breakthroughn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈbreɪkθruː/, U.S.

/ˈbreɪkˌθru/

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: break v., through prep.

Etymology: < break v. + through prep., after to break through at break v. Phrasal verbs. Compare German Durchbruch action of breaking through (18th cent. or earlier).

A. n.

1. Coal Mining. A narrow passage cut through a pillar (pillar n. 10) to improve the circulation of air between the worked spaces or rooms (cf. room n.¹ 7b). Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > passage > ventilation passages or openings

througher1645

thirling1686

air-pit1709

horse-head1747

sollar1778

airway1800

wind-hole1802

bearing door1813

air course1814

downcast shaft1814

upcast shaft (or pit)1816

buze1823

air road1832

raggling1839

thirl1847

brattice1849

intake1849

run1849

trapdoor1849

skailing1850

return1851

wind-road1860

breakthrough1875

wind-way1875

breast1882

cross-heading1883

skail-door1883

U.C.1883

undercast1883

vent1886

furnace-drift1892

1875 Ann. Rep. Chief Inspector Mines (Ohio Div. Mines) 31 As two breakthroughs are also made to each room, the workmen are never as far in the fast as in the other mines, where only an air-way is cut between the rooms.

1897 R. Peel Elem. Textbk. Coal-mining (ed. 5) I. 525 Narrow cross-cuts, called ‘breakthroughs’ are driven from room to room for ventilation.

1916 J. T. Beard Mine Gases & Ventilation 179 Better results are generally obtained when the breakthroughs are staggered or not driven directly opposite each other.

2012 B. J. Howell Folklife Big South Fork Cumberland River (rev. ed.) iv. 80 As the working face was pushed forward, new breakthroughs had to be cut and old ones had to be stopped up to force air to the ends of the tunnels.

2. Military. A military offensive which breaks through a defensive line.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > [noun] > breaking through defensive line

breakthrough1915

1915 Observer 20 June 8/4 (headline) The break through.

1917 Goshen (Indiana) Daily Democrat 22 June No offensive can be pushed home to its ultimate purpose, the big ‘break-through’, unless it comes absolutely and completely as a surprise.

1918 G. Lee Diary 23 Mar. in Home Fires Burning (2006) 248 The Germans have broken through our defensive system... It is described by us as a ‘tactical, but not a strategical break-through.’

1937 A. L. Rowse Sir Richard Grenville vii. 154 Drake had captured 200,000 ducats of the King's property..in his break-through into the South Sea.

1944 Times 8 Feb. 4/4 British tanks..have been forced to renounce their break-through attempt.

1983 Jrnl. Palestine Stud. 13 34 The third day..saw the critical Israeli breakthrough in the central sector.

2010 Courier Mail (Austral.) (Nexis) 25 Aug. 62 Lt Acreman was sent forward with two guns to stop a threatened breakthrough.

3. gen. An act of breaking through a (physical or immaterial) barrier.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement over, across, through, or past > [noun] > breaking through a barrier

breakthrough1921

1921 A. Lunn Alpine Ski-ing vii. 98 A break-through into a crevasse can be instantly checked.

1924 Times of India 3 June 4/4 Ford accepting a pass scored from close range. The break through was due to an error of judgement.

1936 Mind 45 248 The child may try to escape from the [psychological] field, and barriers have to be erected having negative valence if a break-through be attempted.

1969 Ski Dec. 148/1 Too slushy to ski for fear of breakthroughs.

1972 A. R. Ammons Coll. Poems 148 Some breakthroughs of sun but after a bit continuous overcast.

2006 Public Choice 127 59 Take the case of the levee breakthrough in New Orleans the day the hurricane hit.

4. A significant or sudden advance in knowledge or achievement; a development or discovery that removes an obstacle to progress; an instance of achieving success in a particular sphere or activity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > instance or degree of > significant

jump1657

tide-wave1833

tidal wave1870

breakthrough1944

quantum jump1949

quantum leap1956

1944 Jrnl. Higher Educ. 15 405/1 Research men..were able to see the significance of a discovery in one area and apply it to the solution of a problem in another; they and their students and colleagues have exploited many such a scientific break-through.

1953 N.Y. Times 17 May (Mag.) 7/2 A number of ‘technological break-throughs’, which may complete the transformation of the face of war.

