trainingn.

Brit.

/ˈtreɪnɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈtreɪnɪŋ/

Forms: see train v.¹ and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s traineing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: train v.¹, -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < train v.¹ + -ing suffix¹.

I. The action of train v.¹ I., in various senses.

†1. Drawing out, protracting, lengthening. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > duration > [noun] > long duration or lasting through time > lengthening in duration or prolonging

continuancec1374

prorogationc1400

prolongation?a1425

training1440

lengthingc1480

enlonging1509

prolonging1528

protraction1535

protract of time1536

productionc1540

trait1545

lengthening1574

continuation1587

prolongment1593

conserving1610

extensiona1631

wire-drawing1640

continuing1643

spinning1644

permansion1646

the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun]

longingeOE

bideOE

abodec1225

bodea1300

demura1300

dwella1300

litinga1300

delayc1300

delayingc1300

demurrancec1300

but honec1325

without ensoignec1325

abidec1330

dretchingc1330

dwellingc1330

essoinc1330

tarrying1340

litea1350

delaymenta1393

respitea1393

oversettinga1398

delayancea1400

delitea1400

lingeringa1400

stounding?a1400

sunyiea1400

targea1400

train?a1400

deferring14..

dilation14..

dayc1405

prolongingc1425

spacec1430

adjourningc1436

retardationc1437

prolongation?a1439

training1440

adjournment1445

sleuthingc1450

tarry1451

tarriance1460

prorogation1476

oversetc1485

tarriage1488

debaid1489

supersedement1492

superseding1494

off-putting1496

postponing1496

tract1503

dilating1509

sparinga1513

hafting1519

sufferance1523

tracking1524

sticking1525

stay1530

pause1532

protraction1535

tracting1535

protract of time1536

protracting1540

postposition1546

staying1546

procrastination1548

difference1559

surceasing1560

tardation1568

detract1570

detracting1572

tarryment1575

rejourning1578

detraction1579

longness1579

rejournment1579

holding1581

reprieving1583

cunctation1585

retarding1585

retardance1586

temporizing1587

by and by1591

suspensea1592

procrastinatinga1594

tardance1595

linger1597

forslacking1600

morrowing1602

recess1603

deferment1612

attendance1614

put-off1623

adjournal1627

fristing1637

hanging-up1638

retardment1640

dilatoriness1642

suspension1645

stickagea1647

tardidation1647

transtemporation1651

demurragea1656

prolatation1656

prolation1656

moration1658

perendination1658

offput1730

retardure1751

postponement1757

retard1781

traverse1799

tarrowing1832

mañana1845

temporization1888

procrastinativeness1893

deferral1895

traa dy liooar1897

stalling1927

heel-tapping1949

off-put1970

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 499 Tranyynge, or longe a-bydynge [?a1475 Winch. trancyynge], dilacio, mora.

1539 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) II. 182 The coldnes on that behalf & traynyng long of the matiers might helpe to conferme the said Counsaillours advises.

2. The action of pointing, directing, or aiming a firearm (occasionally also the eye, etc.), esp. by horizontal movement; the direction in which a firearm is aimed or an eye, etc., focused.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > [noun] > aiming

birdinga1678

vizy1720

training1812

sighting1884

1812 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1810–11 12 20 The only damage we seem to have sustained, is in our [b]ulwark, which is partly blown away, from the training of our guns.

1861 Times 23 July The horizontal motion, or training, is effected by turning the shield itself, with the gun, crew, and platform on which they stand.

1870 Daily News 1 Feb. Where the fault lies is in bad training of the gun on to the object intended to be aimed at.

1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Jan. 2/2 Two [sights] being necessary for correct pointing at certain angles of training.

1928 Pop. Mech. June 901 The more nearly perfect they are able to make this following of the pointer, the more accurate is the training of the guns.

1978 Warship 2 6/1 Criticism was limited to a further request for improvements in the arcs of training of the 6inch guns.

2009 R. A. Meiss in R. Rhoades & D. R. Bell Med. Physiol. (ed. 3) ii. iv. 76/2 Fixation, the training of the eyes on a stationary object.

II. The action of train v.¹ II., in various senses.

a. Discipline and instruction (given or received) for development of character, behaviour, or ability; education, rearing, bringing up. Also with up.adventure, assertiveness, character, sensitivity, toilet-training, etc.: see the first element. See also transfer of training at transfer n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > [noun]

informationa1387

instructionc1425

eruditionc1460

culture?1510

education?1533

training1537

trainment1570

train1581

manurance1594

nurturing1629

schoolcraft1631

manurementa1639

manuring1726

schoolmastering1830

paideia1892

society > education > teaching > training > [noun]

schoolingc1440

training1537

training1598

1537 Act 28 Hen. VIII c. 15 in Statutes at Large Ireland (1786) 120 Trayning of his people..to an honest christian civilitie and obedience.

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes i. f. 143^*v That thyng, for the sole atteignyng and geattyng wherof, children are at all tymes sette and committed vnto the handleyng and trainyng of philosophiers.

1561 T. Hoby in tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer Ep. Translatour sig. A.iii^v A storehouse of most necessary implements for the conuersacion, vse, and training vp of mans life with Courtly demeaners.

1581 R. Mulcaster (title) Positions wherin those Primitive Circumstances be Examined, which are Necessarie for the Training vp of Children.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 148 Schooles..freely bestowed for the training vp of youth.

1676 in Rothesay Town Council Rec. (1935) I. 343 The toun is desolate of ane schoolhouss for training and educateing of children.

1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xxi. 133 Our way of training-up, you say, makes us need the protection of the brave: Very true.

1772 S. O'Halloran Introd. Study Hist. Ireland v. 42 They were in training in all military exercises, and in scholastic discipline.

1826 C. Anderson Gen. Domest. Constit. 378 That department of parental training, which is at once unpurchaseable and untransferrable.

1874 J. Donaldson Lect. Hist. Educ. in Prussia & Eng. iii. 114 If this is accomplished, the child's training, in regard to the outer world, is accomplished.

1909 Pearson's Mag. Jan. 18/1 Hard-pressed parents will make an effort to keep their children in training longer for the sake of the higher wages and greater opportunities for promotion ensured by vocational education.

1926 W. Lewis Art of being Ruled v. v. 155 The ruling class becomes more and more a collection of personalities with no traditions, no intellectual training except such as is involved in speculation in stocks and shares or business deals.

1986 M. Egremont Dear Shadows xi. 109 She put down her knife and fork in a neat formation, a survival from childhood training.

2008 D. K. Adams Struct. Engineer's Professional Training Man. iii. 56 The training up of a future society toward leadership.

b. Military drill; the action or process of training soldiers or other members of the armed forces; the condition or fact of being trained as a soldier or for other armed forces. Also with up.Now merging with senses 3c, 4a.basic, field, musketry, rifle training, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun]

discipline?a1439

training?1569

points of war1580

drilla1637

drilling1639

feats of war1650

square-bashing1943

?1569 H. Gough tr. B. Georgijević Ofspring House of Ottomanno sig. B.v^v After that the Turkes had vanquished the strenght & powre of the Macedonians, thei kept and imitated ther traininge vp of souldiers, warrelike discipline, and maner in gouerning.

1581 T. Styward (title) The pathwaie to martiall discipline, deuided into two bookes... The second booke entreateth of sundrie proportions and training of caleeuers.

1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres i. 5 Our countrie Gentlemen and Citizens, who haue the trayning of their shires and townes.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) i. 17 For Training and Drilling is a small part of Soldiery, in respect of this last mentioned Qualification.

1700 J. Green Diary 17 Oct. in Hist. Coll. Essex Inst. (1866) VIII. 219 Training & Trooping at ye Village.

1719 G. Jacob Lex Constitutionis xii. 302 Besides Registring of Seamen, the grand Nursery, there are other Ways and Means of supplying Mariners for the Navy Royal, and Training up of Persons in the Sea Service.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. viii. 375 The training of land troops to the use of their arms.

1779 Remembrancer 8 92/1 If it be expected that he learn the one uniform exercise prescribed, while he has a peculiar method of his own in handling his arms, a few days training in a year may, during the time he is in training, make him perform it in an aukward constrained manner; but [etc.].

1832 Day (Glasgow) 3 Apr. 318/2 In passing along a bridge, on the Scotch road, I observed a castle, and soldiers in training near by.

1872 E. Cardwell in Parl. Deb. 3rd Ser. 209 895 With us, therefore, localization means identification with a locality for the purposes of recruiting, of training, of connecting Regulars with auxiliaries [etc.].

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 245/2 The Swiss army is a purely militia force, receiving only periodical training (so far as regards men between 20 and 48 years of age).

1976 L. A. Pérez Army Politics in Cuba, 1898–1958 iv. 52 Supplies and training were designed to enhance the effectiveness of the Cuban army in discharging its government's obligations under the Permanent Treaty.

1990 A. Beevor Inside Brit. Army i. 7 All recruits have a ‘window’ period in training during which they can leave without obligation.

2003 G. M. C. Semenza Sport, Politics, & Lit. in Eng. Renaissance ii. 69 Renaissance military scientists were no less enthusiastic about the significance of sport for the training up of soldiers.

c. Sustained instruction and practice (given or received) in an art, profession, occupation, or procedure, with a view to proficiency in it. Also with up.manual, sandwich, teacher-training, etc.: see the first element. on-the-job training: see job n.² Phrases 8d.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > in other specific things

mannering1581

trainingc1598

traininga1684

manual training1878

assertiveness training1975

c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. 7 Youre training up in all the pointis of a kings office.

1757 S. Foote Author i. 12 He's now in training as a Waiter at the Cocoa-Tree Coffee-house.

1791 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship (new ed.) 282 Liverpool has not at present any establishment of this kind [sc. a Maritime Academy], though the nature of the port renders it particularly wanted, and especially for the training of Pilots.

1845 W. G. Simms in Southern & Western Mag. Aug. 75 Bayard remained three more years in training as a page.

1879 J. T. Rogers in Cassell's Techn. Educator IV. 53/2 It would be absurd to assign the genius of Mozart to training.

1908 Arch. Pediatrics 25 496 The training up in a given neighborhood of a number of foster mothers, who..become expert in handling them [sc. atrophic infants] under conditions totally unlike those offered by the best institutions and far superior to them.

1921 R. L. Archer Secondary Educ. in 19th Cent. xiii. 343 Training of elementary teachers has long been the rule, and it is possible that the more rational opposition to the training of secondary teachers..sprang from certain associations of training in general with the specific methods of training at one time in vogue for elementary teachers.

1964 ABA Jrnl. Feb. 148/2 The subject of practical training for the law student was given serious consideration in the context of the continuing education which should be provided and emphasized for older lawyers.

2009 B. Simon Everything but Coffee iv. 137 She imagines herself, in fact, as a colorologist in training.

d. The teaching of a particular behaviour, esp. obedience to orders, to an animal; the process of making an animal capable of performing a particular task or function, or the process by which an animal becomes capable of this. Also: physical preparation given to or received by an animal for racing or competition. Also with up.dog, obedience training, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > taming or training

makinga1393

dauntingc1400

educationa1538

cicuration1623

training1677

mitigation1737

domestication1774

domiciliation1775

1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 46 Though these places are very commodius for the breeding and training up of Grey hounds; yet, in my opinion, the middle, or most part arable grounds are the best.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 105 When once he's broken, feed him full and high..Before his Training, keep him poor and low.

1754 ‘H. O'Roon’ P**** Vindicated 13 They had not been long enough in training; and as they all three came out of the same Stable, they had the same Defects.

1778 Considerations on Breed & Managem. Horses 60 The breaking racing colts; indeed the whole management of them, till taken into training, is a pattern of good conduct.

1807 R. Wilson Diary 4 July in Life (1862) II. viii. 363 There is a curious circumstance attending the training of the falcon.

1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Market Harborough (1861) 43 Too small to be put in training, he had fallen into the hands of a steeple~chasing horse-dealer, who sank his pedigree.

1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. i. §24 24 The process by which a Horse is taught any unusual performance—as when in ‘training’ for the Circus or the Stage.

1902 Minutes Evid. Admin. Army Remount Dept. 11/1 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 994) LVIII. 129 My duties were..to arrange for the training up of horses, the ordering of those horses up, selecting the horses for the different corps, and the mounting of all the mounted branches.

1945 Pop. Mech. Sept. 72/2 Racing instinct of dogs is cultivated from birth, but actual training doesn't start until greyhounds are year old.

1975 F. Rosenthal Gambling in Islam iii. 86 Since the training of pigeons took place on the roofs of houses, it might afford the pigeon fancier a free view over other houses and the women living there.

2006 in J. Reuvid Handbk. Personal Wealth Managem. (ed. 2) vi. vi. 313 Contact a bloodstock agent and discuss plans with them, think of your budget, what you want to pinhook—foals to yearlings, yearlings to two-year-olds in training, [etc.].

a. Physical preparation of oneself or another for athletic or sporting competition; engagement in a programme to enhance fitness or bodily appearance.circuit, interval, muscle, spring, weight training, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > training > [noun]

training1581

work1846

training session1850

overtraining1856

roadwork1856

cross-training1903

groundwork1906

sweat1916

repetition1919

repetition running1955

weight training1955

circuit training1957

interval running1957

interval training1962

repetition training1965

brick1996

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxii. 92 In training of the bodie by waye of exercise, there be not so much regard had to the mirth of the minde, as to the motion of the bodie.

1786 W. Cowper Let. 1 May (1981) II. 531 When you come, I shall take you into training, as the jockeys say, I doubt not that I shall make a nimble and good walker of you in a short time.

1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 510/1 By what in England is called training the bulk of the body may be..rapidly diminished.

1898 F. S. Cockayne & H. D. G. L. Gower House on Sport 252 A man in ordinary good condition need not go into training for a racket match.

1937 Life 29 Mar. 31/2 This year's group of some 300 swimming candidates went through the arduous kind of body-building exercises shown above for something like an hour every day during the first two months of training last fall.

1964 W. Anderson Man's Quest for Polit. Knowl. ii. v. 148 The Athenians began in about the middle of the sixth century to give up their former official emphasis on military education and to turn to training in athletics and in sports.

1983 New York 10 Jan. 25/2 Gonzalez went into training for seven months. She ran hundreds of miles. She did thousands of push-ups and sit-ups and chin-ups.

2007 J. Anderson Legality of Boxing 183 The wearing of headgear should be mandatory in all activities relating to the sparring and training of boxers.

b. in training: (a) pursuing a programme of physical activity, and often controlled diet, in preparation for athletic or sporting competition or to enhance fitness; (b) (with modifying adjective, esp. good, etc.) in a particular state of physical fitness as a result of such a programme.

ΚΠ

1754 Connoisseur No. 30 180 It might perhaps become a fashion for gentlemen, who were fond of the sport [sc. boxing], to keep champions in training, put them in sweats, diet them, and breed up the human species with the same care as they do cocks and horses.

1761 London Mag. July 375/2 I intend to ride myself, and have been in training for that end these six weeks.

1807 Ld. Byron Let. 11 Aug. in Wks. (1835) I. 172 I swam in the Thames from Lambeth through the two bridges, Westminster and Blackfriars, a distance..of three miles! You see I am in excellent training in case of a squall at sea.

a1845 T. Hood Compl. Poet. Wks. (1906) 339 The empty air he boxed with, a-la-Bitton, As if in training for a fight, long plann'd, With Nobody—for love—at No Man's Land!

1854 C. Dickens Hard Times i. ii. 7 A professed pugilist; always in training.

1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe iv. 206 I was in good training.

1928 C. H. L. Johnston Famous Amer. Athletes of Today vi. 180 A man in poor training can argue a case in a law court as well, if not better, than an opponent who is in excellent physical condition.

1969 Ebony Jan. 81/1 While in training for the Griffith fight, Harris had to go to a hospital to have his tonsils removed.

1999 R. Berry Tragic Instance 98 Hamlet knows..that he is in excellent training.

5. Horticulture. Action to make a plant or branch grow in a desired shape or direction.fan, pyramid training, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [noun] > training

railinga1398

bushingc1420

training1601

espaliering1882

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xxiii. 537 The manner of the Gaules in Lumbardie, in training of Vines from tree to tree [Fr. qui enuoyent les sarmens de l'arbre en autre], is to take two boughs or braunches of both sides, and draw them over.

1724 (title) A Treatise concerning the Manner of Fallowing of Ground, Raising of Grass-Seeds, and Training of Lint and Hemp.

1790 W. Speechly Treat. Culture Vine ii. 120 In the following or sixth season, the training and pruning must be nearly the same as in the preceding.

1821 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 10 80 To carry on the allusion to the training of plants, the manure of education..would in many cases be applied to heads already predisposed to excellence.

1888 Nicholson's Dict. Gardening Training.., as used in gardening, refers to the management of trees and plants..by regulating their branches to give all a fair amount of space and exposure to light... Also..so as to prevent the sap flowing to any one branch or part..at the expense of another.

1928 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 74/3 Some plants need a little pruning, training, or pinching.

1960 Pop. Mech. Aug. 111/1 Training should start when plants are small.

1999 J. N. Sharma & D. R. Gautam in Dis. Hort. Crops: Fruits 283 Insect attack could also be discouraged by proper training of trees.

