyll, Middle English–1600s traueil, Middle English–1600s traueill, Middle English–1600s trauel, Middle English–1600s trauell, Middle English–1600s trauelle, Middle English–1800s travel, 1500s traueyl, 1500s trauille, 1500s–1600s trauill, 1500s–1600s trauyll, 1500s–1600s traveile, 1500s–1600s travell, 1600s travelle, 1600s travil, 1600s traville; Scottish pre-1700 traiuell, pre-1700 traiuuell, pre-1700 traivell, pre-1700 traueil, pre-1700 trauel, pre-1700 trauell, pre-1700 trawel, pre-1700 trawele, pre-1700 trawell, pre-1700 trawill, pre-1700 trevell, pre-1700 1700s travell, pre-1700 1800s travel; N.E.D. (1914) also records a form Middle English travelle.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travail.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French traval, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French travail, Middle French traveil, (rare) travel, trevail (in Anglo-Norman also with feminine gender travaile, travaille, travaillie, traveile, traveille, travelle; French travail ) effort, toil, labour, torment, distress, affliction, woman's labour, childbirth (all early 12th cent.), trouble, pains, exhaustion, weariness (all end of the 12th cent.), effort shown at a manual occupation (mid 13th cent.; the now frequent French sense ‘daily work undertaken in order to earn one's living’ is attested from at least 1600), mortification (early 14th cent.), result of work (early 14th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, late 14th cent. in continental French), in Anglo-Norman also matter, business (second half of the 14th cent. or earlier) < travailler travail v.Compare Old Occitan trebalh, treball, Portuguese trabalho, Italian travaglio (all 13th cent.), Catalan treball, Spanish trabajo (both 12th cent.). Compare also Old French travaille, Middle French (rare) tribaylle, Old Occitan tribailla, trebalha (feminine) labour, fatigue (both 12th cent.).

Now literary or archaic.

a. Physical or mental work, esp. of a painful or laborious nature; great effort or exertion; hardship, suffering; (now frequently in weakened use) trouble, difficulty. Later also: an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil

workeOE

i-swincheOE

swenchOE

swote971

swingc1000

swinkOE

swinkinga1225

travailc1275

cark1330

sweatc1380

the sweat of (one's) brow (brows), facec1380

laboura1382

swengc1400

labouragec1470

toil1495

laborationa1500

tug1504

urea1510

carp1548

turmoil1569

moil1612

praelabour1663

fatigue1669

insudation1669

till?a1800

Kaffir work1848

graft1853

workfulness1854

collar-work1871

yakka1888

swot1899

heavy lifting1934

α.

c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 220 Clepe þo werkmen and yeld hem here trauail.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 4139 And lusti youthe his thonk deserveth Upon the travail which he doth.

c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 911 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 He tholit trawal ful gret.

1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxix. f. 335 The end of his trauails and afflictions.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Worthy Communicant Introd. 1 Faint and sick with travaile and fear.

1880 F. Francis Bk. Angling (ed. 5) xiv. 489 Ah, what travail have I not endured in the pursuit of May fly hooks.

2017 Washington Post (Nexis) 16 Aug. (Style section) c1 Rachel begins..with stories about her own..online-dating travails. Her second gentleman caller had distractingly dirty fingernails.

β. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxxi. 42 My affliccyon & þe trauell [altered from trawell; a1425 Corpus Oxf. traueil; L. laborem] of my hondeȝ: þe lord by helde.a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) l. 1855 For vnto trauel wor we born, And al our elders vs be-forn.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 282/2 Traveyle, labour, trauayl.?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 34 As Iob sayth: A man is borne to trauell as the sparkes to flee vpward.1642 D. Rogers Naaman To Rdr. sig. A4 A great peece of my travell in these Lectures.1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 225 After some travel [we] found the inside.

†b. A piece of physical or mental labour, esp. one which is difficult or demanding; a painful or laborious undertaking; a task; (in plural) labours. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun]

workOE

travailc1350

workmanshipa1393

overage1415

tew1644

labour1662

the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > difficulty or laboriousness > a difficult or laborious task

travailc1350

labour of Hercules?a1475

task1597

punisher1827

back-breaker1867

bashing1940

c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 11 (MED) I woot þi werkes, þi trauailes [v.r. trawelus], & þi pacience.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 1443 Thei hadde a gret travail on honde.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxlix. f. lxxix His manyfolde Trauayllys susteynyd for the weale of the Realme of Fraunce.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 10 One that much desyred to eschew the trauayles of Martiall affayres.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Sir John van Olden Barnavelt (1980) v. i. 2583 Heaven direct and prosper theis your charitable travailes.

1690 W. Penn Brief Acct. Rise Quakers (1834) vi. 80 O it is a travail, a spiritual travail!

1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. Pref. 21 He that seeketh her early shall have no great travels.

†c. The outcome, product, or result of toil or labour; a finished work, esp. a literary work. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > regarded as the result of labour

travailc1350

watch-birth1606

opera1785

opus1808

oeuvre1889

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxvii. 51 (MED) And he ȝaf her frute to þe lef-worme, and her trauails to þe grashope [L. locustae].

c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 44 (MED) Ȝeue to the pore of thyn ryghtful traueylle.

1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Fii^v I submyt my trauel, vnto allother..of like well wylling affection, wherwith I do offer this my poore atemptes and smal trauailes.

1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 183 The publication..of those neuer enough praised trauailes of master Waterhouse.

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 81 I will conclude the first Part of my present Trauaile. The second remayneth, concerning Ornaments.

1650 J. Row & J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 16 After they had given in their travells, to be considered by the brethren, they were either approven in that whilk they had done, or els their inlaiks were supplied.

2. The effort and pain of childbirth; labour. Frequently (and earliest) in in travail [after Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French en travail (12th cent.)] : in labour. Also figurative.Sometimes perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains

cothec1000

throea1200

pining throesc1225

travailc1300

showera1350

paina1398

travailinga1400

throng1540

labouring1598

travail pang1652

travail pain1662

labour pains1703

mother-pain1709

mother-pang1710

breeding sicknessa1714

bearing pain1787

troublea1825

birth throe1837

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains

in travailc1300

travailingc1405

labouring1540

child labour1585

laborious1615

in labour1623

c1300 St. Leonard (Laud) l. 29 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 457 Þe Quene was with childe grete, þudere men gonne hire bringue, Ȝif heo þe betere miȝhte for solas ouer-come hire childingue. Þo he was in trauail, heo ne miȝhte ouer-come it nouȝht.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 237 Vor in travail of his beringe is moder was verst ded.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xlvii[i]. 6 Feare came there vpon them, & sorowe as vpon a woman in hir trauayle.

1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love v. v. sig. L^v Cup. Is not that Amorphus the Traueller? Mer... Do you not see how his legges are in trauaile with a Measure?

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 180 His wife dying after travel of a daughter.

1897 T. Hardy Well-beloved ii. xiii. 215 Between the travail of the sea without, and the travail of the woman within.

2014 S. Thomas Witch Hunter's Tale 130 I was with Lucy Pierce when she was in travail... I delivered her of a stillborn child.

