| 单词 | to be hard on |
| 释义 | > as lemmasto be hard on (also upon, in early use also †up) Phrases P1. to be hard on (also upon, in early use also †up). a. Of a person: to be harsh or severe in dealing with (someone). to be hard on oneself: to be severely or excessively critical of oneself or one's achievements. ΚΠ a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1351 Hi..so hard vp þe were Þat a Paynym hi wolde deliuere þat of þeofþe ne miȝte him skere. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 8831 So hard he was vpe [a1400 Trin. Cambr. to] þeues þat hii ne durste nour at route. 1539 R. Taverner Second Bk. Garden of Wysdome sig. E.iv He was not a litle touched wt pytie and clemencie towardes Cresus, & sayed, he wolde not herafter shew himselfe to hard vpon Cresus. 1682 London Gaz. No. 1737/2 The French..are very hard upon the Tenants to make them pay their Rents, with all their Arrears. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 19 Colonel, why so hard upon poor Miss? 1854 Christian Remembrancer 28 282 The impartiality..of the Dean, makes him..hard on those who..lay too great a stress on differences. 1872 Eccl. Observer Apr. 131 A Christian who has sinned ought to be hard on himself. 1952 J. D. Mackie Early Tudors xiii. 455 Thomas More, like other non-combatants, was very hard upon the soldier home from the wars. 2011 Church Times 21 Oct. 6/5 It distresses me to see so many women being hard on themselves, and on other women. b. Of circumstances or events: to be unpleasant or difficult for (someone), to be unfair to. [In quot. 1617 translating Aramaic hăwā qĕšē to be difficult (in Targum Onkelos, Exodus 2:23: wĕ 'it’annaḥū bĕnē yiśrā’ēl min pulḥānā dahăwā qĕšē ʿălēyhōn, lit. ‘and they oppressed the children of Israel with a servitude which was hard upon them’).] ΚΠ 1617 H. Ainsworth tr. in Annot. Second Bk. Moses, called Exodus sig. B1v [The Chaldee addeth,]servitude which was hard upon them. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 245 To be sure, bad weather is hard upon people who are obliged to be abroad. 1864 C. M. Yonge Trial I. vi. 113 It is hard on a man who has been at work all day to come home and find a dark house and nobody to speak to. 1912 Musical Standard 2 Nov. 278/1 Many folk..do not want to hear Wagner every Monday, and it is rather hard upon them that ten per cent..of the programmes should be thus specialized. 1946 S. J. Perelman Keep it Crisp 219 It's hard on us oldsters, but it isn't going to be easy for you, either. 2003 L. S. Cunningham Dreams of Rescue 222 It will be hard on him, I think, to hear his weaknesses..exposed in open court. c. Of an action, event, person, etc.: to cause (excessive) damage or wear to (something); to hurt or damage. ΚΠ 1831 M. Griffith Our Neighbourhood vi. 37 The droughts of summer and the frosts of winter are very hard on rootless plants. 1874 A. M. Diaz Lucy Maria xvi. 107 The mothers discussing their children..; which ones outgrew their clothes, which ones were hard on shoes, and which the contrary. 1910 Living Age 8 Jan. 83/2 This sort of thing pursued by candlelight is hard upon the eyes. 1969 Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News 24 Mar. 19/7 The course is very bumpy here and is very hard on the suspension systems. 2003 J. B. Hunsaker Seeing Elephant 45 This type of high protein diet..is very hard on the kidneys and often results in diarrhea. P2. Phrases formed on the noun, with the sense ‘difficulty, hardship, misfortune, etc.’. Cf. sense B. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > with difficulty of (also by, with) hardc1330 with needa1500 by (also with) the skin of one's teeth1560 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > violently [phrase] of hardc1330 at (the) utterance1480 hip and thigh1560 with a vengeance1568 with a powderc1600 with a siserary1607 full fling1614 with the vengeance1693 like a thousand (also hundred) of brick(s)1836 c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1726 (MED) Y com fram Lombardy, Of hard y-schaped for þe maistrie. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Eccles. i. 15 Peruertid men of hard ben amendid. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 100 Þes synneris bi hard ben turned to God. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3004 He with hard schapid. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > in or to the greatest degree never solOE with (also mid) the mostc1275 for the masteryc1325 to the bestc1390 to the uttermostc1400 at the hardest1429 to the utmostc1450 to the skies (also sky)1559 at float1594 all to nothing1606 to the height1609 to the proofa1625 to the last degree1639 to the welkin?1746 (the) worst kind1839 for all it's worth1864 as —— as they make them?a1880 in the highest1897 to the nth (degree, power)1897 up to eleven1987 1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §18. m. 13 If þe pleine deliveraunce of þe seide Barbazan, myght pleinly quite out of prison þe seide lord Talbot, and seignur Wauter Hungreford þe yonger, or elles atte þe hardest þe seide Lord Talbot. ?