6. With of, or as the second element in compounds. The cultivation or development of a specified faculty or ability.ear-, speech-, voice training: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > in other specific things

mannering1581

trainingc1598

traininga1684

manual training1878

assertiveness training1975

a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1694) II. 364 And thus the preparing and training of the heart may prove useful, and make it more dexterous, when brought to conflicting.

1793 J. Wilde Addr. Soc. Friends of People 149 There have been seen men, who, with..the exercise and training of their judgment in judicial questions, have displayed an energy and subtlety of reasoning.

1847 Fine Arts' Jrnl. 27 Mar. 325/3 In the superior taste-training and fancy-training of the Architect,..Architecture as a Fine Art..may rise into more true life and being.

1854 Fraser's Mag. 49 483 The juristical training of his mind and the legal discipline of his intellect.

1899 R. Demachy in Photograms of Year 1899 32 Only one step beyond this means a year or two of constant eye-training and study of the Masters of painting.

1922 A. Morize Probl. & Methods of Lit. Hist. i. 6 To analyze and appreciate the rhythm, the harmony, and the artistic worth of a poem presupposes a mass of precise technical information and a long training of the ear.

1993 Guardian 27 July ii. 13/3 Vision training is not a panacea. It can't fix all the kids.

2011 D. J. Thornton Brain Culture i. 9 The government too is taking an interest in the benefits brain training might provide to the population.

7. Computing. The technique or process of configuring a program or device so that it responds to inputs in the desired manner (cf. train v.¹ 13).

ΚΠ

1954 Electronic Engin. 26 84 The technique of encoding and programming, the ‘training of the robot’.]

1959 F. Rosenblatt in Mechanisation Thought Processes (National Physical Lab. Symp. No. 10) 433 What would such a perceptron do if, instead of forcing the desired response during a ‘training period’, we simply turned it loose in an arbitrary environment?

1960 Sci. News Let. 2 July 7/2 If the machine's trainer accidentally makes occasional mistakes and forces the wrong answer from the machine, the machine can overcome this bad training.

1992 Economist 14 Mar. (Suppl.) 20/1 The real wonder of connectionist nets is that training teaches them to recognise more than just the specific set of examples that they have already seen.

2002 S. Pinker Blank Slate (Book Club ed.) ii. 21 Generic associationist networks, subjected to massive amounts of training, could explain all cognition.

III. An act or instance of train v.¹ II.

8. Military. A meeting or muster at a stated time for drill or training of militia, reservists, or volunteer forces; a military training session.

ΚΠ

1578 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1899) IV. 179 Soldyours trayned with the Kallyver, thys Trayning beyng the 2 of October.

1616 J. T. ABC of Armes sig. A6^v In time of Musters or Traynings.

1806 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 12 Apr. 519 The great secret, however, is, how, at these trainings, to insure obedience to the commands of the officer.

1845 S. Judd Margaret i. xv. 129 Hash,..at the Spring training, was punished..for disorderly behavior.

1894 R. E. Robinson Danvis Folks viii. 145 Captain Peck..in his biggest military voice, usually reserved for trainings, gave the order.

1919 K. Miller Kelly Miller's Hist. World War for Human Rights xii. 233 The [Russian] soldier then passes to the reserve, where he serves for 14 or 15 years, during which period he receives two trainings of six weeks each.

1973 A. Seaton Army German Empire, 1870–88 25 Reserve soldiers were liable to recall for two trainings, neither of which might exceed a period of eight weeks.

2009 in C. Davenport As you Were xvii. 227 I gave up opportunities to study abroad and possible internships so that I could train with my unit at drills and annual trainings.

9. More generally: an instance or period of instruction or practice; a training session.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > training > [noun]

schoolingc1440

training1537

training1598

1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy Aristotles Politiques viii. iii. 384 It appeareth, that..it is needfull to learne certaine things, and to be instructed and trained in the same, and that these instructions and trainings be vndertaken for their sakes which learn.

1780 J. Green Plan for Better Regulation Mariners 1 The plan. To increase our number of mariners by putting them under proper trainings, so that boys may be real mariners.

1826 A. Henderson Pract. Grazier i. 64 The horse, from regular trainings to dread the whip and fear the voice,..will become all alive from even seeing the one or hearing the other.

1882 45th Ann. Rep. Superintendent of Public Instr. Michigan 1881 284 We all see the importance of some kind of gymnastic training to give the children erect, graceful forms... Teachers agree on the value of such trainings.

1923 Boys' Life Mar. 50/4 Scottie surprised his team with a thirty-pound sled in place of the seventy-pound one which he had used in trainings.

1988 T. Vellela New Voices v. 64 That's something we teach in the trainings, that victories are not going to come in a month or two.

2003 Yoga Jrnl. Nov. 24/3 I was recently in a training where the instruction was given in a forward bend to ‘blossom your buttocks’.

10. A thorough education in a subject, profession, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > [noun] > systematic education

lore971

education1536

training1794

1794 J. Whitaker Course of Hannibal over Alps Ascertained II. i. 53 These dogs possess an instinct and receive a training, which fit them to be peculiarly useful in their employment.

1829 D. Pring Sketches of Intellect. & Moral Relations ii. vii. 400 The instruction..may be..appropriate to those who live without occupation, or preparatory to a training in any particular branch of knowledge.

1892 Eng. Hist. Rev. 7 808 To the subject-matter of history the author gives the widest limits, including within its scope..a training in cartography, epigraphy, and palæology.

1920 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 19/2 You receive a real training—a training that is like being privileged to sit in a council of big business executives helping them to work out their daily problems.

1992 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 27 Mar. 13/5 The course, although based partly in the museum, is not an in-house museum certificate, nor does it provide a training in museology.

2010 Brattleboro (Vermont) Reformer (Nexis) 2 Mar. Two years is enough time for a high school graduate to attend a local community or technical college and get a training in sustainable technology.

Compounds

C1.

(a) General attributive in senses of branch II.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately.See also Officers Training Corps n. at officer n. Compounds 3, etc.

ΚΠ

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions vi. 47 As in the soule I did picke out certaine pointes, whervnto I applyed the training principles.

1685 S. Wesley Maggots 153 Make him fine and gay against next Training Holyday.

1779 Remembrancer 8 108/1 Even those of the training list who have not yet been called out..should be trained by some such short exercise.

1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) Tout, in sporting phraseology..signifies an agent in the training districts, on the look-out for information as to the condition and capabilities of those horses entering for a coming race.

1888 Times (Weekly ed.) 9 Nov. 9/3 A training-farm or ‘workfield’ managed by the poor-law authorities.

1948 Life 6 Sept. 68/1 (advt.) Lots of big leaguers have eaten Wheaties for 10 years..as a training dish, with milk and fruit.

2004 D. Klinger Into Kill Zone ii. 40 It was a training scenario with the FATS machine where I got shot.

(b)

training area n.

ΚΠ

1874 Garden 12 Dec. 541/1 We have another Vinery here..with a restricted training area, containing four Vines.

1882 Daily News 29 Mar. 2/8 The sculling championship... In some exposed places within the training area the water was rather lumpy.

1945 E. Waugh Brideshead Revisited 299 I'm going out myself with the adjutant to recce training areas.

2011 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail (Nexis) 6 May b1 An on-site facility..contained a training area, office space, a team lounge, a locker room and storage for maintenance equipment.

training bit n. [ < training n. + bit n.¹ 9]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > bit

kevela1300

barnaclea1382

bitc1385

molanc1400

bridle bit1438

snafflea1533

titup1537

bastonet?1561

cannon?1561

scatch1565

cannon bit1574

snaffle-bit1576

port mouth1589

watering snaffle1593

bell-bit1607

campanel1607

olive1607

pear-bit1607

olive-bit1611

port bit1662

neck-snaffle1686

curb-bit1688

masticador1717

Pelham1742

bridoon1744

slabbering-bit1753

hard and sharp1787

Weymouth1792

bridoon-bit1795

mameluke bit1826

Chiffney-bit1834

training bit1840

ring snaffle1850

gag-snaffle1856

segundo1860

half-moon bit1875

stiff-bit1875

twisted mouth1875

thorn-bit1886

Scamperdale1934

bit-mouth-

1840 Sporting Rev. Jan. 13 There were two kinds of [ancient] bit. The first was a training-bit, extremely severe, and intended to serve the same purpose as some of the modern twisted bits, in correcting obstinacy of temper, or callousness of mouth.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2610/1 Training-bit,..a wooden gag-bit used when training vicious horses. The cheeks are of iron, and are connected by a rod..which passes through the wooden mouth-piece, having a head upon one end and a nut on the other.

1940 Pop. Mech. Aug. 28/1 (caption) Around the trainer's neck is the horse's ‘diploma’—the standard police-horse bit and bridle. In his hands are training bits.

2007 ‘J. London’ Dangers of deceiving Viscount 149 Will had brought a training bit they used at the hall to train colts.

training camp n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun] > place for training

Campe of Marsa1533

military yard1618

training ground1644

Camp Mart1647

training camp1825

boot camp1916

battle-school1942

1825 Niles' Weekly Reg. 7 May 154 General Boyer proceeded to Cairo, and from thence to the training-camp.

1894 T. B. Aldrich Two Bites at Cherry 216 I don't fancy he heard a gun fired, unless it went off by accident in some training-camp for recruits.

1980 Washington Star 10 Dec. c6 I felt like a rookie again in training camp.

2008 S. Phillips Strength for Life iii. viii. 71 For athletes, training camp is a focused, intensive period of time specifically designed to transform from their off-season condition to their peak of in-season performance, physically and mentally.

training centre n. See also adult training centre at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre

training school1712

training department1819

colony1821

training home1852

adult training school1853

training centre1864

skill centre1963

1864 Voice of Pity for South Amer. (South Amer. Missionary Soc.) XI. 267 He would gladly see attention directed to the formation of one or two great training centres, as feeders to their great societies.

1871 Times 17 Feb. 6/4 The recruiting and training centres will be so managed that the regiments will have local names, and recruit in their own localities.

1928 Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inq.) iv. xxv. 363 Experimental training-centres established by the Ministry of Labour.

1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lxxi. 549 Shanghai and Manchuria have been the biggest training centers for China's modernization.

2010 M. V. Thomas Countdown x. 270 On a previous visit I had discussed the idea of establishing a training centre for organic farming methods and made some fruitless attempts at securing funding for this.

training class n.

ΚΠ

1840 25th Ann. Rep. Society for promoting Educ. of Poor within Govt. Bombay 10 These two classes (the training class of school masters and the normal class) will add much to the efficiency of the Central School.

1936 N.Y. Times 26 Apr. s8/2 Membership entitles dog owners to enter the club's training class.

2008 M. Ayoob Gun Digest Bk. Concealed Carry 7/1 That has given me a precious opportunity to see how he acquires and uses the knowledge that he shares with others in his training classes.

training department n.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre

training school1712

training department1819

colony1821

training home1852

adult training school1853

training centre1864

skill centre1963

1819 Philanthropist 28 354 The proposed sum..has enabled the committee to discharge the old debts, and to build two capital model school-rooms and a house for the training department.

1912 Training Women Teachers Secondary Schools 10 The staff of the Training Department consists of the Organising Professor of Education, the Mistress of Method, and other Assistant Lecturers.

1997 Independent 20 May (Network Plus section) 10/2 For company training departments, the charge rises to £1,500.

training facility n.

ΚΠ

1869 Ann. Rep. State Commissioner Common Schools Ohio 189 The high schools of Elyria and Wellington, and our other graded schools, furnish training facilities for more teachers than find employment in our county.

1914 Manch. Guardian 9 Sept. 6/1 The War Office has appealed to local authorities to do all they can for the new reservists in the way of getting accommodation and training facilities.

2011 H. Graham Heart of Evil 17 They had just spent days at the local training facility, improving their weapons skills, computer literacy and understanding of the mission policy.

training field n.

ΚΠ

1702 Several Rules, Orders, & By-laws made & agreed upon by Free-holders & Inhabitants Boston of Mass. 13 The first turn of the Highway or Lane leading up to the Training Field.

1855 N. Wales Chron. 2 June The men then piled their arms, and..with their band preceding them, left the park for their training field.

1942 Fortune Nov. 119/1 All firing ranges open into a common impact area and no battalion is more than a hop, skip, and jump from its training field.

2003 D. Bowler & D. Reynolds Ron Reynolds xii. 128 He'd pick the team and decide on the way we were going to play without ever really getting involved on the training field.

training film n.

ΚΠ

1919 National Assoc. Corporation Schools 7th Ann. Proc. 199 Unlike a text-book which must be discarded when it becomes obsolete, training films can be kept up to the minute.

2004 R. G. Powers Broken x. 417 Their pretext was that they were making a training film about how to interview a ‘first-responder’.

training flight n.

ΚΠ

1840 D. P. Blaine Encycl. Rural Sports iii. iii. 330 Our hounds take their training gallops preparatory to hunting; our hawks their training flights.

1912 Times 29 Aug. 6/3 The Royal Flying Corps carried out some training flights yesterday with an airship and aeroplanes in preparation for the manœuvres.

2009 J. Scott Attack on Liberty x. 145 In one nighttime training flight over Alexandria, Virginia, he ditched his fighter in the Potomac after it developed engine trouble.

training groom n.

ΚΠ

1791 W. Taplin Gentleman's Stable Directory (new ed.) II. 385 To this prudent decision, he was justly influenced by the eagerly expected return of his training groom from a summer expedition.

1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 115 My training groom had his orders and yet I was afraid Idris would not be set upon muzzle, and so get improperly filled.

2005 W. Vamplew & J. Kay Encycl. Brit. Horseracing 101 Two bookmakers..recruited Daniel Dawson, a training-groom turned tout, to stop the animals from racing.

training halter n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > halter or bridle

haltera1000

bridleOE

brake1430

gorel1480

watering bridle1502

mollet-bridle1503

headgear1538

slipe1586

chase-halter1607

branks1657

bit-bridle1676

curb-bridle1677

chain-bridle1690

blind-halter1711

ox-riem1817

blind-bridle1833

bell-bridle1836

training halter1842

hackamore1850

Pelham bridle1875

quoiler1876

knee-halter1892

war bridle1962

side pull1965

1842 Lit. Gaz. 25 June 433 W. changed the halter for a long training-halter.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2610/1 Training-halter,..a halter made in the same manner as a riding-bridle, with the exception of having short instead of long cheeks, which are provided with rings into which bit-straps may be buckled.

2006 J. Bell 30 Minutes to Better Horse 56 There are various types of training halter available.

training home n.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre

training school1712

training department1819

colony1821

training home1852

adult training school1853

training centre1864

skill centre1963

1852 Slater's Royal National & Commerc. Directory & Topography Hampshire 102/2 Servants' Training Home, Upper East street—Elizabeth Constable, matron.

1887 Times 9 Feb. 5/5 The platform was occupied..by the girl cadets in the training home, who wore white scarves over their uniforms.

1922 A. M. Brainard Evol. Public Health Nursing xxvi. 406 It was necessary for the nurse to be a graduate of a hospital training school..and to take a four months' training in district nursing in one of the Training Homes of the Order.

1963 Life 22 Feb. 17/1 More chiefs than Indians is the situation at Mesa, training home of the Chicago Cubs.

1990 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 4 June 55 The Dragons are delighted to be leaving the demountable change rooms that have been their training home since January.

2008 R. Parker Uprooted (2010) v. 75 The first emigration of girls took place in 1883...Thereafter a special training Home for such girls (Rosen Hallas) was established.

training institute n.

ΚΠ

1839 E. Higginson in Educator iii. 295 Religious differences..would..effectually prevent the spontaneous growth of training-institutes for the education of a higher class of teachers.

1918 Life & Light Oct. 416 The time is coming when we shall have our training institute for men and women in good working order.

2010 J. Gobbo Something to Declare xv. 217 The training institutes were producing a steady stream of highly qualified people.

training institution n.

ΚΠ

1823 R. Jackson Outl. Hints Human Race vi. 218 The plan..was known and in active operation in the training institutions of Sparta.

1903 Manch. Guardian 30 July 12/5 We have already twelve probationers in course of training..at various well-known existing training institutions.

2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 15 June 2312/2 The book recommends that behaviour change should be made the core of curricula in training institutions.

training instructor n.

ΚΠ

1872 Catal. Arkansas Industr. University 14 Students..will be required to put into practice the theories taught them, under the direct supervision of a training instructor.

1942 Pop. Mech. Jan. 158/2 This..includes all of the latest features recommended by training instructors.

2011 T. Greanias 34th Degree 181 That's why you're a training instructor and not an agent in the field.

training manual n.

ΚΠ

1888 Education June 659 Manual-training manuals for teachers will soon be prepared as manuals in drawing are now prepared.]

1892 Cycling 12 Mar. 114/3 (heading) A new training manual.

1942 World Rev. Apr. 17 In this war he is a Home Guard officer and the author of four training manuals, which, despite the paper shortage, reprint every few months.

2000 C. D. Whiteman Mountain Meteorol. Pref. p. vii Work on the book was initiated with the support of the USDA Forest Service to address the need for a training manual for aerial spraying operations.

training method n.

ΚΠ

1846 T. Chalmers Earnest Appeal to Free Church Scotl. on Subj. of its Econ. App. 51 The very essence of our proposed training method for the non-ministerial Associations, lies in the separate correspondence.

