thoughadv.conj.n.

Brit.

/ðəʊ/, U.S.

/ðoʊ/

Forms:

α. Old English þéah, Old English ðǽh, Old English–Middle English ðæch, Old English–Middle English þæh, Old English–Middle English þéh, Middle English þai, Middle English þaiȝ, Middle English þaih, Middle English þay, Middle English þayȝ, Middle English þayh, Middle English the, Middle English þech, Middle English thegh, Middle English þehȝ, Middle English þĕhh ( Ormulum), Middle English thei, Middle English þei, Middle English þeiȝ, Middle English theigh, Middle English þeigh, Middle English þeiȝh, Middle English theighe, Middle English þeiȝt, Middle English þeih, Middle English they, Middle English þey, Middle English þeyȝ, Middle English þeyh. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xix. §1 Hu neara þære eorðan stede is, þeah heo us rum þince.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiv. 29 gif vel ðæh alle geondspyrand see..ah..næfre ic.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. John iv. 2 Ðæch se hælend ne fuluuade.971 Blickl. Hom. 37 Þeah [see A. 1].971 Blickl. Hom. 55 Þeh he geornlice gehyre þa word.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 77 He [Christ] nis nawiht alle monne lauerd, þech alle men bon on his onwald.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 395 Þatt teȝȝ..sinndenn þohh swa þehh i þohht.c1200 Vices & Virt. 9 Þeih me niede me to ðan aðe, me ne net me noht te forsweriȝen, ac soð te seggen of ðan ðe ic am bicleped.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 83 Þeh [see B. 4].c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 159 Al þat man doð..þehȝ hie ben don ec for godes luue.c1250 Hymn Virgin 62 in Trin. Coll. Hom. 257 Betere ne miȝte he þaiȝ he wolde.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11345 Wunder þæh [c1300 Otho þeh] hit þunche.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6489 He þus sæide soð þæh [c1300 Otho þoh] hit nære.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1257 Þaih [c1300 Otho þoh] he bere ræd gold.c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 260/148 Þei he fader and moder a-slouȝ.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 3284 Þei [v.r. þay] ȝo were wif.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 689 As þeiȝh he gyled were. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 213 Þeyȝ þou nygh all fallynge be.c1394 P. Pl. Crede 69 Þeiȝ his felawes fayle good.1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Tollem. MS) iii. iii Þey [L. quamvis] þe soule be onid to a body.1400 in Roy. & Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 38 Thegh John Welle hath doon as thu aboven has certefied.c1400 Brut 49 As þeiȝt Vortiger hade nouȝt wiste þerof.c1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 1741 He loved hit wel, the hit were bad.a1450 Le Morte Arth. 1985 What wondyr theighe hys herte were wo.a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lv. l. 298 As they Alle they in the world hadde ben there.

β. Old English–Middle English þah, Middle English tah, Middle English tauh, Middle English þach, Middle English thaȝ, Middle English þaȝ, Middle English þagh, Middle English þaȝh, Middle English thaghe, Middle English thaȝhe, Middle English thau, Middle English þau, Middle English þaue, Middle English þauȝ, Middle English þauh, Middle English þaw, Middle English þawe. c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xviii. 4 Ðah god ne ondredo ic ne monno sceomigo.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Þaȝh [see B. 2].c1175 Lamb. Hom. 147 Þach his likame swiche pine ne þole.a1225 St. Marher. 4 Freo wummon ich am ant tah godes þeowe.a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 203 [He] beieð adun toward þe his..heaued, ase þauh he seide [etc.].a1250 Owl & Nightingale 1274 Þah he habbe neole.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 124 Þa com his lifes ende lað þah [c1300 Otho þeh] him were. c1320 [see sense A. 1]. 1340 [see sense B. 3]. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 132 No dedly sunne to do dyȝe þauȝ þou scholdest.c1420 Sir Amadace xxviii Quat wundur were hit, thaȝhe him were wo? ▸ c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 15 Þaȝ Kayme his borne broder Were cursid.a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 91 And thaghe þe chylde bote half be bore.

γ. Middle English dow, Middle English þho, Middle English ðhoȝ, Middle English þhoh, Middle English þo, Middle English þoch, Middle English þoȝ, Middle English thoȝe, Middle English þogh, Middle English þoh, Middle English þohh ( Ormulum), Middle English thou, Middle English þou, Middle English thouch (Scottish), Middle English thouȝ, Middle English þouȝ, Middle English þouȝe, Middle English þouȝh, Middle English þouh, Middle English þouhȝ, Middle English þow, Middle English þowe, Middle English þowȝ, Middle English thowgh, Middle English þowgh, Middle English thowh, Middle English þowh, Middle English tohh ( Ormulum), Middle English–1500s thoughe, Middle English–1500s thow, Middle English–1600s thogh, Middle English–1800s tho, Middle English– though, 1500s thoch (Scottish), 1500s– tho', 1600s thô. The form tho has been used in the U.S. as a reformed spelling, and (like tho') is used informally as an abbreviation of the word.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 155 Þohh þatt teȝȝ all forrwerrpenn itt.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 23 & itt wass þohh full mikell rihht.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 2128 Þoh [c1275 Calig. ȝef] he hadde. man islaȝe.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 1173 He seide soþ þoh [c1275 Calig. þeih] hit neare.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. vi. 40 And þowgh ȝe mowe amercy hem, late mercy be taxoure.c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 328 Þouȝ men ben nevere so opynly cursid.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24590 Þho þu wald þai birid þi barn.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 73 Þou i sumtime be untrewe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 10941 And dow þai þar-fore murnand were.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 21818 Þat tu fande þoȝ [Vesp. þof, Gött. þou] I walde it noȝte.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 4763 Þo þai had siluer and golde rede.c1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 576 Hit his no wondir tho me be wo.c1425 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. App. 519 (MS. β) Thouȝ that tale teller were as huge as a geaunt. ▸ c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 195 Ȝhe, thou tho gouernauncis..be weel ynouȝ.c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 76 Thouche thai be feble of corps.1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 481 Thoughe he dothe wronge to leve me here.a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 123 Thow a Sarsens hed ye bere.a1540 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 281/1 Though all the worlde say naye.1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 266 Tho^t he wes wicht he wes no^t wyss.1615 S. Hieron Dignitie of Preaching in Wks. (1620) I. 628 Thogh He do not alwaies shew it.1655 J. Denham Coopers Hill (new ed.) 10 Though deep, yet clear, though Gentle, yet not dull.1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 149 Tho the Impatience of abstaining be greater. 1740Tho' [see sense A. 1]. 1796 R. Barrie Let. 12 Oct. in N. Tolstoy Half-Mad Lord (1978) ii. 35 Tho: he sometimes might act imprudently his conduct never merited the ignominious punishment he receiv'd.1818 M. Edgeworth Let. 8 Sept. (1971) 84 The library tho magnificent is a most comfortable..room.1842 Ld. Tennyson Poems II. 91 Tho' much is taken, much abides.1849 G. Gray Let. 22 June in M. Lutyens Ruskins & Grays (1972) xxiii. 217 I have now taken the opportunity..tho' without alluding to your Letter, of asking her how it was.1879 Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 6 The committee now present the following words as the beginning of such [a] list [of reformed spellings], and recommend them for immediate use:..Tho. Thru. Wisht.1906 Simplified Spelling Board Circular (U.S.) No. 2. 12 Tho... Thru.1973 Black World June 66 Sister Habiba's party was still smokin. Tho all the good food and wine and reefer was gone now.1982 N.Y. Times 22 Sept. c–2 Tho' the trip's less than a mile it's still a dreary, cheerless bore.

