breadn.

Brit.

/brɛd/, U.S.

/brɛd/

Forms: Old English breadr- (inflected form), Old English breod (non-West Saxon), Old English (rare)–1600s bred, Old English– bread, late Old English bræad, late Old English breæd (Kentish), early Middle English brad, early Middle English bræd, early Middle English breadd, early Middle English breit, early Middle English bried, Middle English 1600s brid, Middle English bryad, Middle English bryead, Middle English–1500s breed, Middle English–1500s breede, Middle English–1500s breid, Middle English–1600s breade, Middle English–1600s bredd, Middle English–1600s bredde, Middle English–1600s brede, 1500s breadde, 1600s breedde, 1800s–1900s brade (U.S. regional), 1900s– brad (U.S. regional); English regional 1700s breed (East Anglian), 1800s brade (Lancashire), 1800s brede, 1800s breod (northern), 1800s–1900s breead (northern); Scottish pre-1700 braed, pre-1700 braid, pre-1700 brede, pre-1700 breide, pre-1700 breyd, pre-1700 breyde, pre-1700 bride, pre-1700 1700s– bread, pre-1700 1700s– breid, pre-1700 1800s bred, pre-1700 1800s– breed, 1900s– bried; also Irish English 1800s (Wexford) 1900s (northern)– breed, 1900s– breid (northern).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian brād , brēd , brōd , Old Dutch brōt (Middle Dutch broot , brōd- , Dutch brood ), Old Saxon brōd (Middle Low German brōt , German regional (Low German) Brood ), Old High German brōt (Middle High German brōt , German Brot ), Old Icelandic brauð , Old Swedish bröþ (Swedish bröd ), Old Danish brøth (Danish brød ), and apparently also Crimean Gothic broe , all in the sense ‘bread’; further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the Germanic base of brew v., with suffixation (compare -ed suffix¹), or alternatively perhaps < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the Germanic base (probably meaning ‘to break’) of Old English brēotan (see brit v.²). Compare bee-bread n.Attestation in the older Germanic languages. Although the word is inherited from Germanic, there are some indications that it was not the usual or primary word denoting bread. The word is not attested in Gothic, which has only hlaifs (the cognate of loaf n.¹) in this sense, but since the word does seem to be attested later in Crimean Gothic (even though the attested form poses problems), this may simply be an accident of the historical record. In Old English, hlāf loaf n.¹ is more commonly attested both with reference to bread as a substance (compare sense 1a) and with reference to individually shaped and baked items (i.e. loaves), and it appears to be more frequent in all dialects in these senses. In uncompounded form, brēad is first attested somewhat later within Old English (in manuscripts of the 10th cent.) than loaf n.¹ This is probably due merely to its low frequency, as bēobrēad bee-bread n. is attested earlier. Further etymology. Both of the more commonly proposed further etymologies pose semantic problems. It has been suggested that the Germanic base of bread n. (in distinction to the base of loaf n.¹) originally referred specifically to bread dough involving fermentation, i.e. sourdough. This hypothesis would yield a stronger semantic motivation for explaining the word as a participial derivation from the base of brew v., beyond simply the process of baking, which may seem not quite sufficient in itself. (Compare broth n., which is similarly derived from an ablaut variant of the Germanic base of brew v. but, more characteristically, involves boiling liquid.) However, there appears to be no evidence supporting a sense ‘sourdough or leavened bread’ in any of the attested early Germanic languages. It has alternatively been argued that apparent attestations of Old English brēad with reference to fragments or pieces (see sense 2) show the primary sense of the word and reflect derivation from the Germanic base of Old English brēotan , Old Icelandic brjóta , etc. in the assumed original sense of the base ‘to break’. Perhaps compare Old Saxon brosma , brosmo , Old High German brōsma , brōsama , etc., all in the sense ‘crumb’ (see discussion at bruise v.), to which the word would ultimately be related. However, the evidence for the assumed sense development from ‘fragment’ to ‘bread’ within English is by no means unambiguous. Old English uses in the sense ‘piece of food, morsel’ are in fact chiefly attested with reference to pieces of bread and are attested no earlier than uses with reference to bread as a mass noun (see sense 1a); thus they could alternatively be interpreted as a sense development comparable to that shown later by sense 1b (compare e.g. quot. a1530 at sense 1b). Such Old English uses are also chiefly attested in glosses; some of the most significant supporting evidence translates classical Latin buccella (small) mouthful of food, morsel (see buccellation n.), a word that itself in patristic writers often specifically refers to morsels of bread. The early attestation of the compound bee-bread n. and its parallels in the older West Germanic languages (Old High German bībrōt , Old Saxon bībrōd ), all in the sense ‘honeycomb’, poses further difficulties for either hypothesis, as the second element in this compound seems most easily explained as meaning ‘food’ generically (compare sense 4a). Possible Scandinavian influence. Influence from early Scandinavian on the development of the word in English has also often been suggested, and it is possible that the marked increase in frequency of the word in Middle English is at least partly due to reinforcement from Scandinavian. Moreover, Scandinavian influence could also have contributed to the increasing semantic differentiation from loaf n.¹ (However, narrowing of the meaning of the cognate of loaf n.¹ to individually baked items (loaves), as in Middle English, is not only found in the Scandinavian languages, but can also be observed in German, from Middle High German onwards.) Individual senses. Old English hlāf loaf n.¹ is attested earlier in senses corresponding to senses 1b, 5, and 6, perhaps also sense 4. However, earlier currency in sense 4a is perhaps implied by the compound bee-bread n. Compare also pig bread n. at pig n.¹ Compounds 2a (see sense 3). With bread of life n. at Phrases 3c compare Old English hlāf līfes , līfes hlāf (compare quot. c950 at loaf n.¹ 1). Earlier currency of objective compounds with agent nouns as second element such as bread seller at Compounds 2 is probably implied by occupational surnames; compare Matilda Bredsellestre (c1280; compare -ster suffix), Sara la Bredmongestere (1311; compare mongster n.), although these could alternatively perhaps show compounds of brede n.¹ Early inflection. In Old English the word is a strong neuter and occasionally shows plural endings with -r- (e.g. accusative plural brēadru , brēadra ) characteristic of the s -stem declension (compare forms of lamb n.¹, calf n.¹, child n.). These forms are now often assumed to be analogical rather than reflecting the inherited stem class.

a. As a mass noun. A staple food made by mixing flour and water or other liquid (often with yeast or other leavening agent) to form a dough which is then cooked, usually by baking.Often with preceding modifying word indicating the type of bread, typically distinguished by the type of flour used, the form or colour of the bread after baking, or any additional ingredients: see brown bread n., corn-bread n., rye bread n., white bread n. 1, flatbread n., garlic bread n., naan bread, pan bread n., pitta bread, sliced bread, soda-bread n., etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun]

breadeOE

loafc950

painc1400

pannam1567

the staff of life1638

batch1648

buster1835

rooty1846

breadstuff1856

needle and thread1859

punk1891

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun]

breadeOE

crib1652

toke1843

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxvi. 220 Þam mannum sceal man sellan ægra to supanne, beren bread, clæne niwe buteran [etc.].

OE Homily: Sermo ad Populum Dominicis Diebus (Lamb. 489) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 296 Þæt..man efesige oðerne man oððe bread bace oððe ænig ungelyfed þing bega on þam dæge [sc. on Sunday].

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1590 Forr þerrflinng bræd iss clene bræd Forr þatt itt iss unnberrmedd. & itt bitacneþþ clene lif.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 107 A zop of hot bryead.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 340 (MED) Euerilk day..was broght vnto hym a lofe of bread and a pygg with wyne.

1553 J. Withals Shorte Dict. f. 46^v/1 A porte payne to beare bread fro the pantree to the table with.

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 331 A weekly stipend of bread to the poore.

1717 D. Turner Syphilis ii. iii. 152 His Chaps had been so Sore, that he could not bite a Piece of Bread.

1823 M. Graham Jrnl. 3 Aug. in Captain's Wife (1993) 160 All sorts of bread, cakes, buttered toast, and rusks were handed with the tea.

1848 Amer. Whig Rev. July 85/1 Rarebits..are slices of bread thickly covered with melted cheese, and eaten with large quantities of mustard.

1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 19 Nov. (1993) III. 103 Just then lunch was ready, curried pasta, fresh bread, marmalade de pommes & dried figs and coffee.

2010 S. Dunne Disciple v. 79 Brook power-walked the last mile into Hartington.., stopping only briefly to get a pint of milk and a loaf of bread at the corner shop.

b. A loaf or other individually baked mass of bread (sense 1a); a piece or portion of this. Now somewhat rare.Some early examples of plural use may reflect literal translations of the source (especially in biblical contexts); compare Latin panes (accusative plural) in sense ‘loaves’ (Gallican Psalter), cited in quot. 1610.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun]

loafc950

mitch1282

breadc1400

panifice1656

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > portions of bread

bread1835

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1405 Burnes berande þe..bredes upon brode skeles.

?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1183 in Poems (1981) 48 Ane certane breid, worth fyue schilling or mair.

a1530 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfeccyon (1531) iii. f. Clxxxxii The .xij. baskettes of breedes y^t remayned..in y^t great myracle of our lorde.

1610 Bible (Douay) II. Psalms xl. 10 The man also..who did eate my breades [L. qui edebat panes meos].

1835 Leigh Hunt's London Jrnl. 13 June 177/1 Even a loaf with him [sc. a waiter] is hardly a loaf, it is so many ‘breads’.

1986 J. Ridgwell & J. Ridgway Food around World 72/1 Puris are small round breads, deep fried.

2009 N. H. Jenkins New Mediterranean Diet Cookbook 164 Moroccan semolina bread. Makes 6 individual breads; 6 servings.

c. A particular type of bread (sense 1a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > kinds of bread

bread1547

wholemeal1957

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. Proheme f. iiii^v They muste knowe the operation of all maner of breades, of drynkes, and of meates.

1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis 37 in Sylua Syluarum Breads we haue of seuerall Graines,..With diuerse kindes of Leauenings, and Seasonings.

1760 J. Marchant New Compl. Eng. Dict. Bannocks, a sort of oaten or barley cakes, a bread very common in the north of England.

1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 76 Rye and Indian bread; i.e. a bread, baked in half-peck loaves, made partly of rye meal, and partly of Indian meal.

1940 Brit. Red Cross Soc. Cookery & Catering Man. (ed. 4) xvi. 139 Baking powder..is a quicker method of raising dough than either yeast or barm, but the taste is not so agreeable as in the fermented breads.

2016 Sportsman (Austral.) (Nexis) 17 Apr. 42 Sweet and fluffy, French brioche is a bread like no other.

†2. A small piece of food; a mouthful. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > amounts of food > [noun] > small quantity

breadeOE

crumbc975

snedec1000

snodec1150

morselc1300

swallow1340

modicumc1400

mouthful?c1450

tasting1526

taste1530

buckone1625

morceau1778

rive1793

nibble?1828

munchet1845

moufful1896

niblet1896

snade1901

nugget1951

nibbly1978

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. vi. 184 Wiþ unluste & wlættan þe of magan cymð & be his mete, sele him neahtnestigum wermod oððe þreo bread, gedon on scearp win [L. bucellas in mero austero tres].

eOE Royal Psalter cxlvii. 6 Mittit cristallum suum sicut frusta panis : he sent gicelstan his breadru hlafes.

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John xiii. 27 Post bucellam tunc introiuit in illum satanas : æfter þæt bread ða..foerde in ðæm se uiðeruorda.

lOE Salisbury Psalter cxlvii. 6 Mittit cristallum suam sicut buccellas : he sent gicelstan his swa swa breadra.

3. Used (chiefly as the second element of a compound) in names of plants or parts of plants, especially those used as a source of food by humans and animals.Indian bread, Kaffir bread, sow-bread, etc.: see the first element.Cf. bread and cheese n. 2, breadroot n.Recorded earliest in pig bread n. (a) at pig n.¹ Compounds 2a.

ΚΠ

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 26 Glanx, glandis, picbred.

1526 Grete Herball l. sig. C.vi^v Alleluya is an herbe called cuckowes brede.

1624 T. Wood tr. Verheiden Oration 58 Therefore Philip gaue him fungos, or Toads-bread to eate.

1770 R. Weston Universal Botanist I. 2 Æthiopian Sour-gourd, or Monkey's Bread.

1869 F. P. Porcher Resources of Southern Fields & Forests 699 Tuckahoe; Indian bread or Indian loaf (Lycoperdon solidum, Pachyma cocos, Schw.).

1957 Colonial Res. 1956–7 vii. 225 in Parl. Papers (Cmnd. 321) IX. 71 Crambe is a genus of the Cruciferae consisting of several species, of which at least two, the well-known sea kale and the Tartarian bread of Hungary, are edible.

2019 @GrahamGall1 29 June in twitter.com (accessed 21 Apr. 2020) This is the fruit of Encephalartos villosus or Woolly Kaffir Bread from South Africa. Seen growing here in the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.

a. The food or sustenance a person requires in order to survive. See also daily bread n. at daily adj. and n. Compounds.Often in figurative expressions referring to earning a steady or basic income (cf. to take the bread out of a person's mouth at Phrases 4c, to put bread on the table at table n. Phrases 8), and so overlapping with sense 4b.Also with of and a noun in various literal and figurative phrases alluding to biblical expressions; cf. bread of affliction n., bread of idleness n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > qualities of food > [noun] > plain or ordinary food

breadlOE

bread and cheesea1556

staple1970

lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles xiii. 4 Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie : breod uel hlaf ure degwamlich geof us to dæg.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 63 Gif us to dei ure deies bred.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxxiii. 16 Bred to hym is ȝyuen: & his watris ben feiþful.

c1425 Evangelie (Bodl. Add.) l. 530 in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1915) 30 581/1 Marie wan hir breed with hir nedil & with hir threde.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 194 And now me bus as a begger my bred for to thigge.

1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 332 He taught School..to gain bread and drink.

1700 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Of Pythagorean Philos. in Fables 508 If Men with fleshy Morsels must be fed, And chaw with bloody Teeth the breathing Bread.

1840 Cottager's Monthly Visitor 232 The pious tradesman..hard-taxed to bring up his little ones with decency and to keep bread in their mouths.

1902 Grand Traverse Herald (Michigan) 25 Dec. 1/4 Jack was 10, and his earnings kept them in bread.

1992 I. Gower Oyster Catchers (1993) ix. 109 Why should I care about the villagers, they don't keep me in bread, do they?

b. Livelihood, means of living, subsistence. Now chiefly in to earn one's bread: to make a living, to earn income sufficient to live on. Cf. to earn one's (daily) food at food n. 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood

lifeOE

foodOE

livelihoodc1300

livingc1330

ploughc1390

purchasec1475

daily bread1526

being1570

governing1572

shift1572

supportation1576

thrift1579

livelihead1590

thrive1592

breadwinnera1614

subsistence1644

gain1655

bread and butter1691

through-bearing1705

bread1719

bread ticket1801

daily1817

lifehood1823

rice bowl1853

crust1916

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 4 I was under no Necessity of seeking my Bread.

1777 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 170 The bread of a family depends on that man's paralytic hand.

1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. xcvi He meant no harm in scribbling..'twas..his bread.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 142 Many officers..arbitrarily deprived of their commissions and of their bread.

1907 Square Deal May 4/2 The workingmen, who have earned their bread in the employ of capital, will find their incomes cut off.

2002 S. L. Carter Emperor Ocean Park i. 13 I earn my bread by writing learned articles too arcane to have an influence.

c. slang (originally U.S.). Money.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > [noun]

silverc825

feec870

pennieseOE

wortheOE

mintOE

scata1122

spense?c1225

spendinga1290

sumc1300

gooda1325

moneya1325

cattlec1330

muckc1330

reasona1382

pecunyc1400

gilt1497

argentc1500

gelta1529

Mammon1539

ale silver1541

scruff1559

the sinews of war1560

sterling1565

lour1567

will-do-all1583

shell1591

trasha1592

quinyie1596

brass1597

pecuniary1604

dust1607

nomisma1614

countera1616

cross and pilea1625

gingerbreada1625

rhinoa1628

cash1646

grig1657

spanker1663

cole1673

goree1699

mopus1699

quid1699

ribbin1699

bustle1763

necessary1772

stuff1775

needfula1777

iron1785

(the) Spanish1788

pecuniar1793

kelter1807

dibs1812

steven1812

pewter1814

brad1819

pogue1819

rent1823

stumpy1828

posh1830

L. S. D.1835

rivetc1835

tin1836

mint sauce1839

nobbins1846

ochre1846

dingbat1848

dough1848

cheese1850

California1851

mali1851

ducat1853

pay dirt1853

boodle?1856

dinero1856

scad1856

the shiny1856

spondulicks1857

rust1858

soap1860

sugar1862

coin1874

filthy1876

wampum1876

ooftish1877

shekel1883

oil1885

oof1885

mon1888

Jack1890

sploshc1890

bees and honey1892

spending-brass1896

stiff1897

mazuma1900

mazoom1901

cabbage1903

lettuce1903

Oscar Asche1905

jingle1906

doubloons1908

kale1912

scratch1914

green1917

oscar1917

snow1925

poke1926

oodle1930

potatos1931

bread1935

moolah1936

acker1939

moo1941

lolly1943

loot1943

poppy1943

mazoola1944

dosh1953

bickies1966

lovely jubbly1990

scrilla1994

1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 121/2 The man is out of bread, he has no money.

1952 Down Beat 18 June 15 If I had bread (Dizzy's basic synonym for loot) I'd certainly start a big band again.

2019 @SohoCashMade 13 June in twitter.com (accessed 18 June 2019) I got bread on this game.

5. figurative and in figurative contexts. That which provides spiritual, emotional, or mental sustenance. Cf. bread of life n. at Phrases 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation in being or maintenance > that which

foodOE

breadc1175

sustainera1325

sustenance?a1430

maintainer1551

sustain1567

aliment?1608

alimony1626

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3525 Hiss aȝhenn hallȝhe flæsh. & blod. Soþ bræd to þeȝȝre sawle.

c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 39 Þare is brede gastely, þat es to say, of holy wrytte þe leryng.

1542 T. Becon Potacion for Lent sig. F.vj^v Touche not the theuish breades of peruerse doctryne.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. i. 21 Eating the bitter bread of banishment.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Worthy Communicant i. §1. 21 The holy Sacrament..the bread of elect souls.

1875 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life (ed. 2) x. iv. 358 The daily bread of literature and art.

1919 Herald of Gospel Liberty 6 Mar. 223/2 That Christ is bread for the soul is no greater mystery than that barley should feed the body.

2008 Irish Times (Nexis) 28 Aug. 15 The Catholic Church has failed miserably for generations to give its faithful the wholesome bread of a deep spirituality.

6. The bread or wafer used in the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist. Cf. host n.⁴ 2.Recorded earliest in bread and wine n. at Phrases 2e.altar bread, communion bread, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]

fleshc1000

ofleteOE

mannaa1200

breada1225

bread of lifea1300

host1303

bodya1325

obleya1325

God's bodya1387

cakec1390

singing bread1432

bread of wheata1450

singing loaf1530

God's bread1535

bread god?1548

round robin?1548

holy bread1552

singing cake1553

Jack-in-the-box1554

wafer-cake?1554

wafer1559

wafer-bread1565

breaden god1570

mass cake1579

wafer-god1623

hostel1624

maker1635

hostie1641

oblata1721

altar bread1839

prosphora1874

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Notieð ðat ȝe isieð, bread and win wiðuten..þat is, Cristes flasch and his blod!

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 225 (MED) And in this maner breed, water [etc.]..whanne ouer hem ben blessingis maad..ben holi.

1548 Order of Communion sig. C.ii And euery of the sayd consecrated breades, shalbe broken in twoo peces, at the least, or more, by the discretion of the ministre.

1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie 115 Taking the sacrament of the bread in his hands, he divideth it in the midle.

1768 G. Adams Syst. Divinity 149 A Priest takes the Bread, and holding it back signs or marks it with the Sign of the Life.

1860 J. Carry Serm. Doctrinal, Devotional & Pract. xii. 144 Christians have an outward and visible communion with each other, by partaking of the one bread or loaf.

1917 J. F. Sullivan Externals Catholic Church 99 The breads for the altar are baked between heated irons upon which is stamped some pious emblem.

2016 D. Grummett Material Eucharist vi. 265 More than four-fifths of the breads used by churches in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia are now produced by a single company.

7. In extended use with reference to other foodstuffs.

†a. Piecrust; pastry. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun]

paste1288

breadc1400

pastry1442

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 891 Fele kyn fischeȝ, Summe baken in bred, summe brad on þe gledeȝ.

c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 13 (MED) Briddes bacun in bred.

c1560 (a1500) Squyr Lowe Degre (Copland) l. 319 With byrdes in bread ybake.

b. Hard dry biscuits, formerly used as rations for sailors; hardtack. Now regional or historical.Cf. hard bread n., sea-bread n., pilot bread n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > biscuit > [noun] > ship's biscuit

ship bread1598

bread1625

ship's biscuit1634

pilot bread1788

midshipman's nuts1828

hardtack1830

pilot biscuit1836

pantile1874

Liverpool pantile1899

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. iii. v. 511 That day we lost (which was sunke in the Sea) two Barrels of Bread.

1793 W. Pitt in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 128 I rather imagine he uses the term bread, as synonymous with biscuit.

1866 W. Wilson Newfoundland & its Missionaries ii. vi. 208 Bread, which always means sea-biscuit.

1960 in J. S. Hall Smoky Mountain Folks 7 Bread (biscuits) drenched in 'lasses (sorghum molasses).

2007 M. Songini Lost Fleet i. 21 She noted immediately the bread was hard—whaling biscuit could break teeth unless softened.

c. U.S. regional (chiefly southern and south Midland). Any of various types of biscuit, cake, etc., made with cornmeal or flour; cornbread. Also as a count noun. Cf. Indian bread n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > food made with flour > [noun] > other flour preparations

bread1789

seitan1968

1789 Kentucky Gaz. 25 Apr. 1/4 The several kinds of bread, viz. loaf bread, Butter Biscuit, Cakes of different kinds, hard bread for Boating, crackers and Biscuit suitable for Travellers.

1863 Life in South II. 237 An abundant supply of cold chicken, ham, and ‘breads’, as all the variety of corn cakes, waffles, hot rolls, and hominy are called.

1942 M. K. Rawlings Cross Creek 208 If I asked a neighbor for some bread..I should receive a pan of cornbread.

2011 @5trong_Black 15 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 23 June 2020) Brussels sprouts, rice, bbq chicken, and corn bread (I make a mean pan of bread ya'll).

†8. Pollen, especially after it has been collected by honeybees, mixed with nectar and saliva, and stored as food for workers and brood; = bee-bread n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > bees' food

bee-bread1657

bread1682

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > pollen and related parts

sandarac1623

globulet1671

powder1672

bread1682

farina1721

pollen1723

father-dust1728

rough wax1744

yellow rain1755

dust1776

fovilla1793

anther dust1797

pollen mass1828

pollen tube1830

intextine1835

pollen grain1835

pollen granule1835

exine1839

exintine1839

intine1839

pollinium1849

sulphur shower1854

pollinic mass1857

pollen chamber1863

smoke1868

pollen sac1872

pollinarium1881

sulphur rain1882

pollinic chamber1885

perine1895

pollen content1926

sculpturing1943

monad1947

nexine1948

sexine1948

1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. ii. v. §1 That Body which Bees gather and carry upon their Thighs, and is commonly called their Bread... The Bread is a Kind of Powder; yet somewhat moist.