1932 M. S. Viteles in P. S. Achilles Psychol. at Work vi. 163 Proficiency levels can be raised by changes in training methods.

2006 Dogs Monthly July 34/3 I..encouraged numerous owners to use lure and reward training, discarding the ‘yank and yell’ training methods.

training mission n.

ΚΠ

1857 Daily News 6 Apr. 6/4 ‘Taylor’ had been to Oxford on a surreptitious training mission.

1930 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 18 July 10/3 The Photo Section was out during the morning on several training missions, photographing obliques and pin points.

2011 A. James Unlikely Match 44 Monroe had died in a helicopter crash while on a training mission with his military unit.

training module n.

ΚΠ

1966 Economist 3 Dec. 1005/1 The sort of retraining envisaged could fit in with the notion..of periodic training ‘modules’, whereby skilled men would take repeated periods off productive work to renew their perhaps rusty skills and learn new ones.

2007 L. K. Gundry & J. R. Kickul Entrepreneurship Strategy ii. 53/1 We created a training module that the company could use to teach its employees.

training opportunity n.

ΚΠ

1883 Nonconformist & Independent 4 May 10/3 There should be provided at least an equivalent amount of training opportunities for their teachers.

1950 Pop. Mech. Aug. 24/1 American School, an educational institution organized not for profit, offers you a wide choice of training opportunities.

2011 Y. Tasker Soldiers' Stories i. 37 Wartime recruitment materials..emphasize the perks, benefits, good salary, and training opportunities as well as the chance to serve one's country.

training partner n.

ΚΠ

1892 Boston Sunday Globe 14 Aug. 12/1 A few days ago Jim Daly, his heavy-weight boxing and training partner, was dispensed with.

1933 Times 15 Nov. 6/1 If he is well supplied with fast and clever training partners..he should outfight Harvey and win inside the 15 rounds.

2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 319 Ian was thinking he would make a good training partner. They should spot each other.

training period n.

ΚΠ

1811 C. James Regimental Compan. (ed. 7) III. 193 All bills must be drawn at 30 days after sight, except those for the training period.

1910 P. Sandiford Training of Teachers in Eng. & Wales ii. 39 At the end of the training period the student-teachers were given a very practical examination.

2006 Boston Globe (Electronic ed.) 16 Feb. 1 Lugers were offered two weeks of training before the Games, double their training period for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City.

training plan n.

ΚΠ

1807 J. Stephen Dangers of Country 90 It was not just or politic, that single men of twenty of twenty-five, should be exempted from the inconveniences of the training plan.

1904 Chicago Tribune 17 Mar. 8/3 A brief thunder shower..did not interfere with the White Sox's training plans.

2003 Outside May 86/1 To stay competitive, Roth needed..a training plan that ebbs and flows throughout the year, with months of increasing intensity followed by a couple weeks of recovery.

training prison n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > open prison

training prison1899

prison-without-bars1929

1899 Rep. Commissioners of Prisons 41 in Parl. Papers (C.9452) XLIII. 65 All newly appointed officers are required to undergo at the training prisons a course of practical instruction in industrial processes, in order that they may be fitted for teaching trades to prisoners.

1950 Prisons & Borstals (Home Office) 20 The first prison camp in England was started in connection with the training prison at Wakefield in 1933.

2010 B. Bauer Blacklands xxix. 151 Longmoor was a training prison.

training programme n. See also adult training programme at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > training-programme

training programme1888

1888 Atlantic Monthly June 775 A volume of verse forms an indispensable item in the training programme of a would-be man of letters.

1942 National Negro Health News Jan. 33 (heading) Training program announced for 100,000 nurse's aides.

1971 L. B. Johnson Vantage Point (1972) iv. 81 Our manpower training programs focused on preparing unskilled men and women for jobs.

2008 Esquire Mar. 214/1 The basic principle behind periodisation is never to get settled with a training programme.

training regime n.

ΚΠ

1868 Med. Times & Gaz. 26 Dec. 730/2 As the stomach of the most hearty can receive but a limited supply at a time, training régime prescribes nourishing food in small compass.

1967 Times 3 Nov. 3/7 These two prisons..for long had conducted a liberal training regime in conditions which were not secure.

2006 J. Irving Professional Gundog Training 160 This lesson will in time be incorporated within the normal daily training regime.

training regimen n.

ΚΠ

1827 Standard 30 July These..are the men who, in the moral diaphoresis which constitutes their training regimen, have so far sweated out humanity as to propose the exposing of children.

1914 Indianapolis Star 11 Feb. 11/4 The faculty committee favors a mild training regimen throughout the spring and summer.

2004 D. Smiedt Are we there Yet? (2007) viii. 161 The training regimen of Zulu warriors undoubtedly provided them with the stamina to run a half-marathon then mix it up on the battlefield.

training room n.

ΚΠ

1810 Morning Post 2 Aug. The animal took, the rider was thrown, but as speedily gained her, and we are happy to say returned to the training-room without any injury.

1908 J. H. Crooker Church of To-day vii. 112 The school will be a training room of the spirit.

2003 EnRoute Apr. 018/1 In training rooms across the land, from urban fitness centres to basement gyms, strength-training addicts are bulking up with the latest fitness toy: kettle bells.

training routine n.

ΚΠ

1867 Illustr. London News 28 Dec. 703/2 Betrayal..is reported to have done ‘three nice breathings of a mile and a quarter, winding up with a sharp gallop of over a mile.’ And so the training routine goes on.

1940 Life 23 Dec. 60/1 Soon the excitement of Army life will wear off. Soon there will be nothing but long days of dull training routine.

2009 M. J. Matkovich & J. Davis Elite Soccer Drills i. 5 Having the discipline and drive to develop and adhere to a training routine helps a player improve.

training run n.

ΚΠ

1866 Sporting Gaz. 17 Feb. 122/2 Long course rows and training runs will bring down the weight considerably.

1910 Boston Globe 14 Dec. 15/7 The training runs of the amateur long-distance teams..may be taken as an indication of what the runners are capable.

2004 R. Askwith Feet in Clouds iv. 20 She landed awkwardly when jumping a ditch on a training run and completely ruptured the plantar fascia in her right foot.

training schedule n.

ΚΠ

1891 World (N.Y.) 29 Sept. 5/2 Circulars have already been addressed to the chiefs of the army corps requesting them to change the training schedule of the troops.

1951 Manch. Guardian 3 Jan. 6/1 Experts have been convinced that Zatopek would crack under the exceptionally severe training schedule which he imposes upon himself.

2011 C. Fellows Total Skiing x. 178 The first step in developing a training schedule you can stick to is to honestly look at the time you can commit to your training program.

training scheme n.

ΚΠ

1850 Sc. Mag. Mar. 135 (heading) Proposed training scheme.

1922 M. Wheeler-Nicholson Mod. Cavalry ii. 25 The training scheme in the regiment should have in view as high a condition of immediate readiness for war as is possible.

2000 New Scientist 29 Jan. 91/1 (advt.) Applications are invited from candidates..for entry to the training scheme for medical physicists and bioengineers in Scotland.

training session n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > training > [noun]

training1581

work1846

training session1850

overtraining1856

roadwork1856

cross-training1903

groundwork1906

sweat1916

repetition1919

repetition running1955

weight training1955

circuit training1957

interval running1957

interval training1962

repetition training1965

brick1996

society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > training-session

training session1850

1850 16th Rep. Commissioners National Educ. Ireland III. 270 The subjects of the lectures are..numerous and extensive compared with the duration of the training session.

1951 Sport 6 Apr. 12/2 Most clubs have selected their spot-kicker after careful tests during training sessions.

1977 J. M. Johnson in J. D. Douglas & J. M. Johnson Existential Sociol. viii. 242 A worker in Unit One said she had decided to record her time spent in training sessions on line C of the report.

2008 N.Y. Mag. 30 June 74/1 New York Parkour's weekly training sessions..are a crazily athletic workout.

training shoe n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > shoe > [noun] > types of > for specific purpose > other

walking shoe1694

training shoe1837

tackiec1902

moccasin1929

trainer shoe1944

trainer1968

bootee1974

cross-trainer1987

1837 Amer. Turf Reg. & Sporting Mag. Feb. 258 On a trial race he has made a mile in 1m. 50¹/ ₂s. with his training shoes on: equal to 1m. 46¹/ ₂s. with plates.

1920 Decisions War Dept. Board Contract Adjustment (1921) V. 260 There was a tentative program to make another model shoe which would be a sort of training shoe.

1930 Boys' Life May 49 A wonderfully light training shoe with a springy crêpe rubber sole.

1984 Nutshell (Gainesville, Florida) Spring 61/1 (advt.) A remarkable new training shoe designed to take all the wear and tear high-mileage runners can give it.

2009 Fiji Times (Nexis) 12 Dec. 94 The players are requested to bring their training shoes, gym towel,..rugby boots and toiletries.

training stable n.

ΚΠ

1797 E. Weatherby & J. Weatherby Racing Cal. XXIV. 339 (advt.) Training Stables. Epsom, Surrey. John Dilly, Begs Leave to inform the Noblemen and Gentlemen of the Turf, that he intends (for the Benefit of his Mother) to take in Horses to train.

1894 A. Conan Doyle Mem. Sherlock Holmes 4 Where the Colonel's training stable is situated.

2005 F. J. Cavaioli Pompano Park Harness Track i. 12 In 1957, there were four training stables containing 77 horses at the track.

training system n.

ΚΠ

1806 Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 7 318 He found himself under the necessity of resorting to it, to enforce his training system.

1904 E. Miles Alphabet of Athletics xi. 100 It is the glory of the German training system that it brings the duffers up..till they can perform quite difficult feats.

2001 Black Belt Oct. 67/1 Take a closer look at ROSS, the modern-day training system that embodies all the advanced self-defense secrets.

training time n.

ΚΠ

1806 R. Cumberland Mem. (new ed.) 316 The eldest, a boy of brilliant parts, has now completed more than half his training-time.

1879 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times II. xxviii. 349 The campaign had..only been a training time for us.

1957 New Scientist 19 Dec. 10/3 A survey of the existing schemes revealed that training a mender took anything up to two years, and that there was a very wide variation of training times between the different mills.

2004 P2 No. 54. 118/2 Spend all your training time on developing your strength and don't worry about the other attributes until your strength is maxed out.

training video n.

ΚΠ

1970 San Antonio (Texas) Light 29 Nov. g10/2 Brown Swiss stars in a variety of roles in a training video tape for Special Forces on the handling of animals.]

1983 Amer. Banker 28 June 12/3 Writing, directing, and acting in training videos employ more writers, actors, and directors than the entertainment segment of the industry.

2000 A. Sayle Barcelona Plates 85 There were stints..writing training videos on the arcane twists and turns of Royal Mail package-sorting procedures.

training workshop n.

ΚΠ

1865 Morning Post 5 June 3/1 The training workshops of Gustav Werner's asylum at Reutlingen showed the intelligence with which they are conducted.

1945 N.Y. Times 8 Jan. 20/2 The training workshop may turn out as many as a hundred ‘almost identical’ handmade versions of certain designs.

2005 P. Race Making Learning Happen ii. 197 Sometimes, participants at training workshops may be normal college-based learners.

(c) Objective.

training provider n.

ΚΠ

1981 State & Local Govt Rev. 13 59/2 An Annual Municipal Problems and Training Needs Survey, conducted by the Municipal Training Division, of..other training providers.

2010 J. Griffith in R. Gunn & C. Durkin Social Entrepreneurship ix. 109 Many courses have been started by universities and training providers in the UK, the US, and elsewhere, in an effort to fill an apparent gap in leadership.

2011 Northern Echo 26 Aug. 19/4 The Association of Employment and Learning Providers, the professional body for training providers, yesterday urged the Government to ramp up the promotion of apprenticeships to employers.

b. In senses of branch I.

training shaft n.

ΚΠ

1872 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 16 417 The training shaft is prolonged.

1905 Daily Chron. 28 Apr. 7/5 In the ‘danger’ passage, between the two training shafts of the fore barbette.

1994 N. Friedman U.S. Submarines since 1945 79 She lost her bow sonars (retaining only the trainable BQR–3A on its BQA–1 training shaft).

training tube n.

ΚΠ

1886 Rep. Select Comm. Ordnance & War Ships (U.S. Congress) App. 163 The armament will be five Whitehead pattern torpedoes arranged for gunpowder impulse fired by electricity, one being in a fixed tube in the bow, two in training tubes fitted round the forward turret, and two in the tubes round the after turret.

1916 Internat. Marine Engin. Apr. 204/2 A photograph of the Seal firing one of her torpedoes from a broadside training tube is shown on page 560.

2006 M. Mannske Foreign & Domest. vii. 143 We've reclaimed all the mothballed Peacekeepers and re-MIRVed them with warheads from the Pantex plant... We've got three right here, converted from training tubes.

C2.

training aid n. practical or material support provided to facilitate training; something used to assist in carrying out training.

ΚΠ

1839 J. A. Reynolds Let. 8 Dec. in Educ. Mag. (1840) Jan. 57 I should not have made any remark upon it, had there not been a somewhat important mistake in my first letter—‘training aid’ being printed for ‘pecuniary aid’.

1920 Amer. Physical Educ. Rev. June 244/1 Under conditions involving no artificial training aids to physical development, a large proportion of young Americans now attain..‘optimum’ standards of size.

1999 Dallas Morning News (Nexis) 28 Jan. The program provides training aid to employees laid off because of competition from Mexico or Canada.

2001 Tae Kwon Do Mar. 59/2 This video contains detailed explanations and demonstrations of all the moves in the patterns from white belt to black belt, and is an essential training aid.

training bank n. a bank constructed to deflect or direct a current in a river, harbour, etc.; cf. training post n.¹ 2, training wall n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > action of river > [noun] > structures to divert river current

scour17..

wing-dam1809

spur1818

training wall1852

training bank1855

training post1884

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bank > [noun] > of river > bank to deflect current

training wall1852

training bank1855

1855 Rep. Commissioners Present State River Tyne 476 in Parl. Papers 1854–5 XXXI. I propose the training bank on the north shore to follow the course of the new quays.

1911 United Empire July 489 Two moles and a training bank are being constructed.

2008 M. Rainsley South West Sea Kayaking 35 Follow the line of markers..along the shallow ‘training bank’.

training bra n. a brassiere with soft, flat cups, worn by girls who wish to wear a brassiere but whose breasts are not yet developed enough to require one.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > underwear > [noun] > brassière

brassière1911

bra1936

trainer bra1950

training bra1963

1963 Chicago Tribune 24 Mar. v. 1/1 A 9-year-old girl asked her parents for a ‘training’ bra to wear on a movie date with her 11-year-old boyfriend.

1988 D. A. Richards Nights below Station Street (1989) xxvi. 204 There were old ladies with powdered skin who kept popping their cups up for tea, and young girls of eleven or twelve, wearing training bras.

2004 Cosmo Girl Aug. 51/1 When we were ten years old, we decided to get our first training bras. It was funny, none of my friends needed to wear a bra, but I suppose it made us feel more mature.

training college n. a college for training people for a particular profession, esp. for the ministry or priesthood or for teaching; cf. training school n. N.E.D. included:

1829 Mod. [Training College was in use in Ireland].

but no written or printed evidence has been found.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > college > teacher training college

normal school1797

training college1839

normal1887

teacher-factory1889

1839 Eccl. Gaz. 12 Nov. 94/2 (advt.) Chester Diocesan Training College. Wanted in January next, an Assistant Master.

1882 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) Normal school..a school in which teachers are instructed in the principles of their profession and trained in the practice of it; a training-college.

1884 S. E. Dawson Handbk. Canada 211 A theological training-college for priests.

1960 F. M. Bourret Ghana xi. 216 Since the training of teachers was the key to the rest of the plan, several new training colleges were opened and existing ones were enlarged.

2004 Independent 2 Aug. 12/4 Dr Hope, who has opposed the ordination of women, has also been at the centre of talks to introduce a so-called third province—an all-male church-within-a-church with its own archbishop, bishops and training colleges.

training course n. (a) a racetrack or other course on which practice runs are made; (b) a course of study designed to train people in a particular subject or for a particular profession.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of

summer session1594

evening class1762

summer school1793

training course1822

shop class1844

elective1850

optional1855

night class1870

correspondence class1876

Chautauqua1884

correspondence course1902

gut1902

holiday course1906

shop1912

pud1917

training seminar1917

film school1929

day school1931

refresher1939

farm shop1941

survey course1941

weekend course1944

crash programme1947

sandwich course1955

thick sandwich1962

module1966

bird course1975

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > racecourse > [noun] > specific type

training course1822

slow track1841

fast track1859

straightaway1878

bullring1897

paceway1978

1822 Morning Post 7 May (heading) The new training course... The form is a figure of six, and the extent of the circle part rather more than a mile.

1842 Fraser's Mag. May 542/1 If restrained within the narrow limits of a training-course for the intellectual faculties, mathematical science may become a humble assistant of genius.

1921 H. K. Leiding Hist. Houses S. Carolina viii. 161 Within this park the training course is laid out, an exact mile in circuit, so that the horses may be seen taking their exercise.