1957 Economist 23 Nov. 736/1 The break-through to industrial prosperity began with the First Industrial Revolution.

1970 Times 29 Sept. 23 His first big breakthrough came in 1915 when he produced the Pointolite arc lamp.

1996 Big Issue 8 July 21/3 It was only when the Cripplegate Project..suggested I offer my services to a charity as a volunteer trainer that I made a breakthrough.

2010 Independent 18 June (Viewspaper section) 6/5 The implications of recent breakthroughs in genetic research into autism.

5. U.S. A significant change or sudden increase in prices, values, or rates. Somewhat rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [noun] > (an) increase in price > sudden

run-up1884

runaway1940

breakthrough1949

1949 Amer. Speech 24 174 A strong and sudden increase [in the market] is a breakthrough.

1954 Life 6 Dec. 44/1 (caption) Busy on floor, traders take no notice of moment of breakthrough.

2000 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 15 Apr. c1/2 The announcement of the inflation breakthrough—in the form of a 0.7 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index—came from the Labor Department yesterday an hour before the stock markets opened and contributed to the huge sell-off.

B. adj. (attributive).

That represents a significant or sudden advance in knowledge, achievement, or success; groundbreaking, pioneering. Also: that constitutes a person's first major achievement in a particular field, esp. in the entertainment industry, and leads to recognition or success.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [adjective] > pioneering

pioneering1785

pioneer1845

pace-setting1902

groundbreaking1904

front line1914

style-setting1955

breakthrough1956

leading edge1977

1956 Hope (Arkansas) Star 23 Aug. 3/4 A really breakthrough hit tune now can earn its author up to $100,000.

1962 Rotarian Feb. 54/3 The very research mentioned above..has produced competitive drug products for every important new breakthrough drug of modern times.

1987 Today's Health Apr. 61/1 (advt.) Its [sc. a nappy's] breakthrough dryness comes from an ultra-thin lock-away core.

1989 C. S. Murray Crosstown Traffic iv. 88 Chuck Berry, off on tour in the wake of his breakthrough hit ‘Maybelline’, [etc.].

1991 InfoWorld 18 Mar. 1/2 We want to..allow developers to create really breakthrough applications.

1992 S. M. Archer Junius Brutus Booth i. 15 As a new actor, he needed a breakthrough role on this track toward stardom.

2004 Keyboard Feb. 21/3 (advt.) Our patent-pending, breakthrough technology also adds microphone modeling.

2012 Guardian 28 May 25/3 Their 2010 breakthrough album, Teen Dream, and its followup, Bloom, are immaculate exercises in exquisite dream-pop.

Compounds

breakthrough bleeding n. bleeding from the uterus occurring between menstrual periods, often as a side-effect of certain hormonal treatments; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > reproductive organ disorders > [noun] > of female > disorders of womb

fallinga1400

retroversion1771

physometra1772

hysteritis1781

anteversion1790

metritis1807

anteflexion1833

uteritisa1836

antroversion1840

metroperitonitis1845

metrophlebitis1845

hydatidiform mole1859

retroflexion1860

parametritis1869

perimetritis1869

cervicitis1889

mesometritis1890

adenomyoma1913

breakthrough bleeding1950

1950 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 59 977 Of major clinical importance is the evidence that long-maintained progesterone influence, whatever the source, may cause ‘break-through’ bleeding.

1991 G. Greer Change ii. 49 The monthly bleeding of which she was so proud could have been anovulatory, break-through bleeding and not menstruation at all.

2002 Top Santé Feb. 49/2 Possible side-effects of the patches include migraines and breakthrough bleeding, but these usually only occur when the dose is wrong.

breakthrough pain n. (esp. in palliative care) pain that occurs despite regular administration of analgesics.

ΚΠ

1978 R. G. Twycross in C. M. Saunders Managem. Terminal Dis. v. 78 It is necessary to monitor the dose carefully for at least 3–4 days to prevent either break-through pain or over-sedation.

1991 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 91 No. 3. 98/2 We started the infusion at 11 a.m.; one hour later Mr. H reported breakthrough pain.