1836 J. M. Weeks Easy Method managing Bees xiii. 63 Combs are rendered useless by being filled up with old bread, which is never used except for feeding young bees.

Phrases

P1. to break bread.

a. To break bread into small or bite-sized pieces, esp. so as to share it with others; (more generally) to eat bread or food (with others); to share a meal. Now somewhat archaic.Also † to part bread (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > serving food > [verb] > break bread for distribution

to break breadeOE

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eat [verb (intransitive)]

eatc825

to break breadeOE

baitc1386

feeda1387

to take one's repast?1490

to take repast1517

repast1520

peck?1536

diet1566

meat1573

victual1577

graze1579

manger1609

to craw it1708

grub1725

scoff1798

browse1818

provender1819

muckamuck1853

to put on the nosebag1874

refect1882

restaurate1882

nosh1892

tucker1903

to muck in1919

scarf1960

snack1972

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xlix. 264 Leohte mettas þicge..& geslegen ægru & bread gebrocen on hat wæter.

?a1300 (c1250) Prov. Hendyng (Digby) xxviii, in Anglia (1881) 4 196 Þat evere more brekeþ bred At his houne bord.

a1450 Generides (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) l. 3068 Elles brede mot I neuer breke.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 144 An honest maid as euer broke bread .

a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. ii. 46 The fellow that sits next him, now parts bread with him.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 171 I'm a poor Wiltshire lad.—I ha'n't a shirt in the world... I han't broke bread these four and twenty hours.

1813 Ld. Byron Bride Abydos ii. xvi. 271 Within thy Father's house are foes; Not all who break his bread are true.

1878 H. Smart Play or Pay i The sole stranger that has broken bread with the ——th Hussars this evening.

1917 B.E.F. Times 8 Sept. in Wipers Times (2006) 225/2 He despatched a messenger..bearing his greetings and asking that she should break bread with him.

2006 Philos. Now Feb. 22/2 If only we could all be given an opportunity to sit down and break bread with people of different cultures.

b. In Christian contexts: to break the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist, in commemoration of Jesus breaking bread for his disciples at the Last Supper; to administer or partake of this. Also in to break the bread of life (cf. bread of life n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > communion > administration of communion > perform communion [phrase]

to give a person his or her Savioura1425

to break the bread of life1583

society > faith > worship > parts of service > canon > [verb (intransitive)] > break bread

to break bread1696

1547 J. Hooper Answer Detection Deuyls Sophistrye sig. N Christ commaundyd this ceremonie to break the bread among the hole congregacion... This ceremony is godly and thus dooth the scripture permit to interpretat the doing of the supper, and not to breake the bread secreatly..as they do in the masse.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K6^v To breake the bread of life to their charges.

1696 B. Keach Light broke forth in Wales x. 132 We read but of two or three Churches who broke Bread, or celebrated the Lord's-Supper.

1718 T. Brett Divine Right of Episcopacy 100 Any Man can break Bread and distribute wine, and say, the Body of our Lord Jesus Christ, &c.

1886 Hants. Advertiser 25 Sept. 3/5 The Bishop broke the bread, poured wine into the chalice and mixed it with water, and said the prayer of consecration.

1999 K. Jarrett in D. Longenecker Path to Rome 193 The Brethren met on Sunday mornings to ‘break bread’ and to remember Jesus as he commanded.

P2. Noun phrases with and.See also bread and butter n., bread and cheese n., bread and water at water n. Phrases 3a(a).

bread and circuses n. food and entertainment provided for the public by a government, ruler, etc., esp. in order to keep people happy and docile. [After classical Latin panem et circenses (Juvenal Satires 10. 80: Duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et circenses ‘they anxiously desire only two things, bread and circuses’.)]

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > [noun] > source of amusement or entertainment > offered to the public

panem et circenses1787

offering1820

bread and circuses1872

1872 Harper's Bazar 13 Apr. 258/4 The government of this country has not got to giving us ‘bread and circuses’ yet.

1924 R. Kipling Debits & Credits (1926) 217 Rome has always debauched her loved Provincia with bread and circuses.

2007 Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City) (Nexis) 21 Oct. 20 a Congress..has gone into the business of bread and circuses.

bread and milk n. (a) bread soaked in hot milk, considered as a plain or readily digestible meal suitable for children, convalescent people, etc., or else used as a poultice (cf. milk poultice n.) (now chiefly historical); (b) the cuckooflower, Cardamine pratensis (now chiefly in lists of alternative names for the plant).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > sops

brewisc1440

pain perdua1450

bread and milk1549

sugar-sops1581

Poor Knights1659

breadberry1715

milk toast1840

sop1845

kettle-broth1880

slinger1882

1549 in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 712/1 Lett him haue a toste and butter, or bread and milk, & that is more meete for him than to make lawes or statutes.

1785 R. Bromfield in Med. Communications 2 24 A bread and milk poultice.

1817 J. Thacher Amer. Mod. Pract. ii. ii. 261 Their diet [sc. children with chicken pox]..should consist chiefly of broth, light puddings, and bread and milk.

1858 C. C. Wilkinson Weeds & Wild Flowers 131 ‘Bread and milk’, like all its congeners, all the Crucīferæ, is also a pre-eminently useful herb.

1920 W. E. Brenchley Weeds of Farm Land xiii. 210 Cardamine pratensis,..bread-and-milk,..cuckoo-flower,..lady's smock.

2015 T. Hart Health in City iii. 103 The Lincoln Day Nursery cared for children from infancy through the age of two and fed them bread and milk twice daily.

bread and roses n. food and beauty, considered as fundamental human rights; used to express the belief that everyone should have access not only to basic sustenance, but also to the finer things in life, such as education, art, literature, etc. [Probably after bread and circuses n.] The phrase was adapted from a slogan in the fight for women's rights (see quot. 1911¹), which inspired James Oppenheim's poem (quot. 1911²). It was further popularized by the so-called Bread and Roses Strike, the textile strike which took place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in January–March 1912, and which became associated with workers' rights to roses (beauty) as well as bread (sustenance).

ΚΠ

1911 H. Todd in Amer. Mag. Sept. 619/2 No words can better express the soul of the woman's movement..‘Bread for all, and Roses too.’]

1911 J. Oppenheim Bread & Roses in Amer. Mag. Dec. 214 As we come marching, marching, we bring the Greater Days—The rising of the women means the rising of the race..A sharing of life's glories: Bread and Roses, Bread and Roses.

1920 Proc. National Conf. Social Work, 46th Ann. Session, Atlantic City, 1919 432 We..want to..build up things so they shall be better for all. We are marching forward to the time when everybody shall have bread and roses.

1981 Hist. Workshop Spring 189/1 We heard a remarkable extemporaneous speech on the ‘Bread and Roses’ strike by one of the leading participants. Angelo Rocco, a 94 year old Italian immigrant.

2011 Irish Times (Nexis) 24 Dec. 3 If Liberty Hall, Ireland's first skyscraper and its theatre, the physical manifestation of labour's enduring commitment to bread and roses, does not constitute a building of cultural interest, then none does.

bread and salt n. now somewhat rare used in various expressions with reference to the custom of using bread and salt to solemnize an oath, affirmation, etc. to take bread and salt: to take an oath, to swear. by bread and salt: used as an oath.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > assertion or affirmation > [verb (intransitive)] > swear or take an oath

sweara900

sacrec1380

oathc1450

bread and salt1575

to take one's davy1764

buff1819

the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene

loOE

spi?c1225

how mischance——?c1330

with mischance!c1330

by my hoodc1374

by my sheath1532

by the mouse-foot1550

what the (also a) goodyear1570

bread and salt1575

by Jove1575

in (good) truly1576

by these hilts1598

by the Lord Harry1693

by the pody cody1693

by jingo!1694

splutter1707

by jing!1786

I snore1790

declare1811

by the hokey1825

shiver my timbers1834

by the (great) horn spoon1842

upon my Sam1879

for goodness' sake1885

yerra1892

for the love of Mike1896

by the hokey fiddle1922

knickers1971

1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle v. ii. sig. Eii No other wight, saue she, by bred & salt.

1604 T. Dekker & T. Middleton Honest Whore v. ii. 57 He tooke bread and salt..that he would neuer open his lips.

1778 T. Nugent Grand Tour (ed. 3) II. 86 The custom..of swearing new comers by bread and salt..is said to have begun here.

1866 J. G. Edgar Runnymede xliv. 250 ‘By bread and salt!’ exclaimed he, regaining his courage; ‘they are gone—vanished.’

1890 R. Kipling in Eclectic Mag. Jan. 138 They have taken the oath of the Brother-in-Blood on leavened bread and salt.

1965 C. Duff Mysterious People v. 117 Words spoken by the bride and groom and repeated by the officiating chief, followed by an additional symbolical pledge such as the rite of bread and salt.

bread and wine n. spec. bread and wine used as the elements in the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun]

houseleOE

bread and winea1225

sacrament?c1225

sacringc1290

spicec1425

kind?1531

Eucharistc1540

element1556

species1579

elemental1656

mystery1662

symbol1671

waybread1993

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Notieð ðat ȝe isieð, bread and win wiðuten..þat is, Cristes flasch and his blod!

1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. Tabil sig. *.vi^v Ye propir mater..of this haly sacrament, quhilk is breid and wyne.

1886 J. Morley Crit. Misc. I. 298 He was willing to continue the [Communion] service..on condition that he should not himself partake of the bread and wine.

2000 L. McTaggart Being Catholic Today vii. 57 The bread and wine retain the appearance of bread and wine, while changing in substance to the Body and Blood of Christ.

P3. Noun phrases with of.

bread of affliction n. bread of poor quality or insufficient quantity; also figurative and in figurative contexts.With allusion to Deuteronomy 16:3 (see quot. a1425) or 1 Kings 22:27.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > food gained by affliction

bread of afflictiona1425

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > low-quality bread

pig breadOE

swainloaf1358

bread of afflictiona1425

bread of trete1607

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Deut. xvi. 3 Thou schalt not ete ther ynne breed diȝt with sourdouȝ; in seuene daies thou schalt ete breed of affliccioun [E.V. a1382 Bodl. 959 breed of greet traueil; L. adflictionis panem], with out sourdouȝ.

1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie xxx. 235 So shall you in the end receaue..in steed of the bread of affliction the heauenly Manna, and the bread of life from the table of God & Christ.

1654 J. Allington Grand Conspiracy Members against Mind 138 They fed him with nothing but reproach, scorn, and the bread of affliction.

1817 B. Hofland Son of Genius (new ed.) ix. 171 Many helpless young people..languish in poverty, and eat the bitter bread of affliction moistened by their tears.

1990 W. Moskoff (title) The bread of affliction: the food supply in the USSR during World War II.

bread of idleness n. bread or food that has not been earned or worked for; also figurative and in figurative contexts; cf. idle bread at idle adj. 4c.With allusion to Proverbs 31:27 (see quot. 1611). [In quot. 1611 directly translating Hebrew leḥem ʿaṣlūṯ (Proverbs 31:27; < leḥem bread + ʿaṣlūṯ sluggishness).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > food not worked for

bread of idleness1580

1542 Glasse for Housholders sig. giii I wold you had no mo seruauntes in your house, then ye maye kepe occupied, and y^t none eat their bread in ydelnes, but that they haue labour with meate, and meate with laboure.]

1580 M. Outred tr. M. Cope Godly & Learned Expos. Prouerbes Solomon (xxxi. 27) f. 636^v She considereth the wayes of her housholde, and eateth not the bread of ydlenesse.

1611 Bible (King James) Prov. xxxi. 27 She..eateth not the bread of idleness [a1382 Wyclif idil bred; 1535 Coverdale bred with ydilnes] .

1715 J. Acres Glad Tidings Great Brit. 24 You shall always have the Poor with you, as we read in the Gospel. But surely..a Way may be found, that not so many of them should eat the Bread of Idleness.

1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster I. xi. 140 You cannot..eat the bread of idleness on board of a man-of-war.

2009 @nicholasamoore 3 Apr. in twitter.com (accessed 18 June 2019) I am eating the bread of idleness, not very virtuous.

bread of life n. (in Christian contexts) (a) (a name for) Jesus Christ; (b) the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist; (c) a source of spiritual nourishment, esp. that of Christian faith.With allusion to John 6:35 (see quot. c1384).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]

fleshc1000

ofleteOE

mannaa1200

breada1225

bread of lifea1300

host1303

bodya1325

obleya1325

God's bodya1387

cakec1390

singing bread1432

bread of wheata1450

singing loaf1530

God's bread1535

bread god?1548

round robin?1548

holy bread1552

singing cake1553

Jack-in-the-box1554

wafer-cake?1554

wafer1559

wafer-bread1565

breaden god1570

mass cake1579

wafer-god1623

hostel1624

maker1635

hostie1641

oblata1721

altar bread1839

prosphora1874

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 115 Þat bred of hele & of lif, ihesu crist þe hende.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John vi. 35 Sothly Jhesu seide to hem, I am breed of lyf [L. panis vitae].

?1543 M. Coverdale Christen Exhortacion f. 4^v From thence [sc. from the word of God] shuld we fetch..the breade of lyfe.

1614 J. Norden Load-starre to Spirituall Life ix. 75 Men that are wise in Christ..feede on the heauenly Manna, Angels bread, the bread of life.

1701 G. Stanhope tr. St. Augustine Pious Breathings 257 Thou art the Bread of Life, every day eaten, yet still whole and never consumed.

1896 R. A. Torrey How to study Bible v. 83 Was it accidential [sic] that Bethlehem, the name of the place where the Bread of Life was born, means ‘House of bread’?

1918 Ogden (Utah) Standard 4 Mar. 5/1 To a man love is merely the icing on the cake of life, but to a woman love is the bread of life, and she starves and perishes without it.

2015 Daily Nation (Kenya) (Nexis) 3 Aug. Attending the first service means making sacrifices. We do not take breakfast. We prefer to first devour the bread of life.

† bread of wheat n. Obsolete used as an oath or asseveration (in by bread of wheat), with reference to the sacramental bread or host of the Eucharist (see sense 6); cf. God's bread int.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [noun] > religious oaths (referring to God) > other religious oaths

by bread of wheata1450

matins?1577

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]

fleshc1000

ofleteOE

mannaa1200

breada1225

bread of lifea1300

host1303

bodya1325

obleya1325

God's bodya1387

cakec1390

singing bread1432

bread of wheata1450

singing loaf1530

God's bread1535

bread god?1548

round robin?1548

holy bread1552

singing cake1553

Jack-in-the-box1554

wafer-cake?1554

wafer1559

wafer-bread1565

breaden god1570

mass cake1579

wafer-god1623

hostel1624

maker1635

hostie1641

oblata1721

altar bread1839

prosphora1874

a1450 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 218 (MED) The eldest dowter swor be bred of qwete: ‘I haue leuere beggyn myn mete.’

P4. In various proverbial and idiomatic phrases.

a. man cannot live by bread alone and variants: people have spiritual as well as physical needs; one cannot be completely satisfied or fulfilled by concentrating only on meeting one simple need. Hence in allusive expressions, as to live by bread alone.With allusion to Deuteronomy 8:3 or Matthew 4:4.

ΚΠ

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. iv. 4 A man lyueth not in breed aloon [a1425 L.V. oonli; L. non in pane solo vivet homo].

1611 Bible (King James) Matt. iv. 4 Man shall not liue by bread alone.

a1770 G. Whitefield Eighteen Serm. (1771) viii. 201 Let it not be said that believers in London live on bread alone, but may they be continuing to lay up treasure in heaven!

1885 Good Words 26 477/2 To regard man as living by bread alone is an animal view of existence, making bodily comfort and satisfaction a supreme object.

1976 J. W. Fowler Stages of Faith (1995) i. 4 We do not live by bread alone, sex alone, success alone, and certainly not by instinct alone. We require meaning.

2012 Northern Echo (Nexis) 24 Jan. We do not live by bread alone. A nation is more than its economic system, and a people counts for more than gross domestic product.

b. to cast one's bread upon the waters and variants: to do something kind or good without being motivated by any potential reward or benefit to oneself.With allusion to Ecclesiastes 11:1 (see quot. a1382).

ΚΠ

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Eccles. xi. 1 Send thi bred vp on men passende watris [a1425 L.V. Sende thi breed on watris passynge forth; 1535 Coverdale Sende thy vytayles ouer the waters; 1611 King James Cast thy bread upon the waters], for after manye times thou shalt finden it.]

1607 R. Wakeman Poore-mans Preacher ii. 53 Think not much to cast your bread vpon the water; to distribute your almes vnto the poore.., for by this losse commeth great gaine.

1741 J. Wilford Memorials & Characters 470 As she was very charitable to her poor Neighbours.., so she would often cast her Bread upon the Waters, not so much as looking after it which Way it swom.

1879 M. M. Mann Life's Contrasts xv. 223 ‘Would it ever come?’ thought poor Rhoda: but she continued to cast her bread upon the waters, well content if she might find it even after many days.

1904 Financial Times 9 Feb. 4/3 Instead of asking the public to sing ‘From Greenland's Icy Mountains’ and put money in the offertory bag, it is requested to cast its bread upon the waters by filling up a share application form and sending it on to the Bank accompanied by a cheque.

2018 Daily Disp. (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 5 June She cast her bread on the waters over and over again, when all she could expect in return was danger and fear.

c. to take the bread out of a person's mouth and variants: to take away a person's livelihood; (also occasionally) to take from a person what he or she is on the very point of enjoying.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > loss > taking away > [verb (intransitive)] > deprive of livelihood or that about to be enjoyed

to take the bread out of a person's mouth1653

1653 R. Baxter Worcester-shire Petition 8 I must live with the grievance and repinings of others, as if I took the bread from their mouthes!

1674 C. Reynell True Eng. Interest 34 They..take the Bread out of our mouths by supplying Barbados..with the same Commodities as we do.

1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 80 It's barbarous..to have the Bread thus pick'd from our Mouths by little Tom Estenors.

1881 Lancet 15 Oct. 687/2 No one can object to working hard for charity's sake, but it is difficult to see why medical men should be expected deliberately to take bread out of their own and their brothers' mouths.

1913 Industr. Engin. May 197/3 The new-born industry..was bound to deprive numerous people of their work, snatch the bread from the mouths of all the carters and stage drivers.

2011 Times (Nexis) 9 Nov. 50 It is going too far when you take someone's living away from them for a minor infringement... You are taking the bread out of his mouth.

d. one's bread is baked: see bake v. Phrases 1. to have one's bread buttered on both sides, etc.: see butter v. Phrases 2b. the best thing since sliced bread: see sliced adj. 1b.

P5. †full of bread: fed well or to excess; (hence) gluttonous; devoted to the pursuit of physical pleasures or the gratification of the senses. Now rare.With allusion to Ezekiel 16:49: ‘This was the iniquitie of thy sister Sodom; Pride, fulnesse of bread, and aboundance of idlenesse was in her and in her daughters.’

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [adjective] > fed or nourished > filled with food

fullOE

full-feedinga1382

repletea1400

satiate1440

full-fed?1530

full of bread?1570

strut1577

full-mouthed1610

crop-full1645

?1570 T. Drant Two Serm. sig. F.vi The Moores are a vaine people, the Phrygians fearefull,..the Sodomits full of bread.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iii. 80 A tooke my father grosly full of bread .

1826 Q. Rev. 33 356 She was full of bread, in the prime and lustihood of youth.

1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! II. ii. 61 He being idle..and also full of bread, (for Sir Richard kept a very good table,) had already looked round..after some one with whom to fall in love.

1933 Concord (Mass.) Enterprise 22 Mar. 4/6 The land prospered and everyone was full of bread.

P6. regional (in later use chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern)). in bad bread: in a bad state, in difficulties; in disfavour with a person. Similarly in good bread: in favourable circumstances. Sc. National Dict. (at Breed) records this phrase as still in use in Orkney and north-eastern Scotland in 1975.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > prosperity > in prosperous condition [phrase] > in easy circumstances

to have one's bread buttered on both sides1678

in good bread1743

on velvet1749

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > in a difficult position > in straits

waterOE

straitly steadc1400

need-stead?c1450

at the worst hand1490

in suds1575

lock1598

at a bad hand1640

in a wood1659

in bad bread1743

up a stump1829

in a tight (also awkward, bad, etc.) spot1851

up shit creek1868

in the cart1889

in the soup1889

out on a limb1897

in a spot1929

up the creek1941

consommé1957

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disfavour > disfavouring [phrase] > out of favour

out of a person's books1509

in bad bread1743

in (also into) a person's bad books1832

in the doghouse1926

1743 Exam. & Depositions in Votes & Proc. of House of Representatives Pennsylvania App. 98 Brothers, you'd better go on board your Ships, or you'll be in bad Bread before Night.

1751 J. Taylor Ordinary of Newgate's Acct. 23 Oct. 124/1 She served seven Years to this Business, and work'd Journey-work many Years more..and was in good Bread.

1778 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1907) XLIII. 11 Old England I beleve is got into Bad Bread.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) To be in bad bread, to be in a dilemma, or in an evil taking.

1881 J. Sargisson Joe Scoap's Jurneh 139 That's hoo he gat inteh sec bad bread with t'maister.

1924 A. W. Moore Vocab. Anglo-Manx Dial. 9 Bad bread, disfavour (also Cumberland):—We got in bad bread with them.

Compounds

C1. General use as a modifier.Recorded earliest in bread leap n.

ΚΠ

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2078 Me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 48 Brede-huche, turrundula.

1593 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 227 Two jackes, one bread-binge.

1638 J. Penkethman Artachthos sig. K^v The Bread-Carts..comming from Stratford towards London, were met at the Miles end.

1710 London Gaz. No. 4714/2 To halt..for..our Baggage and the Bread-Waggons.

1818 ‘Gloucestershire Freeholder’ Addr. to Electors U.K. 22 The amount of the bread-tax on bread, meat, drink, &c. is at least sixpence per head per day.

1837 Newcastle Jrnl. 22 Apr. (headline) Bread riots in Manchester.

1857 E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. ii. iv. 154 It is well to warm the bread-pan or tub, and the flour also.

1860 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. 170/1 The bread poultice, used as emollient in ordinary cases.

1888 Weekly Northwestern Miller 14 Dec. 751/3 Cuban bakers have lately raised bread prices.

1900 Daily News 9 May 5/5 The present four-ounce bread ration is to be further reduced.

1922 Northwestern Miller 12 July 166/2 Bakers still complain that there has been no midsummer bulge in the bread trade.

1980 Cook's Mag. Nov. 18/2 Flour is the variable in any bread recipe.

2018 Waterloo (Ontario) Region Rec. (Nexis) 20 Oct. a1 They learned to make goulash and bread dumplings.

C2. With participles, agent nouns, and verbal nouns, forming compounds in which bread expresses the object of the underlying verb, as in bread baker, bread baking, bread making, bread seller, etc.

ΚΠ

1510 J. Stanbridge Vocabula (new ed.) sig. B.iii^v Panificium, brede bakynge, or bakers crafte.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 504 His eldest sonne Psicarpax, a corne-eater; and his second sonne Psitodarpes Bread-eater.

1640 R. Carew in Doidge's W. Counties Ann. (1882) 211 None departed..till after the breade taking.

1787 Leeds Intelligencer 23 Oct. Six Shopkeepers, at Halifax, were convicted..for having false weights in their possession.—Also two Bread Bakers.

1826 Parl. Deb. 2nd Ser. 14 865 He had several petitions to present against the landlords act—the bread-taxing act.

1857 E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. 13 (note) Panetier du Roi, bread-steward, bread-purveyor, or bread-controller, whose office was to regulate the distribution of bread in the royal household, and who had supreme authority over all the bakers of the kingdom.