δ. Middle English of, Middle English þaf, Middle English þof, Middle English thofe, Middle English þofe, Middle English thoffe, Middle English þowf, Middle English þuff, Middle English yof, Middle English–1500s thaff, Middle English–1600s (1800s– dialect) thof, 1700s thoff (dialect). c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 7 ‘Thofe I ware’, quod he.c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 21 Thoffe I be a wrech and vnworthi.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 698 Þowf he was euer wittur.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19648 And þof a smitt moght he not se. c1440¹ [see sense B. 1a]. c1440 Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. E.) 7 Þaf a M^le[= thousand] clerkus dyd noght ellus.c1440 Alphabet of Tales 64 Þuff all he lefte it. a1450 [see sense B. 2a]. c1500 King & Hermit in M. M. Furrow Ten 15th-cent. Comic Poems (1985) 254 Thoff þer wer sych thre.1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iii. i. 52 A Sailer will be honest, tho'f may-hap he has never a Penny of Mony in his Pocket. 1748 [see sense B. 1a]. 1803 M. Charlton Wife & Mistress (ed. 2) II. 149 I never mintioned it before, thof I knowed it all along!

ε. Chiefly Scottish Middle English þocht, Middle English þoght, Middle English thowcht, Middle English–1500s thoucht, Middle English–1600s thocht, Middle English–1600s thoght, 1500s tho^t, 1500s thouȝght, 1500s thought. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 969 Y wlde nat leue for here to werche Þoght men rong noun at þe cherche.c1480 (a1400) Prol. 166 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 6 Thowcht god chesit Androw firste to be ane apostill.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 24 Thocht Inglismen was grewyt at his repayr, Ȝeit [etc.].1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 264 Ȝe may weile se, thoucht nane ȝow tell.1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 78 I wolde it had ben uppon the constabyll, thouȝght it had ben worse. 1535 [see sense B. 1a]. c1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 147 Tho^t I had rycht no^t bot a rok.1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 122 Thocht [v.r. thoght] thow..be Jugeit thus Full fals and wrangouslie.

Origin: Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: Old English had ðéah, þéah, þéh, corresponding to Gothic þauh (= þau ‘in that case’ + h = Latin -que ‘also’), Old Frisian thâch (Saterland dach); Old Saxon thôh (Middle Dutch, Dutch, Low German doch), Old High German doh (shortened < dôh), Old Norse þó (contracted < *þauh), Middle Swedish, Middle Danish þo, tho. Of the numerous Middle English forms, those in α and β were developments of Old English þéah, þǽh, þáh, with various treatment of the diphthong, and early shortening of the vowel in unstressed position (compare Ormin's þĕhh, Lamb. Hom. þăch), with subsequent stress-lengthening, as þeih, they, and þauch, thau, thaw. The γ forms were from Norse, representing an Old Norse *þóh (intermediate to þauh and þó), shortened in Ormin to þŏhh, with subsequent stress-lengthening to þōuȝ, though, thō. The Norse form gradually gained over the native α and β forms, which disappeared from literature before 1500. The δ forms show the same development of f < ȝ, gh/x/, as in laugh, cough, tough; thof was occasional in literature as late as 1750, and is still prevalent in many varieties from Yorkshire and Lancashire to Hampshire and Devon: see Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. In Scotland and north of England though is pronounced /θɔː/; the Hampshire and West Somerset thof also is /θɔf/, not /ðɔf/.

An adversative particle expressing that relation of two opposed facts or circumstances (actual or hypothetical) in which the one is inadequate to prevent the other, and therefore both concur, contrary to what might be expected.

A. adv.

1. For all that; in spite of that; nevertheless, howbeit, however, yet. Now colloquial; usually enclitic, as ‘he did though’

/hiː ˈdɪd ðəʊ/.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > however, nevertheless, notwithstanding

though-whetherc897

nathelesseOE

though971

whetherOE

yetOE

neverlOE

what for-thyc1175

nethelessa1200

never the latterc1225

algatec1230

in spite of (despite, maugre, etc.) one's teethc1230

nought for thatc1275

(all) for noughtc1325

(in) spite of one's nosec1325

alway1340

thoughless1340

ne'er the later (also latter)a1382

ne'er the lessa1382

neverlatera1382

neverthelessa1382

ne for-thia1400

neverlessa1400

not-againstandinga1400

nauthelessc1400

nouthelessc1400

algatesc1405

noughtwithstanding1422

netherless?a1425

notwithstanding1425

nethertheless1440

not gainstandingc1440

not the lessa1450

alwaysa1470

howbeit1470

never þe quedera1475

nought the lessc1480

what reck?a1513

nonetheless1533

howsomever1562

after all1590

in spite of spite1592

meantime1594

notwithstand1596

withal1596

in the meanwhile1597

meanwhile1597

howsoever1601

in (one's) spite?1615

however1623

in the meantime1631

non obstante1641

at the same time1679

with a non-obstante to1679

stilla1699

the same1782

all the same1803

quand même1825

still and all1829

anyhow1867

anyway1876

still and ona1894

all the samey1897

just the same1901

but1939

971 Blickl. Hom. 37 Ne magon þis þeah ealle men don.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 119 Monie þewas beoð..þe monnen þuncheð rihte, ac hi þah ledað to deðe on ende.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 10 Ich am blac & þach hwit ha seið.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 192 Ancre ne schal nout..turnen hire ancre hus to childrene scole. hire meiden mei þauh techen sum lutel meiden.

c1320 Cast. Love 1296 Persones þreo in þrillihod, And o God þauȝ in on-hod.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 5750 Þe tre..semid to brine, And þou [Fairf. ȝet] þar was na fir wid-in.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 344 Your hands, than mine, are quicker for a fray: My legges are longer though, to runne away.