†3. The eclipse of the sun, moon, etc.; frequently in in travail. Also: an instance of this; an eclipse. Cf. labour n. 9. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] > state of being visible > eclipse

eclipsec1374

clipse1377

obscurationa1550

defect1571

superation1585

travail1593

occultation1601

deliquium1648

immersion1690

incidence1728

1593 T. Kelway tr. A. Ferrier Learned Astron. Disc. Natiuities i. iv. f. 5 The part of trauaile by water by day, is from Saturne vnto the fifteenth degree of Cancer, from the ascendant, at night to the contrary.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ii. xii. 9 Seeing these things, and the paineful ordinarie travels (since that this tearme is now taken up) of the starres.

1627 G. Hakewill Apologie ii. i. 75 Eclipses of the Sun and Moone, in which they are commonly thought to suffer, and to bee as it were in travell during that time.

1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions i. 2 No eye gazeth on the Moone, but in her Travell.

1823 J. Neal Randolph I. 107 It grew suddenly dark, just then—and I stopped. Was the moon in travail, aunt? Did some spectre pass between me, and the light, just then?

†4. The heavy rolling or pitching movement of a vessel in rough seas. Cf. travail v. 6, labour v. 7b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rolling and pitching

working1575

rolling1578

travail1687

roll1697

pitching1714

sally1718

labouring1748

pitch1751

tumblification1833

send1836

porpoising1974

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 10 If the Vessel made but the least Travel [Fr. au moindre tremblement du vaisseau], they thought themselves lost.

Compounds

travail pain n. now rare pain experienced during childbirth; (usually in plural) a pain of this type; cf. travail pang n., labour pains n. at labour n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains

cothec1000

throea1200

pining throesc1225

travailc1300

showera1350

paina1398

travailinga1400

throng1540

labouring1598

travail pang1652

travail pain1662

labour pains1703

mother-pain1709

mother-pang1710

breeding sicknessa1714

bearing pain1787

troublea1825

birth throe1837

1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Oriatrike lxxx. 601 A travaile pain presently surprized her, and she brought forth a mature Infant with a bloody Neck, whose Head no where appeared.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iv. xxvii. 164 Thou heard'st a wretched female plain In agony of travail-pain.

1956 K. Cragg Call of Minaret ix. 259 Thus she conceived him and withdrew with him to a remote spot. And her travail-pains drove her to the foot of a palm-tree.

travail pang n. now rare (usually in plural) a pain experienced during childbirth (also figurative); cf. travail pain n., labour pains n. at labour n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains

cothec1000

throea1200

pining throesc1225

travailc1300

showera1350

paina1398

travailinga1400

throng1540

labouring1598

travail pang1652

travail pain1662

labour pains1703

mother-pain1709

mother-pang1710

breeding sicknessa1714

bearing pain1787

troublea1825

birth throe1837

1652 E. Benlowes Theophila iv. i. 52 All Travell-pangs, all New-birth Heart-deep Groans, All After-births of Penitential Mones, Are swallow'd up in living Streams of Bliss.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 86 The travail-pangs are violent, sudden, irresistible.

1938 Geogr. Jrnl. 92 462 There is no birth, only obstruction, fruitless throes, and vain travail pangs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† travailn.²

Forms: 1500s trauaile, 1500s trauayle, 1700s travail.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travail.

Etymology: < Middle French, French travail (c1200 in Old French) < post-classical Latin trepalium (see travail v.). Compare earlier trave n. 1a, trevis n. 1.Compare post-classical Latin travaillium , travallum (13th–14th centuries in continental sources; probably < French). In quot. 1585 translating Italian travaglio (15th cent.).

Obsolete.

A quadrangular frame or enclosure of bars in which a horse is confined in order to limit its movement during shoeing, veterinary treatment, etc.; = trevis n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > frame to hold horse

travec1405

trevis?a1500

travail1585

traversea1825

stock1875

1585 S. Daniel tr. P. Giovio Worthy Tract contayning Disc. Imprese sig. F.i^v His Impresa was set on the Coate armour of a hundred Launces, which he obtayned of the King, & it was the Trauayle [It. trauaglio] wherein Smithes vse to put in wilde horses when they shoe them.

1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 Misc. Ess. 177/2 Trabale is derived from trabs, from whence, as I conjecture, proceeds the word travail (travise), which..denotes that machine in which Farriers confine mettlesome and vicious horses in order to shoe them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

travailv.

Brit.

/ˈtraveɪl/,

/ˈtravəl/, U.S.

/trəˈveɪ(ə)l/,

/ˈtræˌveɪl/

Forms:

α. Middle English dravel, Middle English trafayle, Middle English trauaillie, Middle English traualle, Middle English trauayl, Middle English trauayli, Middle English trauayll, Middle English trauayly, Middle English traule, Middle English travaylle, Middle English trawayle, Middle English trayvall, Middle English trayway (past tense, transmission error), Middle English–1500s trauaille, Middle English–1500s traual, Middle English–1500s trauale, Middle English–1500s trauayle, Middle English–1500s trauaylle, Middle English–1500s travaill, Middle English–1600s trauail, Middle English–1600s trauaile, Middle English–1600s trauaill, Middle English–1600s travaile, Middle English–1600s travaille, Middle English 1600s travall, Middle English–1600s travayle, Middle English– travail, 1500s trauall, 1500s travayll, 1500s–1600s travayl; Scottish pre-1700 trauail, pre-1700 trauaile, pre-1700 trauaill, pre-1700 traual, pre-1700 trauale, pre-1700 trauall, pre-1700 travael, pre-1700 travaile, pre-1700 travaill, pre-1700 travale, pre-1700 travaleht (past tense), pre-1700 trawaile, pre-1700 trawale, pre-1700 trawayl, pre-1700 trawayll, pre-1700 1700s– travail; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English trauall, late Middle English travale, late Middle English trawaill.

