topo-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: before a vowel top-.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin topo-.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin topo- (in e.g. topographia topography n.) < Hellenistic Greek τοπο- , combining form (in e.g. τοπογραϕία topography n.) of ancient Greek τόπος place (see topos n.); compare -o- connective.Compare French topo-, German topo-.

< Greek τοπο-, combining form of τόπος place, as in τοπογράϕος topographer; a formative element in various words.

topocentric adj.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈsɛntrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈsɛntrɪk/

Astronautics (of a parameter of a spacecraft or an orbit) measured relative to a point on the earth's surface (rather than its centre).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [adjective] > (put) in orbit > measured relative to earth's surface

topocentric1965

1965 P. R. Escobal Methods Orbit Determination vii. 241 The topocentric right ascension-declination of the unknown orbit at the three times..can be obtained as follows.

1976 Sci. Amer. June 70/2 Since the tracking stations are on the earth's surface, the direct measurements they provide of the spacecraft's radial parameters (range, velocity and acceleration) are topocentric rather than geocentric.

topocline n.

Brit.

/ˈtɒpə(ʊ)klʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˈtɑpəˌklaɪn/

a cline associated with variations in the locality of the species concerned.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > occurrence of variant forms

polymorphism1846

polymorphy1846

heteromorphism1874

polytypism1932

cline1938

topocline1939

polytypy1954

morphism1955

1939 J. W. Gregor in New Phytologist 38 317 Prefixes can be used to denote clines of different types, for example topocline.

1953 J. Heslop-Harrison New Concepts Flowering-plant Taxon. v. 68 Independent topoclines exist for different morphological features.

1970 Watsonia 8 140 The two subspecies may be regarded as the relatively extreme end-points of a topocline.

topogenous adj.

Brit.

/tɒˈpɒdʒᵻnəs/

/təˈpɒdʒᵻnəs/

U.S.

/tɑˈpɑdʒənəs/

/təˈpɑdʒənəs/

formed as the result of a combination of geographical features.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective]

geomorphic1835

topogenous1939

1939 A. G. Tansley Brit. Islands & their Vegetation xxxv. 719 Valley bog-topogenous, formed in valleys and depressions where water..stagnates, and bog plants establish themselves.

1975 J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iv. 76 Essentially there are two types of peat, topogenous and ombrogenous. Topogenous peat forms in places of impeded drainage.

topoinhibition n.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpəʊɪn(h)ᵻˈbɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpoʊˌɪn(h)ᵻˈbɪʃ(ə)n/

Biology the inhibition of cell multiplication by contact with other cells.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [noun] > topoinhibition

topoinhibition1970

1970 Nature 22 Aug. 806/1 Topoinhibition is probably an important mechanism regulating cell multiplication in organisms in normal conditions.

1975 Nature 29 May 371/3 The loss of topoinhibition at wound edges in culture is apparently not due to loss of junctional communication.

topoisomerase n.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpəʊʌɪˈsɒməreɪz/

/ˌtɒpəʊʌɪˈsɒməreɪs/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌreɪs/

/ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌreɪz/

Biochemistry any enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule.

ΚΠ

1978 Devel. Biol. LXIV. 273/2 The enzyme has been referred to as ω-protein.., swivelase.., untwisting enzyme.., relaxing activity.., relaxing protein.., nicking-closing activity.., and DNA topoisomerase.

1979 Wang & Liu in J. H. Taylor Molecular Genetics III. ii. 66 We propose that they be called DNA topoisomerases.

1980 Sci. Amer. July 109/2 These nicking-closing enzymes, which are also called topoisomerases, generally require no energy source to function.

topolatry n.

Brit.

/tɒˈpɒlətri/

/təˈpɒlətri/

U.S.

/tɑˈpɑlətri/

/təˈpɑlətri/

excessive reverence for a place. [Compare German Topolatrie (1814 or earlier).]

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of place

topolatry1875

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > reverence > [noun] > immoderate reverence > for a place or locality

topolatry1875

1875 Macmillan's Mag. Aug. 367 This little land [Palestine] became the object of a special adoration, a kind of topolatry, when the Church mounted with Constantine the throne of the Cæsars.

topomorph n.