2010 New Yorker 2 Aug. 41/3 Creed arranged for a specialized ‘comfort pack’ to be delivered... It contained a dose of morphine for breakthrough pain.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

单词	breakthrough
释义	breakthroughn.adj. Brit. /ˈbreɪkθruː/, U.S. /ˈbreɪkˌθru/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: break v., through prep. Etymology: < break v. + through prep., after to break through at break v. Phrasal verbs. Compare German Durchbruch action of breaking through (18th cent. or earlier). A. n. 1. Coal Mining. A narrow passage cut through a pillar (pillar n. 10) to improve the circulation of air between the worked spaces or rooms (cf. room n.¹ 7b). Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > passage > ventilation passages or openings througher1645 thirling1686 air-pit1709 horse-head1747 sollar1778 airway1800 wind-hole1802 bearing door1813 air course1814 downcast shaft1814 upcast shaft (or pit)1816 buze1823 air road1832 raggling1839 thirl1847 brattice1849 intake1849 run1849 trapdoor1849 skailing1850 return1851 wind-road1860 breakthrough1875 wind-way1875 breast1882 cross-heading1883 skail-door1883 U.C.1883 undercast1883 vent1886 furnace-drift1892 1875 Ann. Rep. Chief Inspector Mines (Ohio Div. Mines) 31 As two breakthroughs are also made to each room, the workmen are never as far in the fast as in the other mines, where only an air-way is cut between the rooms. 1897 R. Peel Elem. Textbk. Coal-mining (ed. 5) I. 525 Narrow cross-cuts, called ‘breakthroughs’ are driven from room to room for ventilation. 1916 J. T. Beard Mine Gases & Ventilation 179 Better results are generally obtained when the breakthroughs are staggered or not driven directly opposite each other. 2012 B. J. Howell Folklife Big South Fork Cumberland River (rev. ed.) iv. 80 As the working face was pushed forward, new breakthroughs had to be cut and old ones had to be stopped up to force air to the ends of the tunnels. 2. Military. A military offensive which breaks through a defensive line. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > [noun] > breaking through defensive line breakthrough1915 1915 Observer 20 June 8/4 (headline) The break through. 1917 Goshen (Indiana) Daily Democrat 22 June No offensive can be pushed home to its ultimate purpose, the big ‘break-through’, unless it comes absolutely and completely as a surprise. 1918 G. Lee Diary 23 Mar. in Home Fires Burning (2006) 248 The Germans have broken through our defensive system... It is described by us as a ‘tactical, but not a strategical break-through.’ 1937 A. L. Rowse Sir Richard Grenville vii. 154 Drake had captured 200,000 ducats of the King's property..in his break-through into the South Sea. 1944 Times 8 Feb. 4/4 British tanks..have been forced to renounce their break-through attempt. 1983 Jrnl. Palestine Stud. 13 34 The third day..saw the critical Israeli breakthrough in the central sector. 2010 Courier Mail (Austral.) (Nexis) 25 Aug. 62 Lt Acreman was sent forward with two guns to stop a threatened breakthrough. 3. gen. An act of breaking through a (physical or immaterial) barrier. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement over, across, through, or past > [noun] > breaking through a barrier breakthrough1921 1921 A. Lunn Alpine Ski-ing vii. 98 A break-through into a crevasse can be instantly checked. 1924 Times of India 3 June 4/4 Ford accepting a pass scored from close range. The break through was due to an error of judgement. 1936 Mind 45 248 The child may try to escape from the [psychological] field, and barriers have to be erected having negative valence if a break-through be attempted. 1969 Ski Dec. 148/1 Too slushy to ski for fear of breakthroughs. 1972 A. R. Ammons Coll. Poems 148 Some breakthroughs of sun but after a bit continuous overcast. 2006 Public Choice 127 59 Take the case of the levee breakthrough in New Orleans the day the hurricane hit. 4. A significant or sudden advance in knowledge or achievement; a development or discovery that removes an obstacle to progress; an instance of achieving success in a particular sphere or activity. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > instance or degree of > significant jump1657 tide-wave1833 tidal wave1870 breakthrough1944 quantum jump1949 quantum leap1956 1944 Jrnl. Higher Educ. 15 405/1 Research men..were able to see the significance of a discovery in one area and apply it to the solution of a problem in another; they and their students and colleagues have exploited many such a scientific break-through. 