1673 J. Dryden Assignation Prol. sig. A5^v Prologues, like Bells to Churches, toul you in With Chimeing Verse;..With this sad difference though, of Pit and Pue; You damn the Poet, but the Priest damns you.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxv. 70 Is there no Constable nor Headborough, tho', to take me out of his House?

1872 R. Browning Fifine lxvii. 13 It did its duty, though.

1885 ‘F. Anstey’ Tinted Venus vii. 81 It was in a note, but I've lost it. She told me what was inside though.

2. colloquial. Used as an intensive after a question or emphatic statement: indeed, truly.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed

soothlyc825

forsoothc888

wiselyc888

sooth to sayOE

i-wislichec1000

to (‥) soothOE

iwis?c1160

certesa1250

without missa1275

i-witterlic1275

trulyc1275

aplight1297

certc1300

in (good) fayc1300

verily1303

certain1330

in truthc1330

to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330

certainlya1375

faithlya1375

in faitha1375

surelya1375

in sooth1390

in trothc1390

in good faitha1393

to witc1400

faithfullyc1405

soothly to sayc1405

all righta1413

sad?a1425

in certc1440

wella1470

truec1480

to say (the) truth1484

of a truth1494

of (a) trotha1500

for a truth?1532

in (of) verity1533

of verityc1550

really1561

for, in, or into very?1565

indeed1583

really and truly1600

indeed and indeed1673

right enough1761

deed1816

just1838

of a verity1850

sho1893

though1905

verdad1928

sholy1929

ja-nee1937

only1975

deffo1996

1905 Eng. Dial. Dict. VI. 102/1 ‘How it do rain!’ indicates a heavy shower; but, ‘How it do rain though!’ marks a much heavier.

1906 E. Nesbit Railway Children xii. 251 When I tried to get up again I couldn't stand, so I sat down. Gee whillikins! it does hurt, though.

1912 B. Harraden Out of Wreck I Rise viii. 153 ‘I didn't know that persons who wrote plays made thousands.’ ‘Don't they, though,’ Hailsham answered, laughing.

1929 E. M. Brent-Dyer Rivals of Chalet School vi. 83 ‘We've got more than an hour yet!’ ‘Have you, though?’ said Mrs Maynard's voice just behind her. ‘You've nothing of the kind.’

1948 G. Vidal City & Pillar i. v. 147 ‘What a sad story!’ said Maria. ‘Isn't it, though?’

1974 J. Aiken Midnight is Place iv. 128 ‘I get enough money..for Papa and me.’ ‘Did you though?’ said Lucas..with surprise.

B. conj. (or conjunctive adverb).

a. Introducing a subordinate clause expressing a fact: Notwithstanding that; in spite of the fact that, although. (Formerly with verb in subjunctive, where the indicative is now used.) Proverbial phrase though I say it that should not and variants: see say v.¹ 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > subject to correction

though I say it that should notc888

under correctionc1374

under (also saving) reformation1553

with (great) submission1597

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > although

thoughc888

whethera1400

however1591

howsoever1599

howsomevera1616

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although

thoughc888

thoughc1050

allc1225

when1297

how so?c1330

althougha1350

ifa1400

if alla1400

though all?a1400

andc1400

suppose1400

albeit?a1425

albec1450

wella1470

even though1697

c888 [see α. forms].

971 Blickl. Hom. 21 [He] bið þonne undeaþlic, þeah he ær deaþlic wære.

c1175¹ [see α. forms].

12.. Moral Ode 356 Ne mai non vuel..beon inne godes riche ðeh þer beð wunienges fele.

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 10 Ich was a-ferd of hire face þauh heo feir weore [B. þeiȝ she faire were].

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 69 Ladies laȝed ful loude, þoȝ þay lost haden.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 233 For-þy þaȝ þe rape were rank, þe rawþe watz lyttel.

c1440 York Myst. xxx. 45 My-selffe yof I saye itt.

c1440 York Myst. xlviii. 344 Helpe ne holde, Hadde I none of you, þof I quaked.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 590 The duke..Treittit him weill thocht he was far fra hame.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. ii. 130 Though thou canst swim like a Ducke, thou art made like a Goose.

1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman ii. 46 They are no kings, though they possess the Crown.

1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 414 The hone Gives edge to razors, though itself has none.

1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. vi. 34 The French,..are very civil, tho' I don't understand their lingo.

1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. xv. 175 A gentle hand—rough-grained and hard though it was.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. xi. 647 Though they rallied, the effort cost them dear.

b. With ellipsis in the subordinate clause: usually directly preceding an adjective, participle, noun, or adjectival phrase qualifying the subject of the main clause, or an adverb or adverbial phrase qualifying the verb.

ΚΠ

1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) ix. xlvi. 218 It was obiected, though vntruely, That they weare ydle.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. i. 195 The base (though bitter) disposition of Beatrice.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 48 Favourable to a Few, tho for slight causes.

1812 G. Crabbe Tales xv. 276 For the zealous Youth Resolv'd, though timid, to profess the truth.

1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 256 One who, though a foreigner, has often been chosen their general.

1896 Notes & Queries 8th Ser. 9 160/1 Though marred by eccentricities and extravagances of language, the play has genuine dramatic fibre.

a. Introducing a subordinate clause expressing a supposition or possibility: Even if; even supposing that; granting that. (With verb in subjunctive.)

ΚΠ

c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiii Hwæt hæfst þu..æt ðæm welan, þeah hy nu ece wæron?

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Þaȝh we suneȝhie nu on þisse liue ne scal us na mon uuelien þer uore.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 4296 Strengh o luue..nan mai stere, þof his hert al stillen were.

a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 358 For þaȝ a preste be but a fonne Aske hys teyþynge welle he conne.

c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. Syon Monastery (1840) 385 None shal enclyne to other, thof it be the abbes that passethe by them.