1941 Washington Post 9 Mar. b3/2 Nurses' aides..undergo a more extensive two-year training course, after which they can assist nurses in many of their duties.

1996 T. Palmer Amer. by Rivers (1998) 78 We splashed into an inlet for the C & O Canal where slalom gates had been set up. This training course serves America's best racers.

2002 D. Leon Wilful Behaviour (2003) xxii. 270 Signorina Elettra was sent to Milano on a training course in some new form of computer wizardry.

training credit n. originally U.S. (a) officially recorded credit awarded upon the completion of training; an instance of this; (b) a credit entitling a person to receive training.

ΚΠ

1914 Indianapolis Star 29 May 17/1 Many students who entered presented an overabundance of manual training credits.]

1923 Charleston Daily Mail 23 Sept. 5/1 (heading) Review courses done away with as teachers seek to get training credit.

1927 Social Service Rev. 1 644 The present difficulties..are the following... 3. Failure of the by-laws to make any distinction between training credits for undergraduate work, and for graduate work.

1989 Times (Nexis) 30 Oct. The proposals, drawn up by the Confederation of British Industry, include training credits for school-leavers to cover the cost of a three-year course at a college.

2008 M. S. Norton Human Resources Admin. for Educ. Leaders 388 A common practice is to require a specified number of training credits for moving up the salary scale.

training day n. a day devoted to training; spec. (now historical) a stated or legally appointed day for the drilling of militia, reservists, or volunteer forces.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun] > training-day

training day1581

field day1723

1581 T. Styward Pathwaie to Martiall Discipline ii. 166 How the chiefe of euerie Sheere should be in their warlike attire at the training daie.

1633 in Rec. Mass. Bay I. 109 If any trained solder shalbe absent from traineing, vpon their traineing dayes.

1676 W. Wycherley Plain-dealer ii. i As he passed by my window the last training-day.

1689 in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1861) 4th Ser. V. 208 Upon the receiving the new commissions, I..had a training-day in our town.

1729 J. Gay Polly i. xii. 19 Ducat. How are the musquets? 1st Footman. Rusty, Sir, all rusty and peaceable! For we never clean 'em but against training-day.

1845 Knickerbocker Oct. 367 It happened to be ‘General Muster’, or as we call it in New-Hampshire, ‘Training-Day’.

1874 A. Maclaren Training (ed. 2) iv. 121 A training day [for a college boat crew] divides itself into three parts.

1902 Jrnl. Proc. 28th Ann. Convent. Diocese Western Michigan 57 Sunday is the Church's training day for the spirit of man.

1930 C. G. Barns Sod House xxi. 262 As a rule the drill on training day began with taking the marching step behind a fife and drum band for a short time.

1970 Black Belt Feb. 52/2 Training days are from Monday to Saturday, six nights a week.

2009 Private Eye 18 Sept. 8/2 The new would-be MPs are encouraged to attend training days at £100 a pop.

training dinner n. a dinner given during a period of training, or with a menu suitable for this.

ΚΠ

1706 S. Sewall Diary 27 May (1973) I. 546 Col. Noyes invites me to his Training Dinner.

1839 Yale Lit. Mag. Dec. 122 The huge heap began to melt away, as..a great plumb-pudding at a training dinner.

1903 M. Pemberton Gold Wolf 125 We might order a training dinner at the Carlton..chops and rice pudding and an orange afterwards!

2007 B. Tirabassi One Year Sacred Obsession Devotional 190 I attended weekly training dinners, weeknight club meetings, and staff retreats.

training exercise n. exercise undertaken in order to maintain or improve fitness, skill, etc.; an activity or drill performed for this purpose.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > [noun] > practice or exercise

exercise1509

practice1553

training exercise1801

1801 Sporting Mag. Dec. 116/1 Resolved, however, that fighting in the Lobbies at the Play-houses be not considered as a breach of this statute, being taken for good training exercise.

1806 Morning Post 23 Aug. The payment thereof will only exempt him from the training exercise for one year.

1914 Drama Feb. 255 That production was little more than training exercise, as a sportsman would say.

1922 C. R. Stone Silent & Oral Reading viii. 177 As this was a training exercise, and not a test, there was no attempt to put a score, or grade, upon the pupils' work.

2010 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 25 Aug. e3/5 More than 20,000 American soldiers in Iraq..will continue patrols and training exercises with Iraqis.

training hall n. (originally) an institution devoted to training people for a particular profession (now historical); (in later use) a large room used for the provision of training.

ΚΠ

1839 Brit. Mag. July 95 (heading) Training hall for national schoolmasters.

1874 Architect 21 Mar. 163/2 We may mention the new Rifle Volunteers' Training Hall... The hall itself is a fine assembly room.

1999 J. Donohue Compl. Kendo ii. i. 37 The novice swordsman will learn most of his or her early lessons treading the hardwood floors of a traditional training hall.

2005 Heritage Mar. 80/3 Over the centuries they changed and adapted, from monk-filled cloisters to schools for medieval nobility,..training halls for clergy and breeding grounds for the elite of the British Empire.

training level n. (a) a level (level n. 1a) used when training a gun (now rare); (b) the degree of ability, fitness, etc., aimed at or achieved through training; (also) a stage of training.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > sight > types of

dispart1578

telescopic sight1674

plain sight1686

aim-frontlet1745

hausse1787

foresight1806

gloaming sight1817

night-sight1822

bead1831

leaf1832

backsight1847

globe sight1847

pendulum hausse1850

hindsight1851

tangent scale1859

tangent1861

tangent backsight1862

training pendulum1862

training level1863

peep sight1866

dispart-sight1867

notch sight1867

buck-horn1877

orthoptic1881

aperturea1884

pinball-sighta1884

dispart patch1884

sight bar1884

flap-sight1887

barley-corn1896

ring sight1901

riflescope1902

spotting scope1904

tangent sight1908

Aldis sight1918

wind-sight1923

scope sight1934

gyro-sight1942

1863 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 7 74 Admiral Hope's Testimony on the merits of the Training Level.

1905 Official Gaz. U.S. Patent Office 12 Sept. 309/1 In a sighting apparatus for guns..a sector pivoted at the center of the said frame and provided with a training-level.

1915 Psychol. Clinic 15 May 69 I have raised their intelligence level, more specifically their information and training level..but in my terminology their performance level.

1985 Black Belt May 94/3 Students have neither the correct step-by-step training available nor a clear idea about the goals of each training level.

2006 B. A. Amico in J. Bové Mile in her Boots 109 Don't get him into situations above his training level.

training pants n. originally U.S. a pair of absorbent underpants worn by children during potty training; spec. (in later use) a nappy or diaper with an elasticated waistband, which may be pulled up and worn like underpants.

ΚΠ

1928 Decatur (Illinois) Herald 1 Nov. 7/1 (advt.) Red-star Birdseye diapers... Vanta knit Training-pants.

1989 M. Dorris Broken Cord iii. 43 I seconded their assurances that within weeks Adam would be out of diapers and into training pants.

2000 Treehouse Canad. Family Holiday 9 (advt.) Once you've made the leap from diapers to..Training Pants, it's important to be consistent.

† training pendulum n. Obsolete a type of level for training a gun, with a pendulum.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > sight > types of

dispart1578

telescopic sight1674

plain sight1686

aim-frontlet1745

hausse1787

foresight1806

gloaming sight1817

night-sight1822

bead1831

leaf1832

backsight1847

globe sight1847

pendulum hausse1850

hindsight1851

tangent scale1859

tangent1861

tangent backsight1862

training pendulum1862

training level1863

peep sight1866

dispart-sight1867

notch sight1867

buck-horn1877

orthoptic1881

aperturea1884

pinball-sighta1884

dispart patch1884

sight bar1884

flap-sight1887

barley-corn1896

ring sight1901

riflescope1902

spotting scope1904

tangent sight1908

Aldis sight1918

wind-sight1923

scope sight1934

gyro-sight1942

1862 Medals & Honourable Mentions Internat. Juries 187 Sharpe, B..For his training pendulum for obtaining the correct inclination of the ship's deck.

1888 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. VII. ii. 157/1 Training-pendulum, an instrument having a pendulum and a level member, with a glass and bubble, used in training guns to any required elevation. [Also in later dictionaries.]

training place n. (a) a place where training is given; (b) a place on a training course or scheme; a placement.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > [noun]

schoolOE

universityc1300

academyc1550

nursery1581

training place1581

seminarya1604

cathedral1644

teaching house1849

separate school1852

nursing home1880

stable1942

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xl. 224 (heading) The vse and commoditie of a large, and well situate training place.

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. ix. xx. 1824 A schoole and training place for our youth to endure labour and hardship, and to prepare them like the Iewes in Nehemiahs time, to vse the Sword with one hand, and instruments of labour in the other.

1706 J. Langford Brief Acct. Sufferings Quakers 11 The sixth Day of the 11th Month, the aforesaid Major Mallet, order'd his Companies..to meet at the Training Place, at the House of George Turny, and Francis Carlile.

1808 Ann. Rev. 1807 6 641/2 It [sc. Edinburgh] is to London what Athens was to Rome: the training-place of our ruling minds, the awakener of intellect, the polisher of eloquence, the seminary of instruction.

1939 Times 2 Mar. 8/5 Courses are provided for training in the Post Office engineering service, a total of 10,000 training places a year being available.

1995 V. Symes Unemployment in Europe 167 This scheme is designed to help difficult-to-place severely disabled workers..who have neither work nor a training place.

2009 M. Kohl tr. J. Moltmann Broad Place 168 I talked to the Christian Academy (the training place for all the non-Roman Catholic churches).

training school n. a school teaching a profession or occupational skills; spec. (North American) a vocational institution for young offenders.See also adult training school at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre

training school1712

training department1819

colony1821

training home1852

adult training school1853

training centre1864

skill centre1963

society > education > place of education > school > [noun] > reform school

house of reformation1581

reformatory1758

reform school1839

truant-school1872

training school1905

approved school1932

juvie1967

1712 Hannibal at Gates 36 The several Jacobite Clubs..at present are so many publick training Schools, where the Youth of the Nation are disciplin'd into an Opinion of the Justice of his Title.

1829 Kildare Place Soc., Rep. To draw the attention of the public to these Training Schools.

1897 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt New Classical Fragm. lxvii. 101 Aurelius Asclepiades..agrees to hire from Aurelius Theon, the keeper of a training-school, probably at Arsinoe, the services of two dancing-girls.

1905 First Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Training School for Girls 4 The Penal Code was amended..so as to authorize the commitment of delinquent girls under the age of sixteen..to the New York State Training School for Girls.

1940 Amer. Boy Feb. 2/3 Pensacola..has the country's largest training school for naval aviators.

1978 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 Jan. 7/3 If training schools are closed, then some group homes will have to have a custodial aspect.

2005 J. B. Dossetor Beyond Hippocratic Oath i. iii. 47 I was then appointed registrar back at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, my training school.

training seminar n. (originally in German contexts) an academic class that prepares students for a particular occupation (rare); (later more generally) a short intensive course of study designed to provide instruction in a particular subject.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of

summer session1594

evening class1762

summer school1793

training course1822

shop class1844

elective1850

optional1855

night class1870

correspondence class1876

Chautauqua1884

correspondence course1902

gut1902

holiday course1906

shop1912

pud1917

training seminar1917

film school1929

day school1931

refresher1939

farm shop1941

survey course1941

weekend course1944

crash programme1947

sandwich course1955

thick sandwich1962

module1966

bird course1975

1917 D. E. Cloyd Mod. Educ. in Europe & Orient iv. 146 The training schools for women teachers, however, are the higher Training Seminars in the girls' Lyzeums.

1931 Catholic Hist. Rev. 17 2 Hence it is that, especially in our training seminars, a branching out seems necessary.

2010 D. Frantz & C. Collins Fallout xxi. 249 He gave lectures and training seminars on counterproliferation and espionage techniques to people at the CIA.

training ship n. a ship on which sailing skills are taught, originally esp. one on which boys were trained for naval service.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > training-ship

training ship1829

training vessel1829

1829 United Service Jrnl. & Naval & Mil. Mag. 1 608 They will be bound to pay..the sum of one hundred francs into the chest of the training ship.

c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 85 These men were never on board a ship before joining the training ship.

1899 S. R. Crockett Kit Kennedy xxi. 145 I would have placed him [sc. a boy] on a training ship and looked after him there.

1927 Times 11 Jan. 17/6 The Marine Society started the first training ship in the world.

1965 C. C. Lloyd in C. W. Crawley New Cambr. Mod. Hist. IX. iii. 79 Training ships for boys, who passed out as aspirants, were opened in 1810.

2005 Brit. Life Jan. 21/4 I set out on my maritime career by going first to the training ship.

training table n. (a) a table at which training takes place; a table used for or during a period of training; (b) U.S. a table at which athletes (esp. college athletes) on a team are provided with specially prepared food; the time when a team eats together at such a table.

ΚΠ

1851 W. Williams Let. 1 Jan. in Further Corr. Convict Discipline & Transportation (1851) 25 The first class commences with Table A, consisting of men the most advanced in the school, which may be regarded as a sort of training table for monitors.

1866 ‘Argonaut’ Arts Rowing & Training ii. v. 121 Porridge need not be discontinued if it has been the custom to take it, but it is not an article that should be specially introduced upon the training table.

1921 Western Osteopath Oct. 14/1 Plumbing should be ample and the training tables covered with material that can easily be washed and disinfected.

1948 Boys' Life Apr. 14/3 It has been traditional that college teams have training tables at which all the athletes ate their meals.

1974 Field & Stream Dec. 108/2 Place the dog on a training table rather than handling him on the ground.

2003 T. Wheatley St. Louis Sports Folks vii. 42 When we ate at training table, I would watch the football players and the healthy stuff they ate.

training vessel n. = training ship n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > training-ship

training ship1829

training vessel1829

1829 United Service Jrnl. & Naval & Mil. Mag. 1 608 They will receive only the sum allowed for the mess while they remain on board the training vessel.

1892 Marine Engineer May 43/1 More boys most be recruited for the training vessels, and if necessary more men must be brought into the service.

1968 G. Daws Shoal of Time vi. 237 On ship, the Kaimiloa, a guano trader converted at great expense into a training vessel.

2007 L. A. Rose Power at Sea iv. 135 Recruits, who generally enlisted at eighteen or nineteen for four to six years, first went to station ships for basic indoctrination before transferring to training vessels to learn gunnery and seamanship.

training wall n. a wall built to direct a current into a particular channel in a river, harbour, etc.; cf. training bank n., training post n.¹ 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > action of river > [noun] > structures to divert river current

scour17..

wing-dam1809

spur1818

training wall1852

training bank1855

training post1884

the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bank > [noun] > of river > bank to deflect current

training wall1852

training bank1855

1852 Mechanics' Mag. 20 Nov. 413/2 The treatment of the Dee by groynes, and the Clyde, by training-walls, was examined.

1883 Specif. Alnwick & Cornhill Railway 43 The training-walls are to be built of concrete, made of six parts of gravel to one of Portland cement.

1922 Engin. & Contracting 31 May 518/1 Construct training walls or groynes on each side of the drainage outlet to guide the water direct to sea.

1989 J. McPhee Control of Nature (1991) 135 The toppled training wall monoliths worsened the situation. The integrity of the structure at this point was greatly in doubt.

training wing n. the division of an organization (esp. a military one) which provides training to its members; the part of a building where this division is situated or where training takes place.

ΚΠ

1876 Trans. National Assoc. Promotion Social Sci. 1875 458 When Kindergarten, elementary schools, industrial wing, and training wing are all at work, the institution will claim to be called ‘model’.

1948 Daily Tel. 29 May 2/4 The job of the Training Wing is to train ‘Air Crews’, a new form of R.A.F. entry, introduced, I gather, in 1946.

