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throstlen. Origin: Apparently a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Apparently cognate with Middle High German drostel , trostel , and further (see note) with Middle Dutch drossel , droesel (Dutch drossel ), Old Saxon drōsla (Middle Low German drōsle , German regional (Low German) dråssel , draussel , drausele , German Drossel ( < Middle Low German)), probably all < a suffixed (diminutive: compare -el suffix1) form of an ablaut variant (zero-grade) of the Germanic base of Old Icelandic þrǫstr (Icelandic þröstur ), Norwegian trost , (regional) trast , Swedish trast , Danish trost (also trast ) < an Indo-European base seen (with various ablaut grades) in classical Latin turdus , Old Russian drozd′′ (Russian drozd ), Czech drozd , Bulgarian drozd , Old Prussian tresde , Lithuanian strazdas , Latvian strazds , all in sense ‘thrush’. Compare thrush n.1, thrushel n.Developments in Germanic. The precise relationship between the Germanic forms listed here is uncertain; phonological influence from another associated word, such as the Germanic base of ouzel n., has been adduced to explain the forms with a long stem vowel, which are otherwise phonologically problematic. The synonym thrush n.1 appears to reflect a distinct but related Germanic base, perhaps arising from the base of the present word by dissimilation of original -st- to -sk- after the initial þr- or by secondary association with formations in the Germanic guttural suffix -sk- . For parallel suffixed formations (compare -el suffix1) from the base of thrush n.1, compare thrushel n. and forms in the Germanic languages cited at that entry. For further discussion, see A. L. Lloyd et al. Etymol. Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen (1998) II. 802–6. Notes on forms. Old English þrostle is usually assumed to have a short stem vowel, although the possibility of an originally long vowel (as in Old Saxon drōsla ) with subsequent shortening before the following consonant group has occasionally been suggested. The Old English form strosle at α. forms (in an isolated attestation: see the variant reading in quot. OE2 at sense 1) has sometimes been interpreted as a regional (Mercian) by-form and compared with early modern German Strossel (one apparently isolated attestation in 1561) and the Baltic cognates cited above; however, the Germanic evidence for initial s- seems tenuous. The vocalism of the β. and γ. forms probably results from association with thrush n.1 and thrushel n. (compare forms at those entries). A number of forms in these sections (as e.g. thurstel, þurstel at β. forms, thirstil, thirstle, thirssle at γ. forms) show metathesis of r . Notes on senses. It has been suggested that the diminutive suffix in this formation implies that originally, as a bird name (see sense 1), it denoted the song thrush as distinct from a larger kind of thrush, such as the mistle thrush, which was denoted by thrush n.1 and its Germanic parallels. It does not seem possible to trace this distinction clearly in early English use, although a distinction between the two bird names seems sometimes to be implied (compare e.g. quots. c1275, a1375 at sense 1). It has also been suggested that the early sense ‘blackbird’ in English is at least partly due to the inaccuracy of translators; however, the word is well attested in Old English and Middle English as a translation equivalent of classical Latin merula and French merle (see merle n.1) and also occurs in contexts specifically referring to the bird's black colouring (compare e.g. quots. OE1, OE2 at sense 1). Compare also English regional (Durham) black-throstle blackbird (19th cent.). In sense 2 with allusion to the high-pitched noise made by the rapidly rotating spindles of the machine, which was thought to resemble birdsong. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > family Muscicapidae (thrushes, etc.) > subfamily Turdinae > [noun] > genus Turdus (thrush) eOE (1890) 117/2 Turdella, ðrostle [c1200 Bodl. 730 þrostle]. OE Ælfric (Bodl. 340) xi. 93 Witodlice an blac þrostle flicorode ymbe his neb. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. ii. 100 Soðlice him com to sum swyþe sweart & lytel fugel, se is on folcisc þrostle [OE Otho strosle; L. merola] gehaten. c1175 Libellus de Nominibus Naturalium Rerum in T. Hunt (1991) I. 23 Merula, merle .i. þrostle. c1275 (?c1250) (Calig.) (1935) 1659 Þaruore anan to hire cherde Þrusche & þrostle & wudewale. a1325 (Cambr.) (1929) 709 Mauviz [glossed] throstel. a1375 (c1350) (1867) l. 820 Boþe þe þrusch & þe þrustele bi xxxti of boþe. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall (1901) ii. 489 (MED) Þe þrestel song ful schille. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) 7480 A fend of helle Yn a lykenes of a bryd. A ‘þrostyl’ [Fr. merle] ys þe name kyd. (Harl. 221) 493 Thrustylle, bryd [1499 Pynson thrusshill or thrustyll], merula. a1529 J. Skelton (?1545) sig. B.iv The threstyl with her warblyng..The countrynge of the coe. 1576 G. Gascoigne Complaynt of Phylomene in sig. Kv The Throstle she, which makes the wood to ring With shryching lowde. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. x. xlii. 293 Agrippina the Empresse..had a Blackbird or a Throstle [L. turdum]..which could counterfeit mans speech. 