breastingn.

Brit.

/ˈbrɛstɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈbrɛstɪŋ/

Forms: see breast n. and -ing suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: breast n., breast v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: Probably partly < breast n. + -ing suffix¹, and partly < breast v. + -ing suffix¹.With sense 2a compare breast mill n. at breast n. Compounds 2 and breast-shot adj.

I. Concrete senses.

†1. An item of clothing, piece of armour, etc., covering the chest of a person or animal. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for horse > [noun] > for breast

peytral1375

payttrurec1400

poitrel1490

breasting1579

pectoral1590

pectron1590

petrel1602

poitrinal1633

breast harness1660

society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > body armour > [noun] > armour for front of body > breast-plate

breastplate1358

breastc1380

stomacher1450

vumbard1464

plastron1507

grand guard1548

vantguard1561

breast guard1578

breasting1579

pectoral1656

mamelière1824

1579 Edinb. Test. VII. f. 272^v in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Bresting, n. Ane breisting of catt skynnis.

1817 R. Southey Malory's Arthur I. Introd. 60 ‘The French’, says the chronicler of Pero Nino..‘arm the horses with head pieces and breastings of leather’.

a. In a watermill powered by a breast-shot wheel: the curved channel or casing in which the wheel turns. Cf. breastwork n. 3f.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > other parts of mills

stooling1558

mill-eye1611

mill-hoop1611

rack-staff1611

breasting1767

hopper-boy1787

paddle1795

cockhead1805

silk1879

looder1881

tollera1884

1767 J. Smeaton Reports (1812) I. 313 The breast wall to be continued upright to a proper height for supporting the trough, which, if thought proper, may be made of stone to the front of this breasting.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 88 Although he speaks of the impulse of the water striking the wheel, he always endeavoured to make the top of the breasting, or crown of the fall, as high as possible.

1911 F. N. Taylor Man. Civil Engin. Pract. xxv. 426 The wheel runs in a sort of masonry casing or ‘breasting’ with very little clearance, the water being admitted about halfway up the wheel.

2000 R. Holt in P. Squatriti Working with Water in Medieval Europe ii. 61 Planks from a wheel breasting and tailrace were dated by dendrochronology to the later eleventh or early twelfth century.

b. Papermaking. The curved trough against which the cylinder of a paper mill or rag engine works. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. V. at Paper L..is a circular breasting, made of boards, and covered with sheet-lead, which fits the cylinder very truly.

1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 364/2 Breasting,..the concave bed against which the wheel of a rag-engine works; between the two is the throat.

1968 F. Sterne tr. A. Rieche Outl. Industr. Org. Chem. 291 Beyond the roller the bottom of the tub rises, forming the ‘breasting’ over which the pulp is thrown.

3. In general use: something with a smooth face that resembles the human chest in being broad, curving, etc. Cf. sense 5.In quot. 1785 denoting the horizontal plane conceived as being formed by the main upright stems of a row of hedging plants; cf. sense 5a.

ΚΠ

1785 R. Callender Pract. Ess. Raising & Managem. Cratægus Oxyacantha 15 Your hedge should always be kept to the same height of the breasting, or horizontal plane, where the quicks are originally planted, but no higher.

1823 R. V. Barnewall & C. Cresswell Rep. Cases King's Bench 1 480 If the sea-wall upon Harding's land had been previously maintained in a proper state of repair by the front or breasting thereof being kept up as it ought to have been.

2004 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 20 May 20 In his time, the house was again rebuilt, Tudor-style barley-sugar twist chimneys being replaced on the original Tudor breastings.

II. The action of breast v.

4. The action of pressing on or forward, of confronting something head-on, or of climbing or ascending, etc. Cf. breast v. IV.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun]

contrariositya1340

adversitya1382

champertyc1386

contrariousness1398

thwartingc1430

contrariancec1450

contrariness?1530

withsitting1532

oppugning1535

opposition1548

oppugnation1563

thwartness1577

adverseness1580

crossing1580

breasting1594

antipathy1601

oppugnancy1609

affrontment1611

opposure1611

thortera1614

contrariancya1617

obstancy1616

oppositeness1619

contropposition1621

obstrigillation1623

opposing1624

hostility1632

opposal1638

crossness1641

affront1642

aversion1651

oppugnance1657

shock1664

opponency1727

counteraction1750

antagonism1797

throwing1816

oppositiveness1824

kick1839

variance1842

opposedness1853

againstness1909

hornet1921

adversariness1970

oppositionality1989

society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > [noun] > upwards > to breast of slope

breasting1870

1594 O. B. Questions Profitable Concernings Argt. sig. L4^v By the Stockdoues breasting, to driue the Pheasant from her stand or pearke, I take it is meant Iack Straw, Wat Tiler, and the rest of his fellow rebels in Richard the seconds dayes.