1884 Manch. Examiner 4 Dec. 5/3 A decision of great importance to bakers and breadsellers.

1976 Economist 20 Mar. 73/2 Talk about a Euroloaf rallied bread lovers behind their national doughs.

2001 P. Barham Sci. Cooking viii. 108 Flours with high protein contents (above about 12%) are particularly useful for bread making.

C3. Used as a modifier to designate professions and occupations by which a person may earn his or her living, and areas of study which prepare a person for such work. Now chiefly historical. [Frequently modelled on earlier use of similar compounds in German: compare German Brotwissenschaft , lit. ‘bread science’ (1757 or earlier; 1784 in Schiller in the letter translated in quot. a1840), Brotstudium, lit. ‘bread study’ (1751 or earlier; frequently in plural), Brotgewerbe, lit. ‘bread trade or occupation’ (1784 or earlier), Brotzweck, lit. ‘bread purpose’ (1806 or earlier, in the context of the purpose of studies).]

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood > science or study as

bread1834

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iv, in Fraser's Mag. Feb. 191/2 Is it not well that there should be what we call Professions, or Bread-studies (Brodtzwecke), preappointed us?

a1840 C. Follen tr. F. Schiller Let. in C. Follen Wks. (1841) IV. 16 For a long time I feared..that my passion for poetry would sooner or later die, if it should be my means of subsistence (bread science).

1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 326 These pursuits..sink into mere bread-trades.

1886 Cent. Mag. June 325/1 All the more need that, to begin with, the man should be broadly educated, no matter what bread-occupation shall claim and confine him afterward.

1980 J. E. Toews Hegelianism (1985) vii. 213 By far the largest percentage of these students were enrolled in the traditional ‘bread disciplines’ of law and theology.

2016 Z. Purvis Theol. & University 19th-cent. Germany iii. 45 The current system, he [sc. C. F. Bahrdt] said, forced students to enrol in the standard ‘bread-courses’ (Brotstudium).

C4.

† bread artist n. colloquial Obsolete an artist or writer who produces what is considered to be inferior work simply to earn a living. [Compare German Brotkünstler (1798 or earlier).]

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > one earning a living

winner1352

providerc1485

bread earner1602

breadwinner1783

bread artist1827

daily-breader1872

1827 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 328 The fair tradesman, who offers his talent in open market, to do work of a harmless and acceptable sort for hire... The ‘Bread-artist’, as they call him, can gain no reverence for himself from these men.

1870 Leicester Chron. & Leics. Mercury 12 Nov. 5/6 We are half afraid that the writer is becoming a mere ‘bread-artist’.

bread-barge n. Nautical (now historical) a box or container used for storing rations of ship's biscuit or hardtack. [ < bread n. + barge n.¹, perhaps with allusion to its shape.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > chest, box, or bag > for bread

breadbox1622

bread bin1670

bread-barge1840

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxii. 123 The bread-barge and beef-kid were overhauled.

1908 J. D. Whidden Ocean Life in Old Sailing Ship Days ii. 15 It was the custom for the boys..to keep the bread barge filled by taking it aft to the steward when empty.

1994 P. O'Brian Commodore (1996) x. 267 Tom, give me the bread-barge, will you?

bread-bearer n. historical and rare in later use (the title of) an officer of a royal household responsible for supplying or serving bread.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > official of royal or great household > [noun] > in charge of food, table, or plate

butlerc1325

asseour1448

yeoman of the ewery1450

yeoman for the mouth1455

yeoman of the bottles1455

lardiner1469

yeoman of the buttery1473

surveyora1475

assewer1478

larderer1483

yeoman of the cellar1508

bread-bearer1518

groom-grubber1526

bottlemana1550

yeoman of the larder1585

saucery-man1691

plateman1842

plate-keeper1843

1518 Expenses Royal Househ. in J. S. Brewer Lett. & Papers Reign Henry VIII (1864) (modernized text) II. 1548 5 yeoman, 5 grooms, 2 pages, 1 bread-bearer.

1647 L. Haward Charges Crown Revenue 28 Breadbearer: Fee, £1 10s.4d.

1868 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 381 Jeanne de Bellengues married Jean Malet Sire de Graville, grand falconer, bread-bearer, and master of the crossbowmen of the King of France.

2001 M. Vale Princely Court ii. 37 The seneschal, panetarius (bread-bearer or pantler), and butler—all of them knights—also demanded the right to receive liveries of cloth.

breadberry n. originally and chiefly Scottish (now rare) bread steeped in hot water or milk, sometimes with seasoning or sugar; cf. bread and milk n. (a) at Phrases 2b, aleberry n. [For the second element compare bree n.² and β. forms at aleberry n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > sops

brewisc1440

pain perdua1450

bread and milk1549

sugar-sops1581

Poor Knights1659

breadberry1715

milk toast1840

sop1845

kettle-broth1880

slinger1882

1715 A. Pitcairne Method of curing Small-pox in G. Sewell & J. T. Desaguliers tr. A. Pitcairne Wks. 273 Let the Child's Diet be..a thin Bread-berry.

1864 J. Brown Plain Words Health 44 Giving the baby..thin bread-berry once a day..so as gradually to wean it.

1909 Manch. Courier 10 Sept. 9/5 I would give it milk puddings and breadberry till it was one year old.

1936 Belfast Tel. 25 July 5/4 Where will you get a better word for the familiar dish bread-and-milk than the Ulster ‘panada’?.. How distinguished it sounds compared with the Scots and English equivalents—saps, sops, bread-berry, and steepies.

bread bin n. a box or container used for storing bread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > chest, box, or bag > for bread

breadbox1622

bread bin1670

bread-barge1840

1670 H. Wolley Queen-like Closet 373 The Butler..must keep..his Cellars clean washed, and his Buttery clean, and Bread-Bins wholsom and sweet.

1849 Times 10 Jan. 5/4 I slid over soaked biscuit washed out of the bread-bins.

1999 C. Mendelson Home Comforts xii. 158/2 Bread that you are going to use soon should be wrapped and stored..in a bread bin, at room temperature.

† bread brake n. Obsolete a kneading trough or kneading machine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > kneading machine

brakec1440

bread brake1564

dough brake1589

breaking-rollers1845

kneader1851

1564 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 223 Two cawels & a bread brayk iiij^s.

breadcake n. now chiefly English regional (Yorkshire) (a piece of) bread baked into a round, oval, or otherwise regular shape; spec. a bread roll; cf. cake n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll

roll1581

bapc1600

wreath1600

breadcake1635

French roll1652

cookie1701

sugar-roll1727

petit pain1766

souter's clod1773

twist1830

simit1836

bread roll1838

pistolet1853

flute1855

twist-loaf1856

Parker House roll1873

crescent roll1886

bagel1898

Kaiser roll1898

buttery1899

croissant1899

split1905

pan de sal1910

bridge roll1926

Kaiser1927

Kaiser bun1933

Bialystok roll1951

pletzel1952

panini1955

bialy1958

Bialystok1960

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > flat cake of bread

cakec1225

tharf-cake1362

cake-breadc1400

bannock1483

bere bannockc1550

torte1555

fadge1609

breadcake1635

riddle cake1673

jonikin1676

tortilla1699

cookie1701

johnnycake1739

journey cake1754

galette1775

pone1796

riddle bread1797

ash-cake1809

chapatti1810

papad1813

poppadom1820

puri1831

roti1838

Rhode Island johnnycake1866

wrap1969

chapo1993

1635 L. Foxe North-west Fox sig. M4^v He had deceived the company of 30 bread cakes.

1846 C. L. Meryon Trav. Lady H. Stanhope II. 109 After coffee, a platter of what the Arabs call dibs was set on the ground, with about a dozen bread-cakes like those before described.

1913 B. S. Rowntree & M. Kendall How Labourer Lives 158 (table) Breakfast... Tea, fried meat and fresh bread cakes.

2017 Doncaster Free Press (Nexis) 26 Jan. Local businesses came together to spur the boys on, with..Morrisons in Broomhill stepping in to provide bacon and breadcakes for the Saturday morning breakfast.

† bread chipper n. Obsolete a person who cuts bread or pares bread crust.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > [noun] > paring crust > one who pares crust

bread chipper1600

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) ii. iv. 319 Cal me pantler and bread-chipper [1623 Bread-chopper].

c1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) ii. 775 Some bread-chipper or greasy cooke.

bread dough n. dough for baking into bread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > dough for bread

dougheOE

rye dough1584

bread dough1698

sponge1748

turnpike1850

sourdough1868

1698 W. Salmon Ars Chirurgica i. lxvii. 282/2 A fresh Squill, its outside coat being taken off, wrap it up in Bread-dough, and bake it with Bread in an Oven.

1822 J. Cox Pract. Confectioner 34 The cake should be mixed up rather softer than bread dough.

1959 Home Encycl. 287 A kind of rusk made from a rich bread dough.

2007 S. L. Henkel & D. R. Brown How to open Successful Pizza & Sub Restaurant x. 168 If you are used to kneading bread dough, you will be surprised at the elastic consistency of pizza dough.

† bread dust n. Obsolete dried or stale bread or ship's biscuit that has been reduced to a powder or very fine crumbs; breadcrumbs; cf. bread powder n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > powdered bread

bread dust1773

1773 J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere II. i. xx. 270 The hogs would not eat European grain of any kind, pulse, or bread-dust.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xx. 199 Two bags of bread-dust.

1922 M. E. Grossman Mary Elizabeth's Cook Bk. 25 Cover crab with beaten egg, then roll in bread dust.

bread earner n. a person whose income is used to provide bread or food for his or her family; (also more generally) a person who earns an income; that which provides a source of income; a means of earning a living; = breadwinner n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > one earning a living

winner1352

providerc1485

bread earner1602

breadwinner1783

bread artist1827

daily-breader1872

1602 A. Copley Another Let. to Dis-iesuited Kinseman 30 Thou being much part of all these, and but a lay mechanical Gana-pan which is a Spanish Epithet..and in English an earne-bread or bread-earner.

1802 R. L. Edgeworth & M. Edgeworth Ess. Irish Bulls. xx. 136 What our hero dignifies with the name of his bread-earner, is the knife.

1906 Evening Tel. & Post (Dundee) 25 May 6/2 At the age of twelve she is a bread-earner, getting some seven or ten farthings a day.

2016 N. Vernardakis Innovation & Technol. 169 In this complex..television is the main bread earner as it provides the main source of income for cinema besides box office returns.

bread-faced adj. rare having a face likened to bread in some way; unhealthily pale, pasty-faced.

ΚΠ

1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick 167 He was naturally a very nervous, shuddering sort of little fellow, this bread-faced steward.

2018 R. Heng Suicide Club xv. 134 No one met her eye except for the bread-faced woman.

bread flour n. flour for making bread; a particular type of this; spec. flour made from hard wheat to give a high gluten content.

ΚΠ

1754 Public Advertiser 3 Jan. It may..be thought that to restrain the Bounty to Wheat-flour will hurt our Foreign Trade for Bread-corn, of course make it sell worse at Home..; and indeed if it should put it out of our Power to sell as much, and as good Bread-flour for the same Money Abroad, as the Dutch,..it might have those effects.

1896 Rep. 26th Ann. Meeting Vermont Dairymen's Assoc. 153 Bread flours made from spring wheat are usually richer in flesh formers (gluten and other protein compounds) than pastry flour from winter wheat.

1997 Independent on Sunday 2 Nov. (Review Suppl.) 62/2 He stores 15 bins of different bread flours (English, Italian, French, granary, rye and so on) from which he produces a range of 60 breads.

2017 Guardian (Nexis) 18 May (Life & Style section) For maximum gluten development, and thus chewiness, I'd recommend bread flour.

† bread god n. Obsolete (derogatory) the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist, regarded as being worshipped as a god; cf. breaden god at breaden adj., pastry-deity n. at pastry n. Compounds 2.Chiefly used with reference to the unacceptability to some Protestants of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation (in the context of Christian theological dispute over the exact nature of the presence of Christ in the elements of the Eucharist). Cf. bread worship n.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]

fleshc1000

ofleteOE

mannaa1200

breada1225

bread of lifea1300

host1303

bodya1325

obleya1325

God's bodya1387

cakec1390

singing bread1432

bread of wheata1450

singing loaf1530

God's bread1535

bread god?1548

round robin?1548

holy bread1552

singing cake1553

Jack-in-the-box1554

wafer-cake?1554

wafer1559

wafer-bread1565

breaden god1570

mass cake1579

wafer-god1623

hostel1624

maker1635

hostie1641

oblata1721

altar bread1839

prosphora1874

?1548 A. Gilby Answer Deuillish Detection S. Gardiner f. cxlvii^v Howe can I (the true God) be knowen, whilse the bread God and the cake vnsensible, is in so high reputation?

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 302 When they had made their Bread-god, they poysoned the Emperour with that bread.

1785 Grand, Wonderful & Astonishing Myst. Irish Reformation i. 7 And tho' we sometimes go to mass, And bow, to let your bread-god pass; Think not, we do with you agree, In your accurs'd idolatry.

1834 ‘Watchman’ Hist. Popery 415 Still their eyes tell them it is still bread, and therefore must be bread and god too, and a bread god.

1915 Watchman (Sydney) 21 Jan. 5/3 The modern round wafer or bread-god offered up to the Queen of Heaven as of yore.

† bread grate n. Obsolete a grater for bread; = bread grater n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater

myour1316

grater1390

grate14..

bread grate1452

ginger grate1530

nutmeg-grater1623

bread grater1624

cheese grater1848

1452 Inventory in Communic. Cambr. Antiquarian Soc. (1881) 4 290 xxv platers of Pewter..and xxv saucers of the same and j brede grate.

1543 Inventory 23 Feb. in London Consistory Wills 1492–1547 (1967) 87 A payer of coborns and a brede grate.

1587 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 149 Item, ij minsinge knives, and a breadgrate of tynn.

bread grater n. now somewhat rare a grater designed for grating hard bread or bread crust to make breadcrumbs.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater

myour1316

grater1390

grate14..

bread grate1452

ginger grate1530

nutmeg-grater1623

bread grater1624

cheese grater1848

1624 Steward's Househ. Accts. 20 Mar. (Althorp Househ. Bks.) in J. N. Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) App. (A) 4 p. lv 2 frying pannes, 4 peales, and a bread grater.

1827 Hereford Jrnl. 21 Feb. I took up..some champion potatoes, which..were grated through a common tin bread-grater, into a pan of water.

1947 Warwick (Queensland) Daily News 15 Sept. 3/1 Run breadcrumbs and skinned walnuts through a nut-mill or bread grater.

bread jelly n. now rare a type of jelly made by boiling bread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > jelly > [noun] > sweet and other jellies

blancmange1377

manger blanc1574

moonshine1608

viper-jelly1702

saloop1712

jelly1728

salep1736

bread jelly1750

hartshorn jelly1769

arrowroot1822

table jelly1830

pineapple jelly1841

fruit-jelly1846

jujube paste1858

sponge1859

stone cream1861

pavlova1911

tracklement1954

1750 Smith's Compl. Housewife (ed. 14) 377 (heading) To make Bread-Jelley.

1853 E. C. Gaskell Cranford in Househ. Words 15 Jan. 416/2 Mrs. Forrester made some of the bread-jelly, for which she was so famous, to have ready as a refreshment.

1932 Sydney Morning Herald 30 May 4/4 The following bread jelly is for invalids.

bread knife n. a knife used for cutting or slicing bread, typically having a long serrated blade.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > knife

dressing knife1362

trencher-knife1392

bread knife1432

kitchen knife1433

dresser knifea1450

carving-knifea1475

sticking knife1495

chipper1508

chipping knife1526

butcher's knife1557

striking knife1578

mincing knife1586

cook's knife1599

oyster knife1637

randing knife1725

stick knife1819

chopping-knife1837

carver1839

butch knife1845

fish-carver1855

fruit-knife1855

rimmer1876

throating knife1879

steak knife1895

paring knife1908

1432 Acct. Rolls Witham, Essex in Middle Eng. Dict. at Bred i scalydpanne, i bredknyf, i handhook.

1672 M. Atkins Cataplus 57 Musquetoroes..cut my stones out with a bread-knife.

1861 I. M. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xli. 991 Taking care..that butter-knife and bread-knife are in their places.

2007 Times 8 Dec. (Body & Soul section) 12/2 Slit cake in half using a bread knife.

† bread leap n. [compare leap n.²] Obsolete a breadbasket.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > basket > for bread

bread leapa1325

bread skep1493

breadbasket1552

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2078 Me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre.

bread maker n. (a) a person who makes bread; (b) a machine used for making bread; = bread machine n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > [noun] > maker of bread

bread maker?1570

?1570 T. Drant Two Serm. sig.D.vii^v England,..thou hast euen at this day plowers and sowers,..bakers and bread makers.

1761 Public Ledger 30 Nov. 1144/2 Titterton, Joseph. Bolton in the Moors, Lancashire. Bread-maker.

1830 Mech. Mag. 8 May 146/1 A Petrisseur or Mechanical Bread-maker, lately invented by Messrs. Cavalier, Brother, and Co., of Paris.

1917 C. L. Hunt & H. L. Wessling Bread & Bread Making in Home (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 807) 23 It is well for inexperienced housekeepers who wish to be good bread makers to have their bread judged once or twice by experts.

2005 Fresh Nov. 50/2 Keen bakers should get a breadmaker. You could just use it to knead and prove dough, then shape and bake it conventionally.

bread machine n. a machine for making bread, (now) esp. a domestic electrical appliance that mixes, kneads, and bakes the dough.

ΚΠ

1822 Atheneum 15 Oct. 86/1 Bread Machine. A machine has lately been introduced at Lausanne, in Switzerland, for making bread, that is, for preparing the fermentation of the dough... It is simply a deal box.., placed on supports, by which it is turned by a handle.

1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 10 June d8/4 Pour water, dry yeast and flour into the top, switch it on and the machine mixes the dough, kneads it and bakes it... Matsushita plans to double its output of the bread machines.

2001 J. R. Hendricks Bread Alone (2002) ii. 22 He came home..with a bread machine... [He] loved the way you just dumped in all the ingredients, set the timer, and presto—fresh, hot bread.

bread man n. a man who makes, sells, or (in later use) delivers bread; a baker. [Currency in Middle English is probably implied by use as surname, as John Bredeman (1296); compare note at Compounds 2.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of bread

bakerOE

moulder1290

bread-wrighta1325

kneaderc1440

white baker1441

paster?a1475

brown baker1528

dough kneader1605

bread man1830

brakesman1845

1830 Dover Gaz. & Strafford Advertiser (New Hampsh.) 12 Oct. Auctioneers are heard through all Pearl-street—The Milkmen, Breadmen,..and the like Their deep'ning clamour all your senses strike.

1922 Bakers' Helper (Chicago) 15 Nov. 1057/3 Bread man wishes position in two or three oven shop. Can handle help and turn out first class stuff.

2011 T. Macaulay Paperboy xiii. 183 The bread men delivered..soda and potato bread..on a Saturday morning.

bread meal n. (a) grain or meal used or suitable for making bread (regional in later use) (now rare); †(b) diatomaceous earth, said to have been used in parts of Scandinavia to make a kind of bread; cf. mountain meal n. (a) at mountain n. and adj. Compounds 2b(a) (obsolete rare). [In sense (b) from a misunderstanding of Humboldt, who reported that the earth was consumed as (i.e. in the manner of) bread meal, not that it was known by this name (see quot. 1850); the misapprehension apparently first appears in Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life (see quot. 1855) and is repeated in later dictionaries.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > corn for bread

bread corna1387

bread meal1556

1556 J. Ponet Shorte Treat. Politike Power sig. Kviij The people driuen of hongre to grinde accornes for bread meale.

1797 F. M. Eden State of Poor II. 174 His family has bread meal, consisting of wheat, rye, and barley, allowed them at 1s. 6d. a stone.

1850 E. C. Otté & H. G. Bohn tr. A. von Humboldt Views of Nature 146 In the most remote parts of Sweden hundreds of cartloads of earth containing infusoria are annually consumed by the country people as bread-meal [Ger. als Brotmehl], more from fancy..than from necessity.

1855 J. F. W. Johnston Chem. of Common Life (ed. 4) II. xxiii. 174 In Northern Europe, especially in the remote northern parts of Sweden, a kind of earth known by the name of bread-meal is consumed in hundreds of cart-loads, it is said, every year.

1863 J. C. Atkinson Provinc. Danby Bread-meal, flour with the coarsest bran taken out..such as..produces ‘brown-bread’.

1982 Econ. Hist. Rev. 35 463 ‘Mashlum’, the Scots bread meal, was usually a mixture of bere, peas and beans.

bread mould n. any of various moulds which typically grow on bread, especially of the genera Rhizopus and Penicillium; (also) the visible growth of such a mould on bread, consisting of its mycelium or spore mass.

ΚΠ

1833 W. Rhind Catech. Bot. 8 (caption) Bread mould.

1979 Amer. Biol. Teacher 41 22/1 Rhizopus nigricans, the common bread mold, grows readily on bread or fruit..kept in a moist chamber for a few days.

2015 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. a3 Digitalis comes from foxglove, quinine from cinchona bark, penicillin from bread mold.

bread oven n. an oven for baking bread or other dough products, typically consisting of a baking chamber made of a fireproof material such as brick, stone, clay, adobe, etc., which is fired from within, traditionally using wood.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > stove or cooker > [noun] > oven > other types of oven

broiling-iron1562

broil-iron1567

apple roaster1637

bread oven1745

pot-oven1750

Dutch oven1769

caboose1779

roaster1796

gas oven1810

kitchen1826

tandoor1840

water oven1848

ti-oven1896

roaster oven1940

1745 Accomplish'd Housewife 196 Put in your Tongues..; then wash them out of that Liquor and put them in a Pot; let them be baked in a Bread Oven till they are very tender.

1905 E. G. Dawber Old Cottages, Farm-houses, & Other Stone Buildings Cotswold District 13 The bread oven..generally opened out of one side of the fireplace, and was sometimes built in the thickness of the wall.

2008 Time Out (Nexis) 12 Mar. 32 I'm introduced to the intriguing workings of an industrial bakery. The bread oven is like a huge beast, its steel jaws opening to gobble up great slabs of dough.

bread paste n. †(a) pastry (obsolete); (b) a paste made from bread or breadcrumbs soaked in water or milk; (Angling) this used as bait (sometimes mixed with other ingredients).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun] > types of pastry

puff paste1598

bread pastea1654

wafer-paper1718

puff pastry1788

suet crust1809

pâte brisée1824

pasta frolla1848

chou pastry1892

puff1908

filo1946

shortcrust pastry1951

a1654 N. Culpeper tr. J. J. Wecker Cosmeticks (1660) 80 Take of Gauls, Frankincense, Gith, each two drams, pouder them and put them in a Quince hollowed, close it up, and wrap it in Bread-paste, and bake it in an oven.

1737 Compl. Family-piece (ed. 2) v. 267 Work it up with Mustard-seed covered with Bread Paste for three or four Days by the Fire-side.

1847 E. Fitzgibbon Handbk. Angling viii. 260 All bread pastes have a tendency to become quickly sour.

1907 Boston Cooking-School Mag. Aug. 102/2 Take half a cup of the cooled bread paste (panade).

2018 Times (Nexis) 2 July 57 A 20lb pike..was fairly hooked in the jaw by a tench angler fishing a small knob of bread paste.

bread pill n. a pill or pellet made by compressing bread or breadcrumbs.Pills of this kind were formerly sometimes used medically as a placebo.