1953 N.Y. Times 17 May (Mag.) 7/2 A number of ‘technological break-throughs’, which may complete the transformation of the face of war. 1957 Economist 23 Nov. 736/1 The break-through to industrial prosperity began with the First Industrial Revolution. 1970 Times 29 Sept. 23 His first big breakthrough came in 1915 when he produced the Pointolite arc lamp. 1996 Big Issue 8 July 21/3 It was only when the Cripplegate Project..suggested I offer my services to a charity as a volunteer trainer that I made a breakthrough. 2010 Independent 18 June (Viewspaper section) 6/5 The implications of recent breakthroughs in genetic research into autism. 5. U.S. A significant change or sudden increase in prices, values, or rates. Somewhat rare. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [noun] > (an) increase in price > sudden run-up1884 runaway1940 breakthrough1949 1949 Amer. Speech 24 174 A strong and sudden increase [in the market] is a breakthrough. 1954 Life 6 Dec. 44/1 (caption) Busy on floor, traders take no notice of moment of breakthrough. 2000 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 15 Apr. c1/2 The announcement of the inflation breakthrough—in the form of a 0.7 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index—came from the Labor Department yesterday an hour before the stock markets opened and contributed to the huge sell-off. B. adj. (attributive). That represents a significant or sudden advance in knowledge, achievement, or success; groundbreaking, pioneering. Also: that constitutes a person's first major achievement in a particular field, esp. in the entertainment industry, and leads to recognition or success. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [adjective] > pioneering pioneering1785 pioneer1845 pace-setting1902 groundbreaking1904 front line1914 style-setting1955 breakthrough1956 leading edge1977 1956 Hope (Arkansas) Star 23 Aug. 3/4 A really breakthrough hit tune now can earn its author up to $100,000. 1962 Rotarian Feb. 54/3 The very research mentioned above..has produced competitive drug products for every important new breakthrough drug of modern times. 1987 Today's Health Apr. 61/1 (advt.) Its [sc. a nappy's] breakthrough dryness comes from an ultra-thin lock-away core. 1989 C. S. Murray Crosstown Traffic iv. 88 Chuck Berry, off on tour in the wake of his breakthrough hit ‘Maybelline’, [etc.]. 1991 InfoWorld 18 Mar. 1/2 We want to..allow developers to create really breakthrough applications. 1992 S. M. Archer Junius Brutus Booth i. 15 As a new actor, he needed a breakthrough role on this track toward stardom. 2004 Keyboard Feb. 21/3 (advt.) Our patent-pending, breakthrough technology also adds microphone modeling. 2012 Guardian 28 May 25/3 Their 2010 breakthrough album, Teen Dream, and its followup, Bloom, are immaculate exercises in exquisite dream-pop. Compounds breakthrough bleeding n. bleeding from the uterus occurring between menstrual periods, often as a side-effect of certain hormonal treatments; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > reproductive organ disorders > [noun] > of female > disorders of womb fallinga1400 retroversion1771 physometra1772 hysteritis1781 anteversion1790 metritis1807 anteflexion1833 uteritisa1836 antroversion1840 metroperitonitis1845 metrophlebitis1845 hydatidiform mole1859 retroflexion1860 parametritis1869 perimetritis1869 cervicitis1889 mesometritis1890 adenomyoma1913 breakthrough bleeding1950 1950 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 59 977 Of major clinical importance is the evidence that long-maintained progesterone influence, whatever the source, may cause ‘break-through’ bleeding. 1991 G. Greer Change ii. 49 The monthly bleeding of which she was so proud could have been anovulatory, break-through bleeding and not menstruation at all. 2002 Top Santé Feb. 49/2 Possible side-effects of the patches include migraines and breakthrough bleeding, but these usually only occur when the dose is wrong. breakthrough pain n. (esp. in palliative care) pain that occurs despite regular administration of analgesics. ΚΠ 1978 R. G. Twycross in C. M. Saunders Managem. Terminal Dis. v. 78 It is necessary to monitor the dose carefully for at least 3–4 days to prevent either break-through pain or over-sedation. 1991 Amer. Jrnl. Nursing 91 No. 3. 98/2 We started the infusion at 11 a.m.; one hour later Mr. H reported breakthrough pain. 2010 New Yorker 2 Aug. 41/3 Creed arranged for a specialized ‘comfort pack’ to be delivered... It contained a dose of morphine for breakthrough pain. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.adj.1875
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