Brit.

/ˈtɒpə(ʊ)mɔːf/

U.S.

/ˈtɑpəˌmɔrf/

see quot.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > by habitat > [noun] > of a particular region (fauna) > of particular type

ophiology1815

inquiline1879

pilgrim1888

microfauna1895

topomorph1897

faunule1909

cryptozoa1911

epifauna1914

macrofauna1918

megafauna1927

macrobenthos1942

meiobenthos1942

microbenthos1942

meiofauna1950

megafauna1975

1897 Sclater in Geogr. Jrnl. June 673 Various areas [of the earth] are characterized by the presence of certain forms of animal life which do not occur elsewhere. These forms it is proposed to call ‘Topomorphs’. Thus the giraffe is a ‘Topomorph’ of the Æthiopian region.

toponarcosis n.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)nɑːˈkəʊsɪs/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpoʊˌnɑrˈkoʊsəs/

local narcosis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > physical insensibility > [noun] > rendering physically insensible

benumbing1552

numbing1566

stounding1637

benumbment1817

toponarcosis1860

insensibilization1897

zombification1968

1860 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. Toponarcosis, Term for local narcosis.

1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Toponarcosis, local anæsthesia.

toponeural adj.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəl/

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈn(j)ʊrəl/

having separate marginal sense-organs; as in the Toponeura, a proposed division of Hydrozoa. [ < scientific Latin Toponeura (1880 or earlier; < topo- topo- comb. form + ancient Greek νεῦρον sinew, tendon, nerve (see neuro- comb. form) + scientific Latin -a -a suffix²; compare German Toponeuren (1878 or earier)) + -al suffix¹.]

topophobia n.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈfoʊbiə/

a morbid dread of certain places.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > irrational fears

pneumatophobia1678

hydrophobia1760

aerophobia1771

panophobia1784

phobia1786

pantophobia1807

necrophobia1833

phoby1834

syphilomania1838

hippophobia1840

phonophobia1841

syphilophobia1842

scotophobia1844

astrophobia1855

sitomania1859

sitophobia1859

thanatophobia1860

Satanophobia1861

batrachophobia1863

panphobia1870

agoraphobia1871

bogyphobia1872

pathophobia1873

aquaphobia1875

toxiphobia1876

claustrophobia1879

cynophobia1879

mysophobia1879

siderodromophobia1879

phthisiophobia1883

sitiophobia1884

ochlophobia1885

sitiomania1887

acrophobia1888

zoophobia1888

leprophobia1889

nosophobia1889

pamphobia1890

bacteriophobia1894

tuberculophobia1894

taeniiphobia1897

thalassophobia1897

topophobia1899

dysmorphophobia1900

akathisia1903

cremnophobia1903

musicophobia1903

ailurophobia1905

brontophobia1905

phobism1914

arachnophobia1925

school phobia1930

coprophobia1934

mycophobia1957

arachniphobia1966

computer phobia1972

coulrophobia1997

1899 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Topophobia.

topopolitan adj.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈpɒlᵻt(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈpɑlətn/

that inhabits a definite or restricted locality. [ < topo- comb. form + ancient Greek πολίτης citizen (see politic adj.) + -an suffix; after cosmopolitan adj.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in relation to habitat > [adjective] > limited to restricted habitat

stenotherm1888

topopolitan1897

stenobathic1902

stenothermic1926

stenohaline1930

stenotopic1937

stenohydric1953

1897 Sclater in Geogr. Jrnl. June 673 The sloths and anteaters are confined to tropical America, and the polar bear to the North Polar lands. Such animals may be called ‘topo-politan’..in contradistinction to those that are universally distributed, or ‘cosmo-politan’.

topotype n.

Brit.

/ˈtɒpə(ʊ)tʌɪp/

U.S.