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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > pellet of bread

bread pill1752

1752 T. Simson Inq. Vital & Animal Actions i. iv. 76 Bread pills, taken with a confidence that they were mercurial, have procured a salivation.

1853 H. Mayhew Lett. left at Pastrycook's vi. 37 It is considered ‘rare fun’, and thought just as harmless as throwing bread-pills at one another when the mistress's back is turned.

1946 N.Y. Times 24 Mar. iv. 10/4 They roll bread pills under their fingers as they listen with a fixed smile to the man in the next chair.

2008 Irish Times (Nexis) 1 Mar. 2 It was once accepted practice to use placebos in the form of water injections or a bread pill covered in sugar (pillula panis).

bread plate n. a plate for bread; spec. (a) a plate or shallow dish (usually silver or gold), on which the consecrated bread or wafer is laid during the Eucharist, and which may also serve as a cover for the chalice; a paten; (b) a small plate used for bread or other accompaniments to a meal; = side plate n. 2.

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society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > vessel (general) > paten > [noun]

patenlOE

platena1450

patel1548

bread plate1608

bread bowl1638

altar plate1647

patera1658

offertory1672

patina1868

society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > vessel (general) > cup > [noun] > cover for

patenlOE

bread plate1608

paten cover1880

chalice-cover-

the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > table-vessels > dish or plate > side-plate or under-plate

wardnapec1475

gardnap1490

rundle1565

under-dish1625

portassiet1663

side plate1714

bread plate1872

1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum xxv. 591 It is most like, that these were the couers to the incense cuppes, as they are ioyned with them,..as the other before called kesoth, serued to couer the bread plates, or dishes.

1713 E. Freke Diary 13 Feb. (1913) 142 One Large silver Cupp to Itt and Itts Bread plate or Cover & one New Common prayer Book In Turky Leather.

1872 A. E. Youman Dict. Every-day Wants 45/2 Place on the table the bread-plate with a loaf of bread on it—2 loaves are better, 1 of white bread, the other of brown—and the knife.

1906 J. M. Hill Up-to-date Waitress vi. 37 Two minutes before breakfast is announced..set butter and cold bread upon the bread plates.

1939 Scotsman 12 Apr. 7/2 He broke into St Ninian's Episcopal Church..and stole a chalice, a bread plate, a Communion cup, [etc.].

2007 Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gazette (Nexis) 8 July e4 Pour olive oil onto your bread plate,..add a few drops of balsamic vinegar, and dip a generous pinch of thick, fresh, crusty bread.

bread pudding n. a cake or pudding made by cooking pieces of bread soaked in milk, typically with beaten eggs, sugar, dried fruit, and spices; cf. bread and butter pudding n. at bread and butter n. and adj. Compounds.

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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > other puddings

alker1381

moile1381

tansyc1450

tansy-cakea1475

hasty pudding1598

hodge-puddinga1616

bread pudding1623

marrowbone pudding1623

marrow-pudding1631

turmeric puddinga1704

Indian pudding1722

Westminster fool1723

pease pudding1725

pone1725

bread and butter pudding1727

custard pudding1727

purry1751

tartan-purry1751

tansy-pudding1769

vermicelli pudding1769

skimmer-cake1795

dogsbody1818

kugel1823

stickjaw1827

kheer1832

pea pudding1844

dough1848

mousseline1876

mousse1885

goose-pudding1892

payasam1892

tartan1893

malva puddinga1981

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > other bread dishes

bread pudding1623

mushroom loaf1769

dough ball1836

strata1902

calzone1933

panzanella1937

bruschetta1954

bread bowl1955

falafel1971

bunny chow1972

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > other cakes

honey appleeOE

barley-cake1393

seed cakea1400

cake?a1425

pudding-cake?1553

manchet1562

biscuit cake1593

placent1598

poplin1600

jumbal1615

bread pudding1623

semel1643

wine-cakea1661

Shrewsbury cake1670

curd cake1675

fruitcake1687

clap-bread1691

simnel cake1699

orange-flower cake1718

banana cake1726

sweet-cake1726

torte1748

Naples cake1766

Bath cake1769

gofer1769

yeast-cake1795

nutcake1801

tipsy-cake1806

cruller1808

baba1813

lady's finger1818

coconut cake1824

mint cake1825

sices1825

cup-cake1828

batter-cake1830

buckwheat1830

Dundee seed cake1833

fat-cake1839

babka1846

wonder1848

popover1850

cream-cake1855

sly-cake1855

dripping-cake1857

lard-cake1858

puffet1860

quick cake1865

barnbrack1867

matrimony cake1871

brioche1873

Nelson cake1877

cocoa cake1883

sesame cake1883

marinade1888

mystery1889

oblietjie1890

stuffed monkey1892

Greek bread1893

Battenberg1903

Oswego cake1907

nusstorte1911

dump cake1912

Dobos Torte1915

lekach1918

buckle1935

Florentine1936

hash cake1967

space cake1984

1623 G. Markham Countrey Contentments, or Eng. Huswife (new ed.) ii. 69 To make bread Puddings.

1783 S. Chapman in Med. Communications 1 287 A bit of..light bread pudding.

1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. 578/2 The crusts saved for a bread pudding.

1932 Nottingham Evening Post 14 Sept. 3/6 Virginia found it awkward to hide a buttered roll, potatoes, and a slice of bread pudding in her table napkin.

2004 Daily Herald (Chicago) (Nexis) 29 Sept. (Food section) 1 Mention bread pudding and most people think of the Southern-inspired dish of stale bread and raisins soaked in an egg/milk bath and served with a creamy whiskey sauce.

bread ring n. any of various kinds of bread having the form of a ring, such as a bagel, simit, etc.

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1888 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 76/1 Amidst the crowd,..there circulate itinerant venders of fruit,..of kebabs, and of sweet cakes and bread-rings sprinkled over with crushed almonds.

1990 T. Ruprecht Toronto's Many Faces 163 After dinner everyone samples the tsoureki (a sweet bread ring decorated with a red Easter egg).

2019 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 7 July 17 The bagel board has..wow factor, starring a duo of petite bread rings ready for diners to top..with the likes of prosciutto, smoked salmon and cheddar.

bread roll n. a small portion of bread which has been shaped into an individual (usually round or elongated) mass before baking; = roll n.¹ 6b.

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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll

roll1581

bapc1600

wreath1600

breadcake1635

French roll1652

cookie1701

sugar-roll1727

petit pain1766

souter's clod1773

twist1830

simit1836

bread roll1838

pistolet1853

flute1855

twist-loaf1856

Parker House roll1873

crescent roll1886

bagel1898

Kaiser roll1898

buttery1899

croissant1899

split1905

pan de sal1910

bridge roll1926

Kaiser1927

Kaiser bun1933

Bialystok roll1951

pletzel1952

panini1955

bialy1958

Bialystok1960

1838 Bentley's Misc. Nov. 493 The garçon..gave us each a bread roll.

1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surveys (1987) i. 66 A haversack ration will be supplied, consisting of: A bread roll, cheese. A rock cake, two apples.

2013 Herbert River (Austral.) Express (Nexis) 5 June 1 A simple meal consisting of soup and bread rolls.

bread room n. (a) (Nautical) a room or compartment used for storing bread in a ship, usually situated below deck in the lowest and aftermost part (now historical); †(b) (Nautical slang) the stomach; cf. breadbasket n. 2 (obsolete).

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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > for provisions > specific

bread roomc1610

fish-room1815

c1610 A. Pricket Larger Disc. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) III. xvii. 602 The Master..deliuered all the bread out of the bread roome.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 12 The Bread-roome is commonly vnder the Gun-roome.

1762 T. Smollett Adventures Sir Launcelot Greaves II. xvii. 89 He ordered the waiter..to..bring along-side a short allowance of brandy or grog, that he might cant a slug into his bread-room.

1919 C. H. Bodder Under Fire with Farragut 12 The bread-room was only opened by the paymaster's steward or his helper.

2014 J. Turner Dr. William Edward Dillon 31 It was vital to keep out the damp in two critical rooms: the bread-room and the powder magazine.

breadroot n. any of several North American leguminous plants of the genera Pediomelum and Psoralea which typically have edible tubers or bulbs traditionally used as a source of food by some North American Indian peoples (esp. Plains Indians); spec. the prairie turnip, Psoralea esculenta; (also) the root of such a plant.In quot. 1756: (perhaps) taro, Colocasia esculenta.

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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > other root vegetables

skirret1338

pease earthnut1548

skirret-root1565

rampion1573

Tragopogon1578

oca1604

tuckahoe1612

groundnut1636

sedge-root1648

breadroot1756

tannia1756

rush nut1783

wapato1796

cous1806

vegetable oyster1806

prairie turnip1811

prairie potato1828

murnong1836

Tartarian bread1836

biscuitroot1837

yam-bean1864

tiger-nut1887

wasabi1903

ramp1946

sunchoke1955

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > other root vegetables or plants producing them

skirret-root1565

Spanish nut1597

oca1604

tuckahoe1612

sisyrinchium1629

sedge-root1648

arrowroot1681

breadroot1756

tannia1756

rush nut1783

wapato1796

cous1806

prairie turnip1811

prairie potato1828

native potato1833

murnong1836

Tartarian bread1836

biscuitroot1837

tobacco-root1845

amadumbi1851

chufa1860

yam-bean1864

parsnip chervil1866

tiger-nut1887

yautia1899

wasabi1903

1756 Compend. Authentic & Entertaining Voy. I. 21 Great part of the land was cultivated and bore, besides the bread-root, and a sort of beans, a kind of grain called maiz, of which was made a very well tasted flour.

1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 94/2 P. esculenta, the bread-root of North America, is cultivated along the banks of the Missouri.

1965 M. P. Strachan Hop Ranch Myst. xv. 125 There was fried eel, salmon, venison, corn on the cob, bitterroot, camas, Oregon breadroot and other roots and tubers.

2007 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 22 Apr. (@Issue section) 3 c The discoveries in Georgia..include..a new blue-flowered legume, the Dixie Mountain breadroot, found last year near Augusta.

bread salad n. any of various salads having pieces of (typically stale or toasted) bread as a principal ingredient.

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1859 G. W. Thornbury Life in Spain I. v. 97 The Spaniard..lives still on the rough food of that Roman soldier—the bread soaked in oil and vinegar, the bread salad, so refreshing and healthy in a burning climate.

1986 N.Y. Times 21 June (Late ed.) 52/5 Panzanella is one terrific lunch. Basically a Tuscan bread salad with oil and vinegar, what else it contains depends on who is doing the cooking.

2002 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 5 Oct. (Good Weekend section) 56 Fresh bread is an absolute no-no for bread salads... Fattoush, the bread salad of Lebanon and Syria, is made with pita bread which is oven-dried until crisp,..radishes, cucumbers, ripe tomatoes, spring onions, [etc.].

bread sauce n. a thick savoury sauce made by heating milk or cream with breadcrumbs and (usually) onion, herbs, or spices, traditionally eaten with roast chicken or turkey.

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the world > food and drink > food > additive > sauce or dressing > [noun] > other sauces

galantine1304

civya1325

egerdouce1381

gravy?c1390

camelinea1425

chawdronc1440

saffron sauce?a1505

sibber-sauce1556

ferry?1570

oxoleum1574

slabber-sauce1574

saupiquet1656

slapsauce1708

brown sauce1723

bread sauce1727

custard1747

bechamel1789

caper-sauce1791

tomato sauce1804

custard cream1805

allemande1806

sambal1815

Reading sauce1816

Harvey's Sauce1818

velouté sauce1830

suprême sauce1833

parsley sauce1836

agrodolce1838

Worcestershire sauce1843

espagnole1845

pestoa1848

cheese sauce1854

nam prik1857

Worcester sauce1863

Béarnaise sauce1868

Béarnaise1877

Yorkshire Relish1877

sauce mousseline1892

velvet sauce1893

gribiche1897

mornay sauce1900

sugo1906

sofrito1913

chile con queso1916

foo yung1917

marinara1932

pistou1951

hoisin1957

salsa verde1957

pico de gallo1958

sriracha1959

carbonara1962

amatriciana1963

arrabbiata1963

ponzu1966

puttanesca1971

chermoula1974

tikka masala1975

mojo1983

queso1989

1727 R. Bradley Country Housewife (ed. 2) 133 The Pap-Sauce, or Bread-Sauce, is made of grated Crumb of Bread, boiled with as much Water as will cover it, a little Butter, an Onion, and some whole Pepper.

1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. vii. 48 Bread sauce is so ticklish; a simmer too much and it's clean done for.

1956 N. Coward Diary 31 Dec. (2000) 340 The turkey was passable, but there were no sausages with it, no rolls of bacon and no bread sauce.

2019 Plymouth Herald (Nexis) 11 June (Features section) 1 Roast turkey, stuffing, bread sauce, roast potatoes and green peas.

bread shop n. an establishment in which bread and other baked goods are made or sold; a bakery.

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the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking establishment or kitchen > [noun] > bakery

bakehousea1225

baking house1440

pistrinea1483

bakery1598

bread shop1773

bakeshop1789

bake office1874

society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > shop > shop selling provisions > baked goods or pastry

baker1548

pie house1589

baker's shop1593

bakery1598

cake house1641

pastry shop1656

bakehouse1714

bread shop1773

bakeshop1789

confectionery shop1801

confectionery1803

patisserie1824

cakery1841

bun-shop1889

pasticceria1921

konditorei1935

1773 Daily Advertiser 11 Oct. The Publick may be supplied with the Standard Wheaten Bread, according to the last Act of Parliament..at the Bread Shop in Fleet-Market.

1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 14 Nov. (1993) III. 96 When I was in San Remo..I went to a bread shop and..saw a queer shaped loaf which looked nice for tea, a kind of tea bread.

2005 Food Service Europe & Middle East (Nexis) 16 Sept. With prices 2-3 times higher than the regular high-street bread shops.., such operators [sc. artisan bakeries] are beginning to generate..interest in better-tasting breads and cakes made from natural, additive-free ingredients.

† bread skep n. Obsolete a breadbasket.

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the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > basket > for bread

bread leapa1325

bread skep1493

breadbasket1552

1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) viii. xvii. sig. Fiii^v/1 The riche man shal yeue aunswere..of euery crumme of brede in his brede skep [a1500 Hunterian bredskepe].

bread slicer n. a machine or implement used for slicing loaves of bread.

ΚΠ

1853 N.-Y. Daily Times 14 Mar. 8/5 (advt.) The Patent Bread Slicer has been introduced. Its operation is so simple that any servant of ordinary gumption cannot fail to use it effectually.

1997 Bakers' Rev. Sept. 63/2 The company..will have on show..planetary mixers and bread slicers.

bread soup n. any of various soups having bread as a principal ingredient.In earliest use: a type of soup consisting mainly of bread boiled with water, used as a restorative or remedy.

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1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery x. 120 Bread Soop for the Sick. Take..dry Crust of Bread cut to Pieces,..a little Piece of Butter,..let it boil..till the Bread and Water is well mixed, then season it with a very little Salt, and it is a pretty thing for a weak Stomach.

1820 G. Belzoni Narr. Egypt & Nubia i. 95 At noon I gave them [sc. Egyptian labourers] some boiled lentils, and bread soup, with which they were pretty well pleased.

1995 M2 PressWIRE (Nexis) 4 May Dishes that are consistently vibrant in flavour including the Tuscan bread soups Ribollita and Pappa al Pomodoro.

2011 N.Y. Times Online (Nexis) 22 Apr. Soups thickened with fresh or stale bread are ubiquitous throughout the Mediterranean... Portugal has an array of bread soups called acordas.

breadstick n. a long, thin, crisp piece of baked dough, typically served as an appetizer; cf. grissino n.

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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > stick

French loafc1350

grissino1853

baton1858

stick1872

breadstick1887

stick loaf1923

French stick1955

1887 Sunday Inter Ocean (Chicago) 6 Feb. 15/7 Cucumber salad, with bread sticks.

1936 J. Dos Passos Big Money 470 Picking up a breadstick and snapping it into his mouth.

2019 Sun (Nexis) 2 July (Features section) Starters include breadsticks with carrot and cucumber and cheesy garlic bread.

bread ticket n. (a) a ticket entitling the possessor to bread, esp. as part of a system of charitable provision or rationing (now historical); (b) (figurative) a source of subsistence, livelihood, or income; a person or thing exploited as such; cf. meal ticket n. 1.

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society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood

lifeOE

foodOE

livelihoodc1300

livingc1330

ploughc1390

purchasec1475

daily bread1526

being1570

governing1572

shift1572

supportation1576

thrift1579

livelihead1590

thrive1592

breadwinnera1614

subsistence1644

gain1655

bread and butter1691

through-bearing1705

bread1719

bread ticket1801

daily1817

lifehood1823

rice bowl1853

crust1916

society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > [noun] > document which permits or authorizes > ticket > for food

bread ticket1801

1801 Northampton Mercury 21 Mar. The Society of Gentlemen..have now closed their accounts, with an unanimous resolution to distribute the surplus in bread tickets to the poor.

1855 Chicago Times 21 Mar. 3/1 Entering a bake-shop and stealing therefrom bread tickets to the value of $16.

1947 Daily Mail 13 Mar. 2/2 At long last..British song writers have formed an association... With the help of their only bread ticket, the Performing Rights Society, they have got the figures to make one marvel how any British songster ever pays his rent.

2019 @MrNhachi 11 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 5 July 2019) Marriage is not a bread ticket. Work.

† bread trap n. slang (chiefly U.S.) Obsolete the mouth; cf. trap n.¹ 2b.

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the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > mouth > [noun]

moutheOE

billa1000

munc1400

mussa1529

mouc1540

gan1567

gob1568

bouche1582

oven1593

taster1596

Pipe Office1609

neba1616

gab1681

gam1724

mouthpiece1738

potato-trap1785

potato-jaw1791

fly-trapc1795

trap1796

mouthie1801

mug1820

gin-trap1824

rattletrap1824

box1830

mouf1836

bread trap1838

puss1844

tater-trap1846

gash1852

kissing trap1854

shop1855

north and south1858

mooey1859

kisser1860

gingerbread-trap1864

bazoo1877

bake1893

tattie-trap1894

yap1900

smush1930

gate1937

cakehole1943

motormouth1976

pie hole1983

geggie1985

1838 Raleigh Reg. & N. Carolina Gaz. 2 July Think of the sickening odor of a smoker's breath... Look at the streams of yellow juice issuing from the corners of his bread trap.

1929 A. Matson tr. A. Kivi Seven Brothers xiiii. 339 Juhani. Let Timo keep his bread-trap shut.

bread unit n. now historical (in the United Kingdom) a standard unit of quantity (see quot. 1946) used in the rationing of bread and other flour-based baked goods immediately after the Second World War (1939–45).Bread rationing was in place in the United Kingdom from 21 July 1946 to 24 July 1948.

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the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > rations > [noun] > ration of bread

bread unit1946

1946 Lancet 6 July 29/2 The ration will be measured in bread units. A 1 lb. 12 oz. loaf will cost 4 bread units, 1 lb. of flour 3 bread units, and 1 lb. of flour confectionery 2 bread units.

2000 I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska Austerity in Brit. (2002) 134 Under bread rationing from 1946 to 1948, children 4-11 years were entitled to the normal adult ration of 9 bread units [per week].

bread wheat n. wheat that is primarily used to produce flour for baking; esp. common wheat, Triticum aestivum.

ΚΠ

1828 W. Cobbett Treat. Cobbett's Corn x. §169 We know, that, after every harvest, the seed-market stops, in a great degree, the supply of bread-wheat.

1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm i. 5 They demonstrate..how dependent were the old civilisations on particular crops, such as the macaroni wheats in the Mediterranean region and the bread wheats in south-west Asia.

2015 J. Warren Nature of Crops vi. 109 One of the genes that was incorporated into bread wheat from its goat grass parent, codes for gluten production.

bread worship n. derogatory (somewhat rare in later use) adoration or veneration of the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist; cf. artolatry n.Chiefly used by Protestants with reference to the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation (in the context of Christian theological dispute over the exact nature of the presence of Christ in the elements of the Eucharist). Cf. bread god n.

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society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of bread or the host

bread worship1572

artolatry1608

1572 tr. T. de Bèze Let. in J. Field & T. Wilcox Admon. to Parl. (new ed.) sig. D.ij This was the fyrst beginning of that moste horrible bread worship, whiche can not yet be abolyshed.

1641 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 8 A shrewd appearance of their idolatrous bread-worship.

1862 Chelmsford Chron. 18 Apr. Their leaders..are advocates of transubstantiation, the sacrifice of the mass, bread worship.

2018 @wowitsnicholas 22 Feb. in twitter.com (accessed 9 Mar. 2020) People accuse us of Mary worship, Pope worship, bread worship, statue worship.

bread worshipper n. derogatory (historical in later use) a person who practises bread worship (see bread worship n.); a Catholic.

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society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of bread or the host > practitioner of

bread worshipper1566

artolater1603

1566 J. Barthlet Pedegrewe Heretiques f. 60 (heading) Breadworshippers.

1693 E. Lechmere Consultation about Relig. 114 Calvin frequently calls Catholicks, Bread-worshippers, or Worshippers of Breaden-Gods.

1913 C. J. Hogarth tr. V. O. Kluchevsky Hist. Russia III. xv. 326 Old Believers and Chliebopoklonniki or ‘Bread Worshippers’.

2012 R. Kolb in I. Dingel et al. Philip Melanchthon 239 Melanchthon's accusation that Westphal was a bread-worshipper..rang through a number of his letters.

† bread-wright n. Obsolete a baker.