β. Middle English traueile, Middle English traueille, Middle English traueli, Middle English trauely, Middle English traueyl, Middle English traueylle, Middle English trauile, Middle English traveill, Middle English traveylle, Middle English trawel, Middle English trayueylle, Middle English trayvel, Middle English trovyll (perhaps transmission error), Middle English–1500s trauele, Middle English–1500s traueyle, Middle English–1500s traveyle, Middle English–1600s traueil, Middle English–1600s trauel, Middle English–1600s trauell, Middle English–1600s trauelle, Middle English–1600s travell, Middle English–1800s travel, 1500s traveille, 1500s–1600s traueill, 1500s–1600s travele, 1600s traveile, 1600s travelle; Scottish pre-1700 traffil, pre-1700 trauel, pre-1700 trauell, pre-1700 traveile, pre-1700 travell, pre-1700 travile, pre-1700 travill, pre-1700 traweil, pre-1700 trawel, pre-1700 trawell, pre-1700 trawil, pre-1700 treuel, pre-1700 1800s– travel; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English travele, late Middle English traveille.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travailler.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman travailer, travaler, travalier, travaller, traveiler, traviler, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French travailler, travaillier, Anglo-Norman and Middle French traveiller, traviller, Old French, Middle French traveillier, Middle French traveller (French travailler ) to labour, to exhaust oneself, to struggle (first half of the 11th cent. intransitive, late 12th cent. reflexive), to harass, torment, distress, trouble (a person) (c1100), to cause (a person or animal) to be tired (late 12th cent.), (of a woman) to be in labour (late 12th cent.), to martyr, to torture (a person) (late 12th cent.), to mortify (one's body) (12th or 13th cent.), to work (c1200), to mould, form (a thing) (c1200), to importune (a person) (c1200 in Anglo-Norman, mid 15th cent. in continental French) < an unattested post-classical Latin form *trepaliare < trepalium instrument or engine of torture (6th cent.), probably < classical Latin trēs , tria three (see three adj.) + pālus stake (see pale n.¹), the instrument being so called on account of its structure, after Byzantine Greek τριπάσσαλον ( < ancient Greek τρι- tri- comb. form + πάσσαλος peg). Compare travail n.¹Compare Old Occitan trebalhar , trebaillar (late 11th cent.), Catalan treballar (12th cent.), Spanish trabajar , Portuguese trabalhar (both 13th cent.), Italian travagliare (early 14th cent.); in all these languages except Italian the verb is the usual word for ‘to work’, whereas in Italian this is lavorare labour v. Specific senses. The sense ‘to journey, travel’ is specific to Anglo-Norman and northern Middle French (Normandy, Picardy), where it is well attested from the early 13th cent., but absent from other regional varieties of continental French. This sense is now differentiated in English in the form travel v.; compare discussion at that entry.

Now literary or archaic.

a. To exert oneself; to labour, toil, work hard. Also figurative.

(a) intransitive. Without indication of purpose.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > toil

sweatc897

swingc1000

swinkOE

travailc1275

carka1350

tavec1350

to-swinkc1386

labourc1390

byswenke?a1400

tevelc1400

toilc1400

pingle1511

carp1522

moilc1529

turmoil1548

mucker1566

tug1619

tuggle1650

fatigue1695

hammer1755

fag1772

bullock1888

slog1888

to sweat one's guts out1890

schlep1937

slug1943

c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 220 Þos laste on ure habbeþ i travailed.

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 10408 Y prey þe..To trauayle so moche for me.

c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) lxx (MED) As Tantalus I travaile ay butles.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 13^v That he be not..vnable to trauayle for age.

1615 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden (1623) 2 Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in your Orchard.

1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters 159 Even in its gentlest moods the salt sea travails, moaning among the weeds or lisping on the sand.

2010 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 21 Nov. Many South Africans travailed under the yoke of hopelessness, anger and disillusionment.

(b) intransitive. With about, for, in, or infinitive, indicating purpose.

ΚΠ

c1300 St. Kenelm (Laud) l. 161 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 350 ‘Þou trauailest,’ he seide, ‘a-boute nouȝt’.

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xlviii. 8 For þe pris of his raunsoun he shal trauail wyþ-outen ende.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 165 Thai had no-thing for to et, Bot gif thai traualit it to get.

1678 N. Wanley Wonders Little World v. i. §93. 467/2 He travelled exceedingly for establishing the Peace of Christendom.

1897 W. Beatty Secretar xxv. 213 Gif the meenisters uprightly travelled to punish vice.

1996 Naval War Coll. Rev. 49 iii. 83 Iran has lost even the ability to play one great power against other. It has therefore travailed to improve relations with both China and Russia.

†b. transitive. To labour at or perform (work, a duty, a service, etc.). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > perform with labour, toil at

swinkc1175

travailc1384

laboura1393

ply1548

toil1552

sweat1589

belabour1604

drive1814

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. x. 15 Thei teelden to him bateilis and vertues whiche he dide..and the traueils whiche thei traueiliden.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 1893 (MED) If a knyht refuse The luste of armes to travaile, Ther mai no worldes ese availe, Bot if worschipe be with al.

1569 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 673 The Precheouris and utheris travelling the charge of ministerie within the kirk.

1595 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1952) XII. 25 Mr. Colville..is employed to travail the allia[nce] betwixt him and the duke but I fear the duke will not consent.

†c. intransitive. With in. To study a subject, author, etc. Cf. earlier travailed adj. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)]

estudya1250

studyc1300

travail1570

studify1775

1570 T. Wilson in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations Ep. Ded. f. 4^v Maister Cheeke,..hauing traueyled in Demosthenes as much as any one of them all.

2. transitive. To torment, distress, or harass (a person or animal); to afflict, trouble; to weary, tire. Chiefly in passive in later use. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (transitive)]

wearyc897

tirea1000

travailc1300

forwearya1325

taryc1375

tarc1440

matec1450

break1483

labour1496

overwearya1500

wear?1507

to wear out, forth1525

fatigate1535

stress1540

overtire1558

forwaste1563

to tire out1563

overwear1578

spend1582

out-tire1596

outwear1596

outweary1596

overspend1596

to toil out1596

attediate1603

bejade1620

lassate1623

harassa1626

overtask1628

tax1672

hag1674

trash1685

hatter1687

overtax1692

fatigue1693

to knock up1740

tire to death1740

overfatigue1741

fag1774

outdo1776

to do over1789

to use up1790

jade1798

overdo1817

frazzlea1825

worry1828

to sew up1837

to wear to death1840

to take it (also a lot, too much, etc.) out of (a person)1847

gruel1850

to stump up1853

exhaust1860

finish1864

peter1869

knacker1886

grind1887

tew1893

crease1925

poop1931

raddle1951

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict

overharryeOE

aileOE

swencheOE

besetOE

traya1000

teenOE

to work (also do) (a person) woeOE

derve?c1225

grieve1297

harrya1300

noyc1300

travailc1300

to work (also do) annoyc1300

wrath14..

aggrievea1325

annoya1325

tribula1325

to hold wakenc1330

anguish1340

distrainc1374

wrap1380

strain1382

ermec1386

afflicta1393

cumbera1400

assayc1400

distressc1400

temptc1400

encumber1413

labour1437

infortune?a1439

stressa1450

trouble1489

arraya1500

constraina1500

attempt1525

misease1530

exercise1531

to hold or keep waking1533

try1539

to wring to the worse1542

pinch1548

affligec1550

trounce1551

oppress1555

inflict1566

overharl1570

strait1579

to make a martyr of1599

straiten1611

tribulatea1637

to put through the hoop(s)1919

snooter1923

the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > harass [verb (transitive)]

tawc893

ermec897

swencheOE

besetOE

bestandc1000

teenOE

baitc1175

grieve?c1225

war?c1225

noyc1300

pursuec1300

travailc1300

to work (also do) annoyc1300

tribula1325

worka1325

to hold wakenc1330

chase1340

twistc1374

wrap1380

cumbera1400

harrya1400

vexc1410

encumber1413

inquiet1413

molest?a1425

course1466

persecutec1475

trouble1489

sturt1513

hare1523

hag1525

hale1530

exercise1531

to grate on or upon1532

to hold or keep waking1533

infest1533

scourge1540

molestate1543

pinch1548

trounce1551

to shake upa1556

tire1558

moila1560

pester1566

importune1578

hunt1583

moider1587

bebait1589

commacerate1596

bepester1600

ferret1600

harsell1603

hurry1611

gall1614

betoil1622

weary1633

tribulatea1637

harass1656

dun1659

overharry1665

worry1671

haul1678

to plague the life out of1746

badger1782

hatchel1800

worry1811

bedevil1823

devil1823

victimize1830

frab1848

mither1848

to pester the life out of1848

haik1855

beplague1870

chevy1872

obsede1876

to get on ——1880

to load up with1880

tail-twist1898

hassle1901

heckle1920

snooter1923

hassle1945

to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck1946

to bust (a person's) chops1953

noodge1960

monster1967

c1300 St. Martin (Laud) l. 157 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 453 Ȝwy trauailest þou [c1300 Harl. trauaillestou] þat selie best þat ne loueth no misdede?

a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 6035 Þe fende yn-to hym was lope, And traueyled hym þre dayys with pyne.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) iii. 70 For their strengthe, they trayueylle vs moche.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 252 He came thether in such haste, that hys horse and men were sore traueyled.