/ˈtɑpəˌtaɪp/

a specimen from the locality where the original type-specimen was obtained.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [noun] > archetype, syntype, etc.

species1644

type1840

type-genus1840

type-species1840

archetype1849

type-specimen1875

monotype1881

necrotype1883

cotype1893

paratype1893

topotype1893

homotype1896

genotype1897

holotype1897

homoeotype1905

lectotype1905

neotype1905

syntype1909

allotype1910

haplotype1914

1893 O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 14 Mar. 242 The word topo-type (or place-type)..should..be restricted to specimens collected within, say, a few miles of the original typical locality.

topotypic adj.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈtɪpɪk/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈtɪpɪk/

topotypical adj.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈtɪpᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpəˈtɪpək(ə)l/

of or pertaining to a topotype.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [adjective] > archetype, syntype, etc.

perfect1684

typical1847

monotypous1857

monotypical1873

monotypic1874

monotype1885

monotypal1888

topotypical1900

allotypic1912

haplotypic1914

1900 O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 3 Apr. 405 The Mice of Hilleröd, in Zealand (an almost topotypical locality for the former name), belong to the latter form.

Draft additions 1993

topoisomer n.

Brit.

/ˌtɒpəʊˈʌɪsəmə/

U.S.

/ˌtɑpoʊˈaɪsəmər/

chiefly Biochemistry a topologically distinct isomer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > isomer > topologically distinct

topoisomer1979

1972 Chem. Abstr. 76 3466 m (heading) Topological isomers.]

1979 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 200 If a nicked circular DNA is converted to the covalently closed form by ligase, the resulting topological isomers (topoisomers) differing only in their linking numbers (topological winding numbers) can be resolved by gel electrophoresis.