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the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of bread

bakerOE

moulder1290

bread-wrighta1325

kneaderc1440

white baker1441

paster?a1475

brown baker1528

dough kneader1605

bread man1830

brakesman1845

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2077 Quað ðis bred-wrigte, ‘liðeð nu me’.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	bread
释义	breadn. Brit. /brɛd/, U.S. /brɛd/ Forms: Old English breadr- (inflected form), Old English breod (non-West Saxon), Old English (rare)–1600s bred, Old English– bread, late Old English bræad, late Old English breæd (Kentish), early Middle English brad, early Middle English bræd, early Middle English breadd, early Middle English breit, early Middle English bried, Middle English 1600s brid, Middle English bryad, Middle English bryead, Middle English–1500s breed, Middle English–1500s breede, Middle English–1500s breid, Middle English–1600s breade, Middle English–1600s bredd, Middle English–1600s bredde, Middle English–1600s brede, 1500s breadde, 1600s breedde, 1800s–1900s brade (U.S. regional), 1900s– brad (U.S. regional); English regional 1700s breed (East Anglian), 1800s brade (Lancashire), 1800s brede, 1800s breod (northern), 1800s–1900s breead (northern); Scottish pre-1700 braed, pre-1700 braid, pre-1700 brede, pre-1700 breide, pre-1700 breyd, pre-1700 breyde, pre-1700 bride, pre-1700 1700s– bread, pre-1700 1700s– breid, pre-1700 1800s bred, pre-1700 1800s– breed, 1900s– bried; also Irish English 1800s (Wexford) 1900s (northern)– breed, 1900s– breid (northern). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian brād , brēd , brōd , Old Dutch brōt (Middle Dutch broot , brōd- , Dutch brood ), Old Saxon brōd (Middle Low German brōt , German regional (Low German) Brood ), Old High German brōt (Middle High German brōt , German Brot ), Old Icelandic brauð , Old Swedish bröþ (Swedish bröd ), Old Danish brøth (Danish brød ), and apparently also Crimean Gothic broe , all in the sense ‘bread’; further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the Germanic base of brew v., with suffixation (compare -ed suffix¹), or alternatively perhaps < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the Germanic base (probably meaning ‘to break’) of Old English brēotan (see brit v.²). Compare bee-bread n.Attestation in the older Germanic languages. Although the word is inherited from Germanic, there are some indications that it was not the usual or primary word denoting bread. The word is not attested in Gothic, which has only hlaifs (the cognate of loaf n.¹) in this sense, but since the word does seem to be attested later in Crimean Gothic (even though the attested form poses problems), this may simply be an accident of the historical record. In Old English, hlāf loaf n.¹ is more commonly attested both with reference to bread as a substance (compare sense 1a) and with reference to individually shaped and baked items (i.e. loaves), and it appears to be more frequent in all dialects in these senses. In uncompounded form, brēad is first attested somewhat later within Old English (in manuscripts of the 10th cent.) than loaf n.¹ This is probably due merely to its low frequency, as bēobrēad bee-bread n. is attested earlier. Further etymology. Both of the more commonly proposed further etymologies pose semantic problems. It has been suggested that the Germanic base of bread n. (in distinction to the base of loaf n.¹) originally referred specifically to bread dough involving fermentation, i.e. sourdough. This hypothesis would yield a stronger semantic motivation for explaining the word as a participial derivation from the base of brew v., beyond simply the process of baking, which may seem not quite sufficient in itself. (Compare broth n., which is similarly derived from an ablaut variant of the Germanic base of brew v. but, more characteristically, involves boiling liquid.) However, there appears to be no evidence supporting a sense ‘sourdough or leavened bread’ in any of the attested early Germanic languages. It has alternatively been argued that apparent attestations of Old English brēad with reference to fragments or pieces (see sense 2) show the primary sense of the word and reflect derivation from the Germanic base of Old English brēotan , Old Icelandic brjóta , etc. in the assumed original sense of the base ‘to break’. Perhaps compare Old Saxon brosma , brosmo , Old High German brōsma , brōsama , etc., all in the sense ‘crumb’ (see discussion at bruise v.), to which the word would ultimately be related. However, the evidence for the assumed sense development from ‘fragment’ to ‘bread’ within English is by no means unambiguous. Old English uses in the sense ‘piece of food, morsel’ are in fact chiefly attested with reference to pieces of bread and are attested no earlier than uses with reference to bread as a mass noun (see sense 1a); thus they could alternatively be interpreted as a sense development comparable to that shown later by sense 1b (compare e.g. quot. a1530 at sense 1b). Such Old English uses are also chiefly attested in glosses; some of the most significant supporting evidence translates classical Latin buccella (small) mouthful of food, morsel (see buccellation n.), a word that itself in patristic writers often specifically refers to morsels of bread. The early attestation of the compound bee-bread n. and its parallels in the older West Germanic languages (Old High German bībrōt , Old Saxon bībrōd ), all in the sense ‘honeycomb’, poses further difficulties for either hypothesis, as the second element in this compound seems most easily explained as meaning ‘food’ generically (compare sense 4a). Possible Scandinavian influence. Influence from early Scandinavian on the development of the word in English has also often been suggested, and it is possible that the marked increase in frequency of the word in Middle English is at least partly due to reinforcement from Scandinavian. Moreover, Scandinavian influence could also have contributed to the increasing semantic differentiation from loaf n.¹ (However, narrowing of the meaning of the cognate of loaf n.¹ to individually baked items (loaves), as in Middle English, is not only found in the Scandinavian languages, but can also be observed in German, from Middle High German onwards.) Individual senses. Old English hlāf loaf n.¹ is attested earlier in senses corresponding to senses 1b, 5, and 6, perhaps also sense 4. However, earlier currency in sense 4a is perhaps implied by the compound bee-bread n. Compare also pig bread n. at pig n.¹ Compounds 2a (see sense 3). With bread of life n. at Phrases 3c compare Old English hlāf līfes , līfes hlāf (compare quot. c950 at loaf n.¹ 1). Earlier currency of objective compounds with agent nouns as second element such as bread seller at Compounds 2 is probably implied by occupational surnames; compare Matilda Bredsellestre (c1280; compare -ster suffix), Sara la Bredmongestere (1311; compare mongster n.), although these could alternatively perhaps show compounds of brede n.¹ Early inflection. In Old English the word is a strong neuter and occasionally shows plural endings with -r- (e.g. accusative plural brēadru , brēadra ) characteristic of the s -stem declension (compare forms of lamb n.¹, calf n.¹, child n.). These forms are now often assumed to be analogical rather than reflecting the inherited stem class. 1. a. As a mass noun. A staple food made by mixing flour and water or other liquid (often with yeast or other leavening agent) to form a dough which is then cooked, usually by baking.Often with preceding modifying word indicating the type of bread, typically distinguished by the type of flour used, the form or colour of the bread after baking, or any additional ingredients: see brown bread n., corn-bread n., rye bread n., white bread n. 1, flatbread n., garlic bread n., naan bread, pan bread n., pitta bread, sliced bread, soda-bread n., etc. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] breadeOE loafc950 painc1400 pannam1567 the staff of life1638 batch1648 buster1835 rooty1846 breadstuff1856 needle and thread1859 punk1891 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] breadeOE crib1652 toke1843 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xxvi. 220 Þam mannum sceal man sellan ægra to supanne, beren bread, clæne niwe buteran [etc.]. OE Homily: Sermo ad Populum Dominicis Diebus (Lamb. 489) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 296 Þæt..man efesige oðerne man oððe bread bace oððe ænig ungelyfed þing bega on þam dæge [sc. on Sunday]. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1590 Forr þerrflinng bræd iss clene bræd Forr þatt itt iss unnberrmedd. & itt bitacneþþ clene lif. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 107 A zop of hot bryead. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 340 (MED) Euerilk day..was broght vnto hym a lofe of bread and a pygg with wyne. 1553 J. Withals Shorte Dict. f. 46^v/1 A porte payne to beare bread fro the pantree to the table with. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 331 A weekly stipend of bread to the poore. 1717 D. Turner Syphilis ii. iii. 152 His Chaps had been so Sore, that he could not bite a Piece of Bread. 1823 M. Graham Jrnl. 3 Aug. in Captain's Wife (1993) 160 All sorts of bread, cakes, buttered toast, and rusks were handed with the tea. 1848 Amer. Whig Rev. July 85/1 Rarebits..are slices of bread thickly covered with melted cheese, and eaten with large quantities of mustard. 1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 19 Nov. (1993) III. 103 Just then lunch was ready, curried pasta, fresh bread, marmalade de pommes & dried figs and coffee. 2010 S. Dunne Disciple v. 79 Brook power-walked the last mile into Hartington.., stopping only briefly to get a pint of milk and a loaf of bread at the corner shop. b. A loaf or other individually baked mass of bread (sense 1a); a piece or portion of this. Now somewhat rare.Some early examples of plural use may reflect literal translations of the source (especially in biblical contexts); compare Latin panes (accusative plural) in sense ‘loaves’ (Gallican Psalter), cited in quot. 1610. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] loafc950 mitch1282 breadc1400 panifice1656 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > portions of bread bread1835 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1405 Burnes berande þe..bredes upon brode skeles. ?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1183 in Poems (1981) 48 Ane certane breid, worth fyue schilling or mair. a1530 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfeccyon (1531) iii. f. Clxxxxii The .xij. baskettes of breedes y^t remayned..in y^t great myracle of our lorde. 1610 Bible (Douay) II. Psalms xl. 10 The man also..who did eate my breades [L. qui edebat panes meos]. 1835 Leigh Hunt's London Jrnl. 13 June 177/1 Even a loaf with him [sc. a waiter] is hardly a loaf, it is so many ‘breads’. 1986 J. Ridgwell & J. Ridgway Food around World 72/1 Puris are small round breads, deep fried. 2009 N. H. Jenkins New Mediterranean Diet Cookbook 164 Moroccan semolina bread. Makes 6 individual breads; 6 servings. c. A particular type of bread (sense 1a). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > kinds of bread bread1547 wholemeal1957 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. Proheme f. iiii^v They muste knowe the operation of all maner of breades, of drynkes, and of meates. 1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis 37 in Sylua Syluarum Breads we haue of seuerall Graines,..With diuerse kindes of Leauenings, and Seasonings. 1760 J. Marchant New Compl. Eng. Dict. Bannocks, a sort of oaten or barley cakes, a bread very common in the north of England. 1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 76 Rye and Indian bread; i.e. a bread, baked in half-peck loaves, made partly of rye meal, and partly of Indian meal. 1940 Brit. Red Cross Soc. Cookery & Catering Man. (ed. 4) xvi. 139 Baking powder..is a quicker method of raising dough than either yeast or barm, but the taste is not so agreeable as in the fermented breads. 2016 Sportsman (Austral.) (Nexis) 17 Apr. 42 Sweet and fluffy, French brioche is a bread like no other. †2. A small piece of food; a mouthful. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > amounts of food > [noun] > small quantity breadeOE crumbc975 snedec1000 snodec1150 morselc1300 swallow1340 modicumc1400 mouthful?c1450 tasting1526 taste1530 buckone1625 morceau1778 rive1793 nibble?1828 munchet1845 moufful1896 niblet1896 snade1901 nugget1951 nibbly1978 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. vi. 184 Wiþ unluste & wlættan þe of magan cymð & be his mete, sele him neahtnestigum wermod oððe þreo bread, gedon on scearp win [L. bucellas in mero austero tres]. eOE Royal Psalter cxlvii. 6 Mittit cristallum suum sicut frusta panis : he sent gicelstan his breadru hlafes. OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John xiii. 27 Post bucellam tunc introiuit in illum satanas : æfter þæt bread ða..foerde in ðæm se uiðeruorda. lOE Salisbury Psalter cxlvii. 6 Mittit cristallum suam sicut buccellas : he sent gicelstan his swa swa breadra. 3. Used (chiefly as the second element of a compound) in names of plants or parts of plants, especially those used as a source of food by humans and animals.Indian bread, Kaffir bread, sow-bread, etc.: see the first element.Cf. bread and cheese n. 2, breadroot n.Recorded earliest in pig bread n. (a) at pig n.¹ Compounds 2a. ΚΠ OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 26 Glanx, glandis, picbred. 1526 Grete Herball l. sig. C.vi^v Alleluya is an herbe called cuckowes brede. 1624 T. Wood tr. Verheiden Oration 58 Therefore Philip gaue him fungos, or Toads-bread to eate. 1770 R. Weston Universal Botanist I. 2 Æthiopian Sour-gourd, or Monkey's Bread. 1869 F. P. Porcher Resources of Southern Fields & Forests 699 Tuckahoe; Indian bread or Indian loaf (Lycoperdon solidum, Pachyma cocos, Schw.). 1957 Colonial Res. 1956–7 vii. 225 in Parl. Papers (Cmnd. 321) IX. 71 Crambe is a genus of the Cruciferae consisting of several species, of which at least two, the well-known sea kale and the Tartarian bread of Hungary, are edible. 2019 @GrahamGall1 29 June in twitter.com (accessed 21 Apr. 2020) This is the fruit of Encephalartos villosus or Woolly Kaffir Bread from South Africa. Seen growing here in the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 4. a. The food or sustenance a person requires in order to survive. See also daily bread n. at daily adj. and n. Compounds.Often in figurative expressions referring to earning a steady or basic income (cf. to take the bread out of a person's mouth at Phrases 4c, to put bread on the table at table n. Phrases 8), and so overlapping with sense 4b.Also with of and a noun in various literal and figurative phrases alluding to biblical expressions; cf. bread of affliction n., bread of idleness n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > qualities of food > [noun] > plain or ordinary food breadlOE bread and cheesea1556 staple1970 lOE Canterbury Psalter: Canticles xiii. 4 Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie : breod uel hlaf ure degwamlich geof us to dæg. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 63 Gif us to dei ure deies bred. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1969) Isa. xxxiii. 16 Bred to hym is ȝyuen: & his watris ben feiþful. c1425 Evangelie (Bodl. Add.) l. 530 in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1915) 30 581/1 Marie wan hir breed with hir nedil & with hir threde. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 194 And now me bus as a begger my bred for to thigge. 1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses II. 332 He taught School..to gain bread and drink. 1700 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Of Pythagorean Philos. in Fables 508 If Men with fleshy Morsels must be fed, And chaw with bloody Teeth the breathing Bread. 1840 Cottager's Monthly Visitor 232 The pious tradesman..hard-taxed to bring up his little ones with decency and to keep bread in their mouths. 1902 Grand Traverse Herald (Michigan) 25 Dec. 1/4 Jack was 10, and his earnings kept them in bread. 1992 I. Gower Oyster Catchers (1993) ix. 109 Why should I care about the villagers, they don't keep me in bread, do they? b. Livelihood, means of living, subsistence. Now chiefly in to earn one's bread: to make a living, to earn income sufficient to live on. Cf. to earn one's (daily) food at food n. 1c. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood lifeOE foodOE livelihoodc1300 livingc1330 ploughc1390 purchasec1475 daily bread1526 being1570 governing1572 shift1572 supportation1576 thrift1579 livelihead1590 thrive1592 breadwinnera1614 subsistence1644 gain1655 bread and butter1691 through-bearing1705 bread1719 bread ticket1801 daily1817 lifehood1823 rice bowl1853 crust1916 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 4 I was under no Necessity of seeking my Bread. 1777 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 170 The bread of a family depends on that man's paralytic hand. 1822 Ld. Byron Vision of Judgm. xcvi He meant no harm in scribbling..'twas..his bread. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 142 Many officers..arbitrarily deprived of their commissions and of their bread. 1907 Square Deal May 4/2 The workingmen, who have earned their bread in the employ of capital, will find their incomes cut off. 2002 S. L. Carter Emperor Ocean Park i. 13 I earn my bread by writing learned articles too arcane to have an influence. c. slang (originally U.S.). Money. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > [noun] silverc825 feec870 pennieseOE wortheOE mintOE scata1122 spense?c1225 spendinga1290 sumc1300 gooda1325 moneya1325 cattlec1330 muckc1330 reasona1382 pecunyc1400 gilt1497 argentc1500 gelta1529 Mammon1539 ale silver1541 scruff1559 the sinews of war1560 sterling1565 lour1567 will-do-all1583 shell1591 trasha1592 quinyie1596 brass1597 pecuniary1604 dust1607 nomisma1614 countera1616 cross and pilea1625 gingerbreada1625 rhinoa1628 cash1646 grig1657 spanker1663 cole1673 goree1699 mopus1699 quid1699 ribbin1699 bustle1763 necessary1772 stuff1775 needfula1777 iron1785 (the) Spanish1788 pecuniar1793 kelter1807 dibs1812 steven1812 pewter1814 brad1819 pogue1819 rent1823 stumpy1828 posh1830 L. S. D.1835 rivetc1835 tin1836 mint sauce1839 nobbins1846 ochre1846 dingbat1848 dough1848 cheese1850 California1851 mali1851 ducat1853 pay dirt1853 boodle?1856 dinero1856 scad1856 the shiny1856 spondulicks1857 rust1858 soap1860 sugar1862 coin1874 filthy1876 wampum1876 ooftish1877 shekel1883 oil1885 oof1885 mon1888 Jack1890 sploshc1890 bees and honey1892 spending-brass1896 stiff1897 mazuma1900 mazoom1901 cabbage1903 lettuce1903 Oscar Asche1905 jingle1906 doubloons1908 kale1912 scratch1914 green1917 oscar1917 snow1925 poke1926 oodle1930 potatos1931 bread1935 moolah1936 acker1939 moo1941 lolly1943 loot1943 poppy1943 mazoola1944 dosh1953 bickies1966 lovely jubbly1990 scrilla1994 1935 A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 121/2 The man is out of bread, he has no money. 1952 Down Beat 18 June 15 If I had bread (Dizzy's basic synonym for loot) I'd certainly start a big band again. 2019 @SohoCashMade 13 June in twitter.com (accessed 18 June 2019) I got bread on this game. 5. figurative and in figurative contexts. That which provides spiritual, emotional, or mental sustenance. Cf. bread of life n. at Phrases 3c. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation in being or maintenance > that which foodOE breadc1175 sustainera1325 sustenance?a1430 maintainer1551 sustain1567 aliment?1608 alimony1626 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3525 Hiss aȝhenn hallȝhe flæsh. & blod. Soþ bræd to þeȝȝre sawle. c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 39 Þare is brede gastely, þat es to say, of holy wrytte þe leryng. 1542 T. Becon Potacion for Lent sig. F.vj^v Touche not the theuish breades of peruerse doctryne. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II iii. i. 21 Eating the bitter bread of banishment. View more context for this quotation 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Worthy Communicant i. §1. 21 The holy Sacrament..the bread of elect souls. 1875 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life (ed. 2) x. iv. 358 The daily bread of literature and art. 1919 Herald of Gospel Liberty 6 Mar. 223/2 That Christ is bread for the soul is no greater mystery than that barley should feed the body. 2008 Irish Times (Nexis) 28 Aug. 15 The Catholic Church has failed miserably for generations to give its faithful the wholesome bread of a deep spirituality. 6. The bread or wafer used in the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist. Cf. host n.⁴ 2.Recorded earliest in bread and wine n. at Phrases 2e.altar bread, communion bread, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] fleshc1000 ofleteOE mannaa1200 breada1225 bread of lifea1300 host1303 bodya1325 obleya1325 God's bodya1387 cakec1390 singing bread1432 bread of wheata1450 singing loaf1530 God's bread1535 bread god?1548 round robin?1548 holy bread1552 singing cake1553 Jack-in-the-box1554 wafer-cake?1554 wafer1559 wafer-bread1565 breaden god1570 mass cake1579 wafer-god1623 hostel1624 maker1635 hostie1641 oblata1721 altar bread1839 prosphora1874 a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Notieð ðat ȝe isieð, bread and win wiðuten..þat is, Cristes flasch and his blod! c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 225 (MED) And in this maner breed, water [etc.]..whanne ouer hem ben blessingis maad..ben holi. 1548 Order of Communion sig. C.ii And euery of the sayd consecrated breades, shalbe broken in twoo peces, at the least, or more, by the discretion of the ministre. 1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie 115 Taking the sacrament of the bread in his hands, he divideth it in the midle. 1768 G. Adams Syst. Divinity 149 A Priest takes the Bread, and holding it back signs or marks it with the Sign of the Life. 1860 J. Carry Serm. Doctrinal, Devotional & Pract. xii. 144 Christians have an outward and visible communion with each other, by partaking of the one bread or loaf. 1917 J. F. Sullivan Externals Catholic Church 99 The breads for the altar are baked between heated irons upon which is stamped some pious emblem. 2016 D. Grummett Material Eucharist vi. 265 More than four-fifths of the breads used by churches in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia are now produced by a single company. 7. In extended use with reference to other foodstuffs. †a. Piecrust; pastry. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun] paste1288 breadc1400 pastry1442 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 891 Fele kyn fischeȝ, Summe baken in bred, summe brad on þe gledeȝ. c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 13 (MED) Briddes bacun in bred. c1560 (a1500) Squyr Lowe Degre (Copland) l. 319 With byrdes in bread ybake. b. Hard dry biscuits, formerly used as rations for sailors; hardtack. Now regional or historical.Cf. hard bread n., sea-bread n., pilot bread n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > biscuit > [noun] > ship's biscuit ship bread1598 bread1625 ship's biscuit1634 pilot bread1788 midshipman's nuts1828 hardtack1830 pilot biscuit1836 pantile1874 Liverpool pantile1899 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. iii. v. 511 That day we lost (which was sunke in the Sea) two Barrels of Bread. 1793 W. Pitt in G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 128 I rather imagine he uses the term bread, as synonymous with biscuit. 1866 W. Wilson Newfoundland & its Missionaries ii. vi. 208 Bread, which always means sea-biscuit. 1960 in J. S. Hall Smoky Mountain Folks 7 Bread (biscuits) drenched in 'lasses (sorghum molasses). 2007 M. Songini Lost Fleet i. 21 She noted immediately the bread was hard—whaling biscuit could break teeth unless softened. c. U.S. regional (chiefly southern and south Midland). Any of various types of biscuit, cake, etc., made with cornmeal or flour; cornbread. Also as a count noun. Cf. Indian bread n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > food made with flour > [noun] > other flour preparations bread1789 seitan1968 1789 Kentucky Gaz. 25 Apr. 1/4 The several kinds of bread, viz. loaf bread, Butter Biscuit, Cakes of different kinds, hard bread for Boating, crackers and Biscuit suitable for Travellers. 1863 Life in South II. 237 An abundant supply of cold chicken, ham, and ‘breads’, as all the variety of corn cakes, waffles, hot rolls, and hominy are called. 1942 M. K. Rawlings Cross Creek 208 If I asked a neighbor for some bread..I should receive a pan of cornbread. 2011 @5trong_Black 15 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 23 June 2020) Brussels sprouts, rice, bbq chicken, and corn bread (I make a mean pan of bread ya'll). †8. Pollen, especially after it has been collected by honeybees, mixed with nectar and saliva, and stored as food for workers and brood; = bee-bread n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > bees' food bee-bread1657 bread1682 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > pollen and related parts sandarac1623 globulet1671 powder1672 bread1682 farina1721 pollen1723 father-dust1728 rough wax1744 yellow rain1755 dust1776 fovilla1793 anther dust1797 pollen mass1828 pollen tube1830 intextine1835 pollen grain1835 pollen granule1835 exine1839 exintine1839 intine1839 pollinium1849 sulphur shower1854 pollinic mass1857 pollen chamber1863 smoke1868 pollen sac1872 pollinarium1881 sulphur rain1882 pollinic chamber1885 perine1895 pollen content1926 sculpturing1943 monad1947 nexine1948 sexine1948 1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. ii. v. §1 That Body which Bees gather and carry upon their Thighs, and is commonly called their Bread... The Bread is a Kind of Powder; yet somewhat moist. 