1661 I. Walton (ed. 3) i. 10 How doth the Black-bird and Thrassel..bid welcome to the cheerful Spring! 1766 T. Pennant ii. 91 The throstle is the finest of our singing birds. 1798 W. Wordsworth Tables Turned in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge 187 And hark! how blithe the throstle sings! 1841 R. Browning Pippa Passes iv, in 15/2 Oh Lark be day's apostle To mavis, merle and throstle. 1891 A. Austin 95 Forlorn, forsaken, shall I be until Primrose peep and throstle shrill, And in the orchard gleam the outriding daffodil. 1920 A. Gray 15 The throstles 'ill sing at your winnock. 1991 21 Dec. 1576/2 The jackdaws woke up in the cathedral tower, and although it was the middle of the night the throstles and robins sang. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture of thread or yarn > [noun] > spinning > machine > types of 1792 19 Nov. (advt.) To be Sold, The machinery for the Manufacturing of Cotton, at Balby, near Doncaster, consisting of..Spinning Jennies, Mules, a Throstle Loom, &c. 1794 10 June 2 throstles or water spinning engines. 1804 J. Aston 280 The cotton in this state, is ready to be applied to the water-spinning machine, or another machine, which answers nearly the same purpose, called a Throstle, which is worked by water, or the application [of] steam. 1835 A. Ure 110 Both systems of spinning, namely, the continuous or by throstles, and the discontinuous or by mules. 1875 E. H. Knight III. 2564/1 The throstle derived its name from the singing or humming which it occasioned. 1909 196/1 But if you were taken to see a ‘spinning mule’, or a ‘throstle’, as the machines which make thread are called, you would be bewildered by their complicated and rapid movements. 1920 A. P. Usher xii. 290 But even when the throstle is most carefully used, it is incapable of producing the finer grades of yarn. 2010 70 539 The water frames, and later the throstle, by twisting and drawing the yarn simultaneously, could produce a coarse yarn faster and cheaper than the mule. Compounds C1. General attributive. 1689 J. Chetham (ed. 2) xxxv. 224 The feathers got from the Quills of a Throstle-wing, is excellent. ?a1854 Proud Lady Margaret (Buchan) in F. J. Child (1884) I. ii. 429/2 The thristle-throat is the next that sings Unto the nightingale. 1861 J. M'Gilchrist ii. i. 45 If the throstle-hen knows not the mottled lover that sings to her, [etc.]. 1880 G. Barlow 13 My throstle-poems wail their strong Lament. 1903 J. S. Martin 33 Through woods,..A quickening trill of throstle song doth run. 2011 (Nexis) 17 Mar. 2 Those..throstle eggs and custard apples don't come cheap. 1806 7 Aug. (advt.) Wanted, Fifty Throstle Spinners. 1828 10 Oct. 239/3 It [sc. a new machine for spinning flax and hemp] is said..to produce about the same quantity as the throstle spindles in the cotton manufacture. 1835 A. Ure 40 A throstle frame made in the best manner. 1835 A. Ure 71 The throstle twist, which has been so largely exported of late years. 1844 G. Dodd i. 35 The roller principle, modified in a manner..represented by the throstle machine, is that by which the strong and hard yarns are produced. 1862 41 558/3 The Throstle Spinner..has an assistant, called the Throstle Doffer, a little girl or boy. 1884 W. S. B. McLaren (ed. 2) viii. 150 There are four methods of spinning worsted, three of which come under the head of throstle frames... The fourth is the mule. 1959 N. Smelser 214 Throstle reelers earned 19 s. per week in 1806, but by 1810 this had declined to 12 s. 1990 I. Cohen ii. 29 In 1811 Britain had thirteen mule spindles for every throstle and in 1831 the proportion of mule to throstle spindles was twelve to one. 2007 May 152 Throstle-spinners, largely a female group, struck as well. C2. the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > others 1747 W. Hooson sig. Vv Throstlebrest, a kind of Ore or rather Knockings, mixt with a brown Tuft. 1757 T. Birch IV. 239 Mr. Hooke shewed [at a meeting in 1683] a sort of glistering ore, which, Dr. Lister said, was called throstle-breast; and that it yielded its silver easily, but that the quantity was not great. 1811 W. Watson 52 Galena, when of leafy lamellar fracture; Provincially Throstle-breast, or Dice Ore. 1913 A. Greenwell & J. V. Elsden v. 167 The chert bed proper is a layer 8 ft. thick consisting of pure chert, known as ‘throstlebreast’ from its mottled appearance. the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > male > [adjective] > having antlers > of particular form > of form of antlers 1785 R. Barker in (Royal Soc.) 75 354 Horns..which park-keepers in this part of the country call throstle-nest horns,..the upper part..is branched out into a number of short antlers which form an hollow about large enough to contain a thrush's nest. 1898 5 Mar. 8/1 Antlers of the ‘throstle nest’ type. 1911 (new ed.) I. 240/1 The apparent beam above the tres is the ‘royal tine’, and that all points springing therefrom are called sur-royals, anterior and posterior, and often form a cup—the ‘throstle's nest’ of the Scot.] Derivatives 1870 R. S. Brooke xxvi. 227 I never had heard such a voice—so rich, so round, so throstle-like. 1955 L. Koch i. 16 One of the loveliest [songbirds] of mine was the Indian shama, a throstle-like species. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.eOE |