1982 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 155 177 This value has been obtained by titrating the number of pyrimidine dimers necessary to reduce the number of superhelical turns by one in each topoisomer obtained by treatment of a supercoiled DNA with DNA topoisomerase I.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	topo-
释义	topo-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: before a vowel top-. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin topo-. Etymology: < post-classical Latin topo- (in e.g. topographia topography n.) < Hellenistic Greek τοπο- , combining form (in e.g. τοπογραϕία topography n.) of ancient Greek τόπος place (see topos n.); compare -o- connective.Compare French topo-, German topo-. < Greek τοπο-, combining form of τόπος place, as in τοπογράϕος topographer; a formative element in various words. topocentric adj. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈsɛntrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈsɛntrɪk/ Astronautics (of a parameter of a spacecraft or an orbit) measured relative to a point on the earth's surface (rather than its centre). ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [adjective] > (put) in orbit > measured relative to earth's surface topocentric1965 1965 P. R. Escobal Methods Orbit Determination vii. 241 The topocentric right ascension-declination of the unknown orbit at the three times..can be obtained as follows. 1976 Sci. Amer. June 70/2 Since the tracking stations are on the earth's surface, the direct measurements they provide of the spacecraft's radial parameters (range, velocity and acceleration) are topocentric rather than geocentric. topocline n. Brit. /ˈtɒpə(ʊ)klʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˈtɑpəˌklaɪn/ a cline associated with variations in the locality of the species concerned. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > occurrence of variant forms polymorphism1846 polymorphy1846 heteromorphism1874 polytypism1932 cline1938 topocline1939 polytypy1954 morphism1955 1939 J. W. Gregor in New Phytologist 38 317 Prefixes can be used to denote clines of different types, for example topocline. 1953 J. Heslop-Harrison New Concepts Flowering-plant Taxon. v. 68 Independent topoclines exist for different morphological features. 1970 Watsonia 8 140 The two subspecies may be regarded as the relatively extreme end-points of a topocline. topogenous adj. Brit. /tɒˈpɒdʒᵻnəs/ , /təˈpɒdʒᵻnəs/ , U.S. /tɑˈpɑdʒənəs/ , /təˈpɑdʒənəs/ formed as the result of a combination of geographical features. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective] geomorphic1835 topogenous1939 1939 A. G. Tansley Brit. Islands & their Vegetation xxxv. 719 Valley bog-topogenous, formed in valleys and depressions where water..stagnates, and bog plants establish themselves. 1975 J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iv. 76 Essentially there are two types of peat, topogenous and ombrogenous. Topogenous peat forms in places of impeded drainage. topoinhibition n. Brit. /ˌtɒpəʊɪn(h)ᵻˈbɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpoʊˌɪn(h)ᵻˈbɪʃ(ə)n/ Biology the inhibition of cell multiplication by contact with other cells. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [noun] > topoinhibition topoinhibition1970 1970 Nature 22 Aug. 806/1 Topoinhibition is probably an important mechanism regulating cell multiplication in organisms in normal conditions. 1975 Nature 29 May 371/3 The loss of topoinhibition at wound edges in culture is apparently not due to loss of junctional communication. topoisomerase n. Brit. /ˌtɒpəʊʌɪˈsɒməreɪz/ , /ˌtɒpəʊʌɪˈsɒməreɪs/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌreɪs/ , /ˌtɑpoʊˌaɪˈsɑməˌreɪz/ Biochemistry any enzyme that alters the supercoiled form of a DNA molecule. ΚΠ 1978 Devel. Biol. LXIV. 273/2 The enzyme has been referred to as ω-protein.., swivelase.., untwisting enzyme.., relaxing activity.., relaxing protein.., nicking-closing activity.., and DNA topoisomerase. 1979 Wang & Liu in J. H. Taylor Molecular Genetics III. ii. 66 We propose that they be called DNA topoisomerases. 1980 Sci. Amer. July 109/2 These nicking-closing enzymes, which are also called topoisomerases, generally require no energy source to function. topolatry n. Brit. /tɒˈpɒlətri/ , /təˈpɒlətri/ , U.S. /tɑˈpɑlətri/ , /təˈpɑlətri/ excessive reverence for a place. [Compare German Topolatrie (1814 or earlier).] ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of place topolatry1875 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > reverence > [noun] > immoderate reverence > for a place or locality topolatry1875 1875 Macmillan's Mag. Aug. 367 This little land [Palestine] became the object of a special adoration, a kind of topolatry, when the Church mounted with Constantine the throne of the Cæsars. topomorph n. Brit. /ˈtɒpə(ʊ)mɔːf/ , U.S. /ˈtɑpəˌmɔrf/ see quot. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > by habitat > [noun] > of a particular region (fauna) > of particular type ophiology1815 inquiline1879 pilgrim1888 microfauna1895 topomorph1897 faunule1909 cryptozoa1911 epifauna1914 macrofauna1918 megafauna1927 macrobenthos1942 meiobenthos1942 microbenthos1942 meiofauna1950 megafauna1975 1897 Sclater in Geogr. Jrnl. June 673 Various areas [of the earth] are characterized by the presence of certain forms of animal life which do not occur elsewhere. These forms it is proposed to call ‘Topomorphs’. Thus the giraffe is a ‘Topomorph’ of the Æthiopian region. toponarcosis n. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)nɑːˈkəʊsɪs/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpoʊˌnɑrˈkoʊsəs/ local narcosis. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > physical insensibility > [noun] > rendering physically insensible benumbing1552 numbing1566 stounding1637 benumbment1817 toponarcosis1860 insensibilization1897 zombification1968 1860 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. Toponarcosis, Term for local narcosis. 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Toponarcosis, local anæsthesia. toponeural adj. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərəl/ , /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈnjʊərl̩/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈn(j)ʊrəl/ having separate marginal sense-organs; as in the Toponeura, a proposed division of Hydrozoa. [ < scientific Latin Toponeura (1880 or earlier; < topo- topo- comb. form + ancient Greek νεῦρον sinew, tendon, nerve (see neuro- comb. form) + scientific Latin -a -a suffix²; compare German Toponeuren (1878 or earier)) + -al suffix¹.] topophobia n. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈfəʊbɪə/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈfoʊbiə/ a morbid dread of certain places. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > irrational fears pneumatophobia1678 hydrophobia1760 aerophobia1771 panophobia1784 phobia1786 pantophobia1807 necrophobia1833 phoby1834 syphilomania1838 hippophobia1840 phonophobia1841 syphilophobia1842 scotophobia1844 astrophobia1855 sitomania1859 sitophobia1859 thanatophobia1860 Satanophobia1861 batrachophobia1863 panphobia1870 agoraphobia1871 bogyphobia1872 pathophobia1873 aquaphobia1875 toxiphobia1876 claustrophobia1879 cynophobia1879 mysophobia1879 siderodromophobia1879 phthisiophobia1883 sitiophobia1884 ochlophobia1885 sitiomania1887 acrophobia1888 zoophobia1888 leprophobia1889 nosophobia1889 pamphobia1890 bacteriophobia1894 tuberculophobia1894 taeniiphobia1897 thalassophobia1897 topophobia1899 dysmorphophobia1900 akathisia1903 cremnophobia1903 musicophobia1903 ailurophobia1905 brontophobia1905 phobism1914 arachnophobia1925 school phobia1930 coprophobia1934 mycophobia1957 arachniphobia1966 computer phobia1972 coulrophobia1997 1899 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Topophobia. topopolitan adj. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈpɒlᵻt(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈpɑlətn/ that inhabits a definite or restricted locality. [ < topo- comb. form + ancient Greek πολίτης citizen (see politic adj.) + -an suffix; after cosmopolitan adj.] ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in relation to habitat > [adjective] > limited to restricted habitat stenotherm1888 topopolitan1897 stenobathic1902 stenothermic1926 stenohaline1930 stenotopic1937 stenohydric1953 1897 Sclater in Geogr. Jrnl. June 673 The sloths and anteaters are confined to tropical America, and the polar bear to the North Polar lands. Such animals may be called ‘topo-politan’..in contradistinction to those that are universally distributed, or ‘cosmo-politan’. topotype n. Brit. /ˈtɒpə(ʊ)tʌɪp/ , U.S. /ˈtɑpəˌtaɪp/ a specimen from the locality where the original type-specimen was obtained. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [noun] > archetype, syntype, etc. species1644 type1840 type-genus1840 type-species1840 archetype1849 type-specimen1875 monotype1881 necrotype1883 cotype1893 paratype1893 topotype1893 homotype1896 genotype1897 holotype1897 homoeotype1905 lectotype1905 neotype1905 syntype1909 allotype1910 haplotype1914 1893 O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 14 Mar. 242 The word topo-type (or place-type)..should..be restricted to specimens collected within, say, a few miles of the original typical locality. topotypic adj. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈtɪpɪk/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈtɪpɪk/ topotypical adj. Brit. /ˌtɒpə(ʊ)ˈtɪpᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpəˈtɪpək(ə)l/ of or pertaining to a topotype. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > [adjective] > archetype, syntype, etc. perfect1684 typical1847 monotypous1857 monotypical1873 monotypic1874 monotype1885 monotypal1888 topotypical1900 allotypic1912 haplotypic1914 1900 O. Thomas in Proc. Zool. Soc. 3 Apr. 405 The Mice of Hilleröd, in Zealand (an almost topotypical locality for the former name), belong to the latter form. Draft additions 1993 topoisomer n. Brit. /ˌtɒpəʊˈʌɪsəmə/ , U.S. /ˌtɑpoʊˈaɪsəmər/ chiefly Biochemistry a topologically distinct isomer. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > isomerism > [noun] > isomer > topologically distinct topoisomer1979 1972 Chem. Abstr. 76 3466 m (heading) Topological isomers.] 1979 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 200 If a nicked circular DNA is converted to the covalently closed form by ligase, the resulting topological isomers (topoisomers) differing only in their linking numbers (topological winding numbers) can be resolved by gel electrophoresis. 1982 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 155 177 This value has been obtained by titrating the number of pyrimidine dimers necessary to reduce the number of superhelical turns by one in each topoisomer obtained by treatment of a supercoiled DNA with DNA topoisomerase I. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1875
随便看	twelve-gated twelve-gauge twelve-gemmed twelve-head twelve-headed twelve-hole twelve-horse twelve-hour twelve-inch twelve-incher tucker tucker out tucker's earth tuckered tuckered out tuckering tuckerless tuckers tucket tuckets tuckfish tuckfolder tuckhole tuckhunter tuckin