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 81 (MED) Atte the hardest [Fr. au moins], for a while, thou wilt not goo ferre. 1548 F. Bryan tr. A. de Guevara Dispraise Life Courtier iv. sig. e.i He may be accompanied in the village with wise and sage frendes, or at the hardest with good bokes. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. ii. v. f. 78/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I S. Dauides hath Pembrooke and Caermardine shyres, whose liuerie or first fruites to the Sie of Rome was 1500. Ducates at the hardest. c. ΚΠ 1670 J. Eachard Grounds Contempt of Clergy 114 Let the hardest come to the hardest; if they can get by heart, Quid est Fides? 1831 T. Carlyle Let. 29 Aug. in J. A. Froude T. Carlyle: First Forty Years (1910) II. viii. 151 Let hard come to hard as it will; we will study to be ready for it. 1833 Fraser's Mag. Aug. 133/2 To watch only that thy own ease be not invaded,—let otherwise hard come to hard as it will and can? 1848 R. W. Emerson Jrnl. (1973) 274 If hard come to hard, the camel has a great deal of hump left to spend from. (b) hard comes (also goes) to hard: the most difficult circumstances arise; the worst comes to the worst. Now Irish English (rare). ΚΠ 1727 P. Walker Some Remarkable Passages Semple, Welwood & Cameron 120 This implicite Faith, and Way of Working, would have made melancholly Suffering, when Hard came to Hard, of Boots, Thumbikins and Fire-matches. 1863 Cornhill Mag. July 109 There is the army in the background ready to fight the matter out if hard comes to hard. 1897 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 429/2 He did his utmost..to maintain it [sc. the traditional policy]..by the means which his predecessors considered the only effective ones when hard comes to hard. 1928 Irish Breeder 18 A plain, common beast wul iye howl its ain, If hard goes to hard, cud leeve on a stane. d. Originally and chiefly Scottish. to come (also go, etc.) through the hards (also hard): to experience hardship or difficulty. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Banffshire, Aberdeenshire, Angus, and Fife in 1956. ΚΠ 1820 R. Mudie Glenfergus III. xxxi. 229 Tibbie an' Colin, that hae come sae sair throu' the hards. 1858 G. Roy Generalship vi. 101 The bits o' bairns run a great risk o' coming through the hard. 1904 R. Small Hist. U.P. Congregat. I. 462 Again Arthur Street had passed through the hards. 1921 Ld. Craigmyle Lett. to Isabel 165 Has any one of them gone through the hards for education? Not one of them. I have. 1928 N. Shepherd Quarry Wood xvi. 262 ‘She's come through the hards, yer Aunt Sally,’ Geordie had said to Martha. a. to (also unto) the hard ——: right to, even to (the specified place or point); to the very or utmost (place or point). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > distance > nearness > near by [phrase] > close against to the hard ——c1400 chock1782 the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > utter to the hard ——c1400 as or so very a1560 a fool (also man, etc.) in print1600 of the first (also finest, best, etc.) water1824 dyed in the wool1830 c1400 Brut (Rawl. B. 171) 243 (MED) Þe Scottes..brent tounes vnto þe herde erþe. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 189 Wee weren cast doun & beten down..to the hard erthe be wyndes and thondres. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 28 Theire horse knees braste to the harde bone. ?1516 T. More Mery Gest He bare hyt oute, vnto the harde hedge. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) John ii. f. cxxj Fylled them vp to the harde brym. a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) i. i. sig. A.iij Up is he to the harde eares in loue. 1665 R. Monsey Scarronides 79 Alecto unwilling to retard cutts, Caus'd him to shoot him to the hard gutts. 1815 C. Lloyd tr. V. Alfieri Conspiracy of Pazzi v. iii, in tr. V. Alfieri Trag. III. 366 To the hard extremity by force They have compell'd us. b. at (also by) (the) hard ——: right at, completely at (the specified place or point). Obsolete. ΚΠ c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iv. 289 Thise valiaunt women [sc. the Amazons] so nere enchaced theym at the harde heles. ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. E.jv I smot of his legge by the hard ars, As sone as I met hym there. 1528 T. More Dialogue Heresyes ii, in Wks. 187/1 I am in this matter euen at the harde wall, & se not how to go further. 1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth ii. 103 That he might follow the report of his comming at the hard heeles. 