2000 T. Carew Jihad! (2001) ix. 255 A few weeks later, I saw him again, coming out of training wing with a face like thunder.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	training
释义	trainingn. Brit. /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ Forms: see train v.¹ and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s traineing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: train v.¹, -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < train v.¹ + -ing suffix¹. I. The action of train v.¹ I., in various senses. †1. Drawing out, protracting, lengthening. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > duration > [noun] > long duration or lasting through time > lengthening in duration or prolonging continuancec1374 prorogationc1400 prolongation?a1425 training1440 lengthingc1480 enlonging1509 prolonging1528 protraction1535 protract of time1536 productionc1540 trait1545 lengthening1574 continuation1587 prolongment1593 conserving1610 extensiona1631 wire-drawing1640 continuing1643 spinning1644 permansion1646 the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun] longingeOE bideOE abodec1225 bodea1300 demura1300 dwella1300 litinga1300 delayc1300 delayingc1300 demurrancec1300 but honec1325 without ensoignec1325 abidec1330 dretchingc1330 dwellingc1330 essoinc1330 tarrying1340 litea1350 delaymenta1393 respitea1393 oversettinga1398 delayancea1400 delitea1400 lingeringa1400 stounding?a1400 sunyiea1400 targea1400 train?a1400 deferring14.. dilation14.. dayc1405 prolongingc1425 spacec1430 adjourningc1436 retardationc1437 prolongation?a1439 training1440 adjournment1445 sleuthingc1450 tarry1451 tarriance1460 prorogation1476 oversetc1485 tarriage1488 debaid1489 supersedement1492 superseding1494 off-putting1496 postponing1496 tract1503 dilating1509 sparinga1513 hafting1519 sufferance1523 tracking1524 sticking1525 stay1530 pause1532 protraction1535 tracting1535 protract of time1536 protracting1540 postposition1546 staying1546 procrastination1548 difference1559 surceasing1560 tardation1568 detract1570 detracting1572 tarryment1575 rejourning1578 detraction1579 longness1579 rejournment1579 holding1581 reprieving1583 cunctation1585 retarding1585 retardance1586 temporizing1587 by and by1591 suspensea1592 procrastinatinga1594 tardance1595 linger1597 forslacking1600 morrowing1602 recess1603 deferment1612 attendance1614 put-off1623 adjournal1627 fristing1637 hanging-up1638 retardment1640 dilatoriness1642 suspension1645 stickagea1647 tardidation1647 transtemporation1651 demurragea1656 prolatation1656 prolation1656 moration1658 perendination1658 offput1730 retardure1751 postponement1757 retard1781 traverse1799 tarrowing1832 mañana1845 temporization1888 procrastinativeness1893 deferral1895 traa dy liooar1897 stalling1927 heel-tapping1949 off-put1970 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 499 Tranyynge, or longe a-bydynge [?a1475 Winch. trancyynge], dilacio, mora. 1539 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) II. 182 The coldnes on that behalf & traynyng long of the matiers might helpe to conferme the said Counsaillours advises. 2. The action of pointing, directing, or aiming a firearm (occasionally also the eye, etc.), esp. by horizontal movement; the direction in which a firearm is aimed or an eye, etc., focused. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > [noun] > aiming birdinga1678 vizy1720 training1812 sighting1884 1812 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1810–11 12 20 The only damage we seem to have sustained, is in our [b]ulwark, which is partly blown away, from the training of our guns. 1861 Times 23 July The horizontal motion, or training, is effected by turning the shield itself, with the gun, crew, and platform on which they stand. 1870 Daily News 1 Feb. Where the fault lies is in bad training of the gun on to the object intended to be aimed at. 1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Jan. 2/2 Two [sights] being necessary for correct pointing at certain angles of training. 1928 Pop. Mech. June 901 The more nearly perfect they are able to make this following of the pointer, the more accurate is the training of the guns. 1978 Warship 2 6/1 Criticism was limited to a further request for improvements in the arcs of training of the 6inch guns. 2009 R. A. Meiss in R. Rhoades & D. R. Bell Med. Physiol. (ed. 3) ii. iv. 76/2 Fixation, the training of the eyes on a stationary object. II. The action of train v.¹ II., in various senses. 3. a. Discipline and instruction (given or received) for development of character, behaviour, or ability; education, rearing, bringing up. Also with up.adventure, assertiveness, character, sensitivity, toilet-training, etc.: see the first element. See also transfer of training at transfer n. 2c. ΘΚΠ society > education > [noun] informationa1387 instructionc1425 eruditionc1460 culture?1510 education?1533 training1537 trainment1570 train1581 manurance1594 nurturing1629 schoolcraft1631 manurementa1639 manuring1726 schoolmastering1830 paideia1892 society > education > teaching > training > [noun] schoolingc1440 training1537 training1598 1537 Act 28 Hen. VIII c. 15 in Statutes at Large Ireland (1786) 120 Trayning of his people..to an honest christian civilitie and obedience. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes i. f. 143^v That thyng, for the sole atteignyng and geattyng wherof, children are at all tymes sette and committed vnto the handleyng and trainyng of philosophiers. 1561 T. Hoby in tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer* Ep. Translatour sig. A.iii^v A storehouse of most necessary implements for the conuersacion, vse, and training vp of mans life with Courtly demeaners. 1581 R. Mulcaster (title) Positions wherin those Primitive Circumstances be Examined, which are Necessarie for the Training vp of Children. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 148 Schooles..freely bestowed for the training vp of youth. 1676 in Rothesay Town Council Rec. (1935) I. 343 The toun is desolate of ane schoolhouss for training and educateing of children. 1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xxi. 133 Our way of training-up, you say, makes us need the protection of the brave: Very true. 1772 S. O'Halloran Introd. Study Hist. Ireland v. 42 They were in training in all military exercises, and in scholastic discipline. 1826 C. Anderson Gen. Domest. Constit. 378 That department of parental training, which is at once unpurchaseable and untransferrable. 1874 J. Donaldson Lect. Hist. Educ. in Prussia & Eng. iii. 114 If this is accomplished, the child's training, in regard to the outer world, is accomplished. 1909 Pearson's Mag. Jan. 18/1 Hard-pressed parents will make an effort to keep their children in training longer for the sake of the higher wages and greater opportunities for promotion ensured by vocational education. 1926 W. Lewis Art of being Ruled v. v. 155 The ruling class becomes more and more a collection of personalities with no traditions, no intellectual training except such as is involved in speculation in stocks and shares or business deals. 1986 M. Egremont Dear Shadows xi. 109 She put down her knife and fork in a neat formation, a survival from childhood training. 2008 D. K. Adams Struct. Engineer's Professional Training Man. iii. 56 The training up of a future society toward leadership. b. Military drill; the action or process of training soldiers or other members of the armed forces; the condition or fact of being trained as a soldier or for other armed forces. Also with up.Now merging with senses 3c, 4a.basic, field, musketry, rifle training, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun] discipline?a1439 training?1569 points of war1580 drilla1637 drilling1639 feats of war1650 square-bashing1943 ?1569 H. Gough tr. B. Georgijević Ofspring House of Ottomanno sig. B.v^v After that the Turkes had vanquished the strenght & powre of the Macedonians, thei kept and imitated ther traininge vp of souldiers, warrelike discipline, and maner in gouerning. 1581 T. Styward (title) The pathwaie to martiall discipline, deuided into two bookes... The second booke entreateth of sundrie proportions and training of caleeuers. 1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres i. 5 Our countrie Gentlemen and Citizens, who haue the trayning of their shires and townes. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Arithm. (1690) i. 17 For Training and Drilling is a small part of Soldiery, in respect of this last mentioned Qualification. 1700 J. Green Diary 17 Oct. in Hist. Coll. Essex Inst. (1866) VIII. 219 Training & Trooping at ye Village. 1719 G. Jacob Lex Constitutionis xii. 302 Besides Registring of Seamen, the grand Nursery, there are other Ways and Means of supplying Mariners for the Navy Royal, and Training up of Persons in the Sea Service. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. viii. 375 The training of land troops to the use of their arms. 1779 Remembrancer 8 92/1 If it be expected that he learn the one uniform exercise prescribed, while he has a peculiar method of his own in handling his arms, a few days training in a year may, during the time he is in training, make him perform it in an aukward constrained manner; but [etc.]. 1832 Day (Glasgow) 3 Apr. 318/2 In passing along a bridge, on the Scotch road, I observed a castle, and soldiers in training near by. 1872 E. Cardwell in Parl. Deb. 3rd Ser. 209 895 With us, therefore, localization means identification with a locality for the purposes of recruiting, of training, of connecting Regulars with auxiliaries [etc.]. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 245/2 The Swiss army is a purely militia force, receiving only periodical training (so far as regards men between 20 and 48 years of age). 1976 L. A. Pérez Army Politics in Cuba, 1898–1958 iv. 52 Supplies and training were designed to enhance the effectiveness of the Cuban army in discharging its government's obligations under the Permanent Treaty. 1990 A. Beevor Inside Brit. Army i. 7 All recruits have a ‘window’ period in training during which they can leave without obligation. 2003 G. M. C. Semenza Sport, Politics, & Lit. in Eng. Renaissance ii. 69 Renaissance military scientists were no less enthusiastic about the significance of sport for the training up of soldiers. c. Sustained instruction and practice (given or received) in an art, profession, occupation, or procedure, with a view to proficiency in it. Also with up.manual, sandwich, teacher-training, etc.: see the first element. on-the-job training: see job n.² Phrases 8d. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > in other specific things mannering1581 trainingc1598 traininga1684 manual training1878 assertiveness training1975 c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. 7 Youre training up in all the pointis of a kings office. 1757 S. Foote Author i. 12 He's now in training as a Waiter at the Cocoa-Tree Coffee-house. 1791 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship (new ed.) 282 Liverpool has not at present any establishment of this kind [sc. a Maritime Academy], though the nature of the port renders it particularly wanted, and especially for the training of Pilots. 1845 W. G. Simms in Southern & Western Mag. Aug. 75 Bayard remained three more years in training as a page. 1879 J. T. Rogers in Cassell's Techn. Educator IV. 53/2 It would be absurd to assign the genius of Mozart to training. 1908 Arch. Pediatrics 25 496 The training up in a given neighborhood of a number of foster mothers, who..become expert in handling them [sc. atrophic infants] under conditions totally unlike those offered by the best institutions and far superior to them. 1921 R. L. Archer Secondary Educ. in 19th Cent. xiii. 343 Training of elementary teachers has long been the rule, and it is possible that the more rational opposition to the training of secondary teachers..sprang from certain associations of training in general with the specific methods of training at one time in vogue for elementary teachers. 1964 ABA Jrnl. Feb. 148/2 The subject of practical training for the law student was given serious consideration in the context of the continuing education which should be provided and emphasized for older lawyers. 2009 B. Simon Everything but Coffee iv. 137 She imagines herself, in fact, as a colorologist in training. d. The teaching of a particular behaviour, esp. obedience to orders, to an animal; the process of making an animal capable of performing a particular task or function, or the process by which an animal becomes capable of this. Also: physical preparation given to or received by an animal for racing or competition. Also with up.dog, obedience training, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > taming or training makinga1393 dauntingc1400 educationa1538 cicuration1623 training1677 mitigation1737 domestication1774 domiciliation1775 1677 N. Cox Gentleman's Recreation (ed. 2) i. 46 Though these places are very commodius for the breeding and training up of Grey hounds; yet, in my opinion, the middle, or most part arable grounds are the best. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 105 When once he's broken, feed him full and high..Before his Training, keep him poor and low. 1754 ‘H. O'Roon’ P*** Vindicated* 13 They had not been long enough in training; and as they all three came out of the same Stable, they had the same Defects. 1778 Considerations on Breed & Managem. Horses 60 The breaking racing colts; indeed the whole management of them, till taken into training, is a pattern of good conduct. 1807 R. Wilson Diary 4 July in Life (1862) II. viii. 363 There is a curious circumstance attending the training of the falcon. 1860 G. J. Whyte-Melville Market Harborough (1861) 43 Too small to be put in training, he had fallen into the hands of a steeple~chasing horse-dealer, who sank his pedigree. 1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. i. §24 24 The process by which a Horse is taught any unusual performance—as when in ‘training’ for the Circus or the Stage. 1902 Minutes Evid. Admin. Army Remount Dept. 11/1 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 994) LVIII. 129 My duties were..to arrange for the training up of horses, the ordering of those horses up, selecting the horses for the different corps, and the mounting of all the mounted branches. 1945 Pop. Mech. Sept. 72/2 Racing instinct of dogs is cultivated from birth, but actual training doesn't start until greyhounds are year old. 1975 F. Rosenthal Gambling in Islam iii. 86 Since the training of pigeons took place on the roofs of houses, it might afford the pigeon fancier a free view over other houses and the women living there. 2006 in J. Reuvid Handbk. Personal Wealth Managem. (ed. 2) vi. vi. 313 Contact a bloodstock agent and discuss plans with them, think of your budget, what you want to pinhook—foals to yearlings, yearlings to two-year-olds in training, [etc.]. 4. a. Physical preparation of oneself or another for athletic or sporting competition; engagement in a programme to enhance fitness or bodily appearance.circuit, interval, muscle, spring, weight training, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > training > [noun] training1581 work1846 training session1850 overtraining1856 roadwork1856 cross-training1903 groundwork1906 sweat1916 repetition1919 repetition running1955 weight training1955 circuit training1957 interval running1957 interval training1962 repetition training1965 brick1996 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxii. 92 In training of the bodie by waye of exercise, there be not so much regard had to the mirth of the minde, as to the motion of the bodie. 1786 W. Cowper Let. 1 May (1981) II. 531 When you come, I shall take you into training, as the jockeys say, I doubt not that I shall make a nimble and good walker of you in a short time. 1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 510/1 By what in England is called training the bulk of the body may be..rapidly diminished. 1898 F. S. Cockayne & H. D. G. L. Gower House on Sport 252 A man in ordinary good condition need not go into training for a racket match. 1937 Life 29 Mar. 31/2 This year's group of some 300 swimming candidates went through the arduous kind of body-building exercises shown above for something like an hour every day during the first two months of training last fall. 1964 W. Anderson Man's Quest for Polit. Knowl. ii. v. 148 The Athenians began in about the middle of the sixth century to give up their former official emphasis on military education and to turn to training in athletics and in sports. 1983 New York 10 Jan. 25/2 Gonzalez went into training for seven months. She ran hundreds of miles. She did thousands of push-ups and sit-ups and chin-ups. 2007 J. Anderson Legality of Boxing 183 The wearing of headgear should be mandatory in all activities relating to the sparring and training of boxers. b. in training: (a) pursuing a programme of physical activity, and often controlled diet, in preparation for athletic or sporting competition or to enhance fitness; (b) (with modifying adjective, esp. good, etc.) in a particular state of physical fitness as a result of such a programme. ΚΠ 1754 Connoisseur No. 30 180 It might perhaps become a fashion for gentlemen, who were fond of the sport [sc. boxing], to keep champions in training, put them in sweats, diet them, and breed up the human species with the same care as they do cocks and horses. 1761 London Mag. July 375/2 I intend to ride myself, and have been in training for that end these six weeks. 1807 Ld. Byron Let. 11 Aug. in Wks. (1835) I. 172 I swam in the Thames from Lambeth through the two bridges, Westminster and Blackfriars, a distance..of three miles! You see I am in excellent training in case of a squall at sea. a1845 T. Hood Compl. Poet. Wks. (1906) 339 The empty air he boxed with, a-la-Bitton, As if in training for a fight, long plann'd, With Nobody—for love—at No Man's Land! 1854 C. Dickens Hard Times i. ii. 7 A professed pugilist; always in training. 1871 L. Stephen Playground of Europe iv. 206 I was in good training. 1928 C. H. L. Johnston Famous Amer. Athletes of Today vi. 180 A man in poor training can argue a case in a law court as well, if not better, than an opponent who is in excellent physical condition. 1969 Ebony Jan. 81/1 While in training for the Griffith fight, Harris had to go to a hospital to have his tonsils removed. 1999 R. Berry Tragic Instance 98 Hamlet knows..that he is in excellent training. 5. Horticulture. Action to make a plant or branch grow in a desired shape or direction.fan, pyramid training, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [noun] > training railinga1398 bushingc1420 training1601 espaliering1882 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. xxiii. 537 The manner of the Gaules in Lumbardie, in training of Vines from tree to tree [Fr. qui enuoyent les sarmens de l'arbre en autre], is to take two boughs or braunches of both sides, and draw them over. 1724 (title) A Treatise concerning the Manner of Fallowing of Ground, Raising of Grass-Seeds, and Training of Lint and Hemp. 1790 W. Speechly Treat. Culture Vine ii. 120 In the following or sixth season, the training and pruning must be nearly the same as in the preceding. 1821 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 10 80 To carry on the allusion to the training of plants, the manure of education..would in many cases be applied to heads already predisposed to excellence. 1888 Nicholson's Dict. Gardening Training.., as used in gardening, refers to the management of trees and plants..by regulating their branches to give all a fair amount of space and exposure to light... Also..so as to prevent the sap flowing to any one branch or part..at the expense of another. 1928 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 74/3 Some plants need a little pruning, training, or pinching. 1960 Pop. Mech. Aug. 111/1 Training should start when plants are small. 