1539 Bible (Great) Job xiii. 15 Though he slaye me, yet wyll I put my trust in hym.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. i. 56 Hee'l be hang'd yet, Though euery drop of water sweare against it.

1715 J. Addison Spectator No. 557. ¶2 He would not accept of one [Witness], tho' it were Cato himself.

1884 Leisure Hour Oct. 611 Though knots be tied in the sunshine..they're meant to hold in a gale.

b. With ellipsis (as in B. 1b).

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 103 Though nere so blacke, say they haue Angells faces.

1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent ii. ii No Place, tho' e'er so holy, shou'd protect him.

1792 C. Smith Desmond III. 346 If she looks pale, though only from slight cold or..fatigue, I fancy her about to be ill.

1875 J. P. Hopps Princ. Relig. (1878) x. 32 Though punished by the rulers, [he] may be rewarded by the ruled.

3. Introducing an additional statement restricting or modifying the preceding: And yet, but yet, but still, nevertheless, however. Sometimes preceding the main statement. (Coinciding in sense with I, but differing in construction, being conjunctive.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > in spite of, notwithstanding

thougha1240

albeita1325

albec1405

not-for-thy1413

for all that1523

still1722

a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 197 Ful wel þu me iseie þauh þu stille were.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 9 Þet is on of þe zeuen dyadliches zennes, þaȝ þer by zome bronches þet ne byeþ naȝt dyadlich zenne.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aiii Though it be necessary to al maner of religiouse persons: yet moste expedient it is to prelates.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1312 Tho þat left were on lyue þogh þai lite were.

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 178 Glad shall I be, if I meet with no more such brunts, though I fear we are not got beyond all danger.

1774 W. Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 16 Tho what has been printed on both sides is little red.

1810 G. Crabbe Borough vii. 94 To show the World what long Experience gains, Requires not Courage, though it calls for Pains.

1894 Solicitors' Jrnl. 39 2/2 The..report..must state that fraud has been committed, though the guilty person need not be specified.

4. In more or less weakened or modified sense, often nearly coinciding with if, but usually retaining some notion of opposition.

†a. After negative or interrogative phrases with wonder , marvel, be sorry, care, etc., where if or that is now substituted.

ΚΠ

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 117 He forbed his apostles, þat hie neren noht sorie, þeh he hem forlete lichamliche.

1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 9585 I rek noght, þogh þe ryme be rude.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 4122 Na wonder þan þow [Fairf. if] him was wa.

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 953 No mervell þouȝe his hert wer in grete mournyng!

1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 295 I do not mervel though they are ful of dyseases when they are old.

1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies Epist. sig. A2^v He cares not though the Church sinke.

b. as though: see as adv. and conj. Phrases 1b. Also with ellipsis of as (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as if

alsoOE

as though1297

likec1400

and?a1475

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 165 Vpe þe hul of þe pek þe wind þere iwis Vp of þe erþe ofte comþ of holes þei hit were.

†c. simply. If, supposing that. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > supposition, surmise > supposing that [conjunction]

though1526

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xxiii. 9 Though a sprete or an angell hath apered to hym, lett vs not stryue agaynst God.

5. With special constructions (in sense B. 1, B. 2, or 3).

†a. Followed by that (in Old English þe): see that conj. 6, the conj. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although

thoughc888

thoughc1050

allc1225

when1297

how so?c1330

althougha1350

ifa1400

if alla1400

though all?a1400

andc1400

suppose1400

albeit?a1425

albec1450

wella1470

even though1697

c1050 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) 8 302 Ðeah ðe ealle dagas ælce geare habbon heora concurrentes.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 155 Icc hafe hemm wrohht tiss boc. To þeȝȝre sawle nede. Þohh þatt teȝȝ all forrwerrpenn itt.

c1386 G. Chaucer Prol. 729 I pray yow..That ye narette it nat my vileynye Thogh that I pleynly speke.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1803 Bot þof þat noe was in quert He was noght al at es in hert.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 166 Thocht that I simpill be, Do as I bid thee.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xx. 206 Though that the Queene on speciall cause is here, Hir army is moued on.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. iii. 57 Though that my death were adiunct to my Act, By heauen I would doe it.

1711 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 160 It appears to be a mock-siege; tho' that Ginckle gained the town in earnest.

b. Strengthened by all, following (see all adj., pron., n., adv., and conj. Phrases 13) or preceding. Obsolete (except in combination although conj.). Also by even preceding: see even adv. 8a(c). even though is not used by Shakespeare nor in Bible of 1611.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although

thoughc888

thoughc1050

allc1225

when1297

how so?c1330

althougha1350

ifa1400

if alla1400

though all?a1400

andc1400

suppose1400

albeit?a1425

albec1450

wella1470

even though1697

c1325 Song Mercy 168 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 123 Al þauȝ i kouþe, yf þat i wolde.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16055 Þowh al he hadde Crysten feyþ, To þo Crysten he dide ouer leyþ.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 4246 Al þou þair treuthes sundri ware.

a1400 in Hampole's Wks. (1896) I. 200 Þofe-all they know me noghte for þi sone.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) Pref. 2 John Mawndevyle Knyȝt, þof all I be vnworthy.

?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 107 Þof all' he be with outen gylte.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 114 Ev'n though a snowy Ram thou shalt behold, Prefer him not in haste, for Husband to thy Fold.

1799 R. B. Sheridan Pizarro iii. iii. 46 Even though that moment lost you Elvira for ever.

1856 J. H. Newman Serm. Var. Occasions (1881) i. 12 Nor, even though it be told to her, can she enter into it.

†6. Ormin has the combination þohh swa þehh, lit. ‘though so though’, ‘though so yet’, in the sense ‘nevertheless’, ‘notwithstanding’. Cf. though-whether adv. in same sense.This is the only use of the form þehh in Ormin.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9717 & teȝȝre name þohh swa þehh Bitacneþþ rihhtwisnesse.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 395 Þatt teȝȝ..sinndenn þohh swa þehh i þohht. [See also 1104, 9713.]

C. n.

The word used as a name for itself, or an utterance of it. nonce-use. (Cf. if n.)

