| 释义 |
thresholdn. Forms: α. early Old English ðerscold, Old English þencgelde (dative, transmission error), Old English þerscold, Old English þerxold, Old English ðrexold, Middle English threscholde, Middle English thresschold, Middle English thresscholde, Middle English thresshald, Middle English þresshald, Middle English thresshhold, Middle English þresshold, Middle English thressold, Middle English þrosschald, Middle English throssold, Middle English thryssheholde, Middle English–1500s thressholde, Middle English–1600s thresshold, Middle English– threshold, late Middle English therschold, 1500s thrashold, 1500s threshholde, 1500s threshould, 1500s threszsholde, 1500s tresholde, 1500s–1600s thresholde, 1500s–1700s (1800s– nonstandard) threshhold; English regional 1700s threscold (Derbyshire), 1800s drashold (Somerset); Scottish pre-1700 threschald, pre-1700 threschold, pre-1700 threshald, pre-1700 threshold, pre-1700 thressald, 1800s thrashold. β. early Old English þyrscwold, Old English þærscwald, Old English þærscwold, Old English ðærscwold, Old English þercswold, Old English þerexwold, Old English þerrscwald, Old English þerscwald, Old English þerscwold, Old English ðerscwold, Old English þerxwold, Old English þirscwald, Old English þræxwold, Old English þrexweald, Old English þrexwold, Old English ðrexwold, Old English þyrxwold, Old English–early Middle English þreoxwold, late Old English þeorscwold, early Middle English therswald, early Middle English therswalde, early Middle English þreexweold, Middle English þreiswald, Middle English threschewalde, Middle English þreschwald, Middle English threschwalde, Middle English threschwold, Middle English threschwolde, Middle English threscwold, Middle English þrescwolde, Middle English threshwold, Middle English threshwolde, Middle English thresschewold, Middle English thresshewold, Middle English þresshewold, Middle English thresshewolde, Middle English þresshewolde, Middle English thresshwold, Middle English threswald, Middle English threswold, Middle English þrexwolde, Middle English thriswald, Middle English throsschewald, Middle English throswald, Middle English thryshwald, Middle English thryswold, Middle English treschwald, late Middle English freswald, 1500s threskwold (Nottinghamshire); English regional 1800s freshwold (Yorkshire); Scottish pre-1700 thraswald, pre-1700 threswald, pre-1700 thryswald, pre-1700 treswald. γ. Middle English thrasshefold, Middle English threisfold, Middle English þreisshfold, Middle English þreschefolde, Middle English threschfold, Middle English þreschfold, Middle English thresfold, Middle English þresfold, Middle English thresfolde, Middle English þresfolde, Middle English threshefold, Middle English þreshefold, Middle English threshfold, Middle English threshfoold, Middle English thresschefold, Middle English thresschefolde, Middle English thresschfold, Middle English thresshfold, Middle English þresshfold, Middle English þresuold, Middle English þrexfold, Middle English þreyshfold, Middle English throschfold, Middle English þroschfolde, Middle English throsfold, Middle English þroshfold, Middle English trefold (perhaps transmission error), Middle English treshfold, late Middle English dreschfolde. δ. late Middle English þresfol, 1500s thressholl, 1500s treshall, 1500s trestle, 1500s–1600s threshall, 1600s threshal; English regional 1600s 1800s– threshel, 1800s thressel (Lincolnshire), 1800s throshel (Suffolk), 1800s troshel (East Anglian), 1800s trostle (Norfolk), 1800s– thressle (Yorkshire and north-east midlands), 1900s thrassel (Suffolk), 1900s threskle (Nottinghamshire), 1900s thrushal (Lincolnshire), 1900s– thresher (Lancashire), 1900s– throshull (Suffolk). also south-western 1800s drashle, 1800s draxel, 1800s dreckstool, 1800s drescel, 1800s dreshel, 1800s dreshol, 1800s dressel, 1800s dresshel, 1800s druckstool, 1800s drushel, 1800s drussell, 1800s druxel, 1800s–1900s drakesel, 1800s–1900s drexil, 1800s– drashel, 1900s dreshul, 1900s dreskal. ; Scottish pre-1700 thraschell, pre-1700 thrashell, pre-1700 thrashwall, pre-1700 threshell, pre-1700 threshwell, pre-1700 thresschell, pre-1700 thriswall, 1700s threshal, 1800s thrashal, 1800s thrashol, 1900s– thrashel, 1900s– thrashle, 1900s– tressel (Shetland); Irish English 1800s– threshel (northern), 1900s– thrashel (northern), 1900s– threeshal (northern), 1900s– thresal (northern), 1900s– treasal. ε. 1600s treshwart (Durham); English regional 1800s threscot (Derbyshire), 1800s threshfod (Yorkshire), 1800s threshurt (Cumberland), 1800s threshwort (Cumberland), 1800s threshwurt (Cumberland), 1800s–1900s freshwood (northern), 1800s–1900s threshut (Lancashire), 1800s– threshwood (northern), 1900s freshwod (Yorkshire), 1900s threscod (Nottinghamshire), 1900s threskut (Derbyshire); Scottish pre-1700 thraschit, 1800s threshwort, 1800s– threshwart. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Low German dreskelef , Old High German driskufli , driskubli (Middle High German drischūvel , drischūfel , drischeufel , drischübel , dristhubel , trüschübel , German (now regional) Drischaufel ), Old Icelandic þreskǫldr , þreskjǫldr , þrǫskuldr , þerskǫldr (Icelandic þröskuldur ), Old Swedish þriskulde , þrisculle , triskulle , dräskulli (Swedish tröskel ), Old Danish thræskæld , thærskilde , thørskild (Danish tærskel ), further origin uncertain; probably < the Germanic base of thresh v. (in its original sense ‘to tread, step’: see discussion at that entry) + (with vowel variation) a Germanic suffix forming nouns of action or instrument (see needle n. and heavel n.). Form history. English and Scandinavian show an early metathesis of the consonants in the suffix (compare bold n. and see discussion at that entry). In Old English, many forms show metathesis of r (compare e.g. ðerscold at α. forms and the forms of thresh v.) and some show metathesis of -s- (compare e.g. ðrexold at α. forms). On variation of the initial consonant from Middle English onwards, compare discussion at th n.1 Folk-etymological alterations. The formation ceased to be transparent at an early stage, with the second element in particular showing many alterations in different languages. Compare Middle High German drischūfel (German Drischaufel ), showing alteration after schūfel shovel n.; German Trittschäuflein , showing further alteration after Tritt tread n. (similarly Swedish †trädskål ); and Icelandic þrepskjöldur , showing alteration after þrep base, platform, low step and (as already in Old Icelandic þreskjǫldr ) skjöldur shield n. In English, some of the α. forms reflect an alteration after hold n.1 (compare the present-day variant pronunciation with /h/; in later use perhaps specifically after household n.); the β. forms probably reflect alteration after wold n.; the γ. forms probably after fold n.3 or fold n.2; and some of the regional forms at δ. and ε. after stool n., wood n.1, and apparently -ard suffix. Sense history. In early use often translating classical Latin līmen threshold, lintel, entrance, house (see limen n.). The precise sense intended is sometimes not entirely certain, especially in translations of uses of līmen in the Vulgate (compare e.g. quot. OE2, OE1 at sense 1aα. ). 1. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of door > [noun] > threshold or door-step α. OE (Laud) xii. 22 Dyppað ysopan sceaft on þam blode þe is on þam þerxolde [L. in limine]. OE (Laud.) vi. 9 Write þa on þinum þerscolde and on þines huses durum [L. in limine et ostiis domus tuae]. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1963) 3 Kings xiv. 17 Sche wente in þe þresshold [a1425 Corpus Oxf. threshwold; a1425 L.V. threschfold] of þe hous. 1458–9 Churchwardens' Accts. St. Margaret's Southwark in (1847) 32 638 Payd for the thresshold at the West dorre, viijd. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil vi. i. 100 To the dur thressald cumin ar thai. 1535 1 Sam. v. 5 They..treade not vpon the threszsholde of Dagon. 1553 T. Becon (1563) 256 b At euery time the bishop shal come vnto ye church dore & strike ye threshold thereof with his Crossier staffe. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. v. 119 When I first my wedded Mistris saw Bestride my Threshold . View more context for this quotation 1727 J. Gay I. xxiii. 80 The horse-shoe's nail'd (each threshold's guard). 1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton I. i. i. 9 A tall figure crossed the threshold. 1977 (Time Life Bks.) (1989) i. 14/3 If you use a metal tuck-in strip as a threshold.., leave the vinyl edge in the doorway unglued until the strip is installed. 2005 A. Chapin iii. 22 Katherine paused at the threshold and peered in. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of door > [noun] > door lintel c1350 Nominale (Cambr. Ee.4.20) in (1906) 15* Al hoes couient suz-lyme, To the dore be-houeth thresschewold. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. xii. 7 Þei schullen take of his blode, & leggen apon eyþer post, & in þe þreschwaldis [L. superliminaribus] of þe housis. 1821 J. Clare I. 11 The rural sports of May, When each cot-threshold mounts its hailing bough. 1834 H. Martineau (new ed.) iv. 52 Cassius stood, leaning his forehead against his low threshold. 2007 M. C. Ford iv. 139 In his fatigue he failed to duck far enough, slamming his forehead painfully against the low threshold of the entrance. the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > [noun] > one who or that which hinders > a hindrance, impediment, or obstacle 1600 W. Cornwallis I. iv. sig. D2 This monster..makes his imagination build blockes and thresholdes, in the plainest and most beaten way. ?1706 E. Hickeringill vii. 70 I hope it was left by chance, and not on purpose to be a Threshold, or Stumbling-block at the Church Door. the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > beginning > [noun] eOE tr. Bede (Tanner) v. vi. 398 Forðon þe he mæc..from deaðes þirscwalde wæs acegende [L. ab ipso, ut ita dicam, mortis limite reuocans]. 1593 Queen Elizabeth I tr. Boethius De Consolatione Philosophiæ in (1899) ii. pr. iv. 28 The thressholl of thy felicitie. 1659 in C. H. Firth (1901) IV. 297 I..shall be moste glad to heare that you are gott over the thresholde of your present troublesome stay in London, the country being the moste proper place for persons that are out of imployment. 1834 L. Ritchie 8 The youth, stepping proudly upon the threshold of manhood. 1865 6 feb. We are standing on the threshold of what is, in many respects, an experimental stage of our existence. 1905 (1907) III. iii. 76 Poland was at this time on the threshold of a period of political transition of an almost revolutionary character. 2008 6 Oct. 70/3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species—what one American official described to me as a kind of ‘emergency room’ for rare plant and animal species at the threshold of extinction. 3. the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun] > land-boundary eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) xiii. 77 He..unaliefde geðohtas ofðrycð, ðylæs he ofer ðone ðerscold his endebyrdnesse stæppe [L. ne extra ordinis limitem operis pedem tendat]. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxi. 285 Se ilca forwyrnð þæræ sæ þæt heo ne mot þone þeorscwold oferstæppan þære eorþan mæru. 1642 T. Fuller iii. iv. 159 Know most of the rooms of thy native countrey before thou goest over the threshold thereof. 1836 11 Aug. Admitted within the threshold of society, he finds intrigues of gallantry the great staple of conversation. 1862 F. W. Faber (new ed.) xlv. 138 Fair are the thresholds of blue sea. 1919 C. B. Hoyt iii. 28 The coal-smudged, gloomy streets and buildings of the city [sc. Le Havre] were not to them as they had pictured the threshold of France. 2018 (Nexis) 4 Aug. The Friday paralysis saw tailbacks extending from Lat Phrao in the north of Bangkok all the way to the threshold of the city centre. society > travel > air or space travel > airfield or airport > [noun] > runway > beginning of landing area 1936 5 Feb. 161/2 Along the approach boundary of the landing ground yellow sodium lamps are placed 25 metres apart to form a threshold which the pilot is almost sure to see in any weather. In an ideal arrangement the ‘threshold’ would be at right angles to the approach line. 1960 (B.S.I.) 15 A pilot needs to be given a clear indication of the runway threshold and the addition of wingbars, composed of green lights, is recommended to make the threshold more conspicuous in poor visibility. 2020 (Nexis) 25 Nov. The aircraft came to rest approximately 50 metres short of the threshold and to the left of the runway. 4. the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [noun] > minimum stimulus to produce response 1874 J. Sully 47 There is a certain limit below which our several sensibilities are unable to discriminate. This boundary..Fechner calls the ‘threshold’ (die Schwelle). 