1999 J. N. Sharma & D. R. Gautam in Dis. Hort. Crops: Fruits 283 Insect attack could also be discouraged by proper training of trees. 6. With of, or as the second element in compounds. The cultivation or development of a specified faculty or ability.ear-, speech-, voice training: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > in other specific things mannering1581 trainingc1598 traininga1684 manual training1878 assertiveness training1975 a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1694) II. 364 And thus the preparing and training of the heart may prove useful, and make it more dexterous, when brought to conflicting. 1793 J. Wilde Addr. Soc. Friends of People 149 There have been seen men, who, with..the exercise and training of their judgment in judicial questions, have displayed an energy and subtlety of reasoning. 1847 Fine Arts' Jrnl. 27 Mar. 325/3 In the superior taste-training and fancy-training of the Architect,..Architecture as a Fine Art..may rise into more true life and being. 1854 Fraser's Mag. 49 483 The juristical training of his mind and the legal discipline of his intellect. 1899 R. Demachy in Photograms of Year 1899 32 Only one step beyond this means a year or two of constant eye-training and study of the Masters of painting. 1922 A. Morize Probl. & Methods of Lit. Hist. i. 6 To analyze and appreciate the rhythm, the harmony, and the artistic worth of a poem presupposes a mass of precise technical information and a long training of the ear. 1993 Guardian 27 July ii. 13/3 Vision training is not a panacea. It can't fix all the kids. 2011 D. J. Thornton Brain Culture i. 9 The government too is taking an interest in the benefits brain training might provide to the population. 7. Computing. The technique or process of configuring a program or device so that it responds to inputs in the desired manner (cf. train v.¹ 13). ΚΠ 1954 Electronic Engin. 26 84 The technique of encoding and programming, the ‘training of the robot’.] 1959 F. Rosenblatt in Mechanisation Thought Processes (National Physical Lab. Symp. No. 10) 433 What would such a perceptron do if, instead of forcing the desired response during a ‘training period’, we simply turned it loose in an arbitrary environment? 1960 Sci. News Let. 2 July 7/2 If the machine's trainer accidentally makes occasional mistakes and forces the wrong answer from the machine, the machine can overcome this bad training. 1992 Economist 14 Mar. (Suppl.) 20/1 The real wonder of connectionist nets is that training teaches them to recognise more than just the specific set of examples that they have already seen. 2002 S. Pinker Blank Slate (Book Club ed.) ii. 21 Generic associationist networks, subjected to massive amounts of training, could explain all cognition. III. An act or instance of train v.¹ II. 8. Military. A meeting or muster at a stated time for drill or training of militia, reservists, or volunteer forces; a military training session. ΚΠ 1578 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1899) IV. 179 Soldyours trayned with the Kallyver, thys Trayning beyng the 2 of October. 1616 J. T. ABC of Armes sig. A6^v In time of Musters or Traynings. 1806 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 12 Apr. 519 The great secret, however, is, how, at these trainings, to insure obedience to the commands of the officer. 1845 S. Judd Margaret i. xv. 129 Hash,..at the Spring training, was punished..for disorderly behavior. 1894 R. E. Robinson Danvis Folks viii. 145 Captain Peck..in his biggest military voice, usually reserved for trainings, gave the order. 1919 K. Miller Kelly Miller's Hist. World War for Human Rights xii. 233 The [Russian] soldier then passes to the reserve, where he serves for 14 or 15 years, during which period he receives two trainings of six weeks each. 1973 A. Seaton Army German Empire, 1870–88 25 Reserve soldiers were liable to recall for two trainings, neither of which might exceed a period of eight weeks. 2009 in C. Davenport As you Were xvii. 227 I gave up opportunities to study abroad and possible internships so that I could train with my unit at drills and annual trainings. 9. More generally: an instance or period of instruction or practice; a training session. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > training > [noun] schoolingc1440 training1537 training1598 1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy Aristotles Politiques viii. iii. 384 It appeareth, that..it is needfull to learne certaine things, and to be instructed and trained in the same, and that these instructions and trainings be vndertaken for their sakes which learn. 1780 J. Green Plan for Better Regulation Mariners 1 The plan. To increase our number of mariners by putting them under proper trainings, so that boys may be real mariners. 1826 A. Henderson Pract. Grazier i. 64 The horse, from regular trainings to dread the whip and fear the voice,..will become all alive from even seeing the one or hearing the other. 1882 45th Ann. Rep. Superintendent of Public Instr. Michigan 1881 284 We all see the importance of some kind of gymnastic training to give the children erect, graceful forms... Teachers agree on the value of such trainings. 1923 Boys' Life Mar. 50/4 Scottie surprised his team with a thirty-pound sled in place of the seventy-pound one which he had used in trainings. 1988 T. Vellela New Voices v. 64 That's something we teach in the trainings, that victories are not going to come in a month or two. 2003 Yoga Jrnl. Nov. 24/3 I was recently in a training where the instruction was given in a forward bend to ‘blossom your buttocks’. 10. A thorough education in a subject, profession, etc. ΘΚΠ society > education > [noun] > systematic education lore971 education1536 training1794 1794 J. Whitaker Course of Hannibal over Alps Ascertained II. i. 53 These dogs possess an instinct and receive a training, which fit them to be peculiarly useful in their employment. 1829 D. Pring Sketches of Intellect. & Moral Relations ii. vii. 400 The instruction..may be..appropriate to those who live without occupation, or preparatory to a training in any particular branch of knowledge. 1892 Eng. Hist. Rev. 7 808 To the subject-matter of history the author gives the widest limits, including within its scope..a training in cartography, epigraphy, and palæology. 1920 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 19/2 You receive a real training—a training that is like being privileged to sit in a council of big business executives helping them to work out their daily problems. 1992 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. 27 Mar. 13/5 The course, although based partly in the museum, is not an in-house museum certificate, nor does it provide a training in museology. 2010 Brattleboro (Vermont) Reformer (Nexis) 2 Mar. Two years is enough time for a high school graduate to attend a local community or technical college and get a training in sustainable technology. Compounds C1. a. (a) General attributive in senses of branch II.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately.See also Officers Training Corps n. at officer n. Compounds 3, etc. ΚΠ 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions vi. 47 As in the soule I did picke out certaine pointes, whervnto I applyed the training principles. 1685 S. Wesley Maggots 153 Make him fine and gay against next Training Holyday. 1779 Remembrancer 8 108/1 Even those of the training list who have not yet been called out..should be trained by some such short exercise. 1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) Tout, in sporting phraseology..signifies an agent in the training districts, on the look-out for information as to the condition and capabilities of those horses entering for a coming race. 1888 Times (Weekly ed.) 9 Nov. 9/3 A training-farm or ‘workfield’ managed by the poor-law authorities. 1948 Life 6 Sept. 68/1 (advt.) Lots of big leaguers have eaten Wheaties for 10 years..as a training dish, with milk and fruit. 2004 D. Klinger Into Kill Zone ii. 40 It was a training scenario with the FATS machine where I got shot. (b) training area n. ΚΠ 1874 Garden 12 Dec. 541/1 We have another Vinery here..with a restricted training area, containing four Vines. 1882 Daily News 29 Mar. 2/8 The sculling championship... In some exposed places within the training area the water was rather lumpy. 1945 E. Waugh Brideshead Revisited 299 I'm going out myself with the adjutant to recce training areas. 2011 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail (Nexis) 6 May b1 An on-site facility..contained a training area, office space, a team lounge, a locker room and storage for maintenance equipment. training bit n. [ < training n. + bit n.¹ 9] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > bit kevela1300 barnaclea1382 bitc1385 molanc1400 bridle bit1438 snafflea1533 titup1537 bastonet?1561 cannon?1561 scatch1565 cannon bit1574 snaffle-bit1576 port mouth1589 watering snaffle1593 bell-bit1607 campanel1607 olive1607 pear-bit1607 olive-bit1611 port bit1662 neck-snaffle1686 curb-bit1688 masticador1717 Pelham1742 bridoon1744 slabbering-bit1753 hard and sharp1787 Weymouth1792 bridoon-bit1795 mameluke bit1826 Chiffney-bit1834 training bit1840 ring snaffle1850 gag-snaffle1856 segundo1860 half-moon bit1875 stiff-bit1875 twisted mouth1875 thorn-bit1886 Scamperdale1934 bit-mouth- 1840 Sporting Rev. Jan. 13 There were two kinds of [ancient] bit. The first was a training-bit, extremely severe, and intended to serve the same purpose as some of the modern twisted bits, in correcting obstinacy of temper, or callousness of mouth. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2610/1 Training-bit,..a wooden gag-bit used when training vicious horses. The cheeks are of iron, and are connected by a rod..which passes through the wooden mouth-piece, having a head upon one end and a nut on the other. 1940 Pop. Mech. Aug. 28/1 (caption) Around the trainer's neck is the horse's ‘diploma’—the standard police-horse bit and bridle. In his hands are training bits. 2007 ‘J. London’ Dangers of deceiving Viscount 149 Will had brought a training bit they used at the hall to train colts. training camp n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun] > place for training Campe of Marsa1533 military yard1618 training ground1644 Camp Mart1647 training camp1825 boot camp1916 battle-school1942 1825 Niles' Weekly Reg. 7 May 154 General Boyer proceeded to Cairo, and from thence to the training-camp. 1894 T. B. Aldrich Two Bites at Cherry 216 I don't fancy he heard a gun fired, unless it went off by accident in some training-camp for recruits. 1980 Washington Star 10 Dec. c6 I felt like a rookie again in training camp. 2008 S. Phillips Strength for Life iii. viii. 71 For athletes, training camp is a focused, intensive period of time specifically designed to transform from their off-season condition to their peak of in-season performance, physically and mentally. training centre n. See also adult training centre at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre training school1712 training department1819 colony1821 training home1852 adult training school1853 training centre1864 skill centre1963 1864 Voice of Pity for South Amer. (South Amer. Missionary Soc.) XI. 267 He would gladly see attention directed to the formation of one or two great training centres, as feeders to their great societies. 1871 Times 17 Feb. 6/4 The recruiting and training centres will be so managed that the regiments will have local names, and recruit in their own localities. 1928 Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inq.) iv. xxv. 363 Experimental training-centres established by the Ministry of Labour. 1962 E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) lxxi. 549 Shanghai and Manchuria have been the biggest training centers for China's modernization. 2010 M. V. Thomas Countdown x. 270 On a previous visit I had discussed the idea of establishing a training centre for organic farming methods and made some fruitless attempts at securing funding for this. training class n. ΚΠ 1840 25th Ann. Rep. Society for promoting Educ. of Poor within Govt. Bombay 10 These two classes (the training class of school masters and the normal class) will add much to the efficiency of the Central School. 1936 N.Y. Times 26 Apr. s8/2 Membership entitles dog owners to enter the club's training class. 2008 M. Ayoob Gun Digest Bk. Concealed Carry 7/1 That has given me a precious opportunity to see how he acquires and uses the knowledge that he shares with others in his training classes. training department n. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre training school1712 training department1819 colony1821 training home1852 adult training school1853 training centre1864 skill centre1963 1819 Philanthropist 28 354 The proposed sum..has enabled the committee to discharge the old debts, and to build two capital model school-rooms and a house for the training department. 1912 Training Women Teachers Secondary Schools 10 The staff of the Training Department consists of the Organising Professor of Education, the Mistress of Method, and other Assistant Lecturers. 1997 Independent 20 May (Network Plus section) 10/2 For company training departments, the charge rises to £1,500. training facility n. ΚΠ 1869 Ann. Rep. State Commissioner Common Schools Ohio 189 The high schools of Elyria and Wellington, and our other graded schools, furnish training facilities for more teachers than find employment in our county. 1914 Manch. Guardian 9 Sept. 6/1 The War Office has appealed to local authorities to do all they can for the new reservists in the way of getting accommodation and training facilities. 2011 H. Graham Heart of Evil 17 They had just spent days at the local training facility, improving their weapons skills, computer literacy and understanding of the mission policy. training field n. ΚΠ 1702 Several Rules, Orders, & By-laws made & agreed upon by Free-holders & Inhabitants Boston of Mass. 13 The first turn of the Highway or Lane leading up to the Training Field. 1855 N. Wales Chron. 2 June The men then piled their arms, and..with their band preceding them, left the park for their training field. 1942 Fortune Nov. 119/1 All firing ranges open into a common impact area and no battalion is more than a hop, skip, and jump from its training field. 2003 D. Bowler & D. Reynolds Ron Reynolds xii. 128 He'd pick the team and decide on the way we were going to play without ever really getting involved on the training field. training film n. ΚΠ 1919 National Assoc. Corporation Schools 7th Ann. Proc. 199 Unlike a text-book which must be discarded when it becomes obsolete, training films can be kept up to the minute. 2004 R. G. Powers Broken x. 417 Their pretext was that they were making a training film about how to interview a ‘first-responder’. training flight n. ΚΠ 1840 D. P. Blaine Encycl. Rural Sports iii. iii. 330 Our hounds take their training gallops preparatory to hunting; our hawks their training flights. 1912 Times 29 Aug. 6/3 The Royal Flying Corps carried out some training flights yesterday with an airship and aeroplanes in preparation for the manœuvres. 2009 J. Scott Attack on Liberty x. 145 In one nighttime training flight over Alexandria, Virginia, he ditched his fighter in the Potomac after it developed engine trouble. training groom n. ΚΠ 1791 W. Taplin Gentleman's Stable Directory (new ed.) II. 385 To this prudent decision, he was justly influenced by the eagerly expected return of his training groom from a summer expedition. 1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 115 My training groom had his orders and yet I was afraid Idris would not be set upon muzzle, and so get improperly filled. 2005 W. Vamplew & J. Kay Encycl. Brit. Horseracing 101 Two bookmakers..recruited Daniel Dawson, a training-groom turned tout, to stop the animals from racing. training halter n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > halter or bridle haltera1000 bridleOE brake1430 gorel1480 watering bridle1502 mollet-bridle1503 headgear1538 slipe1586 chase-halter1607 branks1657 bit-bridle1676 curb-bridle1677 chain-bridle1690 blind-halter1711 ox-riem1817 blind-bridle1833 bell-bridle1836 training halter1842 hackamore1850 Pelham bridle1875 quoiler1876 knee-halter1892 war bridle1962 side pull1965 1842 Lit. Gaz. 25 June 433 W. changed the halter for a long training-halter. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2610/1 Training-halter,..a halter made in the same manner as a riding-bridle, with the exception of having short instead of long cheeks, which are provided with rings into which bit-straps may be buckled. 2006 J. Bell 30 Minutes to Better Horse 56 There are various types of training halter available. training home n. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre training school1712 training department1819 colony1821 training home1852 adult training school1853 training centre1864 skill centre1963 1852 Slater's Royal National & Commerc. Directory & Topography Hampshire 102/2 Servants' Training Home, Upper East street—Elizabeth Constable, matron. 1887 Times 9 Feb. 5/5 The platform was occupied..by the girl cadets in the training home, who wore white scarves over their uniforms. 1922 A. M. Brainard Evol. Public Health Nursing xxvi. 406 It was necessary for the nurse to be a graduate of a hospital training school..and to take a four months' training in district nursing in one of the Training Homes of the Order. 1963 Life 22 Feb. 17/1 More chiefs than Indians is the situation at Mesa, training home of the Chicago Cubs. 1990 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 4 June 55 The Dragons are delighted to be leaving the demountable change rooms that have been their training home since January. 2008 R. Parker Uprooted (2010) v. 75 The first emigration of girls took place in 1883...Thereafter a special training Home for such girls (Rosen Hallas) was established. training institute n. ΚΠ 1839 E. Higginson in Educator iii. 295 Religious differences..would..effectually prevent the spontaneous growth of training-institutes for the education of a higher class of teachers. 1918 Life & Light Oct. 416 The time is coming when we shall have our training institute for men and women in good working order. 2010 J. Gobbo Something to Declare xv. 217 The training institutes were producing a steady stream of highly qualified people. training institution n. ΚΠ 1823 R. Jackson Outl. Hints Human Race vi. 218 The plan..was known and in active operation in the training institutions of Sparta. 1903 Manch. Guardian 30 July 12/5 We have already twelve probationers in course of training..at various well-known existing training institutions. 2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 15 June 2312/2 The book recommends that behaviour change should be made the core of curricula in training institutions. training instructor n. ΚΠ 1872 Catal. Arkansas Industr. University 14 Students..will be required to put into practice the theories taught them, under the direct supervision of a training instructor. 1942 Pop. Mech. Jan. 158/2 This..includes all of the latest features recommended by training instructors. 2011 T. Greanias 34th Degree 181 That's why you're a training instructor and not an agent in the field. training manual n. ΚΠ 1888 Education June 659 Manual-training manuals for teachers will soon be prepared as manuals in drawing are now prepared.] 1892 Cycling 12 Mar. 114/3 (heading) A new training manual. 1942 World Rev. Apr. 17 In this war he is a Home Guard officer and the author of four training manuals, which, despite the paper shortage, reprint every few months. 2000 C. D. Whiteman Mountain Meteorol. Pref. p. vii Work on the book was initiated with the support of the USDA Forest Service to address the need for a training manual for aerial spraying operations. training method n. ΚΠ 1846 T. Chalmers Earnest Appeal to Free Church Scotl. on Subj. of its Econ. App. 51 The very essence of our proposed training method for the non-ministerial Associations, lies in the separate correspondence. 