1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World vi. 196 I kept all the canvass..at hard bats end. ΚΠ 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 845 He..Hewyt on hard with dyntis sad and sar. 1546 G. Joye Refut. Byshop Winchesters Derke Declar. f. cxxxviiv If ye think yt Nicolas his eares be not stopt..kry on hard vpon him. P5. hard of hearing: not able to hear well; somewhat or partially deaf; also as n. (with the and plural agreement) partially deaf people as a class. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of ear > disordered hearing > [adjective] > hard of hearing hard of hearing1564 thick listed1579 deafish1611 dunny1708 1564 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 134 The testatrixe was hard of hearinge. 1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum vi. x. 745 The juyce of Sorrell dropped into the eares of such as are hard of hearing helpeth oftentimes. 1749 D. Garrick Lethe (new ed.) 13 What does he say, John—eh?—I am hard of Hearing. 1864 D. B. St. J. Roosa tr. A. F. von Tröltsch Dis. Ear xxiii. 230 The child, who was, properly speaking, only hard of hearing, grows more and more deaf and dumb. 1906 Outlook 6 Jan. 6/2 (advt.) New York School for the Hard-of-Hearing..instruction in lip-reading. 1950 Lancet 11 Nov. 532/2 Practical courses..on audiometry and hearing-aids, hard-of-hearing children, [etc.]. 1991 Garden Apr. (Proceedings Suppl.) p. viii/1 On behalf of the hard of hearing, I would like to say how much we appreciate the installation of the loop which has enabled us..to hear what is going on. 2007 One in Seven Apr. 12/1 As your magazine title reminds us, there are millions of licence payers who are deaf or hard of hearing. P6. a. hard at: busily or energetically engaged in; esp. in hard at work. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > acting vigorously or energetically [phrase] hard at1570 1570 J. God Disc. Great Crueltie of Widowe sig. B.iijv Hard at woorke,..She skant would lift hir from her stoole where she as then did spin. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. i. 21 My Father Is hard at study; pray now rest your selfe, Hee's safe for these three houres. View more context for this quotation 1648 J. Lilburne Lawes Funerall 2 I..found both Judges and my Grandee Adversary, Soliciter, Sr. Iohn. &c. very hard at whispering discourse, near the Chancery Court. 1717 W. Nicolson London Diaries 4–8 July (1985) 664 P.m. Hard at my press-work. 1763 London Chron. 20 Jan. 1/1 They are likewise hard at work at Toulon on the construction of ships of war. a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) I. 321 Fair Childhood hard at play. 1871 Lady M. A. Barker Christmas Cake in Four Quarters iv. iii. 302 The quoits were got out, and the iron pegs stuck in the ground, and some of the shearers were soon hard at work pitching the heavy circlets through the air. 1900 T. Dreiser Sister Carrie ii. 17 A polished array of office fixtures, much frosted glass, clerks hard at work. 1947 Flying Sept. 74/1 In the upstairs office he looks like a student hard at study. 2008 C. Walsh Interns iii. 35 When I'm away from my desk, you make sure to tell people that I'm hard at work on our presentation. b. hard at it: busily or energetically engaged in some action or process (specified or implied); working with great effort or intensity. Cf. at it at at prep. 16b. ΚΠ 1590 Tarltons Newes out of Purgatorie 29 He hied him thither, and found them all hard at it by the teeth. 1636 H. Peacham Coach & Sedan sig. B4v Their Masters who have bin hard at it, at the Taverne overnight, would..have lyen till nine or tenne. 1663 S. Pepys Diary 15 Apr. (1971) IV. 103 I to my office and there hard at it till almost noon. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones III. vii. v. 32 Pray who hath been the Occasion of putting her into those violent Passions? Nay, who hath actually put her into them? Was not you and she hard at it before I came into the Room? View more context for this quotation 1762 L. Sterne Let. 19 Oct. in Lett. 1739–64 (2009) 294 Miss Shandy is hard at it with musick, dancing, and French speaking. 1811 J. Austen Let. 30 Apr. (1995) 186 By this time I suppose she is hard at it, governing away—poor creature! 1897 W. Beatty Secretar 182 I was hard at it raxing my brains trying to think. 1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xxvii. 269 Pinto beans..were no sooner out and stacked than the men were hard at it putting in winter wheat. 1964 C. Willock Enormous Zoo i. 13 The circular saws were soon hard at it. 2005 Gay Times Dec. 12/1 Will's been hard at it lately—and not just at the gym. ΘΚΠ the world > space > distance > nearness > near by [phrase] > closely or at close quarters nearhand1548 to meet at hard edge1591 toe-to-toe1942 society > society and the community > dissent > fighting > [phrase] > so far as to meet at hard edge1591 society > society and the community > dissent > fighting > [phrase] > at close quarters hand to hand?a1400 at hand1565 to meet at hard edge1591 close quarters1809 at grips1857 corps à corps1890 the world > space > distance > nearness > [adverb] > contiguously > in position of contact to meet at hard edge1591 1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xxxiii. lxxii. 