1836 J. M. Weeks Easy Method managing Bees xiii. 63 Combs are rendered useless by being filled up with old bread, which is never used except for feeding young bees. Phrases P1. to break bread. a. To break bread into small or bite-sized pieces, esp. so as to share it with others; (more generally) to eat bread or food (with others); to share a meal. Now somewhat archaic.Also † to part bread (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > serving food > [verb] > break bread for distribution to break breadeOE the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > eating > eat [verb (intransitive)] eatc825 to break breadeOE baitc1386 feeda1387 to take one's repast?1490 to take repast1517 repast1520 peck?1536 diet1566 meat1573 victual1577 graze1579 manger1609 to craw it1708 grub1725 scoff1798 browse1818 provender1819 muckamuck1853 to put on the nosebag1874 refect1882 restaurate1882 nosh1892 tucker1903 to muck in1919 scarf1960 snack1972 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xlix. 264 Leohte mettas þicge..& geslegen ægru & bread gebrocen on hat wæter. ?a1300 (c1250) Prov. Hendyng (Digby) xxviii, in Anglia (1881) 4 196 Þat evere more brekeþ bred At his houne bord. a1450 Generides (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) l. 3068 Elles brede mot I neuer breke. a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) i. iv. 144 An honest maid as euer broke bread . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. ii. 46 The fellow that sits next him, now parts bread with him. View more context for this quotation 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 171 I'm a poor Wiltshire lad.—I ha'n't a shirt in the world... I han't broke bread these four and twenty hours. 1813 Ld. Byron Bride Abydos ii. xvi. 271 Within thy Father's house are foes; Not all who break his bread are true. 1878 H. Smart Play or Pay i The sole stranger that has broken bread with the ——th Hussars this evening. 1917 B.E.F. Times 8 Sept. in Wipers Times (2006) 225/2 He despatched a messenger..bearing his greetings and asking that she should break bread with him. 2006 Philos. Now Feb. 22/2 If only we could all be given an opportunity to sit down and break bread with people of different cultures. b. In Christian contexts: to break the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist, in commemoration of Jesus breaking bread for his disciples at the Last Supper; to administer or partake of this. Also in to break the bread of life (cf. bread of life n.). ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > communion > administration of communion > perform communion [phrase] to give a person his or her Savioura1425 to break the bread of life1583 society > faith > worship > parts of service > canon > [verb (intransitive)] > break bread to break bread1696 1547 J. Hooper Answer Detection Deuyls Sophistrye sig. N Christ commaundyd this ceremonie to break the bread among the hole congregacion... This ceremony is godly and thus dooth the scripture permit to interpretat the doing of the supper, and not to breake the bread secreatly..as they do in the masse. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. K6^v To breake the bread of life to their charges. 1696 B. Keach Light broke forth in Wales x. 132 We read but of two or three Churches who broke Bread, or celebrated the Lord's-Supper. 1718 T. Brett Divine Right of Episcopacy 100 Any Man can break Bread and distribute wine, and say, the Body of our Lord Jesus Christ, &c. 1886 Hants. Advertiser 25 Sept. 3/5 The Bishop broke the bread, poured wine into the chalice and mixed it with water, and said the prayer of consecration. 1999 K. Jarrett in D. Longenecker Path to Rome 193 The Brethren met on Sunday mornings to ‘break bread’ and to remember Jesus as he commanded. P2. Noun phrases with and.See also bread and butter n., bread and cheese n., bread and water at water n. Phrases 3a(a). a. bread and circuses n. food and entertainment provided for the public by a government, ruler, etc., esp. in order to keep people happy and docile. [After classical Latin panem et circenses (Juvenal Satires 10. 80: Duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et circenses ‘they anxiously desire only two things, bread and circuses’.)] ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > [noun] > source of amusement or entertainment > offered to the public panem et circenses1787 offering1820 bread and circuses1872 1872 Harper's Bazar 13 Apr. 258/4 The government of this country has not got to giving us ‘bread and circuses’ yet. 1924 R. Kipling Debits & Credits (1926) 217 Rome has always debauched her loved Provincia with bread and circuses. 2007 Daily Oklahoman (Oklahoma City) (Nexis) 21 Oct. 20 a Congress..has gone into the business of bread and circuses. b. bread and milk n. (a) bread soaked in hot milk, considered as a plain or readily digestible meal suitable for children, convalescent people, etc., or else used as a poultice (cf. milk poultice n.) (now chiefly historical); (b) the cuckooflower, Cardamine pratensis (now chiefly in lists of alternative names for the plant). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > sops brewisc1440 pain perdua1450 bread and milk1549 sugar-sops1581 Poor Knights1659 breadberry1715 milk toast1840 sop1845 kettle-broth1880 slinger1882 1549 in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 712/1 Lett him haue a toste and butter, or bread and milk, & that is more meete for him than to make lawes or statutes. 1785 R. Bromfield in Med. Communications 2 24 A bread and milk poultice. 1817 J. Thacher Amer. Mod. Pract. ii. ii. 261 Their diet [sc. children with chicken pox]..should consist chiefly of broth, light puddings, and bread and milk. 1858 C. C. Wilkinson Weeds & Wild Flowers 131 ‘Bread and milk’, like all its congeners, all the Crucīferæ, is also a pre-eminently useful herb. 1920 W. E. Brenchley Weeds of Farm Land xiii. 210 Cardamine pratensis,..bread-and-milk,..cuckoo-flower,..lady's smock. 2015 T. Hart Health in City iii. 103 The Lincoln Day Nursery cared for children from infancy through the age of two and fed them bread and milk twice daily. c. bread and roses n. food and beauty, considered as fundamental human rights; used to express the belief that everyone should have access not only to basic sustenance, but also to the finer things in life, such as education, art, literature, etc. [Probably after bread and circuses n.] The phrase was adapted from a slogan in the fight for women's rights (see quot. 1911¹), which inspired James Oppenheim's poem (quot. 1911²). It was further popularized by the so-called Bread and Roses Strike, the textile strike which took place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, in January–March 1912, and which became associated with workers' rights to roses (beauty) as well as bread (sustenance). ΚΠ 1911 H. Todd in Amer. Mag. Sept. 619/2 No words can better express the soul of the woman's movement..‘Bread for all, and Roses too.’] 1911 J. Oppenheim Bread & Roses in Amer. Mag. Dec. 214 As we come marching, marching, we bring the Greater Days—The rising of the women means the rising of the race..A sharing of life's glories: Bread and Roses, Bread and Roses. 1920 Proc. National Conf. Social Work, 46th Ann. Session, Atlantic City, 1919 432 We..want to..build up things so they shall be better for all. We are marching forward to the time when everybody shall have bread and roses. 1981 Hist. Workshop Spring 189/1 We heard a remarkable extemporaneous speech on the ‘Bread and Roses’ strike by one of the leading participants. Angelo Rocco, a 94 year old Italian immigrant. 2011 Irish Times (Nexis) 24 Dec. 3 If Liberty Hall, Ireland's first skyscraper and its theatre, the physical manifestation of labour's enduring commitment to bread and roses, does not constitute a building of cultural interest, then none does. d. bread and salt n. now somewhat rare used in various expressions with reference to the custom of using bread and salt to solemnize an oath, affirmation, etc. to take bread and salt: to take an oath, to swear. by bread and salt: used as an oath. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > assertion or affirmation > [verb (intransitive)] > swear or take an oath sweara900 sacrec1380 oathc1450 bread and salt1575 to take one's davy1764 buff1819 the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [interjection] > oaths other than religious or obscene loOE spi?c1225 how mischance——?c1330 with mischance!c1330 by my hoodc1374 by my sheath1532 by the mouse-foot1550 what the (also a) goodyear1570 bread and salt1575 by Jove1575 in (good) truly1576 by these hilts1598 by the Lord Harry1693 by the pody cody1693 by jingo!1694 splutter1707 by jing!1786 I snore1790 declare1811 by the hokey1825 shiver my timbers1834 by the (great) horn spoon1842 upon my Sam1879 for goodness' sake1885 yerra1892 for the love of Mike1896 by the hokey fiddle1922 knickers1971 1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle v. ii. sig. Eii No other wight, saue she, by bred & salt. 1604 T. Dekker & T. Middleton Honest Whore v. ii. 57 He tooke bread and salt..that he would neuer open his lips. 1778 T. Nugent Grand Tour (ed. 3) II. 86 The custom..of swearing new comers by bread and salt..is said to have begun here. 1866 J. G. Edgar Runnymede xliv. 250 ‘By bread and salt!’ exclaimed he, regaining his courage; ‘they are gone—vanished.’ 1890 R. Kipling in Eclectic Mag. Jan. 138 They have taken the oath of the Brother-in-Blood on leavened bread and salt. 1965 C. Duff Mysterious People v. 117 Words spoken by the bride and groom and repeated by the officiating chief, followed by an additional symbolical pledge such as the rite of bread and salt. e. bread and wine n. spec. bread and wine used as the elements in the Christian sacrament of the Eucharist. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun] houseleOE bread and winea1225 sacrament?c1225 sacringc1290 spicec1425 kind?1531 Eucharistc1540 element1556 species1579 elemental1656 mystery1662 symbol1671 waybread1993 a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Notieð ðat ȝe isieð, bread and win wiðuten..þat is, Cristes flasch and his blod! 1552 Abp. J. Hamilton Catech. Tabil sig. .vi^v Ye propir mater..of this haly sacrament, quhilk is breid and wyne. 1886 J. Morley Crit. Misc.* I. 298 He was willing to continue the [Communion] service..on condition that he should not himself partake of the bread and wine. 2000 L. McTaggart Being Catholic Today vii. 57 The bread and wine retain the appearance of bread and wine, while changing in substance to the Body and Blood of Christ. P3. Noun phrases with of. a. bread of affliction n. bread of poor quality or insufficient quantity; also figurative and in figurative contexts.With allusion to Deuteronomy 16:3 (see quot. a1425) or 1 Kings 22:27. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > food gained by affliction bread of afflictiona1425 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > low-quality bread pig breadOE swainloaf1358 bread of afflictiona1425 bread of trete1607 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Deut. xvi. 3 Thou schalt not ete ther ynne breed diȝt with sourdouȝ; in seuene daies thou schalt ete breed of affliccioun [E.V. a1382 Bodl. 959 breed of greet traueil; L. adflictionis panem], with out sourdouȝ. 1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie xxx. 235 So shall you in the end receaue..in steed of the bread of affliction the heauenly Manna, and the bread of life from the table of God & Christ. 1654 J. Allington Grand Conspiracy Members against Mind 138 They fed him with nothing but reproach, scorn, and the bread of affliction. 1817 B. Hofland Son of Genius (new ed.) ix. 171 Many helpless young people..languish in poverty, and eat the bitter bread of affliction moistened by their tears. 1990 W. Moskoff (title) The bread of affliction: the food supply in the USSR during World War II. b. bread of idleness n. bread or food that has not been earned or worked for; also figurative and in figurative contexts; cf. idle bread at idle adj. 4c.With allusion to Proverbs 31:27 (see quot. 1611). [In quot. 1611 directly translating Hebrew leḥem ʿaṣlūṯ (Proverbs 31:27; < leḥem bread + ʿaṣlūṯ sluggishness).] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > food not worked for bread of idleness1580 1542 Glasse for Housholders sig. giii I wold you had no mo seruauntes in your house, then ye maye kepe occupied, and y^t none eat their bread in ydelnes, but that they haue labour with meate, and meate with laboure.] 1580 M. Outred tr. M. Cope Godly & Learned Expos. Prouerbes Solomon (xxxi. 27) f. 636^v She considereth the wayes of her housholde, and eateth not the bread of ydlenesse. 1611 Bible (King James) Prov. xxxi. 27 She..eateth not the bread of idleness [a1382 Wyclif idil bred; 1535 Coverdale bred with ydilnes] . View more context for this quotation 1715 J. Acres Glad Tidings Great Brit. 24 You shall always have the Poor with you, as we read in the Gospel. But surely..a Way may be found, that not so many of them should eat the Bread of Idleness. 1832 F. Marryat Newton Forster I. xi. 140 You cannot..eat the bread of idleness on board of a man-of-war. 2009 @nicholasamoore 3 Apr. in twitter.com (accessed 18 June 2019) I am eating the bread of idleness, not very virtuous. c. bread of life n. (in Christian contexts) (a) (a name for) Jesus Christ; (b) the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist; (c) a source of spiritual nourishment, esp. that of Christian faith.With allusion to John 6:35 (see quot. c1384). ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] fleshc1000 ofleteOE mannaa1200 breada1225 bread of lifea1300 host1303 bodya1325 obleya1325 God's bodya1387 cakec1390 singing bread1432 bread of wheata1450 singing loaf1530 God's bread1535 bread god?1548 round robin?1548 holy bread1552 singing cake1553 Jack-in-the-box1554 wafer-cake?1554 wafer1559 wafer-bread1565 breaden god1570 mass cake1579 wafer-god1623 hostel1624 maker1635 hostie1641 oblata1721 altar bread1839 prosphora1874 a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 115 Þat bred of hele & of lif, ihesu crist þe hende. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John vi. 35 Sothly Jhesu seide to hem, I am breed of lyf [L. panis vitae]. ?1543 M. Coverdale Christen Exhortacion f. 4^v From thence [sc. from the word of God] shuld we fetch..the breade of lyfe. 1614 J. Norden Load-starre to Spirituall Life ix. 75 Men that are wise in Christ..feede on the heauenly Manna, Angels bread, the bread of life. 1701 G. Stanhope tr. St. Augustine Pious Breathings 257 Thou art the Bread of Life, every day eaten, yet still whole and never consumed. 1896 R. A. Torrey How to study Bible v. 83 Was it accidential [sic] that Bethlehem, the name of the place where the Bread of Life was born, means ‘House of bread’? 1918 Ogden (Utah) Standard 4 Mar. 5/1 To a man love is merely the icing on the cake of life, but to a woman love is the bread of life, and she starves and perishes without it. 2015 Daily Nation (Kenya) (Nexis) 3 Aug. Attending the first service means making sacrifices. We do not take breakfast. We prefer to first devour the bread of life. d. † bread of wheat n. Obsolete used as an oath or asseveration (in by bread of wheat), with reference to the sacramental bread or host of the Eucharist (see sense 6); cf. God's bread int. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > oaths > [noun] > religious oaths (referring to God) > other religious oaths by bread of wheata1450 matins?1577 society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] fleshc1000 ofleteOE mannaa1200 breada1225 bread of lifea1300 host1303 bodya1325 obleya1325 God's bodya1387 cakec1390 singing bread1432 bread of wheata1450 singing loaf1530 God's bread1535 bread god?1548 round robin?1548 holy bread1552 singing cake1553 Jack-in-the-box1554 wafer-cake?1554 wafer1559 wafer-bread1565 breaden god1570 mass cake1579 wafer-god1623 hostel1624 maker1635 hostie1641 oblata1721 altar bread1839 prosphora1874 a1450 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 218 (MED) The eldest dowter swor be bred of qwete: ‘I haue leuere beggyn myn mete.’ P4. In various proverbial and idiomatic phrases. a. man cannot live by bread alone and variants: people have spiritual as well as physical needs; one cannot be completely satisfied or fulfilled by concentrating only on meeting one simple need. Hence in allusive expressions, as to live by bread alone.With allusion to Deuteronomy 8:3 or Matthew 4:4. ΚΠ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. iv. 4 A man lyueth not in breed aloon [a1425 L.V. oonli; L. non in pane solo vivet homo]. 1611 Bible (King James) Matt. iv. 4 Man shall not liue by bread alone. a1770 G. Whitefield Eighteen Serm. (1771) viii. 201 Let it not be said that believers in London live on bread alone, but may they be continuing to lay up treasure in heaven! 1885 Good Words 26 477/2 To regard man as living by bread alone is an animal view of existence, making bodily comfort and satisfaction a supreme object. 1976 J. W. Fowler Stages of Faith (1995) i. 4 We do not live by bread alone, sex alone, success alone, and certainly not by instinct alone. We require meaning. 2012 Northern Echo (Nexis) 24 Jan. We do not live by bread alone. A nation is more than its economic system, and a people counts for more than gross domestic product. b. to cast one's bread upon the waters and variants: to do something kind or good without being motivated by any potential reward or benefit to oneself.With allusion to Ecclesiastes 11:1 (see quot. a1382). ΚΠ a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Eccles. xi. 1 Send thi bred vp on men passende watris [a1425 L.V. Sende thi breed on watris passynge forth; 1535 Coverdale Sende thy vytayles ouer the waters; 1611 King James Cast thy bread upon the waters], for after manye times thou shalt finden it.] 1607 R. Wakeman Poore-mans Preacher ii. 53 Think not much to cast your bread vpon the water; to distribute your almes vnto the poore.., for by this losse commeth great gaine. 1741 J. Wilford Memorials & Characters 470 As she was very charitable to her poor Neighbours.., so she would often cast her Bread upon the Waters, not so much as looking after it which Way it swom. 1879 M. M. Mann Life's Contrasts xv. 223 ‘Would it ever come?’ thought poor Rhoda: but she continued to cast her bread upon the waters, well content if she might find it even after many days. 1904 Financial Times 9 Feb. 4/3 Instead of asking the public to sing ‘From Greenland's Icy Mountains’ and put money in the offertory bag, it is requested to cast its bread upon the waters by filling up a share application form and sending it on to the Bank accompanied by a cheque. 2018 Daily Disp. (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 5 June She cast her bread on the waters over and over again, when all she could expect in return was danger and fear. c. to take the bread out of a person's mouth and variants: to take away a person's livelihood; (also occasionally) to take from a person what he or she is on the very point of enjoying. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > loss > taking away > [verb (intransitive)] > deprive of livelihood or that about to be enjoyed to take the bread out of a person's mouth1653 1653 R. Baxter Worcester-shire Petition 8 I must live with the grievance and repinings of others, as if I took the bread from their mouthes! 1674 C. Reynell True Eng. Interest 34 They..take the Bread out of our mouths by supplying Barbados..with the same Commodities as we do. 1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 80 It's barbarous..to have the Bread thus pick'd from our Mouths by little Tom Estenors. 1881 Lancet 15 Oct. 687/2 No one can object to working hard for charity's sake, but it is difficult to see why medical men should be expected deliberately to take bread out of their own and their brothers' mouths. 1913 Industr. Engin. May 197/3 The new-born industry..was bound to deprive numerous people of their work, snatch the bread from the mouths of all the carters and stage drivers. 2011 Times (Nexis) 9 Nov. 50 It is going too far when you take someone's living away from them for a minor infringement... You are taking the bread out of his mouth. d. one's bread is baked: see bake v. Phrases 1. to have one's bread buttered on both sides, etc.: see butter v. Phrases 2b. the best thing since sliced bread: see sliced adj. 1b. P5. †full of bread: fed well or to excess; (hence) gluttonous; devoted to the pursuit of physical pleasures or the gratification of the senses. Now rare.With allusion to Ezekiel 16:49: ‘This was the iniquitie of thy sister Sodom; Pride, fulnesse of bread, and aboundance of idlenesse was in her and in her daughters.’ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > [adjective] > fed or nourished > filled with food fullOE full-feedinga1382 repletea1400 satiate1440 full-fed?1530 full of bread?1570 strut1577 full-mouthed1610 crop-full1645 ?1570 T. Drant Two Serm. sig. F.vi The Moores are a vaine people, the Phrygians fearefull,..the Sodomits full of bread. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iii. 80 A tooke my father grosly full of bread . View more context for this quotation 1826 Q. Rev. 33 356 She was full of bread, in the prime and lustihood of youth. 1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! II. ii. 61 He being idle..and also full of bread, (for Sir Richard kept a very good table,) had already looked round..after some one with whom to fall in love. 1933 Concord (Mass.) Enterprise 22 Mar. 4/6 The land prospered and everyone was full of bread. P6. regional (in later use chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern)). in bad bread: in a bad state, in difficulties; in disfavour with a person. Similarly in good bread: in favourable circumstances. Sc. National Dict. (at Breed) records this phrase as still in use in Orkney and north-eastern Scotland in 1975. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > prosperity > in prosperous condition [phrase] > in easy circumstances to have one's bread buttered on both sides1678 in good bread1743 on velvet1749 the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > in a difficult position > in straits waterOE straitly steadc1400 need-stead?c1450 at the worst hand1490 in suds1575 lock1598 at a bad hand1640 in a wood1659 in bad bread1743 up a stump1829 in a tight (also awkward, bad, etc.) spot1851 up shit creek1868 in the cart1889 in the soup1889 out on a limb1897 in a spot1929 up the creek1941 consommé1957 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disfavour > disfavouring [phrase] > out of favour out of a person's books1509 in bad bread1743 in (also into) a person's bad books1832 in the doghouse1926 1743 Exam. & Depositions in Votes & Proc. of House of Representatives Pennsylvania App. 98 Brothers, you'd better go on board your Ships, or you'll be in bad Bread before Night. 1751 J. Taylor Ordinary of Newgate's Acct. 23 Oct. 124/1 She served seven Years to this Business, and work'd Journey-work many Years more..and was in good Bread. 1778 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1907) XLIII. 11 Old England I beleve is got into Bad Bread. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) To be in bad bread, to be in a dilemma, or in an evil taking. 1881 J. Sargisson Joe Scoap's Jurneh 139 That's hoo he gat inteh sec bad bread with t'maister. 1924 A. W. Moore Vocab. Anglo-Manx Dial. 9 Bad bread, disfavour (also Cumberland):—We got in bad bread with them. Compounds C1. General use as a modifier.Recorded earliest in bread leap n. ΚΠ a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2078 Me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 48 Brede-huche, turrundula. 1593 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 227 Two jackes, one bread-binge. 1638 J. Penkethman Artachthos sig. K^v The Bread-Carts..comming from Stratford towards London, were met at the Miles end. 1710 London Gaz. No. 4714/2 To halt..for..our Baggage and the Bread-Waggons. 1818 ‘Gloucestershire Freeholder’ Addr. to Electors U.K. 22 The amount of the bread-tax on bread, meat, drink, &c. is at least sixpence per head per day. 1837 Newcastle Jrnl. 22 Apr. (headline) Bread riots in Manchester. 1857 E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. ii. iv. 154 It is well to warm the bread-pan or tub, and the flour also. 1860 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. 170/1 The bread poultice, used as emollient in ordinary cases. 1888 Weekly Northwestern Miller 14 Dec. 751/3 Cuban bakers have lately raised bread prices. 1900 Daily News 9 May 5/5 The present four-ounce bread ration is to be further reduced. 1922 Northwestern Miller 12 July 166/2 Bakers still complain that there has been no midsummer bulge in the bread trade. 1980 Cook's Mag. Nov. 18/2 Flour is the variable in any bread recipe. 