ΚΠ

1634 J. Canne Necessitie of Separation v. 227 To answer his ifs and thoughs, and whats particularly.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	though
释义	thoughadv.conj.n. Brit. /ðəʊ/, U.S. /ðoʊ/ Forms: α. Old English þéah, Old English ðǽh, Old English–Middle English ðæch, Old English–Middle English þæh, Old English–Middle English þéh, Middle English þai, Middle English þaiȝ, Middle English þaih, Middle English þay, Middle English þayȝ, Middle English þayh, Middle English the, Middle English þech, Middle English thegh, Middle English þehȝ, Middle English þĕhh ( Ormulum), Middle English thei, Middle English þei, Middle English þeiȝ, Middle English theigh, Middle English þeigh, Middle English þeiȝh, Middle English theighe, Middle English þeiȝt, Middle English þeih, Middle English they, Middle English þey, Middle English þeyȝ, Middle English þeyh. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xix. §1 Hu neara þære eorðan stede is, þeah heo us rum þince.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiv. 29 gif vel ðæh alle geondspyrand see..ah..næfre ic.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. John iv. 2 Ðæch se hælend ne fuluuade.971 Blickl. Hom. 37 Þeah [see A. 1].971 Blickl. Hom. 55 Þeh he geornlice gehyre þa word.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 77 He [Christ] nis nawiht alle monne lauerd, þech alle men bon on his onwald.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 395 Þatt teȝȝ..sinndenn þohh swa þehh i þohht.c1200 Vices & Virt. 9 Þeih me niede me to ðan aðe, me ne net me noht te forsweriȝen, ac soð te seggen of ðan ðe ic am bicleped.c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 83 Þeh [see B. 4].c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 159 Al þat man doð..þehȝ hie ben don ec for godes luue.c1250 Hymn Virgin 62 in Trin. Coll. Hom. 257 Betere ne miȝte he þaiȝ he wolde.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11345 Wunder þæh [c1300 Otho þeh] hit þunche.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6489 He þus sæide soð þæh [c1300 Otho þoh] hit nære.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1257 Þaih [c1300 Otho þoh] he bere ræd gold.c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 260/148 Þei he fader and moder a-slouȝ.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 3284 Þei [v.r. þay] ȝo were wif.a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 689 As þeiȝh he gyled were. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 213 Þeyȝ þou nygh all fallynge be.c1394 P. Pl. Crede 69 Þeiȝ his felawes fayle good.1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Tollem. MS) iii. iii Þey [L. quamvis] þe soule be onid to a body.1400 in Roy. & Hist. Lett. Hen. IV (Rolls) 38 Thegh John Welle hath doon as thu aboven has certefied.c1400 Brut 49 As þeiȝt Vortiger hade nouȝt wiste þerof.c1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 1741 He loved hit wel, the hit were bad.a1450 Le Morte Arth. 1985 What wondyr theighe hys herte were wo.a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail lv. l. 298 As they Alle they in the world hadde ben there. β. Old English–Middle English þah, Middle English tah, Middle English tauh, Middle English þach, Middle English thaȝ, Middle English þaȝ, Middle English þagh, Middle English þaȝh, Middle English thaghe, Middle English thaȝhe, Middle English thau, Middle English þau, Middle English þaue, Middle English þauȝ, Middle English þauh, Middle English þaw, Middle English þawe. c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xviii. 4 Ðah god ne ondredo ic ne monno sceomigo.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Þaȝh [see B. 2].c1175 Lamb. Hom. 147 Þach his likame swiche pine ne þole.a1225 St. Marher. 4 Freo wummon ich am ant tah godes þeowe.a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 203 [He] beieð adun toward þe his..heaued, ase þauh he seide [etc.].a1250 Owl & Nightingale 1274 Þah he habbe neole.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 124 Þa com his lifes ende lað þah [c1300 Otho þeh] him were. c1320 [see sense A. 1]. 1340 [see sense B. 3]. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 132 No dedly sunne to do dyȝe þauȝ þou scholdest.c1420 Sir Amadace xxviii Quat wundur were hit, thaȝhe him were wo? ▸ c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 15 Þaȝ Kayme his borne broder Were cursid.a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 91 And thaghe þe chylde bote half be bore. γ. Middle English dow, Middle English þho, Middle English ðhoȝ, Middle English þhoh, Middle English þo, Middle English þoch, Middle English þoȝ, Middle English thoȝe, Middle English þogh, Middle English þoh, Middle English þohh ( Ormulum), Middle English thou, Middle English þou, Middle English thouch (Scottish), Middle English thouȝ, Middle English þouȝ, Middle English þouȝe, Middle English þouȝh, Middle English þouh, Middle English þouhȝ, Middle English þow, Middle English þowe, Middle English þowȝ, Middle English thowgh, Middle English þowgh, Middle English thowh, Middle English þowh, Middle English tohh ( Ormulum), Middle English–1500s thoughe, Middle English–1500s thow, Middle English–1600s thogh, Middle English–1800s tho, Middle English– though, 1500s thoch (Scottish), 1500s– tho', 1600s thô. The form tho has been used in the U.S. as a reformed spelling, and (like tho') is used informally as an abbreviation of the word.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 155 Þohh þatt teȝȝ all forrwerrpenn itt.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 23 & itt wass þohh full mikell rihht.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 2128 Þoh [c1275 Calig. ȝef] he hadde. man islaȝe.c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 1173 He seide soþ þoh [c1275 Calig. þeih] hit neare.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. vi. 40 And þowgh ȝe mowe amercy hem, late mercy be taxoure.c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 328 Þouȝ men ben nevere so opynly cursid.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24590 Þho þu wald þai birid þi barn.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 73 Þou i sumtime be untrewe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 10941 And dow þai þar-fore murnand were.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 21818 Þat tu fande þoȝ [Vesp. þof, Gött. þou] I walde it noȝte.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 4763 Þo þai had siluer and golde rede.c1425 Seven Sag. (P.) 576 Hit his no wondir tho me be wo.c1425 tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. App. 519 (MS. β) Thouȝ that tale teller were as huge as a geaunt. ▸ c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 195 Ȝhe, thou tho gouernauncis..be weel ynouȝ.c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 76 Thouche thai be feble of corps.1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxii. 481 Thoughe he dothe wronge to leve me here.a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 123 Thow a Sarsens hed ye bere.a1540 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 281/1 Though all the worlde say naye.1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 266 Tho^t he wes wicht he wes no^t wyss.1615 S. Hieron Dignitie of Preaching in Wks. (1620) I. 628 Thogh He do not alwaies shew it.1655 J. Denham Coopers Hill (new ed.) 10 Though deep, yet clear, though Gentle, yet not dull.1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 149 Tho the Impatience of abstaining be greater. 