1886 E. Gurney et al. I. 453 A telepathic disturbance may take place below the threshold of consciousness. 1902 W. James vi. 135 One with a high threshold will doze through an amount of racket by which one with a low threshold would be immediately waked. 1965 W. Lamb iii. 44 There has been a lot of investigation of the threshold of fatigue in athletics and the type of training required to push this threshold back is well understood. 2016 (Nexis) 28 May I also do a long run and a couple of tempo runs. I don't go out for long, slow, steady miles. I have a very low threshold for boredom. 1899 F. S. Lee tr. M. Verworn v. 436 The threshold of stimulation, i.e., that degree of concentration at which the substances just begin to exert their chemotactic effect, is very different for different substances and different organisms. 1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley vii. 156 These substances are only excreted if the quantity of one of them contained in a given volume of plasma exceeds a certain limit, called the ‘threshold’. 1943 14 199 The threshold of reaction to histamine was determined by testing dilutions of standard strengths on the skin of treated patients by the iontophoretic method described. 1981 R. N. Hardy iv. 34 When the concentration of glucose in the plasma rises above the renal threshold..glucose appears in the urine. 2013 A. Rutherford Creation: Future of Life ii. 39 in The production of insulin is prompted by high blood glucose, and shut down when it reaches a threshold. the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [noun] > quality or fact of being extreme > limit or threshold 1920 58 75/2 It manifests itself as backlash in the adjustments around the threshold of oscillation. 1935 G. K. Zipf iii. 113 Every phoneme must also have a lower threshold below which it cannot pass without strengthening. 1950 (B.S.I.) i. 25 Cruising threshold, the equivalent air speed giving the lowest comfortable continuous cruising speed. 1983 Jan. 98/2 Above a certain threshold, known as the critical density, the expansion [of the universe] will eventually cease and contraction will begin. 2021 (Nexis) 5 Apr. 17 We know, from the results of numerous studies, that beyond a certain threshold, money itself does not bring happiness. 1925 23 217/2 The killing concentration for a given germ in vitro can be readily determined; the threshold of safety for the patient is a more difficult problem. 1943 35 1179/1 To determine the safety threshold with regard to possible effects other than on the teeth, carefully controlled studies must be made of populations who have used fluoride waters of relatively high concentration over a number of years. 1994 June 18/1 There has been some controversy about treating collies with ivermectin, because some collies have a low toxic threshold for the drug. 2010 (Nexis) 18 Feb. 12 The authors..add that cooking fumes contain other harmful components for which there is no safety threshold, as yet, and which appear to be higher with gas cooking. society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > wage structures and scales > [noun] > wage scale > point on scale society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [noun] > liability to taxation > point at which tax becomes payable 1914 27 Apr. 3/1 A fertile source of variation occurs on the threshold of the income-tax. 1956 7 Apr. 2/2 If Mr. Macmillan is able to introduce some new device to encourage personal savings, to provide tax relief for professional pensions, to raise the surtax threshold or improve the earned income allowance. 1992 14 Mar. 39/3 Mr Lamont gathered some money by freezing the married couple's allowance and the threshold of taxable income at which the 40% higher rate of tax becomes payable. 2010 (National ed.) 29 June a6/2 The proposal..would replace mining royalties paid to the government with a 40 percent ‘super profits’ tax on corporate income above a still unspecified threshold. Compounds C1. As a modifier. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of door > [adjective] > relating to a threshold 1535 2 Kings xxii. 5 The money that is brought vnto ye house of ye Lorde (which the tresholde kepers haue gathered). a1661 B. Holyday tr. Juvenal (1673) vi. 95 The hangings too, and threshold-boughs yet green. 1678 T. Otway v. 55 Let all the Doors be barr'd.., and Gunpowder under each Threshold-place. 