1637 W. Lithgow True Disc. Siege of Breda 35 And I had almost forgot a divellish weapon which both parties made use of, at their breasting of Trenches, which Souldiers cognominate, an iron Flaile.

1836 W. S. Landor Lett. of Conservative 76 The current of evil is only to be stemmed by the united weight and breasting of the people.

1870 Daily News 7 Dec. Its flanking fire would have prohibited the breasting of the slope toward Villiers.

1923 Boy's Own Paper Jan. 172/2 By the next nightfall my eyes were stinging with lack of sleep and the breasting of the slight east wind that beat across the warmth of the day.

2007 Dublin Hist. Rec. 60 131 The centrepiece of the book is the 1,500 metres final at the Melbourne XVIth Olympics with all the preparations,..the breasting of the tape, the spontaneous prayer of thanks.

a. The action or process of repairing or strengthening a hedge, esp. by cutting away the branches on one side so that the main upright stems are laid bare. Cf. breast v. 2c. Now rare.Recorded earliest as a modifier, designating an implement used for this purpose.

ΚΠ

1829 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 1 No. 5. 614 When the hedge..gets heavy in the top, and begins to affect the density of the foliage at the roots, and by which period the stems below will have acquired considerable strength, it should be cut down with the breasting bill, in a sloping direction upwards from the root in the face of the bank to the back of the hedge on its top.

1905 J. Nisbet Forester I. vii. 500 In the breasting of bank-and-ditch hedges the work is..carried out on the same principle as in common live-hedges.

b. Shoemaking. The action of cutting or shaping the forward face of a heel. Also as a modifier. Cf. breast v. 2a. Now rare.Recorded earliest in heel breasting n. at heel n.¹ and int. Compounds 2a. See also breasting knife n. (b) at Compounds.

ΚΠ

1866 U.S. Patent 52,997 (title) Improved heel-breasting machine.

1899 Commerc. Bank against C. Brandt, & Others (N.Y. Supreme Court Appellate Division 4th Dept.) 34 In our factory the heeler does the breasting; otherwise it would go to the trimmer.

1916 Amer. Shoemaking 22 Jan. 27/1 Manufacturers are paying a great deal of attention to the finishing and breasting of the heels of their contemplated models.

1967 J. A. Harrington et al. U.S. Patent 3,295,216 1 A breasting apparatus and method for breasting heels under high speed production conditions.

6. The action of securing a boat abreast of something, esp. another vessel, a dock, jetty, mooring point, etc. Chiefly as a modifier, designating a piece of equipment or a structure used for this purpose. Cf. breast v. 8.

ΚΠ

1859 T. J. Page La Plata iv. 74 With anchor in the stream and breasting-lines upon land, a vessel may be laid near enough to shore to make a plank a safe pathway.

1881 Ann. Rep. Harbour Commissioners of Montreal 1880 75 Dredge No. 9, received 150 fathoms new ⅝ breasting chain.

1952 Sailing Direct. Pacific Islands (U.S. Hydrographic Office) I. 305/2 A breasting buoy is moored in 315 feet of water off the northeastern side of the island.

1979 Mil. Engineer Nov. 384/2 A total of sixteen 84-inch steel piles, the largest ever driven in the Mississippi, and twelve 48-inch piles serve as mooring and breasting dolphins for the two docks.

1987 D. Schryver Sailing School xxi. 177/2 In breasting, the boat is allowed to swing between both rodes, always keeping her bow toward wind or current.

2003 C. A. Thoresen Port Designer's Handbk. iii. 88 The breasting structures should be designed to withstand the berthing impact from the tanker.

Compounds

breasting knife n. †(a) a cutting tool used in breasting a hedge (see sense 5a and breast v. 2c) (obsolete); (b) Shoemaking a knife for cutting heel breasts (cf. heel breaster n. (a) at heel n.¹ and int. Compounds 2a).

ΚΠ

1829 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 1 No. 5. 599 A breasting-knife is very like the switching-bill, but considerably stronger, and of course heavier.

1873 V. K. Spear U.S. Patent 141,735 1/1 These improvements consist in the arrangement of the breasting-knife and of the depth-gage, which protects the sole from injury from such [a] knife.

1905 J. Nisbet Forester I. vii. 500 The tool used is the ribbing-bill or breasting-knife... The hedger uses this bill with an upward stroke.

2000 Guardian 16 Dec. (Sat. Review section) 12/3 In corners of the basement sit more shoemakers working away with welt beaters, heel irons, waist irons, burnishing irons, lasting pincers, skiving knives, breasting knives, [etc.].