1627 W. Duncomb tr. V. d'Audiguier Tragi-comicall Hist. our Times iii. 39 Apt words to expresse the griefes, wherwith..we begin to be travelled.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality iv, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 70 I jalouse he wad hae liked to hae ridden bye, but his horse..was ower sair travailed.

1971 R. P. Virtusio Padre, and Other Stories 51 I am constantly travailed by advances like these.

3. intransitive. Of a woman: to suffer the pains of childbirth; to be in labour. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.Sometimes perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > be confined [verb (intransitive)] > be in labour

travailc1330

labour1454

c1330 St. Margaret (Auch.) l. 370 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 101 Ȝif ani woman trauayl & hard clepeþ to me, deliuer hir, lord, wiþ ioie.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. viii. 22 And we witen, that ech creature sorewith, and trauelith with peyne [E.V. c1384 Douce 369(2) childith] til ȝit.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 372 Ryght there she gan to travayle faste of hir chylde.

1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 396 The Countes of Buchane, quha than wes travelland with chyld.

1658 T. Wall God's Revenge 56 Travelling with the pangs of a false zeal, they fall in labour of a monstrous Reformation.

1827 W. Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. ix. 220 Her son, for whom she had travailed and sorrowed.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 455 God's word..contains its own fulfilment in itself, and travaileth until it come to pass.

2008 Picayune (Mississippi) Item (Nexis) 3 Aug. (Lifestyle section) There was a woman on the bed travailing in hard labor. For just a moment, I watched her struggle to give birth.

†4.

a. transitive. To put to work; to cause to work hard; to exert, employ, bring into action. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > use or make use of [verb (transitive)] > bring or put into use

travaila1382

to bring inc1384

employ1429

inveigh1547

innovate1548

to put into (also in) practice1553

to lay to1560

induct1615

produce1697

take1732

unlimber1867

phase1949

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xvi. 29 Þis shal be to ȝow: lauful euerlastynge, þe eyȝþe [a1425 Corpus Oxf. seuenth] monþe þe tenþe day of þe monþe ȝe shal traueyle [altered from punysche] ȝoure soulys: & no werke ȝe sholen doon.

a1425 (?a1400) Cloud of Unknowing (Harl. 674) (1944) 96 (MED) Wiþ þis coriouste þe trauayle þeire ymaginacion so vndiscreetly þat at þe laste þei turne here brayne in here hedes.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 118^v Too trauaile them [sc. mares] moderatly, will dooe them rather good then harme.

1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. viii. xiii. 357 The poore man that trauelleth and toileth his body to get foode.

1630 Earl of Cork in Lismore Papers (1888) 2nd Ser. III. 163 I haue with all affectionate zeale traveled my thoughts and stirred vp my best observacions [etc.].

b. transitive (reflexive). To put oneself to trouble; to weary or exert oneself; to labour, toil, or work hard. Obsolete (in later use passing into the intransitive sense 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] > with toil

swinkOE

travaila1393

laboura1413

toil1560

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 110 (MED) So is mi lif lich unto this..Hou that an Oxe his yock hath bore For thing that scholde him noght availe, And in this wise I me travaile.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 22775 Al þa þat..trauaild [Gött. traualid, Trin. Cambr. trauailed, Fairf. trauailled] þaim on al wis To paien him in his seruis.

a1500 Story of Alexander 281 (MED) Seth þou hase good knowlegh therof, wher trayvelles þou þi-self to distroye all the worlde and gadre alle þe wordly tresours?

1556 tr. J. de Flores Histoire de Aurelio & Isabelle sig. K2 Whoo louethe not, traueillethe not him selfe.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) ii. 99 To exercise and trauaile himselfe in gouerning his subiects with iustice.

†5. transitive. To shake, stir, or knead (something, esp. a soft or malleable substance); to manipulate. Cf. work v. 31a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > stir

travaila1382

toilc1400

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxviii. 28 Bred forsoþe shal ben to-mynusht, but not in to euermor þe þresshere shal þresshen it, ne shal trauailen it þe wheel of þe waynne with his clees schal to-mynushen it.

?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 455 Alway travaile hit wel over the fyre.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. l. 403 Seuen curnels of a pynappul do In oon sester of wyn that is impure, And trauayle hit a tyme to and fro, And aftir suffre hit to reste go.

†6. intransitive. Of a ship: to roll or pitch heavily and right itself with difficulty. Cf. labour v. 7b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > pitch and roll

travaila1393

totterc1400

walterc1400

labour1587

senda1625

to bruise the water1836

stagger1840

pant1869

to walk turkey1888

pound1903

slam1958

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 615 This yonge king makth mochel wo So forto se the Schip travaile.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) ix. §34. 38 Thi haly kirke..trauailand as a ship in gret stormes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1275