2018 Waterloo (Ontario) Region Rec. (Nexis) 20 Oct. a1 They learned to make goulash and bread dumplings. C2. With participles, agent nouns, and verbal nouns, forming compounds in which bread expresses the object of the underlying verb, as in bread baker, bread baking, bread making, bread seller, etc. ΚΠ 1510 J. Stanbridge Vocabula (new ed.) sig. B.iii^v Panificium, brede bakynge, or bakers crafte. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 504 His eldest sonne Psicarpax, a corne-eater; and his second sonne Psitodarpes Bread-eater. 1640 R. Carew in Doidge's W. Counties Ann. (1882) 211 None departed..till after the breade taking. 1787 Leeds Intelligencer 23 Oct. Six Shopkeepers, at Halifax, were convicted..for having false weights in their possession.—Also two Bread Bakers. 1826 Parl. Deb. 2nd Ser. 14 865 He had several petitions to present against the landlords act—the bread-taxing act. 1857 E. Acton Eng. Bread-bk. 13 (note) Panetier du Roi, bread-steward, bread-purveyor, or bread-controller, whose office was to regulate the distribution of bread in the royal household, and who had supreme authority over all the bakers of the kingdom. 1884 Manch. Examiner 4 Dec. 5/3 A decision of great importance to bakers and breadsellers. 1976 Economist 20 Mar. 73/2 Talk about a Euroloaf rallied bread lovers behind their national doughs. 2001 P. Barham Sci. Cooking viii. 108 Flours with high protein contents (above about 12%) are particularly useful for bread making. C3. Used as a modifier to designate professions and occupations by which a person may earn his or her living, and areas of study which prepare a person for such work. Now chiefly historical. [Frequently modelled on earlier use of similar compounds in German: compare German Brotwissenschaft , lit. ‘bread science’ (1757 or earlier; 1784 in Schiller in the letter translated in quot. a1840), Brotstudium, lit. ‘bread study’ (1751 or earlier; frequently in plural), Brotgewerbe, lit. ‘bread trade or occupation’ (1784 or earlier), Brotzweck, lit. ‘bread purpose’ (1806 or earlier, in the context of the purpose of studies).] ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood > science or study as bread1834 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iv, in Fraser's Mag. Feb. 191/2 Is it not well that there should be what we call Professions, or Bread-studies (Brodtzwecke), preappointed us? a1840 C. Follen tr. F. Schiller Let. in C. Follen Wks. (1841) IV. 16 For a long time I feared..that my passion for poetry would sooner or later die, if it should be my means of subsistence (bread science). 1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 326 These pursuits..sink into mere bread-trades. 1886 Cent. Mag. June 325/1 All the more need that, to begin with, the man should be broadly educated, no matter what bread-occupation shall claim and confine him afterward. 1980 J. E. Toews Hegelianism (1985) vii. 213 By far the largest percentage of these students were enrolled in the traditional ‘bread disciplines’ of law and theology. 2016 Z. Purvis Theol. & University 19th-cent. Germany iii. 45 The current system, he [sc. C. F. Bahrdt] said, forced students to enrol in the standard ‘bread-courses’ (Brotstudium). C4. † bread artist n. colloquial Obsolete an artist or writer who produces what is considered to be inferior work simply to earn a living. [Compare German Brotkünstler (1798 or earlier).] ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > one earning a living winner1352 providerc1485 bread earner1602 breadwinner1783 bread artist1827 daily-breader1872 1827 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 328 The fair tradesman, who offers his talent in open market, to do work of a harmless and acceptable sort for hire... The ‘Bread-artist’, as they call him, can gain no reverence for himself from these men. 1870 Leicester Chron. & Leics. Mercury 12 Nov. 5/6 We are half afraid that the writer is becoming a mere ‘bread-artist’. bread-barge n. Nautical (now historical) a box or container used for storing rations of ship's biscuit or hardtack. [ < bread n. + barge n.¹, perhaps with allusion to its shape.] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > chest, box, or bag > for bread breadbox1622 bread bin1670 bread-barge1840 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxii. 123 The bread-barge and beef-kid were overhauled. 1908 J. D. Whidden Ocean Life in Old Sailing Ship Days ii. 15 It was the custom for the boys..to keep the bread barge filled by taking it aft to the steward when empty. 1994 P. O'Brian Commodore (1996) x. 267 Tom, give me the bread-barge, will you? bread-bearer n. historical and rare in later use (the title of) an officer of a royal household responsible for supplying or serving bread. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > official of royal or great household > [noun] > in charge of food, table, or plate butlerc1325 asseour1448 yeoman of the ewery1450 yeoman for the mouth1455 yeoman of the bottles1455 lardiner1469 yeoman of the buttery1473 surveyora1475 assewer1478 larderer1483 yeoman of the cellar1508 bread-bearer1518 groom-grubber1526 bottlemana1550 yeoman of the larder1585 saucery-man1691 plateman1842 plate-keeper1843 1518 Expenses Royal Househ. in J. S. Brewer Lett. & Papers Reign Henry VIII (1864) (modernized text) II. 1548 5 yeoman, 5 grooms, 2 pages, 1 bread-bearer. 1647 L. Haward Charges Crown Revenue 28 Breadbearer: Fee, £1 10s.4d. 1868 Cornhill Mag. Sept. 381 Jeanne de Bellengues married Jean Malet Sire de Graville, grand falconer, bread-bearer, and master of the crossbowmen of the King of France. 2001 M. Vale Princely Court ii. 37 The seneschal, panetarius (bread-bearer or pantler), and butler—all of them knights—also demanded the right to receive liveries of cloth. breadberry n. originally and chiefly Scottish (now rare) bread steeped in hot water or milk, sometimes with seasoning or sugar; cf. bread and milk n. (a) at Phrases 2b, aleberry n. [For the second element compare bree n.² and β. forms at aleberry n.] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > sops brewisc1440 pain perdua1450 bread and milk1549 sugar-sops1581 Poor Knights1659 breadberry1715 milk toast1840 sop1845 kettle-broth1880 slinger1882 1715 A. Pitcairne Method of curing Small-pox in G. Sewell & J. T. Desaguliers tr. A. Pitcairne Wks. 273 Let the Child's Diet be..a thin Bread-berry. 1864 J. Brown Plain Words Health 44 Giving the baby..thin bread-berry once a day..so as gradually to wean it. 1909 Manch. Courier 10 Sept. 9/5 I would give it milk puddings and breadberry till it was one year old. 1936 Belfast Tel. 25 July 5/4 Where will you get a better word for the familiar dish bread-and-milk than the Ulster ‘panada’?.. How distinguished it sounds compared with the Scots and English equivalents—saps, sops, bread-berry, and steepies. bread bin n. a box or container used for storing bread. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > chest, box, or bag > for bread breadbox1622 bread bin1670 bread-barge1840 1670 H. Wolley Queen-like Closet 373 The Butler..must keep..his Cellars clean washed, and his Buttery clean, and Bread-Bins wholsom and sweet. 1849 Times 10 Jan. 5/4 I slid over soaked biscuit washed out of the bread-bins. 1999 C. Mendelson Home Comforts xii. 158/2 Bread that you are going to use soon should be wrapped and stored..in a bread bin, at room temperature. † bread brake n. Obsolete a kneading trough or kneading machine. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > kneading machine brakec1440 bread brake1564 dough brake1589 breaking-rollers1845 kneader1851 1564 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 223 Two cawels & a bread brayk iiij^s. breadcake n. now chiefly English regional (Yorkshire) (a piece of) bread baked into a round, oval, or otherwise regular shape; spec. a bread roll; cf. cake n. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll roll1581 bapc1600 wreath1600 breadcake1635 French roll1652 cookie1701 sugar-roll1727 petit pain1766 souter's clod1773 twist1830 simit1836 bread roll1838 pistolet1853 flute1855 twist-loaf1856 Parker House roll1873 crescent roll1886 bagel1898 Kaiser roll1898 buttery1899 croissant1899 split1905 pan de sal1910 bridge roll1926 Kaiser1927 Kaiser bun1933 Bialystok roll1951 pletzel1952 panini1955 bialy1958 Bialystok1960 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > flat cake of bread cakec1225 tharf-cake1362 cake-breadc1400 bannock1483 bere bannockc1550 torte1555 fadge1609 breadcake1635 riddle cake1673 jonikin1676 tortilla1699 cookie1701 johnnycake1739 journey cake1754 galette1775 pone1796 riddle bread1797 ash-cake1809 chapatti1810 papad1813 poppadom1820 puri1831 roti1838 Rhode Island johnnycake1866 wrap1969 chapo1993 1635 L. Foxe North-west Fox sig. M4^v He had deceived the company of 30 bread cakes. 1846 C. L. Meryon Trav. Lady H. Stanhope II. 109 After coffee, a platter of what the Arabs call dibs was set on the ground, with about a dozen bread-cakes like those before described. 1913 B. S. Rowntree & M. Kendall How Labourer Lives 158 (table) Breakfast... Tea, fried meat and fresh bread cakes. 2017 Doncaster Free Press (Nexis) 26 Jan. Local businesses came together to spur the boys on, with..Morrisons in Broomhill stepping in to provide bacon and breadcakes for the Saturday morning breakfast. † bread chipper n. Obsolete a person who cuts bread or pares bread crust. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > [noun] > paring crust > one who pares crust bread chipper1600 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) ii. iv. 319 Cal me pantler and bread-chipper [1623 Bread-chopper]. c1616 R. C. Times' Whistle (1871) ii. 775 Some bread-chipper or greasy cooke. bread dough n. dough for baking into bread. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > dough for bread dougheOE rye dough1584 bread dough1698 sponge1748 turnpike1850 sourdough1868 1698 W. Salmon Ars Chirurgica i. lxvii. 282/2 A fresh Squill, its outside coat being taken off, wrap it up in Bread-dough, and bake it with Bread in an Oven. 1822 J. Cox Pract. Confectioner 34 The cake should be mixed up rather softer than bread dough. 1959 Home Encycl. 287 A kind of rusk made from a rich bread dough. 2007 S. L. Henkel & D. R. Brown How to open Successful Pizza & Sub Restaurant x. 168 If you are used to kneading bread dough, you will be surprised at the elastic consistency of pizza dough. † bread dust n. Obsolete dried or stale bread or ship's biscuit that has been reduced to a powder or very fine crumbs; breadcrumbs; cf. bread powder n. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > powdered bread bread dust1773 1773 J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere II. i. xx. 270 The hogs would not eat European grain of any kind, pulse, or bread-dust. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xx. 199 Two bags of bread-dust. 1922 M. E. Grossman Mary Elizabeth's Cook Bk. 25 Cover crab with beaten egg, then roll in bread dust. bread earner n. a person whose income is used to provide bread or food for his or her family; (also more generally) a person who earns an income; that which provides a source of income; a means of earning a living; = breadwinner n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > one earning a living winner1352 providerc1485 bread earner1602 breadwinner1783 bread artist1827 daily-breader1872 1602 A. Copley Another Let. to Dis-iesuited Kinseman 30 Thou being much part of all these, and but a lay mechanical Gana-pan which is a Spanish Epithet..and in English an earne-bread or bread-earner. 1802 R. L. Edgeworth & M. Edgeworth Ess. Irish Bulls. xx. 136 What our hero dignifies with the name of his bread-earner, is the knife. 1906 Evening Tel. & Post (Dundee) 25 May 6/2 At the age of twelve she is a bread-earner, getting some seven or ten farthings a day. 2016 N. Vernardakis Innovation & Technol. 169 In this complex..television is the main bread earner as it provides the main source of income for cinema besides box office returns. bread-faced adj. rare having a face likened to bread in some way; unhealthily pale, pasty-faced. ΚΠ 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick 167 He was naturally a very nervous, shuddering sort of little fellow, this bread-faced steward. 2018 R. Heng Suicide Club xv. 134 No one met her eye except for the bread-faced woman. bread flour n. flour for making bread; a particular type of this; spec. flour made from hard wheat to give a high gluten content. ΚΠ 1754 Public Advertiser 3 Jan. It may..be thought that to restrain the Bounty to Wheat-flour will hurt our Foreign Trade for Bread-corn, of course make it sell worse at Home..; and indeed if it should put it out of our Power to sell as much, and as good Bread-flour for the same Money Abroad, as the Dutch,..it might have those effects. 1896 Rep. 26th Ann. Meeting Vermont Dairymen's Assoc. 153 Bread flours made from spring wheat are usually richer in flesh formers (gluten and other protein compounds) than pastry flour from winter wheat. 1997 Independent on Sunday 2 Nov. (Review Suppl.) 62/2 He stores 15 bins of different bread flours (English, Italian, French, granary, rye and so on) from which he produces a range of 60 breads. 2017 Guardian (Nexis) 18 May (Life & Style section) For maximum gluten development, and thus chewiness, I'd recommend bread flour. † bread god n. Obsolete (derogatory) the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist, regarded as being worshipped as a god; cf. breaden god at breaden adj., pastry-deity n. at pastry n. Compounds 2.Chiefly used with reference to the unacceptability to some Protestants of the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation (in the context of Christian theological dispute over the exact nature of the presence of Christ in the elements of the Eucharist). Cf. bread worship n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] fleshc1000 ofleteOE mannaa1200 breada1225 bread of lifea1300 host1303 bodya1325 obleya1325 God's bodya1387 cakec1390 singing bread1432 bread of wheata1450 singing loaf1530 God's bread1535 bread god?1548 round robin?1548 holy bread1552 singing cake1553 Jack-in-the-box1554 wafer-cake?1554 wafer1559 wafer-bread1565 breaden god1570 mass cake1579 wafer-god1623 hostel1624 maker1635 hostie1641 oblata1721 altar bread1839 prosphora1874 ?1548 A. Gilby Answer Deuillish Detection S. Gardiner f. cxlvii^v Howe can I (the true God) be knowen, whilse the bread God and the cake vnsensible, is in so high reputation? a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 302 When they had made their Bread-god, they poysoned the Emperour with that bread. 1785 Grand, Wonderful & Astonishing Myst. Irish Reformation i. 7 And tho' we sometimes go to mass, And bow, to let your bread-god pass; Think not, we do with you agree, In your accurs'd idolatry. 1834 ‘Watchman’ Hist. Popery 415 Still their eyes tell them it is still bread, and therefore must be bread and god too, and a bread god. 1915 Watchman (Sydney) 21 Jan. 5/3 The modern round wafer or bread-god offered up to the Queen of Heaven as of yore. † bread grate n. Obsolete a grater for bread; = bread grater n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater myour1316 grater1390 grate14.. bread grate1452 ginger grate1530 nutmeg-grater1623 bread grater1624 cheese grater1848 1452 Inventory in Communic. Cambr. Antiquarian Soc. (1881) 4 290 xxv platers of Pewter..and xxv saucers of the same and j brede grate. 1543 Inventory 23 Feb. in London Consistory Wills 1492–1547 (1967) 87 A payer of coborns and a brede grate. 1587 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 149 Item, ij minsinge knives, and a breadgrate of tynn. bread grater n. now somewhat rare a grater designed for grating hard bread or bread crust to make breadcrumbs. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater myour1316 grater1390 grate14.. bread grate1452 ginger grate1530 nutmeg-grater1623 bread grater1624 cheese grater1848 1624 Steward's Househ. Accts. 20 Mar. (Althorp Househ. Bks.) in J. N. Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) App. (A) 4 p. lv 2 frying pannes, 4 peales, and a bread grater. 1827 Hereford Jrnl. 21 Feb. I took up..some champion potatoes, which..were grated through a common tin bread-grater, into a pan of water. 1947 Warwick (Queensland) Daily News 15 Sept. 3/1 Run breadcrumbs and skinned walnuts through a nut-mill or bread grater. bread jelly n. now rare a type of jelly made by boiling bread. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > jelly > [noun] > sweet and other jellies blancmange1377 manger blanc1574 moonshine1608 viper-jelly1702 saloop1712 jelly1728 salep1736 bread jelly1750 hartshorn jelly1769 arrowroot1822 table jelly1830 pineapple jelly1841 fruit-jelly1846 jujube paste1858 sponge1859 stone cream1861 pavlova1911 tracklement1954 1750 Smith's Compl. Housewife (ed. 14) 377 (heading) To make Bread-Jelley. 1853 E. C. Gaskell Cranford in Househ. Words 15 Jan. 416/2 Mrs. Forrester made some of the bread-jelly, for which she was so famous, to have ready as a refreshment. 1932 Sydney Morning Herald 30 May 4/4 The following bread jelly is for invalids. bread knife n. a knife used for cutting or slicing bread, typically having a long serrated blade. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > knife dressing knife1362 trencher-knife1392 bread knife1432 kitchen knife1433 dresser knifea1450 carving-knifea1475 sticking knife1495 chipper1508 chipping knife1526 butcher's knife1557 striking knife1578 mincing knife1586 cook's knife1599 oyster knife1637 randing knife1725 stick knife1819 chopping-knife1837 carver1839 butch knife1845 fish-carver1855 fruit-knife1855 rimmer1876 throating knife1879 steak knife1895 paring knife1908 1432 Acct. Rolls Witham, Essex in Middle Eng. Dict. at Bred i scalydpanne, i bredknyf, i handhook. 1672 M. Atkins Cataplus 57 Musquetoroes..cut my stones out with a bread-knife. 1861 I. M. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. xli. 991 Taking care..that butter-knife and bread-knife are in their places. 2007 Times 8 Dec. (Body & Soul section) 12/2 Slit cake in half using a bread knife. † bread leap n. [compare leap n.²] Obsolete a breadbasket. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > basket > for bread bread leapa1325 bread skep1493 breadbasket1552 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2078 Me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre. bread maker n. (a) a person who makes bread; (b) a machine used for making bread; = bread machine n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > [noun] > maker of bread bread maker?1570 ?1570 T. Drant Two Serm. sig.D.vii^v England,..thou hast euen at this day plowers and sowers,..bakers and bread makers. 1761 Public Ledger 30 Nov. 1144/2 Titterton, Joseph. Bolton in the Moors, Lancashire. Bread-maker. 1830 Mech. Mag. 8 May 146/1 A Petrisseur or Mechanical Bread-maker, lately invented by Messrs. Cavalier, Brother, and Co., of Paris. 1917 C. L. Hunt & H. L. Wessling Bread & Bread Making in Home (U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 807) 23 It is well for inexperienced housekeepers who wish to be good bread makers to have their bread judged once or twice by experts. 2005 Fresh Nov. 50/2 Keen bakers should get a breadmaker. You could just use it to knead and prove dough, then shape and bake it conventionally. bread machine n. a machine for making bread, (now) esp. a domestic electrical appliance that mixes, kneads, and bakes the dough. ΚΠ 1822 Atheneum 15 Oct. 86/1 Bread Machine. A machine has lately been introduced at Lausanne, in Switzerland, for making bread, that is, for preparing the fermentation of the dough... It is simply a deal box.., placed on supports, by which it is turned by a handle. 1987 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 10 June d8/4 Pour water, dry yeast and flour into the top, switch it on and the machine mixes the dough, kneads it and bakes it... Matsushita plans to double its output of the bread machines. 2001 J. R. Hendricks Bread Alone (2002) ii. 22 He came home..with a bread machine... [He] loved the way you just dumped in all the ingredients, set the timer, and presto—fresh, hot bread. bread man n. a man who makes, sells, or (in later use) delivers bread; a baker. [Currency in Middle English is probably implied by use as surname, as John Bredeman (1296); compare note at Compounds 2.] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of bread bakerOE moulder1290 bread-wrighta1325 kneaderc1440 white baker1441 paster?a1475 brown baker1528 dough kneader1605 bread man1830 brakesman1845 1830 Dover Gaz. & Strafford Advertiser (New Hampsh.) 12 Oct. Auctioneers are heard through all Pearl-street—The Milkmen, Breadmen,..and the like Their deep'ning clamour all your senses strike. 1922 Bakers' Helper (Chicago) 15 Nov. 1057/3 Bread man wishes position in two or three oven shop. Can handle help and turn out first class stuff. 2011 T. Macaulay Paperboy xiii. 183 The bread men delivered..soda and potato bread..on a Saturday morning. bread meal n. (a) grain or meal used or suitable for making bread (regional in later use) (now rare); †(b) diatomaceous earth, said to have been used in parts of Scandinavia to make a kind of bread; cf. mountain meal n. (a) at mountain n. and adj. Compounds 2b(a) (obsolete rare). [In sense (b) from a misunderstanding of Humboldt, who reported that the earth was consumed as (i.e. in the manner of) bread meal, not that it was known by this name (see quot. 1850); the misapprehension apparently first appears in Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life (see quot. 1855) and is repeated in later dictionaries.] ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > corn for bread bread corna1387 bread meal1556 1556 J. Ponet Shorte Treat. Politike Power sig. Kviij The people driuen of hongre to grinde accornes for bread meale. 1797 F. M. Eden State of Poor II. 174 His family has bread meal, consisting of wheat, rye, and barley, allowed them at 1s. 6d. a stone. 1850 E. C. Otté & H. G. Bohn tr. A. von Humboldt Views of Nature 146 In the most remote parts of Sweden hundreds of cartloads of earth containing infusoria are annually consumed by the country people as bread-meal [Ger. als Brotmehl], more from fancy..than from necessity. 1855 J. F. W. Johnston Chem. of Common Life (ed. 4) II. xxiii. 174 In Northern Europe, especially in the remote northern parts of Sweden, a kind of earth known by the name of bread-meal is consumed in hundreds of cart-loads, it is said, every year. 1863 J. C. Atkinson Provinc. Danby Bread-meal, flour with the coarsest bran taken out..such as..produces ‘brown-bread’. 1982 Econ. Hist. Rev. 35 463 ‘Mashlum’, the Scots bread meal, was usually a mixture of bere, peas and beans. bread mould n. any of various moulds which typically grow on bread, especially of the genera Rhizopus and Penicillium; (also) the visible growth of such a mould on bread, consisting of its mycelium or spore mass. ΚΠ 1833 W. Rhind Catech. Bot. 8 (caption) Bread mould. 1979 Amer. Biol. Teacher 41 22/1 Rhizopus nigricans, the common bread mold, grows readily on bread or fruit..kept in a moist chamber for a few days. 2015 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. a3 Digitalis comes from foxglove, quinine from cinchona bark, penicillin from bread mold. bread oven n. an oven for baking bread or other dough products, typically consisting of a baking chamber made of a fireproof material such as brick, stone, clay, adobe, etc., which is fired from within, traditionally using wood. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > stove or cooker > [noun] > oven > other types of oven broiling-iron1562 broil-iron1567 apple roaster1637 bread oven1745 pot-oven1750 Dutch oven1769 caboose1779 roaster1796 gas oven1810 kitchen1826 tandoor1840 water oven1848 ti-oven1896 roaster oven1940 1745 Accomplish'd Housewife 196 Put in your Tongues..; then wash them out of that Liquor and put them in a Pot; let them be baked in a Bread Oven till they are very tender. 1905 E. G. Dawber Old Cottages, Farm-houses, & Other Stone Buildings Cotswold District 13 The bread oven..generally opened out of one side of the fireplace, and was sometimes built in the thickness of the wall. 2008 Time Out (Nexis) 12 Mar. 32 I'm introduced to the intriguing workings of an industrial bakery. The bread oven is like a huge beast, its steel jaws opening to gobble up great slabs of dough. bread paste n. †(a) pastry (obsolete); (b) a paste made from bread or breadcrumbs soaked in water or milk; (Angling) this used as bait (sometimes mixed with other ingredients). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [noun] > types of pastry puff paste1598 bread pastea1654 wafer-paper1718 puff pastry1788 suet crust1809 pâte brisée1824 pasta frolla1848 chou pastry1892 puff1908 filo1946 shortcrust pastry1951 a1654 N. Culpeper tr. J. J. Wecker Cosmeticks (1660) 80 Take of Gauls, Frankincense, Gith, each two drams, pouder them and put them in a Quince hollowed, close it up, and wrap it in Bread-paste, and bake it in an oven. 1737 Compl. Family-piece (ed. 2) v. 267 Work it up with Mustard-seed covered with Bread Paste for three or four Days by the Fire-side. 1847 E. Fitzgibbon Handbk. Angling viii. 260 All bread pastes have a tendency to become quickly sour. 1907 Boston Cooking-School Mag. Aug. 102/2 Take half a cup of the cooled bread paste (panade). 2018 Times (Nexis) 2 July 57 A 20lb pike..was fairly hooked in the jaw by a tench angler fishing a small knob of bread paste. bread pill n. a pill or pellet made by compressing bread or breadcrumbs.Pills of this kind were formerly sometimes used medically as a placebo. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > piece of bread > [noun] > pellet of bread bread pill1752 1752 T. Simson Inq. Vital & Animal Actions i. iv. 76 Bread pills, taken with a confidence that they were mercurial, have procured a salivation. 1853 H. Mayhew Lett. left at Pastrycook's vi. 37 It is considered ‘rare fun’, and thought just as harmless as throwing bread-pills at one another when the mistress's back is turned. 1946 N.Y. Times 24 Mar. iv. 10/4 They roll bread pills under their fingers as they listen with a fixed smile to the man in the next chair. 2008 Irish Times (Nexis) 1 Mar. 2 It was once accepted practice to use placebos in the form of water injections or a bread pill covered in sugar (pillula panis). bread plate n. a plate for bread; spec. (a) a plate or shallow dish (usually silver or gold), on which the consecrated bread or wafer is laid during the Eucharist, and which may also serve as a cover for the chalice; a paten; (b) a small plate used for bread or other accompaniments to a meal; = side plate n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > vessel (general) > paten > [noun] patenlOE platena1450 patel1548 bread plate1608 bread bowl1638 altar plate1647 patera1658 offertory1672 patina1868 society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > vessel (general) > cup > [noun] > cover for patenlOE bread plate1608 paten cover1880 chalice-cover- the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > table-vessels > dish or plate > side-plate or under-plate wardnapec1475 gardnap1490 rundle1565 under-dish1625 portassiet1663 side plate1714 bread plate1872 1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum xxv. 591 It is most like, that these were the couers to the incense cuppes, as they are ioyned with them,..as the other before called kesoth, serued to couer the bread plates, or dishes. 1713 E. Freke Diary 13 Feb. (1913) 142 One Large silver Cupp to Itt and Itts Bread plate or Cover & one New Common prayer Book In Turky Leather. 1872 A. E. Youman Dict. Every-day Wants 45/2 Place on the table the bread-plate with a loaf of bread on it—2 loaves are better, 1 of white bread, the other of brown—and the knife. 1906 J. M. Hill Up-to-date Waitress vi. 37 Two minutes before breakfast is announced..set butter and cold bread upon the bread plates. 1939 Scotsman 12 Apr. 7/2 He broke into St Ninian's Episcopal Church..and stole a chalice, a bread plate, a Communion cup, [etc.]. 2007 Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gazette (Nexis) 8 July e4 Pour olive oil onto your bread plate,..add a few drops of balsamic vinegar, and dip a generous pinch of thick, fresh, crusty bread. bread pudding n. a cake or pudding made by cooking pieces of bread soaked in milk, typically with beaten eggs, sugar, dried fruit, and spices; cf. bread and butter pudding n. at bread and butter n. and adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > other puddings alker1381 moile1381 tansyc1450 tansy-cakea1475 hasty pudding1598 hodge-puddinga1616 bread pudding1623 marrowbone pudding1623 marrow-pudding1631 turmeric puddinga1704 Indian pudding1722 Westminster fool1723 pease pudding1725 pone1725 bread and butter pudding1727 custard pudding1727 purry1751 tartan-purry1751 tansy-pudding1769 vermicelli pudding1769 skimmer-cake1795 dogsbody1818 kugel1823 stickjaw1827 kheer1832 pea pudding1844 dough1848 mousseline1876 mousse1885 goose-pudding1892 payasam1892 tartan1893 malva puddinga1981 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun] > other bread dishes bread pudding1623 mushroom loaf1769 dough ball1836 strata1902 calzone1933 panzanella1937 bruschetta1954 bread bowl1955 falafel1971 bunny chow1972 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > other cakes honey appleeOE barley-cake1393 seed cakea1400 cake?a1425 pudding-cake?1553 manchet1562 biscuit cake1593 placent1598 poplin1600 jumbal1615 bread pudding1623 semel1643 wine-cakea1661 Shrewsbury cake1670 curd cake1675 fruitcake1687 clap-bread1691 simnel cake1699 orange-flower cake1718 banana cake1726 sweet-cake1726 torte1748 Naples cake1766 Bath cake1769 gofer1769 yeast-cake1795 nutcake1801 tipsy-cake1806 cruller1808 baba1813 lady's finger1818 coconut cake1824 mint cake1825 sices1825 cup-cake1828 batter-cake1830 buckwheat1830 Dundee seed cake1833 fat-cake1839 babka1846 wonder1848 popover1850 cream-cake1855 sly-cake1855 dripping-cake1857 lard-cake1858 puffet1860 quick cake1865 barnbrack1867 matrimony cake1871 brioche1873 Nelson cake1877 cocoa cake1883 sesame cake1883 marinade1888 mystery1889 oblietjie1890 stuffed monkey1892 Greek bread1893 Battenberg1903 Oswego cake1907 nusstorte1911 dump cake1912 Dobos Torte1915 lekach1918 buckle1935 Florentine1936 hash cake1967 space cake1984 1623 G. Markham Countrey Contentments, or Eng. Huswife (new ed.) ii. 69 To make bread Puddings. 1783 S. Chapman in Med. Communications 1 287 A bit of..light bread pudding. 1883 Harper's Mag. Mar. 578/2 The crusts saved for a bread pudding. 1932 Nottingham Evening Post 14 Sept. 3/6 Virginia found it awkward to hide a buttered roll, potatoes, and a slice of bread pudding in her table napkin. 2004 Daily Herald (Chicago) (Nexis) 29 Sept. (Food section) 1 Mention bread pudding and most people think of the Southern-inspired dish of stale bread and raisins soaked in an egg/milk bath and served with a creamy whiskey sauce. bread ring n. any of various kinds of bread having the form of a ring, such as a bagel, simit, etc. ΚΠ 1888 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 76/1 Amidst the crowd,..there circulate itinerant venders of fruit,..of kebabs, and of sweet cakes and bread-rings sprinkled over with crushed almonds. 1990 T. Ruprecht Toronto's Many Faces 163 After dinner everyone samples the tsoureki (a sweet bread ring decorated with a red Easter egg). 2019 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 7 July 17 The bagel board has..wow factor, starring a duo of petite bread rings ready for diners to top..with the likes of prosciutto, smoked salmon and cheddar. bread roll n. a small portion of bread which has been shaped into an individual (usually round or elongated) mass before baking; = roll n.¹ 6b. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > roll roll1581 bapc1600 wreath1600 breadcake1635 French roll1652 cookie1701 sugar-roll1727 petit pain1766 souter's clod1773 twist1830 simit1836 bread roll1838 pistolet1853 flute1855 twist-loaf1856 Parker House roll1873 crescent roll1886 bagel1898 Kaiser roll1898 buttery1899 croissant1899 split1905 pan de sal1910 bridge roll1926 Kaiser1927 Kaiser bun1933 Bialystok roll1951 pletzel1952 panini1955 bialy1958 Bialystok1960 1838 Bentley's Misc. Nov. 493 The garçon..gave us each a bread roll. 1937 H. Jennings et al. May 12th Mass-observ. Day-surveys (1987) i. 66 A haversack ration will be supplied, consisting of: A bread roll, cheese. A rock cake, two apples. 2013 Herbert River (Austral.) Express (Nexis) 5 June 1 A simple meal consisting of soup and bread rolls. bread room n. (a) (Nautical) a room or compartment used for storing bread in a ship, usually situated below deck in the lowest and aftermost part (now historical); †(b) (Nautical slang) the stomach; cf. breadbasket n. 2 (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > room, locker, or quarters > [noun] > storage room or compartment > for provisions > specific bread roomc1610 fish-room1815 c1610 A. Pricket Larger Disc. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) III. xvii. 602 The Master..deliuered all the bread out of the bread roome. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ii. 12 The Bread-roome is commonly vnder the Gun-roome. 1762 T. Smollett Adventures Sir Launcelot Greaves II. xvii. 89 He ordered the waiter..to..bring along-side a short allowance of brandy or grog, that he might cant a slug into his bread-room. 1919 C. H. Bodder Under Fire with Farragut 12 The bread-room was only opened by the paymaster's steward or his helper. 2014 J. Turner Dr. William Edward Dillon 31 It was vital to keep out the damp in two critical rooms: the bread-room and the powder magazine. breadroot n. any of several North American leguminous plants of the genera Pediomelum and Psoralea which typically have edible tubers or bulbs traditionally used as a source of food by some North American Indian peoples (esp. Plains Indians); spec. the prairie turnip, Psoralea esculenta; (also) the root of such a plant.In quot. 1756: (perhaps) taro, Colocasia esculenta. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > root vegetable > [noun] > other root vegetables skirret1338 pease earthnut1548 skirret-root1565 rampion1573 Tragopogon1578 oca1604 tuckahoe1612 groundnut1636 sedge-root1648 breadroot1756 tannia1756 rush nut1783 wapato1796 cous1806 vegetable oyster1806 prairie turnip1811 prairie potato1828 murnong1836 Tartarian bread1836 biscuitroot1837 yam-bean1864 tiger-nut1887 wasabi1903 ramp1946 sunchoke1955 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > other root vegetables or plants producing them skirret-root1565 Spanish nut1597 oca1604 tuckahoe1612 sisyrinchium1629 sedge-root1648 arrowroot1681 breadroot1756 tannia1756 rush nut1783 wapato1796 cous1806 prairie turnip1811 prairie potato1828 native potato1833 murnong1836 Tartarian bread1836 biscuitroot1837 tobacco-root1845 amadumbi1851 chufa1860 yam-bean1864 parsnip chervil1866 tiger-nut1887 yautia1899 wasabi1903 1756 Compend. Authentic & Entertaining Voy. I. 21 Great part of the land was cultivated and bore, besides the bread-root, and a sort of beans, a kind of grain called maiz, of which was made a very well tasted flour. 1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 94/2 P. esculenta, the bread-root of North America, is cultivated along the banks of the Missouri. 1965 M. P. Strachan Hop Ranch Myst. xv. 125 There was fried eel, salmon, venison, corn on the cob, bitterroot, camas, Oregon breadroot and other roots and tubers. 2007 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 22 Apr. (@Issue section) 3 c The discoveries in Georgia..include..a new blue-flowered legume, the Dixie Mountain breadroot, found last year near Augusta. bread salad n. any of various salads having pieces of (typically stale or toasted) bread as a principal ingredient. ΚΠ 1859 G. W. Thornbury Life in Spain I. v. 97 The Spaniard..lives still on the rough food of that Roman soldier—the bread soaked in oil and vinegar, the bread salad, so refreshing and healthy in a burning climate. 1986 N.Y. Times 21 June (Late ed.) 52/5 Panzanella is one terrific lunch. Basically a Tuscan bread salad with oil and vinegar, what else it contains depends on who is doing the cooking. 2002 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 5 Oct. (Good Weekend section) 56 Fresh bread is an absolute no-no for bread salads... Fattoush, the bread salad of Lebanon and Syria, is made with pita bread which is oven-dried until crisp,..radishes, cucumbers, ripe tomatoes, spring onions, [etc.]. bread sauce n. a thick savoury sauce made by heating milk or cream with breadcrumbs and (usually) onion, herbs, or spices, traditionally eaten with roast chicken or turkey. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > additive > sauce or dressing > [noun] > other sauces galantine1304 civya1325 egerdouce1381 gravy?c1390 camelinea1425 chawdronc1440 saffron sauce?a1505 sibber-sauce1556 ferry?1570 oxoleum1574 slabber-sauce1574 saupiquet1656 slapsauce1708 brown sauce1723 bread sauce1727 custard1747 bechamel1789 caper-sauce1791 tomato sauce1804 custard cream1805 allemande1806 sambal1815 Reading sauce1816 Harvey's Sauce1818 velouté sauce1830 suprême sauce1833 parsley sauce1836 agrodolce1838 Worcestershire sauce1843 espagnole1845 pestoa1848 cheese sauce1854 nam prik1857 Worcester sauce1863 Béarnaise sauce1868 Béarnaise1877 Yorkshire Relish1877 sauce mousseline1892 velvet sauce1893 gribiche1897 mornay sauce1900 sugo1906 sofrito1913 chile con queso1916 foo yung1917 marinara1932 pistou1951 hoisin1957 salsa verde1957 pico de gallo1958 sriracha1959 carbonara1962 amatriciana1963 arrabbiata1963 ponzu1966 puttanesca1971 chermoula1974 tikka masala1975 mojo1983 queso1989 1727 R. Bradley Country Housewife (ed. 2) 133 The Pap-Sauce, or Bread-Sauce, is made of grated Crumb of Bread, boiled with as much Water as will cover it, a little Butter, an Onion, and some whole Pepper. 1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. vii. 48 Bread sauce is so ticklish; a simmer too much and it's clean done for. 1956 N. Coward Diary 31 Dec. (2000) 340 The turkey was passable, but there were no sausages with it, no rolls of bacon and no bread sauce. 2019 Plymouth Herald (Nexis) 11 June (Features section) 1 Roast turkey, stuffing, bread sauce, roast potatoes and green peas. bread shop n. an establishment in which bread and other baked goods are made or sold; a bakery. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking establishment or kitchen > [noun] > bakery bakehousea1225 baking house1440 pistrinea1483 bakery1598 bread shop1773 bakeshop1789 bake office1874 society > trade and finance > trading place > place where retail transactions made > [noun] > shop > shop selling provisions > baked goods or pastry baker1548 pie house1589 baker's shop1593 bakery1598 cake house1641 pastry shop1656 bakehouse1714 bread shop1773 bakeshop1789 confectionery shop1801 confectionery1803 patisserie1824 cakery1841 bun-shop1889 pasticceria1921 konditorei1935 1773 Daily Advertiser 11 Oct. The Publick may be supplied with the Standard Wheaten Bread, according to the last Act of Parliament..at the Bread Shop in Fleet-Market. 1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 14 Nov. (1993) III. 96 When I was in San Remo..I went to a bread shop and..saw a queer shaped loaf which looked nice for tea, a kind of tea bread. 2005 Food Service Europe & Middle East (Nexis) 16 Sept. With prices 2-3 times higher than the regular high-street bread shops.., such operators [sc. artisan bakeries] are beginning to generate..interest in better-tasting breads and cakes made from natural, additive-free ingredients. † bread skep n. Obsolete a breadbasket. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > container for food > [noun] > basket > for bread bread leapa1325 bread skep1493 breadbasket1552 1493 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Pynson) viii. xvii. sig. Fiii^v/1 The riche man shal yeue aunswere..of euery crumme of brede in his brede skep [a1500 Hunterian bredskepe]. bread slicer n. a machine or implement used for slicing loaves of bread. ΚΠ 1853 N.-Y. Daily Times 14 Mar. 8/5 (advt.) The Patent Bread Slicer has been introduced. Its operation is so simple that any servant of ordinary gumption cannot fail to use it effectually. 1997 Bakers' Rev. Sept. 63/2 The company..will have on show..planetary mixers and bread slicers. bread soup n. any of various soups having bread as a principal ingredient.In earliest use: a type of soup consisting mainly of bread boiled with water, used as a restorative or remedy. ΚΠ 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery x. 120 Bread Soop for the Sick. Take..dry Crust of Bread cut to Pieces,..a little Piece of Butter,..let it boil..till the Bread and Water is well mixed, then season it with a very little Salt, and it is a pretty thing for a weak Stomach. 1820 G. Belzoni Narr. Egypt & Nubia i. 95 At noon I gave them [sc. Egyptian labourers] some boiled lentils, and bread soup, with which they were pretty well pleased. 1995 M2 PressWIRE (Nexis) 4 May Dishes that are consistently vibrant in flavour including the Tuscan bread soups Ribollita and Pappa al Pomodoro. 2011 N.Y. Times Online (Nexis) 22 Apr. Soups thickened with fresh or stale bread are ubiquitous throughout the Mediterranean... Portugal has an array of bread soups called acordas. breadstick n. a long, thin, crisp piece of baked dough, typically served as an appetizer; cf. grissino n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > stick French loafc1350 grissino1853 baton1858 stick1872 breadstick1887 stick loaf1923 French stick1955 1887 Sunday Inter Ocean (Chicago) 6 Feb. 15/7 Cucumber salad, with bread sticks. 1936 J. Dos Passos Big Money 470 Picking up a breadstick and snapping it into his mouth. 2019 Sun (Nexis) 2 July (Features section) Starters include breadsticks with carrot and cucumber and cheesy garlic bread. bread ticket n. (a) a ticket entitling the possessor to bread, esp. as part of a system of charitable provision or rationing (now historical); (b) (figurative) a source of subsistence, livelihood, or income; a person or thing exploited as such; cf. meal ticket n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood lifeOE foodOE livelihoodc1300 livingc1330 ploughc1390 purchasec1475 daily bread1526 being1570 governing1572 shift1572 supportation1576 thrift1579 livelihead1590 thrive1592 breadwinnera1614 subsistence1644 gain1655 bread and butter1691 through-bearing1705 bread1719 bread ticket1801 daily1817 lifehood1823 rice bowl1853 crust1916 society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > [noun] > document which permits or authorizes > ticket > for food bread ticket1801 1801 Northampton Mercury 21 Mar. The Society of Gentlemen..have now closed their accounts, with an unanimous resolution to distribute the surplus in bread tickets to the poor. 1855 Chicago Times 21 Mar. 3/1 Entering a bake-shop and stealing therefrom bread tickets to the value of $16. 1947 Daily Mail 13 Mar. 2/2 At long last..British song writers have formed an association... With the help of their only bread ticket, the Performing Rights Society, they have got the figures to make one marvel how any British songster ever pays his rent. 2019 @MrNhachi 11 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 5 July 2019) Marriage is not a bread ticket. Work. † bread trap n. slang (chiefly U.S.) Obsolete the mouth; cf. trap n.¹ 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > mouth > [noun] moutheOE billa1000 munc1400 mussa1529 mouc1540 gan1567 gob1568 bouche1582 oven1593 taster1596 Pipe Office1609 neba1616 gab1681 gam1724 mouthpiece1738 potato-trap1785 potato-jaw1791 fly-trapc1795 trap1796 mouthie1801 mug1820 gin-trap1824 rattletrap1824 box1830 mouf1836 bread trap1838 puss1844 tater-trap1846 gash1852 kissing trap1854 shop1855 north and south1858 mooey1859 kisser1860 gingerbread-trap1864 bazoo1877 bake1893 tattie-trap1894 yap1900 smush1930 gate1937 cakehole1943 motormouth1976 pie hole1983 geggie1985 1838 Raleigh Reg. & N. Carolina Gaz. 2 July Think of the sickening odor of a smoker's breath... Look at the streams of yellow juice issuing from the corners of his bread trap. 1929 A. Matson tr. A. Kivi Seven Brothers xiiii. 339 Juhani. Let Timo keep his bread-trap shut. bread unit n. now historical (in the United Kingdom) a standard unit of quantity (see quot. 1946) used in the rationing of bread and other flour-based baked goods immediately after the Second World War (1939–45).Bread rationing was in place in the United Kingdom from 21 July 1946 to 24 July 1948. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > rations > [noun] > ration of bread bread unit1946 1946 Lancet 6 July 29/2 The ration will be measured in bread units. A 1 lb. 12 oz. loaf will cost 4 bread units, 1 lb. of flour 3 bread units, and 1 lb. of flour confectionery 2 bread units. 2000 I. Zweiniger-Bargielowska Austerity in Brit. (2002) 134 Under bread rationing from 1946 to 1948, children 4-11 years were entitled to the normal adult ration of 9 bread units [per week]. bread wheat n. wheat that is primarily used to produce flour for baking; esp. common wheat, Triticum aestivum. ΚΠ 1828 W. Cobbett Treat. Cobbett's Corn x. §169 We know, that, after every harvest, the seed-market stops, in a great degree, the supply of bread-wheat. 1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm i. 5 They demonstrate..how dependent were the old civilisations on particular crops, such as the macaroni wheats in the Mediterranean region and the bread wheats in south-west Asia. 2015 J. Warren Nature of Crops vi. 109 One of the genes that was incorporated into bread wheat from its goat grass parent, codes for gluten production. bread worship n. derogatory (somewhat rare in later use) adoration or veneration of the sacramental bread or host in the Eucharist; cf. artolatry n.Chiefly used by Protestants with reference to the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation (in the context of Christian theological dispute over the exact nature of the presence of Christ in the elements of the Eucharist). Cf. bread god n. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of bread or the host bread worship1572 artolatry1608 1572 tr. T. de Bèze Let. in J. Field & T. Wilcox Admon. to Parl. (new ed.) sig. D.ij This was the fyrst beginning of that moste horrible bread worship, whiche can not yet be abolyshed. 1641 R. Sanderson Serm. II. 8 A shrewd appearance of their idolatrous bread-worship. 1862 Chelmsford Chron. 18 Apr. Their leaders..are advocates of transubstantiation, the sacrifice of the mass, bread worship. 2018 @wowitsnicholas 22 Feb. in twitter.com (accessed 9 Mar. 2020) People accuse us of Mary worship, Pope worship, bread worship, statue worship. bread worshipper n. derogatory (historical in later use) a person who practises bread worship (see bread worship n.); a Catholic. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of bread or the host > practitioner of bread worshipper1566 artolater1603 1566 J. Barthlet Pedegrewe Heretiques f. 60 (heading) Breadworshippers. 1693 E. Lechmere Consultation about Relig. 114 Calvin frequently calls Catholicks, Bread-worshippers, or Worshippers of Breaden-Gods. 1913 C. J. Hogarth tr. V. O. Kluchevsky Hist. Russia III. xv. 326 Old Believers and Chliebopoklonniki or ‘Bread Worshippers’. 2012 R. Kolb in I. Dingel et al. Philip Melanchthon 239 Melanchthon's accusation that Westphal was a bread-worshipper..rang through a number of his letters. † bread-wright n. Obsolete a baker. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of bread bakerOE moulder1290 bread-wrighta1325 kneaderc1440 white baker1441 paster?a1475 brown baker1528 dough kneader1605 bread man1830 brakesman1845 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2077 Quað ðis bred-wrigte, ‘liðeð nu me’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). breadv. Brit. /brɛd/, U.S. /brɛd/ Forms: see bread n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: bread n. Etymology: < bread n. 1. transitive. To cover (an item of food) with breadcrumbs, or (occasionally) a coating of some other prepared form of bread, before cooking it; = breadcrumb v. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > garnishing > garnish [verb (transitive)] > cover with crumbs crima1450 crumb1579 bread?1600 breadcrumb1817 to egg and crumb1834 gratiné1978 ?1600 H. Plat Delightes for Ladies sig. B4 You may dredge ouer your foule with crums of bread, cynamon and sugar boiled together, & so they wil seeme as if they were roasted and breaded. 1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole ii. iii. 476 Some doe use the pouder of the herbe dryed..to mixe with grated bread, to breade their meate. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Fish pottage Flowering and breading them after they have been dip'd in beaten Eggs. 1825 Fr. Dom. Cookery Gloss. 376 Cutlets, fish, etc. are usually breaded thus. 1986 B. Fussell Eating In vi. 67 For traditional veal scalloppine, instead of breading the scallops, dust them with seasoned flour and sauté. 2017 Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News 21 Mar. (Nexis) b6 Season the pork with the blend before breading the meat. 2. transitive. U.S. regional (chiefly Midland). To provide (a person or group of people) with sufficient bread or food for subsistence. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > supply with provisions victualc1380 meat1568 provant1599 provision1604 catera1616 bread1797 grub1819 ration1834 vegetate1846 tucker1899 feed1904 1797 E. Chambers Let. 29 Nov. in Papers of John Steele (1924) I. 152 What [corn] I have..will Scarcely Bread the Negroes. 1857 H. C. Kimball in B. Young's Jrnl. Disc. 5 20/2 It now takes about one thousand bushels of wheat to bread my family one year. 1879 A. W. Tourgée Fool's Errand xviii. 91 They had enough to bread themselves. 1911 A. R. Graves Farmer Boy who became Bishop xxii. 135 A woman I knew who owned a reaper and horses cut several hundred acres of wheat on deserted farms and secured hardly enough to bread her family. 1962 Mountain Life & Work Spring 17 The mountain farmer talks of raising enough corn to ‘bread’ his family. †3. transitive. To rub out (part of a painting or drawing) using a piece of bread; to clean (something) by rubbing it with a piece of bread. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > other cleaning methods, devices, or substances > clean by other miscellaneous methods [verb (transitive)] rakec1400 pickle1605 to rub down1682 thumb1768 steam-clean1835 bread1869 French-chalk1870 1869 D. G. Rossetti Let. 27 Aug. (1965) II. 730 As the white tells on it and you can bread out lights. 1881 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (ed. 4) 129 Instead of rubbing with pith the work may be carefully breaded. 1887 Atwood & Nichols' Pract. Hand-bk. 8 Large, plain, or unornamented grounds, are likely to be streaky if they are breaded. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.eOEv.?1600
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breadn.

Phrases

Compounds

breadv.