1932 M. S. Viteles in P. S. Achilles Psychol. at Work vi. 163 Proficiency levels can be raised by changes in training methods. 2006 Dogs Monthly July 34/3 I..encouraged numerous owners to use lure and reward training, discarding the ‘yank and yell’ training methods. training mission n. ΚΠ 1857 Daily News 6 Apr. 6/4 ‘Taylor’ had been to Oxford on a surreptitious training mission. 1930 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 18 July 10/3 The Photo Section was out during the morning on several training missions, photographing obliques and pin points. 2011 A. James Unlikely Match 44 Monroe had died in a helicopter crash while on a training mission with his military unit. training module n. ΚΠ 1966 Economist 3 Dec. 1005/1 The sort of retraining envisaged could fit in with the notion..of periodic training ‘modules’, whereby skilled men would take repeated periods off productive work to renew their perhaps rusty skills and learn new ones. 2007 L. K. Gundry & J. R. Kickul Entrepreneurship Strategy ii. 53/1 We created a training module that the company could use to teach its employees. training opportunity n. ΚΠ 1883 Nonconformist & Independent 4 May 10/3 There should be provided at least an equivalent amount of training opportunities for their teachers. 1950 Pop. Mech. Aug. 24/1 American School, an educational institution organized not for profit, offers you a wide choice of training opportunities. 2011 Y. Tasker Soldiers' Stories i. 37 Wartime recruitment materials..emphasize the perks, benefits, good salary, and training opportunities as well as the chance to serve one's country. training partner n. ΚΠ 1892 Boston Sunday Globe 14 Aug. 12/1 A few days ago Jim Daly, his heavy-weight boxing and training partner, was dispensed with. 1933 Times 15 Nov. 6/1 If he is well supplied with fast and clever training partners..he should outfight Harvey and win inside the 15 rounds. 2005 N. Laird Utterly Monkey 319 Ian was thinking he would make a good training partner. They should spot each other. training period n. ΚΠ 1811 C. James Regimental Compan. (ed. 7) III. 193 All bills must be drawn at 30 days after sight, except those for the training period. 1910 P. Sandiford Training of Teachers in Eng. & Wales ii. 39 At the end of the training period the student-teachers were given a very practical examination. 2006 Boston Globe (Electronic ed.) 16 Feb. 1 Lugers were offered two weeks of training before the Games, double their training period for the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City. training plan n. ΚΠ 1807 J. Stephen Dangers of Country 90 It was not just or politic, that single men of twenty of twenty-five, should be exempted from the inconveniences of the training plan. 1904 Chicago Tribune 17 Mar. 8/3 A brief thunder shower..did not interfere with the White Sox's training plans. 2003 Outside May 86/1 To stay competitive, Roth needed..a training plan that ebbs and flows throughout the year, with months of increasing intensity followed by a couple weeks of recovery. training prison n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > open prison training prison1899 prison-without-bars1929 1899 Rep. Commissioners of Prisons 41 in Parl. Papers (C.9452) XLIII. 65 All newly appointed officers are required to undergo at the training prisons a course of practical instruction in industrial processes, in order that they may be fitted for teaching trades to prisoners. 1950 Prisons & Borstals (Home Office) 20 The first prison camp in England was started in connection with the training prison at Wakefield in 1933. 2010 B. Bauer Blacklands xxix. 151 Longmoor was a training prison. training programme n. See also adult training programme at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > training > [noun] > training-programme training programme1888 1888 Atlantic Monthly June 775 A volume of verse forms an indispensable item in the training programme of a would-be man of letters. 1942 National Negro Health News Jan. 33 (heading) Training program announced for 100,000 nurse's aides. 1971 L. B. Johnson Vantage Point (1972) iv. 81 Our manpower training programs focused on preparing unskilled men and women for jobs. 2008 Esquire Mar. 214/1 The basic principle behind periodisation is never to get settled with a training programme. training regime n. ΚΠ 1868 Med. Times & Gaz. 26 Dec. 730/2 As the stomach of the most hearty can receive but a limited supply at a time, training régime prescribes nourishing food in small compass. 1967 Times 3 Nov. 3/7 These two prisons..for long had conducted a liberal training regime in conditions which were not secure. 2006 J. Irving Professional Gundog Training 160 This lesson will in time be incorporated within the normal daily training regime. training regimen n. ΚΠ 1827 Standard 30 July These..are the men who, in the moral diaphoresis which constitutes their training regimen, have so far sweated out humanity as to propose the exposing of children. 1914 Indianapolis Star 11 Feb. 11/4 The faculty committee favors a mild training regimen throughout the spring and summer. 2004 D. Smiedt Are we there Yet? (2007) viii. 161 The training regimen of Zulu warriors undoubtedly provided them with the stamina to run a half-marathon then mix it up on the battlefield. training room n. ΚΠ 1810 Morning Post 2 Aug. The animal took, the rider was thrown, but as speedily gained her, and we are happy to say returned to the training-room without any injury. 1908 J. H. Crooker Church of To-day vii. 112 The school will be a training room of the spirit. 2003 EnRoute Apr. 018/1 In training rooms across the land, from urban fitness centres to basement gyms, strength-training addicts are bulking up with the latest fitness toy: kettle bells. training routine n. ΚΠ 1867 Illustr. London News 28 Dec. 703/2 Betrayal..is reported to have done ‘three nice breathings of a mile and a quarter, winding up with a sharp gallop of over a mile.’ And so the training routine goes on. 1940 Life 23 Dec. 60/1 Soon the excitement of Army life will wear off. Soon there will be nothing but long days of dull training routine. 2009 M. J. Matkovich & J. Davis Elite Soccer Drills i. 5 Having the discipline and drive to develop and adhere to a training routine helps a player improve. training run n. ΚΠ 1866 Sporting Gaz. 17 Feb. 122/2 Long course rows and training runs will bring down the weight considerably. 1910 Boston Globe 14 Dec. 15/7 The training runs of the amateur long-distance teams..may be taken as an indication of what the runners are capable. 2004 R. Askwith Feet in Clouds iv. 20 She landed awkwardly when jumping a ditch on a training run and completely ruptured the plantar fascia in her right foot. training schedule n. ΚΠ 1891 World (N.Y.) 29 Sept. 5/2 Circulars have already been addressed to the chiefs of the army corps requesting them to change the training schedule of the troops. 1951 Manch. Guardian 3 Jan. 6/1 Experts have been convinced that Zatopek would crack under the exceptionally severe training schedule which he imposes upon himself. 2011 C. Fellows Total Skiing x. 178 The first step in developing a training schedule you can stick to is to honestly look at the time you can commit to your training program. training scheme n. ΚΠ 1850 Sc. Mag. Mar. 135 (heading) Proposed training scheme. 1922 M. Wheeler-Nicholson Mod. Cavalry ii. 25 The training scheme in the regiment should have in view as high a condition of immediate readiness for war as is possible. 2000 New Scientist 29 Jan. 91/1 (advt.) Applications are invited from candidates..for entry to the training scheme for medical physicists and bioengineers in Scotland. training session n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > training > [noun] training1581 work1846 training session1850 overtraining1856 roadwork1856 cross-training1903 groundwork1906 sweat1916 repetition1919 repetition running1955 weight training1955 circuit training1957 interval running1957 interval training1962 repetition training1965 brick1996 society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > training-session training session1850 1850 16th Rep. Commissioners National Educ. Ireland III. 270 The subjects of the lectures are..numerous and extensive compared with the duration of the training session. 1951 Sport 6 Apr. 12/2 Most clubs have selected their spot-kicker after careful tests during training sessions. 1977 J. M. Johnson in J. D. Douglas & J. M. Johnson Existential Sociol. viii. 242 A worker in Unit One said she had decided to record her time spent in training sessions on line C of the report. 2008 N.Y. Mag. 30 June 74/1 New York Parkour's weekly training sessions..are a crazily athletic workout. training shoe n. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > shoe > [noun] > types of > for specific purpose > other walking shoe1694 training shoe1837 tackiec1902 moccasin1929 trainer shoe1944 trainer1968 bootee1974 cross-trainer1987 1837 Amer. Turf Reg. & Sporting Mag. Feb. 258 On a trial race he has made a mile in 1m. 50¹/ ₂s. with his training shoes on: equal to 1m. 46¹/ ₂s. with plates. 1920 Decisions War Dept. Board Contract Adjustment (1921) V. 260 There was a tentative program to make another model shoe which would be a sort of training shoe. 1930 Boys' Life May 49 A wonderfully light training shoe with a springy crêpe rubber sole. 1984 Nutshell (Gainesville, Florida) Spring 61/1 (advt.) A remarkable new training shoe designed to take all the wear and tear high-mileage runners can give it. 2009 Fiji Times (Nexis) 12 Dec. 94 The players are requested to bring their training shoes, gym towel,..rugby boots and toiletries. training stable n. ΚΠ 1797 E. Weatherby & J. Weatherby Racing Cal. XXIV. 339 (advt.) Training Stables. Epsom, Surrey. John Dilly, Begs Leave to inform the Noblemen and Gentlemen of the Turf, that he intends (for the Benefit of his Mother) to take in Horses to train. 1894 A. Conan Doyle Mem. Sherlock Holmes 4 Where the Colonel's training stable is situated. 2005 F. J. Cavaioli Pompano Park Harness Track i. 12 In 1957, there were four training stables containing 77 horses at the track. training system n. ΚΠ 1806 Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 7 318 He found himself under the necessity of resorting to it, to enforce his training system. 1904 E. Miles Alphabet of Athletics xi. 100 It is the glory of the German training system that it brings the duffers up..till they can perform quite difficult feats. 2001 Black Belt Oct. 67/1 Take a closer look at ROSS, the modern-day training system that embodies all the advanced self-defense secrets. training time n. ΚΠ 1806 R. Cumberland Mem. (new ed.) 316 The eldest, a boy of brilliant parts, has now completed more than half his training-time. 1879 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times II. xxviii. 349 The campaign had..only been a training time for us. 1957 New Scientist 19 Dec. 10/3 A survey of the existing schemes revealed that training a mender took anything up to two years, and that there was a very wide variation of training times between the different mills. 2004 P2 No. 54. 118/2 Spend all your training time on developing your strength and don't worry about the other attributes until your strength is maxed out. training video n. ΚΠ 1970 San Antonio (Texas) Light 29 Nov. g10/2 Brown Swiss stars in a variety of roles in a training video tape for Special Forces on the handling of animals.] 1983 Amer. Banker 28 June 12/3 Writing, directing, and acting in training videos employ more writers, actors, and directors than the entertainment segment of the industry. 2000 A. Sayle Barcelona Plates 85 There were stints..writing training videos on the arcane twists and turns of Royal Mail package-sorting procedures. training workshop n. ΚΠ 1865 Morning Post 5 June 3/1 The training workshops of Gustav Werner's asylum at Reutlingen showed the intelligence with which they are conducted. 1945 N.Y. Times 8 Jan. 20/2 The training workshop may turn out as many as a hundred ‘almost identical’ handmade versions of certain designs. 2005 P. Race Making Learning Happen ii. 197 Sometimes, participants at training workshops may be normal college-based learners. (c) Objective. training provider n. ΚΠ 1981 State & Local Govt Rev. 13 59/2 An Annual Municipal Problems and Training Needs Survey, conducted by the Municipal Training Division, of..other training providers. 2010 J. Griffith in R. Gunn & C. Durkin Social Entrepreneurship ix. 109 Many courses have been started by universities and training providers in the UK, the US, and elsewhere, in an effort to fill an apparent gap in leadership. 2011 Northern Echo 26 Aug. 19/4 The Association of Employment and Learning Providers, the professional body for training providers, yesterday urged the Government to ramp up the promotion of apprenticeships to employers. b. In senses of branch I. training shaft n. ΚΠ 1872 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 16 417 The training shaft is prolonged. 1905 Daily Chron. 28 Apr. 7/5 In the ‘danger’ passage, between the two training shafts of the fore barbette. 1994 N. Friedman U.S. Submarines since 1945 79 She lost her bow sonars (retaining only the trainable BQR–3A on its BQA–1 training shaft). training tube n. ΚΠ 1886 Rep. Select Comm. Ordnance & War Ships (U.S. Congress) App. 163 The armament will be five Whitehead pattern torpedoes arranged for gunpowder impulse fired by electricity, one being in a fixed tube in the bow, two in training tubes fitted round the forward turret, and two in the tubes round the after turret. 1916 Internat. Marine Engin. Apr. 204/2 A photograph of the Seal firing one of her torpedoes from a broadside training tube is shown on page 560. 2006 M. Mannske Foreign & Domest. vii. 143 We've reclaimed all the mothballed Peacekeepers and re-MIRVed them with warheads from the Pantex plant... We've got three right here, converted from training tubes. C2. training aid n. practical or material support provided to facilitate training; something used to assist in carrying out training. ΚΠ 1839 J. A. Reynolds Let. 8 Dec. in Educ. Mag. (1840) Jan. 57 I should not have made any remark upon it, had there not been a somewhat important mistake in my first letter—‘training aid’ being printed for ‘pecuniary aid’. 1920 Amer. Physical Educ. Rev. June 244/1 Under conditions involving no artificial training aids to physical development, a large proportion of young Americans now attain..‘optimum’ standards of size. 1999 Dallas Morning News (Nexis) 28 Jan. The program provides training aid to employees laid off because of competition from Mexico or Canada. 2001 Tae Kwon Do Mar. 59/2 This video contains detailed explanations and demonstrations of all the moves in the patterns from white belt to black belt, and is an essential training aid. training bank n. a bank constructed to deflect or direct a current in a river, harbour, etc.; cf. training post n.¹ 2, training wall n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > action of river > [noun] > structures to divert river current scour17.. wing-dam1809 spur1818 training wall1852 training bank1855 training post1884 the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bank > [noun] > of river > bank to deflect current training wall1852 training bank1855 1855 Rep. Commissioners Present State River Tyne 476 in Parl. Papers 1854–5 XXXI. I propose the training bank on the north shore to follow the course of the new quays. 1911 United Empire July 489 Two moles and a training bank are being constructed. 2008 M. Rainsley South West Sea Kayaking 35 Follow the line of markers..along the shallow ‘training bank’. training bra n. a brassiere with soft, flat cups, worn by girls who wish to wear a brassiere but whose breasts are not yet developed enough to require one. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > underwear > [noun] > brassière brassière1911 bra1936 trainer bra1950 training bra1963 1963 Chicago Tribune 24 Mar. v. 1/1 A 9-year-old girl asked her parents for a ‘training’ bra to wear on a movie date with her 11-year-old boyfriend. 1988 D. A. Richards Nights below Station Street (1989) xxvi. 204 There were old ladies with powdered skin who kept popping their cups up for tea, and young girls of eleven or twelve, wearing training bras. 2004 Cosmo Girl Aug. 51/1 When we were ten years old, we decided to get our first training bras. It was funny, none of my friends needed to wear a bra, but I suppose it made us feel more mature. training college n. a college for training people for a particular profession, esp. for the ministry or priesthood or for teaching; cf. training school n. N.E.D. included: 1829 Mod. [Training College was in use in Ireland]. but no written or printed evidence has been found. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > college > teacher training college normal school1797 training college1839 normal1887 teacher-factory1889 1839 Eccl. Gaz. 12 Nov. 94/2 (advt.) Chester Diocesan Training College. Wanted in January next, an Assistant Master. 1882 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) Normal school..a school in which teachers are instructed in the principles of their profession and trained in the practice of it; a training-college. 1884 S. E. Dawson Handbk. Canada 211 A theological training-college for priests. 1960 F. M. Bourret Ghana xi. 216 Since the training of teachers was the key to the rest of the plan, several new training colleges were opened and existing ones were enlarged. 2004 Independent 2 Aug. 12/4 Dr Hope, who has opposed the ordination of women, has also been at the centre of talks to introduce a so-called third province—an all-male church-within-a-church with its own archbishop, bishops and training colleges. training course n. (a) a racetrack or other course on which practice runs are made; (b) a course of study designed to train people in a particular subject or for a particular profession. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of summer session1594 evening class1762 summer school1793 training course1822 shop class1844 elective1850 optional1855 night class1870 correspondence class1876 Chautauqua1884 correspondence course1902 gut1902 holiday course1906 shop1912 pud1917 training seminar1917 film school1929 day school1931 refresher1939 farm shop1941 survey course1941 weekend course1944 crash programme1947 sandwich course1955 thick sandwich1962 module1966 bird course1975 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > racecourse > [noun] > specific type training course1822 slow track1841 fast track1859 straightaway1878 bullring1897 paceway1978 1822 Morning Post 7 May (heading) The new training course... The form is a figure of six, and the extent of the circle part rather more than a mile. 1842 Fraser's Mag. May 542/1 If restrained within the narrow limits of a training-course for the intellectual faculties, mathematical science may become a humble assistant of genius. 1921 H. K. Leiding Hist. Houses S. Carolina viii. 161 Within this park the training course is laid out, an exact mile in circuit, so that the horses may be seen taking their exercise. 1941 Washington Post 9 Mar. b3/2 Nurses' aides..undergo a more extensive two-year training course, after which they can assist nurses in many of their duties. 1996 T. Palmer Amer. by Rivers (1998) 78 We splashed into an inlet for the C & O Canal where slalom gates had been set up. This training course serves America's best racers. 2002 D. Leon Wilful Behaviour (2003) xxii. 270 Signorina Elettra was sent to Milano on a training course in some new form of computer wizardry. training credit n. originally U.S. (a) officially recorded credit awarded upon the completion of training; an instance of this; (b) a credit entitling a person to receive training. ΚΠ 1914 Indianapolis Star 29 May 17/1 Many students who entered presented an overabundance of manual training credits.] 1923 Charleston Daily Mail 23 Sept. 5/1 (heading) Review courses done away with as teachers seek to get training credit. 1927 Social Service Rev. 1 644 The present difficulties..are the following... 