n.²1585

v.c1275

单词	travail
释义	travailn.¹ Brit. /ˈtraveɪl/, /trəˈveɪl/, U.S. /trəˈveɪ(ə)l/, /ˈtræˌveɪl/ Forms: α. Middle English traiuail, Middle English transuaille (transmission error), Middle English trauael, Middle English trauale, Middle English traualie, Middle English traualye, Middle English trauavayle (transmission error), Middle English travaylle, Middle English trawalye, Middle English trawayle, Middle English trawayll, Middle English trayuayll, Middle English trewayle, Middle English–1500s trauaylle, Middle English–1600s trauail, Middle English–1600s trauaile, Middle English–1600s trauaill, Middle English–1600s trauaille, Middle English–1600s traualle, Middle English–1600s trauayl, Middle English–1600s trauayle, Middle English–1600s travaile, Middle English–1600s travaill, Middle English–1600s travayle, Middle English– travail, 1500s trauall, 1500s trauayll, 1500s travaille, 1500s travayll, 1500s–1600s travayl, 1600s travale, 1600s travall; Scottish pre-1700 traiuaill, pre-1700 trauail, pre-1700 trauaile, pre-1700 trauailȝie, pre-1700 trauaill, pre-1700 trauale, pre-1700 travaill, pre-1700 travaille, pre-1700 travale, pre-1700 trawail, pre-1700 trawaile, pre-1700 trawailȝe, pre-1700 trawaill, pre-1700 trawaille, pre-1700 trawal, pre-1700 trawale, pre-1700 trawall, pre-1700 trawalle, pre-1700 trawaylle, pre-1700 trevall, pre-1700 trewaill, pre-1700 1700s– travail; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English trauayll, Middle English travale, Middle English travalle. β. Middle English traueal, Middle English traueile, Middle English traueille, Middle English trauele, Middle English traueylle, Middle English traveyle, Middle English travyll, Middle English trawel, Middle English trawele, Middle English trawell, Middle English traweyll, Middle English trayueyle, Middle English trayueyll, Middle English–1500s traueyle, Middle English–1500s traueyll, Middle English–1600s traueil, Middle English–1600s traueill, Middle English–1600s trauel, Middle English–1600s trauell, Middle English–1600s trauelle, Middle English–1800s travel, 1500s traueyl, 1500s trauille, 1500s–1600s trauill, 1500s–1600s trauyll, 1500s–1600s traveile, 1500s–1600s travell, 1600s travelle, 1600s travil, 1600s traville; Scottish pre-1700 traiuell, pre-1700 traiuuell, pre-1700 traivell, pre-1700 traueil, pre-1700 trauel, pre-1700 trauell, pre-1700 trawel, pre-1700 trawele, pre-1700 trawell, pre-1700 trawill, pre-1700 trevell, pre-1700 1700s travell, pre-1700 1800s travel; N.E.D. (1914) also records a form Middle English travelle. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travail. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French traval, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French travail, Middle French traveil, (rare) travel, trevail (in Anglo-Norman also with feminine gender travaile, travaille, travaillie, traveile, traveille, travelle; French travail ) effort, toil, labour, torment, distress, affliction, woman's labour, childbirth (all early 12th cent.), trouble, pains, exhaustion, weariness (all end of the 12th cent.), effort shown at a manual occupation (mid 13th cent.; the now frequent French sense ‘daily work undertaken in order to earn one's living’ is attested from at least 1600), mortification (early 14th cent.), result of work (early 14th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman, late 14th cent. in continental French), in Anglo-Norman also matter, business (second half of the 14th cent. or earlier) < travailler travail v.Compare Old Occitan trebalh, treball, Portuguese trabalho, Italian travaglio (all 13th cent.), Catalan treball, Spanish trabajo (both 12th cent.). Compare also Old French travaille, Middle French (rare) tribaylle, Old Occitan tribailla, trebalha (feminine) labour, fatigue (both 12th cent.). Now literary or archaic. 1. a. Physical or mental work, esp. of a painful or laborious nature; great effort or exertion; hardship, suffering; (now frequently in weakened use) trouble, difficulty. Later also: an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > labour or toil workeOE i-swincheOE swenchOE swote971 swingc1000 swinkOE swinkinga1225 travailc1275 cark1330 sweatc1380 the sweat of (one's) brow (brows), facec1380 laboura1382 swengc1400 labouragec1470 toil1495 laborationa1500 tug1504 urea1510 carp1548 turmoil1569 moil1612 praelabour1663 fatigue1669 insudation1669 till?a1800 Kaffir work1848 graft1853 workfulness1854 collar-work1871 yakka1888 swot1899 heavy lifting1934 α. c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 220 Clepe þo werkmen and yeld hem here trauail. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 4139 And lusti youthe his thonk deserveth Upon the travail which he doth. c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 911 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 He tholit trawal ful gret. 1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. xxix. f. 335 The end of his trauails and afflictions. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Worthy Communicant Introd. 1 Faint and sick with travaile and fear. 1880 F. Francis Bk. Angling (ed. 5) xiv. 489 Ah, what travail have I not endured in the pursuit of May fly hooks. 2017 Washington Post (Nexis) 16 Aug. (Style section) c1 Rachel begins..with stories about her own..online-dating travails. Her second gentleman caller had distractingly dirty fingernails. β. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxxi. 42 My affliccyon & þe trauell [altered from trawell; a1425 Corpus Oxf. traueil; L. laborem] of my hondeȝ: þe lord by helde.a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) l. 1855 For vnto trauel wor we born, And al our elders vs be-forn.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 282/2 Traveyle, labour, trauayl.?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 34 As Iob sayth: A man is borne to trauell as the sparkes to flee vpward.1642 D. Rogers Naaman To Rdr. sig. A4 A great peece of my travell in these Lectures.1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 225 After some travel [we] found the inside. †b. A piece of physical or mental labour, esp. one which is difficult or demanding; a painful or laborious undertaking; a task; (in plural) labours. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] workOE travailc1350 workmanshipa1393 overage1415 tew1644 labour1662 the world > action or operation > difficulty > types of difficulty > [noun] > difficulty or laboriousness > a difficult or laborious task travailc1350 labour of Hercules?a1475 task1597 punisher1827 back-breaker1867 bashing1940 c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 11 (MED) I woot þi werkes, þi trauailes [v.r. trawelus], & þi pacience. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 1443 Thei hadde a gret travail on honde. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxlix. f. lxxix His manyfolde Trauayllys susteynyd for the weale of the Realme of Fraunce. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 10 One that much desyred to eschew the trauayles of Martiall affayres. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Sir John van Olden Barnavelt (1980) v. i. 2583 Heaven direct and prosper theis your charitable travailes. 1690 W. Penn Brief Acct. Rise Quakers (1834) vi. 80 O it is a travail, a spiritual travail! 1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. Pref. 21 He that seeketh her early shall have no great travels. †c. The outcome, product, or result of toil or labour; a finished work, esp. a literary work. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > regarded as the result of labour travailc1350 watch-birth1606 opera1785 opus1808 oeuvre1889 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxvii. 51 (MED) And he ȝaf her frute to þe lef-worme, and her trauails to þe grashope [L. locustae]. c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 44 (MED) Ȝeue to the pore of thyn ryghtful traueylle. 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Fii^v I submyt my trauel, vnto allother..of like well wylling affection, wherwith I do offer this my poore atemptes and smal trauailes. 