273 They might a thousand times at hard-edg met, And neither blade thereby a gap would get. 1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison I. xvii. 111 I will never meet at hard-edge with her. hard and sharp n. Obsolete a type of bridle having a curb bit and a single set of reins. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > bit kevela1300 barnaclea1382 bitc1385 molanc1400 bridle bit1438 snafflea1533 titup1537 bastonet?1561 cannon?1561 scatch1565 cannon bit1574 snaffle-bit1576 port mouth1589 watering snaffle1593 bell-bit1607 campanel1607 olive1607 pear-bit1607 olive-bit1611 port bit1662 neck-snaffle1686 curb-bit1688 masticador1717 Pelham1742 bridoon1744 slabbering-bit1753 hard and sharp1787 Weymouth1792 bridoon-bit1795 mameluke bit1826 Chiffney-bit1834 training bit1840 ring snaffle1850 gag-snaffle1856 segundo1860 half-moon bit1875 stiff-bit1875 twisted mouth1875 thorn-bit1886 Scamperdale1934 bit-mouth- 1787 ‘G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsemen 22 (note) Were a pig to be driven in a hard and sharp, or a Weymouth. 1850 Sporting Mag. Jan. 47 We will suppose a man had a hack whose mouth was not good enough for a snaffle, a ‘hard and sharp’ was resorted to, probably a Pelham with a single rein. ΚΠ 1830 J. Galt Lawrie Todd I. ii. i. 93 Four hundred and thirty-three dollars..counted out to me in the hard. P10. Originally and chiefly U.S. to give (a person) a hard time: (a) to make life difficult for (a person); (b) to criticize or chastise (a person); to mock or tease. ΚΠ 1837 Maine Farmer 4 Apr. 1/2 Old winter is fast leaving us. He has given us a hard time of it.] 1876 N.-Y. Times 31 Dec. 6/7 He..was hunted by detectives, who gave him a hard time. 1948 Harper's Mag. Aug. 72/1 Keep your sense of humor and don't give me a hard time because you can't always get the reservations you want. 1955 C. E. Mercer There comes Time xi. 153 He shook his head. ‘She's just giving him a hard time in the way she does everyone. Meanness, most call it.’ 1974 ‘P. Mann’ Dog Day Afternoon (1975) xvii. 152 They gave him a hard time for several minutes, until Moretti showed up and busted ass for a while. 1990 N. Blei Chi Town 146 Nobody here gives me a hard time 'cept this mailman here... He tried to give me a knuckle sandwich the other day. 2005 New Yorker 3 Jan. 46/1 I remember him sitting in the bleachers and these guys around him giving him a hard time, calling him ‘Kush-Kush’. P11. hard-to-get: difficult to obtain; (also) aloof, unapproachable. Cf. to play hard to get at play v. 28c. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] > not affable strange1338 estrangec1374 formal?1518 cold1557 squeamish1561 icy1567 buckrama1589 repulsive1598 starched1600 unaffable1603 stiff1608 withdrawing1611 reserved1612 aloof1639 cool1641 uncordial1643 inaffable1656 staunch1659 standfra1683 distant1710 starcha1716 distancing1749 pokerish1779 buckramed1793 angular1808 easeless1811 touch-me-not1817 starchy1824 standoffish1826 offish1827 poker-backed1830 standoff1837 stiffish1840 chilly1841 unapproachable1848 hedgehoggy1866 sticky1882 hard-to-get1899 stand-away1938 princesse lointaine1957 1899 Washington Post 3 Apr. 7/1 (advt.) The hard-to-get Gray Mixed Cheviots, in four grades and exquisite shadings, 75c...a yard. 1938 Times of India 19 Feb. 18/5 (advt.) Follow the go getter and his hard-to-get girl in their madcap adventures around the whirl! 1951 P. G. Wodehouse Old Reliable xi. 132 Why are you pulling this hard-to-get stuff on Joe? 1981 Bon Appétit Nov. 225/3 (advt.) A plump delicacy so rare, so superior, so hard-to-get, it surpasses the cuisine of world famous restaurants. 2012 N. Dettmann Life Worth dreaming About vi. 90 They liked his bad-boy persona and hard-to-get attitude. P12. the hard way: (in) the most difficult or unpleasant method of doing something; esp. through bitter experience; by one's own unaided efforts. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [phrase] > with difficulty > by the most difficult method the hard way1914 1914 C. L. Burnham Right Track xv. 230 ‘You had to learn the hard way, did n't you?’ she said tenderly. ‘What do you mean? There is n't any other way in this awful world.’ 1923 Lawrence (Kansas) Jrnl. World 11 Apr. 4/1 The reds appear to reason, why go about it the hard way when a short cut holds prospect of better results and in a much shorter time? 1954 M. Croft Spare Rod i. ii. 12 I'm starting you off the hard way. 1971 D. Lees Rainbow Conspiracy ix. 135 In the end I nearly found the reservoir the hard way. 2009 R. Garay Manship School x. 137 Veteran newspapermen who had come up the hard way, learning their skills in the hard school of experience. < as lemmas |
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