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	breasting
释义	breastingn. Brit. /ˈbrɛstɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈbrɛstɪŋ/ Forms: see breast n. and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: breast n., breast v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: Probably partly < breast n. + -ing suffix¹, and partly < breast v. + -ing suffix¹.With sense 2a compare breast mill n. at breast n. Compounds 2 and breast-shot adj. I. Concrete senses. †1. An item of clothing, piece of armour, etc., covering the chest of a person or animal. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for horse > [noun] > for breast peytral1375 payttrurec1400 poitrel1490 breasting1579 pectoral1590 pectron1590 petrel1602 poitrinal1633 breast harness1660 society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > body armour > [noun] > armour for front of body > breast-plate breastplate1358 breastc1380 stomacher1450 vumbard1464 plastron1507 grand guard1548 vantguard1561 breast guard1578 breasting1579 pectoral1656 mamelière1824 1579 Edinb. Test. VII. f. 272^v in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Bresting, n. Ane breisting of catt skynnis. 1817 R. Southey Malory's Arthur I. Introd. 60 ‘The French’, says the chronicler of Pero Nino..‘arm the horses with head pieces and breastings of leather’. 2. a. In a watermill powered by a breast-shot wheel: the curved channel or casing in which the wheel turns. Cf. breastwork n. 3f. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > other parts of mills stooling1558 mill-eye1611 mill-hoop1611 rack-staff1611 breasting1767 hopper-boy1787 paddle1795 cockhead1805 silk1879 looder1881 tollera1884 1767 J. Smeaton Reports (1812) I. 313 The breast wall to be continued upright to a proper height for supporting the trough, which, if thought proper, may be made of stone to the front of this breasting. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 88 Although he speaks of the impulse of the water striking the wheel, he always endeavoured to make the top of the breasting, or crown of the fall, as high as possible. 1911 F. N. Taylor Man. Civil Engin. Pract. xxv. 426 The wheel runs in a sort of masonry casing or ‘breasting’ with very little clearance, the water being admitted about halfway up the wheel. 2000 R. Holt in P. Squatriti Working with Water in Medieval Europe ii. 61 Planks from a wheel breasting and tailrace were dated by dendrochronology to the later eleventh or early twelfth century. b. Papermaking. The curved trough against which the cylinder of a paper mill or rag engine works. Now rare. ΚΠ 1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. V. at Paper L..is a circular breasting, made of boards, and covered with sheet-lead, which fits the cylinder very truly. 1874 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. I. 364/2 Breasting,..the concave bed against which the wheel of a rag-engine works; between the two is the throat. 1968 F. Sterne tr. A. Rieche Outl. Industr. Org. Chem. 291 Beyond the roller the bottom of the tub rises, forming the ‘breasting’ over which the pulp is thrown. 3. In general use: something with a smooth face that resembles the human chest in being broad, curving, etc. Cf. sense 5.In quot. 1785 denoting the horizontal plane conceived as being formed by the main upright stems of a row of hedging plants; cf. sense 5a. ΚΠ 1785 R. Callender Pract. Ess. Raising & Managem. Cratægus Oxyacantha 15 Your hedge should always be kept to the same height of the breasting, or horizontal plane, where the quicks are originally planted, but no higher. 1823 R. V. Barnewall & C. Cresswell Rep. Cases King's Bench 1 480 If the sea-wall upon Harding's land had been previously maintained in a proper state of repair by the front or breasting thereof being kept up as it ought to have been. 2004 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 20 May 20 In his time, the house was again rebuilt, Tudor-style barley-sugar twist chimneys being replaced on the original Tudor breastings. II. The action of breast v. 4. The action of pressing on or forward, of confronting something head-on, or of climbing or ascending, etc. Cf. breast v. IV. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [noun] contrariositya1340 adversitya1382 champertyc1386 contrariousness1398 thwartingc1430 contrariancec1450 contrariness?1530 withsitting1532 oppugning1535 opposition1548 oppugnation1563 thwartness1577 adverseness1580 crossing1580 breasting1594 antipathy1601 oppugnancy1609 affrontment1611 opposure1611 thortera1614 contrariancya1617 obstancy1616 oppositeness1619 contropposition1621 obstrigillation1623 opposing1624 hostility1632 opposal1638 crossness1641 affront1642 aversion1651 oppugnance1657 shock1664 opponency1727 counteraction1750 antagonism1797 throwing1816 oppositiveness1824 kick1839 variance1842 opposedness1853 againstness1909 hornet1921 adversariness1970 oppositionality1989 society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > [noun] > upwards > to breast of slope breasting1870 1594 O. B. Questions Profitable Concernings Argt. sig. L4^v By the Stockdoues breasting, to driue the Pheasant from her stand or pearke, I take it is meant Iack Straw, Wat Tiler, and the rest of his fellow rebels in Richard the seconds dayes. 