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 183 The publication..of those neuer enough praised trauailes of master Waterhouse. 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. i. 81 I will conclude the first Part of my present Trauaile. The second remayneth, concerning Ornaments. 1650 J. Row & J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 16 After they had given in their travells, to be considered by the brethren, they were either approven in that whilk they had done, or els their inlaiks were supplied. 2. The effort and pain of childbirth; labour. Frequently (and earliest) in in travail [after Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French en travail (12th cent.)] : in labour. Also figurative.Sometimes perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains cothec1000 throea1200 pining throesc1225 travailc1300 showera1350 paina1398 travailinga1400 throng1540 labouring1598 travail pang1652 travail pain1662 labour pains1703 mother-pain1709 mother-pang1710 breeding sicknessa1714 bearing pain1787 troublea1825 birth throe1837 the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > labour or pains in travailc1300 travailingc1405 labouring1540 child labour1585 laborious1615 in labour1623 c1300 St. Leonard (Laud) l. 29 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 457 Þe Quene was with childe grete, þudere men gonne hire bringue, Ȝif heo þe betere miȝhte for solas ouer-come hire childingue. Þo he was in trauail, heo ne miȝhte ouer-come it nouȝht. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 237 Vor in travail of his beringe is moder was verst ded. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms xlvii[i]. 6 Feare came there vpon them, & sorowe as vpon a woman in hir trauayle. 1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love v. v. sig. L^v Cup. Is not that Amorphus the Traueller? Mer... Do you not see how his legges are in trauaile with a Measure? 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 180 His wife dying after travel of a daughter. 1897 T. Hardy Well-beloved ii. xiii. 215 Between the travail of the sea without, and the travail of the woman within. 2014 S. Thomas Witch Hunter's Tale 130 I was with Lucy Pierce when she was in travail... I delivered her of a stillborn child. †3. The eclipse of the sun, moon, etc.; frequently in in travail. Also: an instance of this; an eclipse. Cf. labour n. 9. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] > state of being visible > eclipse eclipsec1374 clipse1377 obscurationa1550 defect1571 superation1585 travail1593 occultation1601 deliquium1648 immersion1690 incidence1728 1593 T. Kelway tr. A. Ferrier Learned Astron. Disc. Natiuities i. iv. f. 5 The part of trauaile by water by day, is from Saturne vnto the fifteenth degree of Cancer, from the ascendant, at night to the contrary. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ii. xii. 9 Seeing these things, and the paineful ordinarie travels (since that this tearme is now taken up) of the starres. 1627 G. Hakewill Apologie ii. i. 75 Eclipses of the Sun and Moone, in which they are commonly thought to suffer, and to bee as it were in travell during that time. 1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions i. 2 No eye gazeth on the Moone, but in her Travell. 1823 J. Neal Randolph I. 107 It grew suddenly dark, just then—and I stopped. Was the moon in travail, aunt? Did some spectre pass between me, and the light, just then? †4. The heavy rolling or pitching movement of a vessel in rough seas. Cf. travail v. 6, labour v. 7b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rolling and pitching working1575 rolling1578 travail1687 roll1697 pitching1714 sally1718 labouring1748 pitch1751 tumblification1833 send1836 porpoising1974 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant ii. 10 If the Vessel made but the least Travel [Fr. au moindre tremblement du vaisseau], they thought themselves lost. Compounds travail pain n. now rare pain experienced during childbirth; (usually in plural) a pain of this type; cf. travail pang n., labour pains n. at labour n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains cothec1000 throea1200 pining throesc1225 travailc1300 showera1350 paina1398 travailinga1400 throng1540 labouring1598 travail pang1652 travail pain1662 labour pains1703 mother-pain1709 mother-pang1710 breeding sicknessa1714 bearing pain1787 troublea1825 birth throe1837 1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont Oriatrike lxxx. 601 A travaile pain presently surprized her, and she brought forth a mature Infant with a bloody Neck, whose Head no where appeared. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles iv. xxvii. 164 Thou heard'st a wretched female plain In agony of travail-pain. 1956 K. Cragg Call of Minaret ix. 259 Thus she conceived him and withdrew with him to a remote spot. And her travail-pains drove her to the foot of a palm-tree. travail pang n. now rare (usually in plural) a pain experienced during childbirth (also figurative); cf. travail pain n., labour pains n. at labour n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains cothec1000 throea1200 pining throesc1225 travailc1300 showera1350 paina1398 travailinga1400 throng1540 labouring1598 travail pang1652 travail pain1662 labour pains1703 mother-pain1709 mother-pang1710 breeding sicknessa1714 bearing pain1787 troublea1825 birth throe1837 1652 E. Benlowes Theophila iv. i. 52 All Travell-pangs, all New-birth Heart-deep Groans, All After-births of Penitential Mones, Are swallow'd up in living Streams of Bliss. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 86 The travail-pangs are violent, sudden, irresistible. 1938 Geogr. Jrnl. 92 462 There is no birth, only obstruction, fruitless throes, and vain travail pangs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † travailn.² Forms: 1500s trauaile, 1500s trauayle, 1700s travail. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travail. Etymology: < Middle French, French travail (c1200 in Old French) < post-classical Latin trepalium (see travail v.). Compare earlier trave n. 1a, trevis n. 1.Compare post-classical Latin travaillium , travallum (13th–14th centuries in continental sources; probably < French). In quot. 1585 translating Italian travaglio (15th cent.). Obsolete. A quadrangular frame or enclosure of bars in which a horse is confined in order to limit its movement during shoeing, veterinary treatment, etc.; = trevis n. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > frame to hold horse travec1405 trevis?a1500 travail1585 traversea1825 stock1875 1585 S. Daniel tr. P. Giovio Worthy Tract contayning Disc. Imprese sig. F.i^v His Impresa was set on the Coate armour of a hundred Launces, which he obtayned of the King, & it was the Trauayle [It. trauaglio] wherein Smithes vse to put in wilde horses when they shoe them. 1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 Misc. Ess. 177/2 Trabale is derived from trabs, from whence, as I conjecture, proceeds the word travail (travise), which..denotes that machine in which Farriers confine mettlesome and vicious horses in order to shoe them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2020). travailv. Brit. /ˈtraveɪl/, /ˈtravəl/, U.S. /trəˈveɪ(ə)l/, /ˈtræˌveɪl/ Forms: α. Middle English dravel, Middle English trafayle, Middle English trauaillie, Middle English traualle, Middle English trauayl, Middle English trauayli, Middle English trauayll, Middle English trauayly, Middle English traule, Middle English travaylle, Middle English trawayle, Middle English trayvall, Middle English trayway (past tense, transmission error), Middle English–1500s trauaille, Middle English–1500s traual, Middle English–1500s trauale, Middle English–1500s trauayle, Middle English–1500s trauaylle, Middle English–1500s travaill, Middle English–1600s trauail, Middle English–1600s trauaile, Middle English–1600s trauaill, Middle English–1600s travaile, Middle English–1600s travaille, Middle English 1600s travall, Middle English–1600s travayle, Middle English– travail, 1500s trauall, 1500s travayll, 1500s–1600s travayl; Scottish pre-1700 trauail, pre-1700 trauaile, pre-1700 trauaill, pre-1700 