1805 W. Scott i. i. 9 No living wight, save the Ladye alone, Had dared to cross the threshold stone. 1842 Ld. Tennyson St. Simeon Stylites in (new ed.) II. 62 His footsteps smite the threshold stairs Of life. 2005 A. Coburn xviii. 316 The lift..came to a sudden halt with the threshold step of the door just above the platform railing. the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > limit or threshold 1906 J. R. Murlin tr. R. Tigerstedt xvi. 455 In order that an external stimulus may produce a sensation, it must exceed a certain lower limit of strength, which is called, after Herbart, the threshold value of the stimulus. 1921 J. Mills 215 Threshold frequency, the minimum frequency of radiation which will produce photo-electric effects. 1941 in M. Gowing (1964) 400 Neutrons of less than a certain threshold energy..do not cause fission of 238U. 1964 W. G. Smith ii. 23 The tissue response would depend upon the number of susceptible cells..reached by a threshold concentration of histamine. 2007 8 333 This price is called the break-even price or threshold price for the new drug. society > computing and information technology > [noun] > logic > types of society > computing and information technology > [noun] > logic > operation > logic element society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > instruction 1947 3 In practice, the clipper may consist of a pair of threshold devices in cascade and whose grid biases are so adjusted that it is possible to utilize any desired portion between the top and bottom of the incoming pulses. 1960 9 122/1 Another useful logical two-state device is a threshold element. 1961 10 798/2 Elementary threshold functions, i.e., functions that can be implemented by a single threshold circuit, are first characterized for the cases of 2, 3, and 4 variables. 1975 N. N. Biswas vii. 183 In many cases where the nand or nor realizations may require a number of gates, the threshold logic may realize the function by only one gate. 1981 J. Sklansky & G. N. Wassel i. 14 The threshold gate has also been used as an elementary model of the neuron. 2001 V. P. Tuzlukov ii. 53 The outputs of the threshold devices are connected with the input of the logical block OR. C2. 1911 29 126 The threshold effect for the small coil was obtained by 7800 ampere turns. 1992 (1994) vii. i. 263/1 These phenotypes result from the presence of a critical number of mutant genes at the polygenic loci, which give rise to a threshold effect below which the phenotype will not be expressed. 2020 (Nexis) 5 Dec. What we show in the paper is that when global volatility goes over a certain level, then impact on economic growth is going to be extremely severe. You can think of a threshold effect. 1928 11 Aug. 4/3 There are probably many listeners who have at some time or another been troubled with what is commonly called ‘threshold howl’. 1983 B. Happé 33 Digital pitch changer, a device using digital techniques to alter the pitch of the original sound. Used with only a small pitch change to reduce the onset of threshold howl. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). thresholdv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: threshold n. Etymology: < threshold n. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [verb (transitive)] > tone, etc. 1943 M. Wallace 4/1 A potentiometer is provided for the important function of ‘thresholding’ the signals. 1976 Sept. 381/3 Figure 2 shows the result of magnifying and electronically thresholding a small portion of a landsat infrared image of the UK. 2015 70 376/1 The median filtered image was thresholded to produce the binary image for further analysis. Derivatives society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [noun] > toning 1945 C. W. Hansell in 1 213 Much of the effect of this minimum average level upon the record can be eliminated by thresholding. 1968 24 262/2 Simple thresholding (setting a limit above which everything is considered to be picture and below which everything is considered to be background) seems to work out quite well in coarse density-resolution scanners. 2017 134 23 As a technique for image segmentation, thresholding has been successfully utilized in various image processing tasks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021). <  n.eOE v.1943 |