3. Failure of the by-laws to make any distinction between training credits for undergraduate work, and for graduate work. 1989 Times (Nexis) 30 Oct. The proposals, drawn up by the Confederation of British Industry, include training credits for school-leavers to cover the cost of a three-year course at a college. 2008 M. S. Norton Human Resources Admin. for Educ. Leaders 388 A common practice is to require a specified number of training credits for moving up the salary scale. training day n. a day devoted to training; spec. (now historical) a stated or legally appointed day for the drilling of militia, reservists, or volunteer forces. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > drill or training > [noun] > training-day training day1581 field day1723 1581 T. Styward Pathwaie to Martiall Discipline ii. 166 How the chiefe of euerie Sheere should be in their warlike attire at the training daie. 1633 in Rec. Mass. Bay I. 109 If any trained solder shalbe absent from traineing, vpon their traineing dayes. 1676 W. Wycherley Plain-dealer ii. i As he passed by my window the last training-day. 1689 in Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. (1861) 4th Ser. V. 208 Upon the receiving the new commissions, I..had a training-day in our town. 1729 J. Gay Polly i. xii. 19 Ducat. How are the musquets? 1st Footman. Rusty, Sir, all rusty and peaceable! For we never clean 'em but against training-day. 1845 Knickerbocker Oct. 367 It happened to be ‘General Muster’, or as we call it in New-Hampshire, ‘Training-Day’. 1874 A. Maclaren Training (ed. 2) iv. 121 A training day [for a college boat crew] divides itself into three parts. 1902 Jrnl. Proc. 28th Ann. Convent. Diocese Western Michigan 57 Sunday is the Church's training day for the spirit of man. 1930 C. G. Barns Sod House xxi. 262 As a rule the drill on training day began with taking the marching step behind a fife and drum band for a short time. 1970 Black Belt Feb. 52/2 Training days are from Monday to Saturday, six nights a week. 2009 Private Eye 18 Sept. 8/2 The new would-be MPs are encouraged to attend training days at £100 a pop. training dinner n. a dinner given during a period of training, or with a menu suitable for this. ΚΠ 1706 S. Sewall Diary 27 May (1973) I. 546 Col. Noyes invites me to his Training Dinner. 1839 Yale Lit. Mag. Dec. 122 The huge heap began to melt away, as..a great plumb-pudding at a training dinner. 1903 M. Pemberton Gold Wolf 125 We might order a training dinner at the Carlton..chops and rice pudding and an orange afterwards! 2007 B. Tirabassi One Year Sacred Obsession Devotional 190 I attended weekly training dinners, weeknight club meetings, and staff retreats. training exercise n. exercise undertaken in order to maintain or improve fitness, skill, etc.; an activity or drill performed for this purpose. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > [noun] > practice or exercise exercise1509 practice1553 training exercise1801 1801 Sporting Mag. Dec. 116/1 Resolved, however, that fighting in the Lobbies at the Play-houses be not considered as a breach of this statute, being taken for good training exercise. 1806 Morning Post 23 Aug. The payment thereof will only exempt him from the training exercise for one year. 1914 Drama Feb. 255 That production was little more than training exercise, as a sportsman would say. 1922 C. R. Stone Silent & Oral Reading viii. 177 As this was a training exercise, and not a test, there was no attempt to put a score, or grade, upon the pupils' work. 2010 Herald-Times (Bloomington, Indiana) 25 Aug. e3/5 More than 20,000 American soldiers in Iraq..will continue patrols and training exercises with Iraqis. training hall n. (originally) an institution devoted to training people for a particular profession (now historical); (in later use) a large room used for the provision of training. ΚΠ 1839 Brit. Mag. July 95 (heading) Training hall for national schoolmasters. 1874 Architect 21 Mar. 163/2 We may mention the new Rifle Volunteers' Training Hall... The hall itself is a fine assembly room. 1999 J. Donohue Compl. Kendo ii. i. 37 The novice swordsman will learn most of his or her early lessons treading the hardwood floors of a traditional training hall. 2005 Heritage Mar. 80/3 Over the centuries they changed and adapted, from monk-filled cloisters to schools for medieval nobility,..training halls for clergy and breeding grounds for the elite of the British Empire. training level n. (a) a level (level n. 1a) used when training a gun (now rare); (b) the degree of ability, fitness, etc., aimed at or achieved through training; (also) a stage of training. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > sight > types of dispart1578 telescopic sight1674 plain sight1686 aim-frontlet1745 hausse1787 foresight1806 gloaming sight1817 night-sight1822 bead1831 leaf1832 backsight1847 globe sight1847 pendulum hausse1850 hindsight1851 tangent scale1859 tangent1861 tangent backsight1862 training pendulum1862 training level1863 peep sight1866 dispart-sight1867 notch sight1867 buck-horn1877 orthoptic1881 aperturea1884 pinball-sighta1884 dispart patch1884 sight bar1884 flap-sight1887 barley-corn1896 ring sight1901 riflescope1902 spotting scope1904 tangent sight1908 Aldis sight1918 wind-sight1923 scope sight1934 gyro-sight1942 1863 Jrnl. Royal United Service Inst. 7 74 Admiral Hope's Testimony on the merits of the Training Level. 1905 Official Gaz. U.S. Patent Office 12 Sept. 309/1 In a sighting apparatus for guns..a sector pivoted at the center of the said frame and provided with a training-level. 1915 Psychol. Clinic 15 May 69 I have raised their intelligence level, more specifically their information and training level..but in my terminology their performance level. 1985 Black Belt May 94/3 Students have neither the correct step-by-step training available nor a clear idea about the goals of each training level. 2006 B. A. Amico in J. Bové Mile in her Boots 109 Don't get him into situations above his training level. training pants n. originally U.S. a pair of absorbent underpants worn by children during potty training; spec. (in later use) a nappy or diaper with an elasticated waistband, which may be pulled up and worn like underpants. ΚΠ 1928 Decatur (Illinois) Herald 1 Nov. 7/1 (advt.) Red-star Birdseye diapers... Vanta knit Training-pants. 1989 M. Dorris Broken Cord iii. 43 I seconded their assurances that within weeks Adam would be out of diapers and into training pants. 2000 Treehouse Canad. Family Holiday 9 (advt.) Once you've made the leap from diapers to..Training Pants, it's important to be consistent. † training pendulum n. Obsolete a type of level for training a gun, with a pendulum. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > device for discharging missiles > firearm > parts and fittings of firearms > [noun] > sight > types of dispart1578 telescopic sight1674 plain sight1686 aim-frontlet1745 hausse1787 foresight1806 gloaming sight1817 night-sight1822 bead1831 leaf1832 backsight1847 globe sight1847 pendulum hausse1850 hindsight1851 tangent scale1859 tangent1861 tangent backsight1862 training pendulum1862 training level1863 peep sight1866 dispart-sight1867 notch sight1867 buck-horn1877 orthoptic1881 aperturea1884 pinball-sighta1884 dispart patch1884 sight bar1884 flap-sight1887 barley-corn1896 ring sight1901 riflescope1902 spotting scope1904 tangent sight1908 Aldis sight1918 wind-sight1923 scope sight1934 gyro-sight1942 1862 Medals & Honourable Mentions Internat. Juries 187 Sharpe, B..For his training pendulum for obtaining the correct inclination of the ship's deck. 1888 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. VII. ii. 157/1 Training-pendulum, an instrument having a pendulum and a level member, with a glass and bubble, used in training guns to any required elevation. [Also in later dictionaries.] training place n. (a) a place where training is given; (b) a place on a training course or scheme; a placement. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > [noun] schoolOE universityc1300 academyc1550 nursery1581 training place1581 seminarya1604 cathedral1644 teaching house1849 separate school1852 nursing home1880 stable1942 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xl. 224 (heading) The vse and commoditie of a large, and well situate training place. 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. ix. xx. 1824 A schoole and training place for our youth to endure labour and hardship, and to prepare them like the Iewes in Nehemiahs time, to vse the Sword with one hand, and instruments of labour in the other. 1706 J. Langford Brief Acct. Sufferings Quakers 11 The sixth Day of the 11th Month, the aforesaid Major Mallet, order'd his Companies..to meet at the Training Place, at the House of George Turny, and Francis Carlile. 1808 Ann. Rev. 1807 6 641/2 It [sc. Edinburgh] is to London what Athens was to Rome: the training-place of our ruling minds, the awakener of intellect, the polisher of eloquence, the seminary of instruction. 1939 Times 2 Mar. 8/5 Courses are provided for training in the Post Office engineering service, a total of 10,000 training places a year being available. 1995 V. Symes Unemployment in Europe 167 This scheme is designed to help difficult-to-place severely disabled workers..who have neither work nor a training place. 2009 M. Kohl tr. J. Moltmann Broad Place 168 I talked to the Christian Academy (the training place for all the non-Roman Catholic churches). training school n. a school teaching a profession or occupational skills; spec. (North American) a vocational institution for young offenders.See also adult training school at adult adj. and n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > college or university > [noun] > training-centre training school1712 training department1819 colony1821 training home1852 adult training school1853 training centre1864 skill centre1963 society > education > place of education > school > [noun] > reform school house of reformation1581 reformatory1758 reform school1839 truant-school1872 training school1905 approved school1932 juvie1967 1712 Hannibal at Gates 36 The several Jacobite Clubs..at present are so many publick training Schools, where the Youth of the Nation are disciplin'd into an Opinion of the Justice of his Title. 1829 Kildare Place Soc., Rep. To draw the attention of the public to these Training Schools. 1897 B. P. Grenfell & A. S. Hunt New Classical Fragm. lxvii. 101 Aurelius Asclepiades..agrees to hire from Aurelius Theon, the keeper of a training-school, probably at Arsinoe, the services of two dancing-girls. 1905 First Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Training School for Girls 4 The Penal Code was amended..so as to authorize the commitment of delinquent girls under the age of sixteen..to the New York State Training School for Girls. 1940 Amer. Boy Feb. 2/3 Pensacola..has the country's largest training school for naval aviators. 1978 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 Jan. 7/3 If training schools are closed, then some group homes will have to have a custodial aspect. 2005 J. B. Dossetor Beyond Hippocratic Oath i. iii. 47 I was then appointed registrar back at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, my training school. training seminar n. (originally in German contexts) an academic class that prepares students for a particular occupation (rare); (later more generally) a short intensive course of study designed to provide instruction in a particular subject. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of summer session1594 evening class1762 summer school1793 training course1822 shop class1844 elective1850 optional1855 night class1870 correspondence class1876 Chautauqua1884 correspondence course1902 gut1902 holiday course1906 shop1912 pud1917 training seminar1917 film school1929 day school1931 refresher1939 farm shop1941 survey course1941 weekend course1944 crash programme1947 sandwich course1955 thick sandwich1962 module1966 bird course1975 1917 D. E. Cloyd Mod. Educ. in Europe & Orient iv. 146 The training schools for women teachers, however, are the higher Training Seminars in the girls' Lyzeums. 1931 Catholic Hist. Rev. 17 2 Hence it is that, especially in our training seminars, a branching out seems necessary. 2010 D. Frantz & C. Collins Fallout xxi. 249 He gave lectures and training seminars on counterproliferation and espionage techniques to people at the CIA. training ship n. a ship on which sailing skills are taught, originally esp. one on which boys were trained for naval service. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > training-ship training ship1829 training vessel1829 1829 United Service Jrnl. & Naval & Mil. Mag. 1 608 They will be bound to pay..the sum of one hundred francs into the chest of the training ship. c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 85 These men were never on board a ship before joining the training ship. 1899 S. R. Crockett Kit Kennedy xxi. 145 I would have placed him [sc. a boy] on a training ship and looked after him there. 1927 Times 11 Jan. 17/6 The Marine Society started the first training ship in the world. 1965 C. C. Lloyd in C. W. Crawley New Cambr. Mod. Hist. IX. iii. 79 Training ships for boys, who passed out as aspirants, were opened in 1810. 2005 Brit. Life Jan. 21/4 I set out on my maritime career by going first to the training ship. training table n. (a) a table at which training takes place; a table used for or during a period of training; (b) U.S. a table at which athletes (esp. college athletes) on a team are provided with specially prepared food; the time when a team eats together at such a table. ΚΠ 1851 W. Williams Let. 1 Jan. in Further Corr. Convict Discipline & Transportation (1851) 25 The first class commences with Table A, consisting of men the most advanced in the school, which may be regarded as a sort of training table for monitors. 1866 ‘Argonaut’ Arts Rowing & Training ii. v. 121 Porridge need not be discontinued if it has been the custom to take it, but it is not an article that should be specially introduced upon the training table. 1921 Western Osteopath Oct. 14/1 Plumbing should be ample and the training tables covered with material that can easily be washed and disinfected. 1948 Boys' Life Apr. 14/3 It has been traditional that college teams have training tables at which all the athletes ate their meals. 1974 Field & Stream Dec. 108/2 Place the dog on a training table rather than handling him on the ground. 2003 T. Wheatley St. Louis Sports Folks vii. 42 When we ate at training table, I would watch the football players and the healthy stuff they ate. training vessel n. = training ship n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > war vessel > [noun] > training-ship training ship1829 training vessel1829 1829 United Service Jrnl. & Naval & Mil. Mag. 1 608 They will receive only the sum allowed for the mess while they remain on board the training vessel. 1892 Marine Engineer May 43/1 More boys most be recruited for the training vessels, and if necessary more men must be brought into the service. 1968 G. Daws Shoal of Time vi. 237 On ship, the Kaimiloa, a guano trader converted at great expense into a training vessel. 2007 L. A. Rose Power at Sea iv. 135 Recruits, who generally enlisted at eighteen or nineteen for four to six years, first went to station ships for basic indoctrination before transferring to training vessels to learn gunnery and seamanship. training wall n. a wall built to direct a current into a particular channel in a river, harbour, etc.; cf. training bank n., training post n.¹ 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > action of river > [noun] > structures to divert river current scour17.. wing-dam1809 spur1818 training wall1852 training bank1855 training post1884 the world > the earth > land > land mass > shore or bank > bank > [noun] > of river > bank to deflect current training wall1852 training bank1855 1852 Mechanics' Mag. 20 Nov. 413/2 The treatment of the Dee by groynes, and the Clyde, by training-walls, was examined. 1883 Specif. Alnwick & Cornhill Railway 43 The training-walls are to be built of concrete, made of six parts of gravel to one of Portland cement. 1922 Engin. & Contracting 31 May 518/1 Construct training walls or groynes on each side of the drainage outlet to guide the water direct to sea. 1989 J. McPhee Control of Nature (1991) 135 The toppled training wall monoliths worsened the situation. The integrity of the structure at this point was greatly in doubt. training wing n. the division of an organization (esp. a military one) which provides training to its members; the part of a building where this division is situated or where training takes place. ΚΠ 1876 Trans. National Assoc. Promotion Social Sci. 1875 458 When Kindergarten, elementary schools, industrial wing, and training wing are all at work, the institution will claim to be called ‘model’. 1948 Daily Tel. 29 May 2/4 The job of the Training Wing is to train ‘Air Crews’, a new form of R.A.F. entry, introduced, I gather, in 1946. 2000 T. Carew Jihad! (2001) ix. 255 A few weeks later, I saw him again, coming out of training wing with a face like thunder. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). trainingadj. Brit. /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈtreɪnɪŋ/ Forms: see train v.¹ and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: train v.¹, -ing suffix². Etymology: < train v.¹ + -ing suffix². Compare earlier training n. †1. Attracting, alluring, enticing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > attraction, allurement, or enticement > [adjective] tolling?c1225 ticinga1400 allectivec1487 illecebrous1531 alluring1534 tracting1535 wooing1549 enticing1553 training1557 tittling1560 luring1570 adamantine1581 baiting1585 winning1596 attractive1600 adamantic1605 adamantive1605 enticeable1607 soliciting1608 magnetic1611 invitinga1616 allurant1631 inescating1633 invitative1634 magnetical1638 invitatory1646 tractive1658 odalisque1837 Pied Piper1869 lureful1887 follow-me1888 luresome1889 come-hitherish1901 come-hither1905 come-hithery1919 invitational1922 come-hithering1935 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. Aa.iiii^v Then finenesse thought by trainyng talke to win that beauty lost. 1567 G. Turberville Poems 52 Force not hir trayning truthlesse eies, but turne thy face away. 1592 Countess of Pembroke tr. R. Garnier Antonius ii. sig. I2 Th' e'nchaunting skilles Of her cælestiall Sp'rite, hir training speache. †2. Tracking, pursuing. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > hunting > hunter > [adjective] > trailing training1583 1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. Ffi Diana in her trayninge chase delightes. 3. Having a train as a part, attached, or following; trailing. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > hanging or suspension > [adjective] > hanging down > trailingly trailinga1400 swooping1581 dragglinga1599 training1645 streeling1841 traily1902 1645 D. North Forest of Varieties iii. 184 How well shee might have subsisted and walkt without a Iacobs staffe, and these helps let others discourse, I acknowledge them much better then the invention of high heeles, head dresses, and training Gownes, &c. 1737 R. Savage Of Public Spirit 7 The Tragic charms the Age; In solemn training Robes she fills the Stage. 1759 Earl of Cork & Orrery tr. in C. Lennox tr. P. Brumoy Greek Theatre I. p. lxxi He [sc. Aeschylus] masked the face of the actors, he raised them upon the buskin, and dressed them in training robes, to appear more majestic. 1827 Miss Roberts in Lit. Souvenir 147 The long training gowns, and flowing head-dresses. 1879 B. H. Buxton Fetterless xi. 163 Josephine was bolder than ever to-night..in her training gown of a crass yellow hue. 1900 Dietetic & Hygienic Gaz. June 374/1 There are the low-necked evening gown and the display of bare arms, and the long training skirt, which is worn, as I observe, even on the streets. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1440adj.1557
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trainingn.

Compounds

trainingadj.