1740Tho' [see sense A. 1]. 1796 R. Barrie Let. 12 Oct. in N. Tolstoy Half-Mad Lord (1978) ii. 35 Tho: he sometimes might act imprudently his conduct never merited the ignominious punishment he receiv'd.1818 M. Edgeworth Let. 8 Sept. (1971) 84 The library tho magnificent is a most comfortable..room.1842 Ld. Tennyson Poems II. 91 Tho' much is taken, much abides.1849 G. Gray Let. 22 June in M. Lutyens Ruskins & Grays (1972) xxiii. 217 I have now taken the opportunity..tho' without alluding to your Letter, of asking her how it was.1879 Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 6 The committee now present the following words as the beginning of such [a] list [of reformed spellings], and recommend them for immediate use:..Tho. Thru. Wisht.1906 Simplified Spelling Board Circular (U.S.) No. 2. 12 Tho... Thru.1973 Black World June 66 Sister Habiba's party was still smokin. Tho all the good food and wine and reefer was gone now.1982 N.Y. Times 22 Sept. c–2 Tho' the trip's less than a mile it's still a dreary, cheerless bore. δ. Middle English of, Middle English þaf, Middle English þof, Middle English thofe, Middle English þofe, Middle English thoffe, Middle English þowf, Middle English þuff, Middle English yof, Middle English–1500s thaff, Middle English–1600s (1800s– dialect) thof, 1700s thoff (dialect). c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 7 ‘Thofe I ware’, quod he.c1340 R. Rolle Prose Treat. 21 Thoffe I be a wrech and vnworthi.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 698 Þowf he was euer wittur.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 19648 And þof a smitt moght he not se. c1440¹ [see sense B. 1a]. c1440 Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. E.) 7 Þaf a M^le[= thousand] clerkus dyd noght ellus.c1440 Alphabet of Tales 64 Þuff all he lefte it. a1450 [see sense B. 2a]. c1500 King & Hermit in M. M. Furrow Ten 15th-cent. Comic Poems (1985) 254 Thoff þer wer sych thre.1695 W. Congreve Love for Love iii. i. 52 A Sailer will be honest, tho'f may-hap he has never a Penny of Mony in his Pocket. 1748 [see sense B. 1a]. 1803 M. Charlton Wife & Mistress (ed. 2) II. 149 I never mintioned it before, thof I knowed it all along! ε. Chiefly Scottish Middle English þocht, Middle English þoght, Middle English thowcht, Middle English–1500s thoucht, Middle English–1600s thocht, Middle English–1600s thoght, 1500s tho^t, 1500s thouȝght, 1500s thought. 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 969 Y wlde nat leue for here to werche Þoght men rong noun at þe cherche.c1480 (a1400) Prol. 166 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 6 Thowcht god chesit Androw firste to be ane apostill.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 24 Thocht Inglismen was grewyt at his repayr, Ȝeit [etc.].1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) i. 264 Ȝe may weile se, thoucht nane ȝow tell.1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 78 I wolde it had ben uppon the constabyll, thouȝght it had ben worse. 1535 [see sense B. 1a]. c1560 A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) ii. 147 Tho^t I had rycht no^t bot a rok.1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 122 Thocht [v.r. thoght] thow..be Jugeit thus Full fals and wrangouslie. Origin: Partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: Old English had ðéah, þéah, þéh, corresponding to Gothic þauh (= þau ‘in that case’ + h = Latin -que ‘also’), Old Frisian thâch (Saterland dach); Old Saxon thôh (Middle Dutch, Dutch, Low German doch), Old High German doh (shortened < dôh), Old Norse þó (contracted < þauh), Middle Swedish, Middle Danish þo, tho. Of the numerous Middle English forms, those in α and β were developments of Old English þéah, þǽh, þáh, with various treatment of the diphthong, and early shortening of the vowel in unstressed position (compare Ormin's þĕhh, Lamb. Hom. þăch), with subsequent stress-lengthening, as þeih, they, and þauch, thau, thaw. The γ forms were from Norse, representing an Old Norse þóh (intermediate to þauh and þó), shortened in Ormin to þŏhh, with subsequent stress-lengthening to þōuȝ, though, thō. The Norse form gradually gained over the native α and β forms, which disappeared from literature before 1500. The δ forms show the same development of f < ȝ, gh/x/, as in laugh, cough, tough; thof was occasional in literature as late as 1750, and is still prevalent in many varieties from Yorkshire and Lancashire to Hampshire and Devon: see Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. In Scotland and north of England though is pronounced /θɔː/; the Hampshire and West Somerset thof also is /θɔf/, not /ðɔf/. An adversative particle expressing that relation of two opposed facts or circumstances (actual or hypothetical) in which the one is inadequate to prevent the other, and therefore both concur, contrary to what might be expected. A. adv. 1. For all that; in spite of that; nevertheless, howbeit, however, yet. Now colloquial; usually enclitic, as ‘he did though’ /hiː ˈdɪd ðəʊ/. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > however, nevertheless, notwithstanding though-whetherc897 nathelesseOE though971 whetherOE yetOE neverlOE what for-thyc1175 nethelessa1200 never the latterc1225 algatec1230 in spite of (despite, maugre, etc.) one's teethc1230 nought for thatc1275 (all) for noughtc1325 (in) spite of one's nosec1325 alway1340 thoughless1340 ne'er the later (also latter)a1382 ne'er the lessa1382 neverlatera1382 neverthelessa1382 ne for-thia1400 neverlessa1400 not-againstandinga1400 nauthelessc1400 nouthelessc1400 algatesc1405 noughtwithstanding1422 netherless?a1425 notwithstanding1425 nethertheless1440 not gainstandingc1440 not the lessa1450 alwaysa1470 howbeit1470 never þe quedera1475 nought the lessc1480 what reck?a1513 nonetheless1533 howsomever1562 after all1590 in spite of spite1592 meantime1594 notwithstand1596 withal1596 in the meanwhile1597 meanwhile1597 howsoever1601 in (one's) spite?1615 however1623 in the meantime1631 non obstante1641 at the same time1679 with a non-obstante to1679 stilla1699 the same1782 all the same1803 quand même1825 still and all1829 anyhow1867 anyway1876 still and ona1894 all the samey1897 just the same1901 but1939 971 Blickl. Hom. 37 Ne magon þis þeah ealle men don. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 119 Monie þewas beoð..þe monnen þuncheð rihte, ac hi þah ledað to deðe on ende. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 10 Ich am blac & þach hwit ha seið. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 192 Ancre ne schal nout..turnen hire ancre hus to childrene scole. hire meiden mei þauh techen sum lutel meiden. c1320 Cast. Love 1296 Persones þreo in þrillihod, And o God þauȝ in on-hod. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 5750 Þe tre..semid to brine, And þou [Fairf. ȝet] þar was na fir wid-in. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 344 Your hands, than mine, are quicker for a fray: My legges are longer though, to runne away. View more context for this quotation 1673 J. Dryden Assignation Prol. sig. A5^v Prologues, like Bells to Churches, toul you in With Chimeing Verse;..With this sad difference though, of Pit and Pue; You damn the Poet, but the Priest damns you. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxv. 70 Is there no Constable nor Headborough, tho', to take me out of his House? 1872 R. Browning Fifine lxvii. 13 It did its duty, though. 1885 ‘F. Anstey’ Tinted Venus vii. 81 It was in a note, but I've lost it. She told me what was inside though. 2. colloquial. Used as an intensive after a question or emphatic statement: indeed, truly. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed soothlyc825 forsoothc888 wiselyc888 sooth to sayOE i-wislichec1000 to (‥) soothOE iwis?c1160 certesa1250 without missa1275 i-witterlic1275 trulyc1275 aplight1297 certc1300 in (good) fayc1300 verily1303 certain1330 in truthc1330 to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330 certainlya1375 faithlya1375 in faitha1375 surelya1375 in sooth1390 in trothc1390 in good faitha1393 to witc1400 faithfullyc1405 soothly to sayc1405 all righta1413 sad?a1425 in certc1440 wella1470 truec1480 to say (the) truth1484 of a truth1494 of (a) trotha1500 for a truth?1532 in (of) verity1533 of verityc1550 really1561 for, in, or into very?1565 indeed1583 really and truly1600 indeed and indeed1673 right enough1761 deed1816 just1838 of a verity1850 sho1893 though1905 verdad1928 sholy1929 ja-nee1937 only1975 deffo1996 1905 Eng. Dial. Dict. VI. 102/1 ‘How it do rain!’ indicates a heavy shower; but, ‘How it do rain though!’ marks a much heavier. 1906 E. Nesbit Railway Children xii. 251 When I tried to get up again I couldn't stand, so I sat down. Gee whillikins! it does hurt, though. 1912 B. Harraden Out of Wreck I Rise viii. 153 ‘I didn't know that persons who wrote plays made thousands.’ ‘Don't they, though,’ Hailsham answered, laughing. 1929 E. M. Brent-Dyer Rivals of Chalet School vi. 83 ‘We've got more than an hour yet!’ ‘Have you, though?’ said Mrs Maynard's voice just behind her. ‘You've nothing of the kind.’ 1948 G. Vidal City & Pillar i. v. 147 ‘What a sad story!’ said Maria. ‘Isn't it, though?’ 1974 J. Aiken Midnight is Place iv. 128 ‘I get enough money..for Papa and me.’ ‘Did you though?’ said Lucas..with surprise. B. conj. (or conjunctive adverb). 1. a. Introducing a subordinate clause expressing a fact: Notwithstanding that; in spite of the fact that, although. (Formerly with verb in subjunctive, where the indicative is now used.) Proverbial phrase though I say it that should not and variants: see say v.¹ 3a. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > subject to correction though I say it that should notc888 under correctionc1374 under (also saving) reformation1553 with (great) submission1597 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > although thoughc888 whethera1400 however1591 howsoever1599 howsomevera1616 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although thoughc888 thoughc1050 allc1225 when1297 how so?c1330 althougha1350 ifa1400 if alla1400 though all?a1400 andc1400 suppose1400 albeit?a1425 albec1450 wella1470 even though1697 c888 [see α. forms]. 971 Blickl. Hom. 21 [He] bið þonne undeaþlic, þeah he ær deaþlic wære. c1175¹ [see α. forms]. 12.. Moral Ode 356 Ne mai non vuel..beon inne godes riche ðeh þer beð wunienges fele. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 10 Ich was a-ferd of hire face þauh heo feir weore [B. þeiȝ she faire were]. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 69 Ladies laȝed ful loude, þoȝ þay lost haden. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 233 For-þy þaȝ þe rape were rank, þe rawþe watz lyttel. c1440 York Myst. xxx. 45 My-selffe yof I saye itt. c1440 York Myst. xlviii. 344 Helpe ne holde, Hadde I none of you, þof I quaked. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 590 The duke..Treittit him weill thocht he was far fra hame. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. ii. 130 Though thou canst swim like a Ducke, thou art made like a Goose. View more context for this quotation 1701 D. Defoe True-born Englishman ii. 46 They are no kings, though they possess the Crown. 1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 414 The hone Gives edge to razors, though itself has none. 1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. vi. 34 The French,..are very civil, tho' I don't understand their lingo. 1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. xv. 175 A gentle hand—rough-grained and hard though it was. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. xi. 647 Though they rallied, the effort cost them dear. b. With ellipsis in the subordinate clause: usually directly preceding an adjective, participle, noun, or adjectival phrase qualifying the subject of the main clause, or an adverb or adverbial phrase qualifying the verb. ΚΠ 1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) ix. xlvi. 218 It was obiected, though vntruely, That they weare ydle. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. i. 195 The base (though bitter) disposition of Beatrice. View more context for this quotation 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 48 Favourable to a Few, tho for slight causes. 1812 G. Crabbe Tales xv. 276 For the zealous Youth Resolv'd, though timid, to profess the truth. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 256 One who, though a foreigner, has often been chosen their general. 1896 Notes & Queries 8th Ser. 9 160/1 Though marred by eccentricities and extravagances of language, the play has genuine dramatic fibre. 2. a. Introducing a subordinate clause expressing a supposition or possibility: Even if; even supposing that; granting that. (With verb in subjunctive.) ΚΠ c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiii Hwæt hæfst þu..æt ðæm welan, þeah hy nu ece wæron? c1175 Lamb. Hom. 15 Þaȝh we suneȝhie nu on þisse liue ne scal us na mon uuelien þer uore. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 4296 Strengh o luue..nan mai stere, þof his hert al stillen were. a1450 J. Myrc Instr. to Par. Priests 358 For þaȝ a preste be but a fonne Aske hys teyþynge welle he conne. c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. Syon Monastery (1840) 385 None shal enclyne to other, thof it be the abbes that passethe by them. 1539 Bible (Great) Job xiii. 15 Though he slaye me, yet wyll I put my trust in hym. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) i. i. 56 Hee'l be hang'd yet, Though euery drop of water sweare against it. View more context for this quotation 1715 J. Addison Spectator No. 557. ¶2 He would not accept of one [Witness], tho' it were Cato himself. 1884 Leisure Hour Oct. 611 Though knots be tied in the sunshine..they're meant to hold in a gale. b. With ellipsis (as in B. 1b). ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 103 Though nere so blacke, say they haue Angells faces. View more context for this quotation 1703 N. Rowe Fair Penitent ii. ii No Place, tho' e'er so holy, shou'd protect him. 1792 C. Smith Desmond III. 346 If she looks pale, though only from slight cold or..fatigue, I fancy her about to be ill. 1875 J. P. Hopps Princ. Relig. (1878) x. 32 Though punished by the rulers, [he] may be rewarded by the ruled. 3. Introducing an additional statement restricting or modifying the preceding: And yet, but yet, but still, nevertheless, however. Sometimes preceding the main statement. (Coinciding in sense with I, but differing in construction, being conjunctive.) ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > in spite of, notwithstanding thougha1240 albeita1325 albec1405 not-for-thy1413 for all that1523 still1722 a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 197 Ful wel þu me iseie þauh þu stille were. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 9 Þet is on of þe zeuen dyadliches zennes, þaȝ þer by zome bronches þet ne byeþ naȝt dyadlich zenne. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aiii Though it be necessary to al maner of religiouse persons: yet moste expedient it is to prelates. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 1312 Tho þat left were on lyue þogh þai lite were. 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 178 Glad shall I be, if I meet with no more such brunts, though I fear we are not got beyond all danger. View more context for this quotation 1774 W. Mitford Ess. Harmony Lang. 16 Tho what has been printed on both sides is little red. 1810 G. Crabbe Borough vii. 94 To show the World what long Experience gains, Requires not Courage, though it calls for Pains. 1894 Solicitors' Jrnl. 39 2/2 The..report..must state that fraud has been committed, though the guilty person need not be specified. 4. In more or less weakened or modified sense, often nearly coinciding with if, but usually retaining some notion of opposition. †a. After negative or interrogative phrases with wonder , marvel, be sorry, care, etc., where if or that is now substituted. ΚΠ c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 117 He forbed his apostles, þat hie neren noht sorie, þeh he hem forlete lichamliche. 1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 9585 I rek noght, þogh þe ryme be rude. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 4122 Na wonder þan þow [Fairf. if] him was wa. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 953 No mervell þouȝe his hert wer in grete mournyng! 1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 295 I do not mervel though they are ful of dyseases when they are old. 1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies Epist. sig. A2^v He cares not though the Church sinke. b. as though: see as adv. and conj. Phrases 1b. Also with ellipsis of as (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as if alsoOE as though1297 likec1400 and?a1475 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 165 Vpe þe hul of þe pek þe wind þere iwis Vp of þe erþe ofte comþ of holes þei hit were. †c. simply. If, supposing that. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > supposition, surmise > supposing that [conjunction] though1526 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Acts xxiii. 9 Though a sprete or an angell hath apered to hym, lett vs not stryue agaynst God. 5. With special constructions (in sense B. 1, B. 2, or 3). †a. Followed by that (in Old English þe): see that conj. 6, the conj. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although thoughc888 thoughc1050 allc1225 when1297 how so?c1330 althougha1350 ifa1400 if alla1400 though all?a1400 andc1400 suppose1400 albeit?a1425 albec1450 wella1470 even though1697 c1050 Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia (1885) 8 302 Ðeah ðe ealle dagas ælce geare habbon heora concurrentes. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 155 Icc hafe hemm wrohht tiss boc. To þeȝȝre sawle nede. Þohh þatt teȝȝ all forrwerrpenn itt. c1386 G. Chaucer Prol. 729 I pray yow..That ye narette it nat my vileynye Thogh that I pleynly speke. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1803 Bot þof þat noe was in quert He was noght al at es in hert. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 166 Thocht that I simpill be, Do as I bid thee. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xx. 206 Though that the Queene on speciall cause is here, Hir army is moued on. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. iii. 57 Though that my death were adiunct to my Act, By heauen I would doe it. View more context for this quotation 1711 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 160 It appears to be a mock-siege; tho' that Ginckle gained the town in earnest. b. Strengthened by all, following (see all adj., pron., n., adv., and conj. Phrases 13) or preceding. Obsolete (except in combination although conj.). Also by even preceding: see even adv. 8a(c). even though is not used by Shakespeare nor in Bible of 1611. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > on condition that [conjunction] > although thoughc888 thoughc1050 allc1225 when1297 how so?c1330 althougha1350 ifa1400 if alla1400 though all?a1400 andc1400 suppose1400 albeit?a1425 albec1450 wella1470 even though1697 c1325 Song Mercy 168 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 123 Al þauȝ i kouþe, yf þat i wolde. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 16055 Þowh al he hadde Crysten feyþ, To þo Crysten he dide ouer leyþ. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 4246 Al þou þair treuthes sundri ware. a1400 in Hampole's Wks. (1896) I. 200 Þofe-all they know me noghte for þi sone. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) Pref. 2 John Mawndevyle Knyȝt, þof all I be vnworthy. ?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 107 Þof all' he be with outen gylte. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 114 Ev'n though a snowy Ram thou shalt behold, Prefer him not in haste, for Husband to thy Fold. View more context for this quotation 1799 R. B. Sheridan Pizarro iii. iii. 46 Even though that moment lost you Elvira for ever. 1856 J. H. Newman Serm. Var. Occasions (1881) i. 12 Nor, even though it be told to her, can she enter into it. †6. Ormin has the combination þohh swa þehh, lit. ‘though so though’, ‘though so yet’, in the sense ‘nevertheless’, ‘notwithstanding’. Cf. though-whether adv. in same sense.This is the only use of the form þehh in Ormin. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9717 & teȝȝre name þohh swa þehh Bitacneþþ rihhtwisnesse. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 395 Þatt teȝȝ..sinndenn þohh swa þehh i þohht. [See also 1104, 9713.] C. n. The word used as a name for itself, or an utterance of it. nonce-use. (Cf. if n.) ΚΠ 1634 J. Canne Necessitie of Separation v. 227 To answer his ifs and thoughs, and whats particularly. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adv.conj.n.c888
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