traual, pre-1700 trauale, pre-1700 trauall, pre-1700 travael, pre-1700 travaile, pre-1700 travaill, pre-1700 travale, pre-1700 travaleht (past tense), pre-1700 trawaile, pre-1700 trawale, pre-1700 trawayl, pre-1700 trawayll, pre-1700 1700s– travail; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English trauall, late Middle English travale, late Middle English trawaill. β. Middle English traueile, Middle English traueille, Middle English traueli, Middle English trauely, Middle English traueyl, Middle English traueylle, Middle English trauile, Middle English traveill, Middle English traveylle, Middle English trawel, Middle English trayueylle, Middle English trayvel, Middle English trovyll (perhaps transmission error), Middle English–1500s trauele, Middle English–1500s traueyle, Middle English–1500s traveyle, Middle English–1600s traueil, Middle English–1600s trauel, Middle English–1600s trauell, Middle English–1600s trauelle, Middle English–1600s travell, Middle English–1800s travel, 1500s traveille, 1500s–1600s traueill, 1500s–1600s travele, 1600s traveile, 1600s travelle; Scottish pre-1700 traffil, pre-1700 trauel, pre-1700 trauell, pre-1700 traveile, pre-1700 travell, pre-1700 travile, pre-1700 travill, pre-1700 traweil, pre-1700 trawel, pre-1700 trawell, pre-1700 trawil, pre-1700 treuel, pre-1700 1800s– travel; N.E.D. (1914) also records the forms Middle English travele, late Middle English traveille. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French travailler. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman travailer, travaler, travalier, travaller, traveiler, traviler, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French travailler, travaillier, Anglo-Norman and Middle French traveiller, traviller, Old French, Middle French traveillier, Middle French traveller (French travailler ) to labour, to exhaust oneself, to struggle (first half of the 11th cent. intransitive, late 12th cent. reflexive), to harass, torment, distress, trouble (a person) (c1100), to cause (a person or animal) to be tired (late 12th cent.), (of a woman) to be in labour (late 12th cent.), to martyr, to torture (a person) (late 12th cent.), to mortify (one's body) (12th or 13th cent.), to work (c1200), to mould, form (a thing) (c1200), to importune (a person) (c1200 in Anglo-Norman, mid 15th cent. in continental French) < an unattested post-classical Latin form trepaliare < trepalium* instrument or engine of torture (6th cent.), probably < classical Latin trēs , tria three (see three adj.) + pālus stake (see pale n.¹), the instrument being so called on account of its structure, after Byzantine Greek τριπάσσαλον ( < ancient Greek τρι- tri- comb. form + πάσσαλος peg). Compare travail n.¹Compare Old Occitan trebalhar , trebaillar (late 11th cent.), Catalan treballar (12th cent.), Spanish trabajar , Portuguese trabalhar (both 13th cent.), Italian travagliare (early 14th cent.); in all these languages except Italian the verb is the usual word for ‘to work’, whereas in Italian this is lavorare labour v. Specific senses. The sense ‘to journey, travel’ is specific to Anglo-Norman and northern Middle French (Normandy, Picardy), where it is well attested from the early 13th cent., but absent from other regional varieties of continental French. This sense is now differentiated in English in the form travel v.; compare discussion at that entry. Now literary or archaic. 1. a. To exert oneself; to labour, toil, work hard. Also figurative. (a) intransitive. Without indication of purpose. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > toil sweatc897 swingc1000 swinkOE travailc1275 carka1350 tavec1350 to-swinkc1386 labourc1390 byswenke?a1400 tevelc1400 toilc1400 pingle1511 carp1522 moilc1529 turmoil1548 mucker1566 tug1619 tuggle1650 fatigue1695 hammer1755 fag1772 bullock1888 slog1888 to sweat one's guts out1890 schlep1937 slug1943 c1275 Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 220 Þos laste on ure habbeþ i travailed. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 10408 Y prey þe..To trauayle so moche for me. c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) lxx (MED) As Tantalus I travaile ay butles. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 13^v That he be not..vnable to trauayle for age. 1615 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden (1623) 2 Such a Gardner as will conscionably, quietly and patiently, trauell in your Orchard. 1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters 159 Even in its gentlest moods the salt sea travails, moaning among the weeds or lisping on the sand. 2010 Sunday Times (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 21 Nov. Many South Africans travailed under the yoke of hopelessness, anger and disillusionment. (b) intransitive. With about, for, in, or infinitive, indicating purpose. ΚΠ c1300 St. Kenelm (Laud) l. 161 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 350 ‘Þou trauailest,’ he seide, ‘a-boute nouȝt’. c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xlviii. 8 For þe pris of his raunsoun he shal trauail wyþ-outen ende. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 165 Thai had no-thing for to et, Bot gif thai traualit it to get. 1678 N. Wanley Wonders Little World v. i. §93. 467/2 He travelled exceedingly for establishing the Peace of Christendom. 1897 W. Beatty Secretar xxv. 213 Gif the meenisters uprightly travelled to punish vice. 1996 Naval War Coll. Rev. 49 iii. 83 Iran has lost even the ability to play one great power against other. It has therefore travailed to improve relations with both China and Russia. †b. transitive. To labour at or perform (work, a duty, a service, etc.). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [verb (transitive)] > perform with labour, toil at swinkc1175 travailc1384 laboura1393 ply1548 toil1552 sweat1589 belabour1604 drive1814 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. x. 15 Thei teelden to him bateilis and vertues whiche he dide..and the traueils whiche thei traueiliden. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. l. 1893 (MED) If a knyht refuse The luste of armes to travaile, Ther mai no worldes ese availe, Bot if worschipe be with al. 1569 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 673 The Precheouris and utheris travelling the charge of ministerie within the kirk. 1595 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1952) XII. 25 Mr. Colville..is employed to travail the allia[nce] betwixt him and the duke but I fear the duke will not consent. †c. intransitive. With in. To study a subject, author, etc. Cf. earlier travailed adj. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > [verb (intransitive)] estudya1250 studyc1300 travail1570 studify1775 1570 T. Wilson in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations Ep. Ded. f. 4^v Maister Cheeke,..hauing traueyled in Demosthenes as much as any one of them all. 2. transitive. To torment, distress, or harass (a person or animal); to afflict, trouble; to weary, tire. Chiefly in passive in later use. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (transitive)] wearyc897 tirea1000 travailc1300 forwearya1325 taryc1375 tarc1440 matec1450 break1483 labour1496 overwearya1500 wear?1507 to wear out, forth1525 fatigate1535 stress1540 overtire1558 forwaste1563 to tire out1563 overwear1578 spend1582 out-tire1596 outwear1596 outweary1596 overspend1596 to toil out1596 attediate1603 bejade1620 lassate1623 harassa1626 overtask1628 tax1672 hag1674 trash1685 hatter1687 overtax1692 fatigue1693 to knock up1740 tire to death1740 overfatigue1741 fag1774 outdo1776 to do over1789 to use up1790 jade1798 overdo1817 frazzlea1825 worry1828 to sew up1837 to wear to death1840 to take it (also a lot, too much, etc.) out of (a person)1847 gruel1850 to stump up1853 exhaust1860 finish1864 peter1869 knacker1886 grind1887 tew1893 crease1925 poop1931 raddle1951 the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict overharryeOE aileOE swencheOE besetOE traya1000 teenOE to work (also do) (a person) woeOE derve?c1225 grieve1297 harrya1300 noyc1300 travailc1300 to work (also do) annoyc1300 wrath14.. aggrievea1325 annoya1325 tribula1325 to hold wakenc1330 anguish1340 distrainc1374 wrap1380 strain1382 ermec1386 afflicta1393 cumbera1400 assayc1400 distressc1400 temptc1400 encumber1413 labour1437 infortune?a1439 stressa1450 trouble1489 arraya1500 constraina1500 attempt1525 misease1530 exercise1531 to hold or keep waking1533 try1539 to wring to the worse1542 pinch1548 affligec1550 trounce1551 oppress1555 inflict1566 overharl1570 strait1579 to make a martyr of1599 straiten1611 tribulatea1637 to put through the hoop(s)1919 snooter1923 the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > harass [verb (transitive)] tawc893 ermec897 swencheOE besetOE bestandc1000 teenOE baitc1175 grieve?c1225 war?c1225 noyc1300 pursuec1300 travailc1300 to work (also do) annoyc1300 tribula1325 worka1325 to hold wakenc1330 chase1340 twistc1374 wrap1380 cumbera1400 harrya1400 vexc1410 encumber1413 inquiet1413 molest?a1425 course1466 persecutec1475 trouble1489 sturt1513 hare1523 hag1525 hale1530 exercise1531 to grate on or upon1532 to hold or keep waking1533 infest1533 scourge1540 molestate1543 pinch1548 trounce1551 to shake upa1556 tire1558 moila1560 pester1566 importune1578 hunt1583 moider1587 bebait1589 commacerate1596 bepester1600 ferret1600 harsell1603 hurry1611 gall1614 betoil1622 weary1633 tribulatea1637 harass1656 dun1659 overharry1665 worry1671 haul1678 to plague the life out of1746 badger1782 hatchel1800 worry1811 bedevil1823 devil1823 victimize1830 frab1848 mither1848 to pester the life out of1848 haik1855 beplague1870 chevy1872 obsede1876 to get on ——1880 to load up with1880 tail-twist1898 hassle1901 heckle1920 snooter1923 hassle1945 to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck1946 to bust (a person's) chops1953 noodge1960 monster1967 c1300 St. Martin (Laud) l. 157 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 453 Ȝwy trauailest þou [c1300 Harl. trauaillestou] þat selie best þat ne loueth no misdede? a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 6035 Þe fende yn-to hym was lope, And traueyled hym þre dayys with pyne. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) iii. 70 For their strengthe, they trayueylle vs moche. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 252 He came thether in such haste, that hys horse and men were sore traueyled. 1627 W. Duncomb tr. V. d'Audiguier Tragi-comicall Hist. our Times iii. 39 Apt words to expresse the griefes, wherwith..we begin to be travelled. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality iv, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 70 I jalouse he wad hae liked to hae ridden bye, but his horse..was ower sair travailed. 1971 R. P. Virtusio Padre, and Other Stories 51 I am constantly travailed by advances like these. 3. intransitive. Of a woman: to suffer the pains of childbirth; to be in labour. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.Sometimes perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > be confined [verb (intransitive)] > be in labour travailc1330 labour1454 c1330 St. Margaret (Auch.) l. 370 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 101 Ȝif ani woman trauayl & hard clepeþ to me, deliuer hir, lord, wiþ ioie. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. viii. 22 And we witen, that ech creature sorewith, and trauelith with peyne [E.V. c1384 Douce 369(2) childith] til ȝit. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 372 Ryght there she gan to travayle faste of hir chylde. 1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 396 The Countes of Buchane, quha than wes travelland with chyld. 1658 T. Wall God's Revenge 56 Travelling with the pangs of a false zeal, they fall in labour of a monstrous Reformation. 1827 W. Scott Surgeon's Daughter in Chron. Canongate 1st Ser. II. ix. 220 Her son, for whom she had travailed and sorrowed. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 455 God's word..contains its own fulfilment in itself, and travaileth until it come to pass. 2008 Picayune (Mississippi) Item (Nexis) 3 Aug. (Lifestyle section) There was a woman on the bed travailing in hard labor. For just a moment, I watched her struggle to give birth. †4. a. transitive. To put to work; to cause to work hard; to exert, employ, bring into action. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > use or make use of [verb (transitive)] > bring or put into use travaila1382 to bring inc1384 employ1429 inveigh1547 innovate1548 to put into (also in) practice1553 to lay to1560 induct1615 produce1697 take1732 unlimber1867 phase1949 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xvi. 29 Þis shal be to ȝow: lauful euerlastynge, þe eyȝþe [a1425 Corpus Oxf. seuenth] monþe þe tenþe day of þe monþe ȝe shal traueyle [altered from punysche] ȝoure soulys: & no werke ȝe sholen doon. a1425 (?a1400) Cloud of Unknowing (Harl. 674) (1944) 96 (MED) Wiþ þis coriouste þe trauayle þeire ymaginacion so vndiscreetly þat at þe laste þei turne here brayne in here hedes. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 118^v Too trauaile them [sc. mares] moderatly, will dooe them rather good then harme. 1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. viii. xiii. 357 The poore man that trauelleth and toileth his body to get foode. 1630 Earl of Cork in Lismore Papers (1888) 2nd Ser. III. 163 I haue with all affectionate zeale traveled my thoughts and stirred vp my best observacions [etc.]. b. transitive (reflexive). To put oneself to trouble; to weary or exert oneself; to labour, toil, or work hard. Obsolete (in later use passing into the intransitive sense 1). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] > with toil swinkOE travaila1393 laboura1413 toil1560 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 110 (MED) So is mi lif lich unto this..Hou that an Oxe his yock hath bore For thing that scholde him noght availe, And in this wise I me travaile. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 22775 Al þa þat..trauaild [Gött. traualid, Trin. Cambr. trauailed, Fairf. trauailled] þaim on al wis To paien him in his seruis. a1500 Story of Alexander 281 (MED) Seth þou hase good knowlegh therof, wher trayvelles þou þi-self to distroye all the worlde and gadre alle þe wordly tresours? 1556 tr. J. de Flores Histoire de Aurelio & Isabelle sig. K2 Whoo louethe not, traueillethe not him selfe. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) ii. 99 To exercise and trauaile himselfe in gouerning his subiects with iustice. †5. transitive. To shake, stir, or knead (something, esp. a soft or malleable substance); to manipulate. Cf. work v. 31a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > stir travaila1382 toilc1400 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxviii. 28 Bred forsoþe shal ben to-mynusht, but not in to euermor þe þresshere shal þresshen it, ne shal trauailen it þe wheel of þe waynne with his clees schal to-mynushen it. ?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 455 Alway travaile hit wel over the fyre. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. l. 403 Seuen curnels of a pynappul do In oon sester of wyn that is impure, And trauayle hit a tyme to and fro, And aftir suffre hit to reste go. †6. intransitive. Of a ship: to roll or pitch heavily and right itself with difficulty. Cf. labour v. 7b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > pitch and roll travaila1393 totterc1400 walterc1400 labour1587 senda1625 to bruise the water1836 stagger1840 pant1869 to walk turkey1888 pound1903 slam1958 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 615 This yonge king makth mochel wo So forto se the Schip travaile. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) ix. §34. 38 Thi haly kirke..trauailand as a ship in gret stormes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1275n.²1585v.c1275
随便看	crossvaulted crossvaulting crossventilation crossvigil crossvine crossvolley crossvoting crosswalk crosswalks crosswall crossward crossway crossways crossweaving crosswebbing crossweek crosswind crosswinding crosswinds crosswire crosswise crosswiser crosswisest crosswood crossword

travailn.1

Compounds

† travailn.2

travailv.

travailn.¹

† travailn.²