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单词 adigar
释义

adigarn.

Brit. /ˈadᵻɡɑː/, U.S. /ˈædəˌɡɑr/
Forms:

α. 1600s– adigar, 1700s addegar, 1800s–1900s adigaar.

β. 1800s adicar, 1800s adhikar, 1800s ad'hikar, 1800s– adikar.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Portuguese. Partly a borrowing from Tamil. Etymons: Portuguese adigar, Tamil atikāram.
Etymology: Partly (originally) < Portuguese adigar person in authority, governor, one of the chief ministers of the Kingdom of Kandy (1534; earlier as digar (1507)) < Tamil atikārī (pronounced /adiɡaːriː/) < Sanskrit adhikārin person possessing authority, governor ( < adhikṛ- to be placed at the head, to be at the head, to superintend < adhi- over, above + kṛ- to put, place, specific use of kṛ- to do: see karma n.), and partly (with specific reference to Kandy) < Tamil atikāram chief minister of kingdom of Kandy < Sanskrit adhikāra authority (also ultimately < adhikṛ-). Compare Sinhala adhikāra, adikāra ( < Tamil). Compare post-classical Latin adigares, plural (1544), Italian †adicario (1583), and Dutch adigaar (1726).In β. forms probably remodelled after the Sinhala or Sanskrit words. The words originally deriving < Tamil atikārī and atikāram, respectively, already merged in Portuguese. While the more general Sanskrit adhikārin is older than the kingdom of Kandy and its descendants are more widely used, Europeans first encountered the Tamil word atikāram denoting the politically more powerful adigars of Kandy. With Tamil atikāram compare:1821 J. Davy Acct. Interior of Ceylon i. v. 143 The officers of highest rank were the ministers, whom, in Ceylon, we familiarly call Adikars, whom the king called Adikaarams. Compare this isolated earlier borrowing of the Italian form adicario:1625 S. Purchas tr. G. Balbi in Pilgrimes II. x. v. 1724 Without the Citie of Saint Thomas is another Citie..inhabited with Gentiles Souldiers, whose Chieftaine is called Adicario [It. Adicario].
Now historical.
1. In the (former) kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka: (a title of) a chief minister and royal adviser. Subsequently (during British colonial rule): an honorary title. Frequently with preceding ordinal number indicating rank.The honorary office of First Adigar fell into abeyance upon the death of the most recent incumbent in 1963.
ΚΠ
1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon 49 There are two, who are the greatest and highest Officers in the Land. They are called Adigars, I may term them Chief Judges; under whom is the Government of the Cities, and the Countries also in the Vacancy of other Governours.
1726 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. (new ed.) III. 274 This Prince [sc. the King of Ceylon] manages most of his Affairs by two great Ministers, stiled Adigars, to whom the Subject may appeal from inferior Judges or Governors.
1807 J. Cordiner Descr. Ceylon II. ii. i. 160 The second Adigar, a man of an integrity rare in the court of Candy, was beheaded on account of his attachment to the family of his late sovereign.
1869 A. M. Ferguson Souvenirs of Ceylon 187/1 Next in rank to the Kandian Sovereign were the first, second and third Adigars, conjoint Prime Ministers, Commanders in Chief, and Judges of the Appellate Court.
1916 P. Rámanáthan Riots & Martial Law in Ceylon, 1915 ii. 108 In 1903 the rank of Dissáwe was conferred on him, and the still higher rank of Adigár in 1906, while holding the office of Ratemahatmaya.
1997 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 26 July pe 90/3 In 1944, the board of ministers recommended that a Kandyan, Sir T B Panabokke, first Adigar,..be appointed Ceylon Representative to India.
2006 N. Wickramasinghe Sri Lanka in Mod. Age i. 1 Until 1818, when a British proclamation extended the privilege of having a tiled house to a larger group than the adigars.
2. gen. Elsewhere in Sri Lanka and in southern India: any of various ministers or officials; a headman or chief.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > rule or government of family or tribe > head of family, tribe, or clan > [noun] > Indian
chaudhuri1772
thakur1801
adigar1816
1816 H. Clarke Hist. War III. xx. 446/1 The provincial adigars were all ready to join them, as soon as they found it could be done with safety to their families.
1847 New Monthly Mag. Dec. 447 I perceived a party of men approaching me, headed by an Adigar, or chief man of the district.
1906 W. A. Herdman & J. Hornell in W. A. Herdman Rep. Govt. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries V. 37 The Inspector, the local Adigar, and three native pearl merchants.
1926 H. W. Codrington Short Hist. Ceylon (1970) viii. 125 Each Kōralē or division of a disāvany was under an Adigar.
1977 Mod. Asian Stud. 11 329 Kanappa had held the position of adigar or headman of ‘Black Town’, the indigenous community surrounding Fort St George.
2002 L. Benton Law & Colonial Cultures iv. 132 Petty cases were overseen in Madras by the hereditary village headman, the adigar, in the local ‘choultry’ courts.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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