1637 W. Lithgow True Disc. Siege of Breda 35 And I had almost forgot a divellish weapon which both parties made use of, at their breasting of Trenches, which Souldiers cognominate, an iron Flaile. 1836 W. S. Landor Lett. of Conservative 76 The current of evil is only to be stemmed by the united weight and breasting of the people. 1870 Daily News 7 Dec. Its flanking fire would have prohibited the breasting of the slope toward Villiers. 1923 Boy's Own Paper Jan. 172/2 By the next nightfall my eyes were stinging with lack of sleep and the breasting of the slight east wind that beat across the warmth of the day. 2007 Dublin Hist. Rec. 60 131 The centrepiece of the book is the 1,500 metres final at the Melbourne XVIth Olympics with all the preparations,..the breasting of the tape, the spontaneous prayer of thanks. 5. a. The action or process of repairing or strengthening a hedge, esp. by cutting away the branches on one side so that the main upright stems are laid bare. Cf. breast v. 2c. Now rare.Recorded earliest as a modifier, designating an implement used for this purpose. ΚΠ 1829 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 1 No. 5. 614 When the hedge..gets heavy in the top, and begins to affect the density of the foliage at the roots, and by which period the stems below will have acquired considerable strength, it should be cut down with the breasting bill, in a sloping direction upwards from the root in the face of the bank to the back of the hedge on its top. 1905 J. Nisbet Forester I. vii. 500 In the breasting of bank-and-ditch hedges the work is..carried out on the same principle as in common live-hedges. b. Shoemaking. The action of cutting or shaping the forward face of a heel. Also as a modifier. Cf. breast v. 2a. Now rare.Recorded earliest in heel breasting n. at heel n.¹ and int. Compounds 2a. See also breasting knife n. (b) at Compounds. ΚΠ 1866 U.S. Patent 52,997 (title) Improved heel-breasting machine. 1899 Commerc. Bank against C. Brandt, & Others (N.Y. Supreme Court Appellate Division 4th Dept.) 34 In our factory the heeler does the breasting; otherwise it would go to the trimmer. 1916 Amer. Shoemaking 22 Jan. 27/1 Manufacturers are paying a great deal of attention to the finishing and breasting of the heels of their contemplated models. 1967 J. A. Harrington et al. U.S. Patent 3,295,216 1 A breasting apparatus and method for breasting heels under high speed production conditions. 6. The action of securing a boat abreast of something, esp. another vessel, a dock, jetty, mooring point, etc. Chiefly as a modifier, designating a piece of equipment or a structure used for this purpose. Cf. breast v. 8. ΚΠ 1859 T. J. Page La Plata iv. 74 With anchor in the stream and breasting-lines upon land, a vessel may be laid near enough to shore to make a plank a safe pathway. 1881 Ann. Rep. Harbour Commissioners of Montreal 1880 75 Dredge No. 9, received 150 fathoms new ⅝ breasting chain. 1952 Sailing Direct. Pacific Islands (U.S. Hydrographic Office) I. 305/2 A breasting buoy is moored in 315 feet of water off the northeastern side of the island. 1979 Mil. Engineer Nov. 384/2 A total of sixteen 84-inch steel piles, the largest ever driven in the Mississippi, and twelve 48-inch piles serve as mooring and breasting dolphins for the two docks. 1987 D. Schryver Sailing School xxi. 177/2 In breasting, the boat is allowed to swing between both rodes, always keeping her bow toward wind or current. 2003 C. A. Thoresen Port Designer's Handbk. iii. 88 The breasting structures should be designed to withstand the berthing impact from the tanker. Compounds breasting knife n. †(a) a cutting tool used in breasting a hedge (see sense 5a and breast v. 2c) (obsolete); (b) Shoemaking a knife for cutting heel breasts (cf. heel breaster n. (a) at heel n.¹ and int. Compounds 2a). ΚΠ 1829 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 1 No. 5. 599 A breasting-knife is very like the switching-bill, but considerably stronger, and of course heavier. 1873 V. K. Spear U.S. Patent 141,735 1/1 These improvements consist in the arrangement of the breasting-knife and of the depth-gage, which protects the sole from injury from such [a] knife. 1905 J. Nisbet Forester I. vii. 500 The tool used is the ribbing-bill or breasting-knife... The hedger uses this bill with an upward stroke. 2000 Guardian 16 Dec. (Sat. Review section) 12/3 In corners of the basement sit more shoemakers working away with welt beaters, heel irons, waist irons, burnishing irons, lasting pincers, skiving knives, breasting knives, [etc.]. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1579
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