thoupron.n.¹

Brit.

/ðaʊ/, U.S.

/ðaʊ/

Forms: 1.

α. Old English–early Middle English ðu, Old English (rare)–Middle English thu, Old English–Middle English þu, Old English–Middle English þv, early Middle English þ (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English þe (rare), early Middle English þeo (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeou (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeu (south-west midlands), early Middle English ðhu, early Middle English þi (transmission error), early Middle English þir (transmission error), early Middle English ðou, Middle English tho, Middle English thogh, Middle English thouȝ, Middle English thugh, Middle English thw, Middle English þo, Middle English þou, Middle English þouȝ, Middle English þov, Middle English þow, Middle English þþu, Middle English þuu, Middle English þw, Middle English–1500s thov, Middle English–1600s thow, Middle English–1600s thowe, Middle English– thou, late Middle English thoue, late Middle English thove, late Middle English þoue, late Middle English þowe, 1600s (1900s– Welsh English) tha; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s–1800s thau (northern), 1700s– tha (chiefly northern), 1700s– theaw (Lancashire and Cheshire), 1800s th' (Lancashire), 1800s thaw (Yorkshire), 1800s theow (Somerset), 1800s thow (Lancashire), 1800s– tha' (Yorkshire), 1800s– thaa (northern), 1800s– thaaw (Cumberland), 1800s– thae (Lancashire), 1800s– thah, 1800s– thai (Cheshire), 1800s– thaww (Cumberland), 1800s– theau (Lancashire), 1800s– they (Cheshire), 1800s– tho (chiefly Lancashire), 1800s– thoo (northern), 1800s– thu, 1900s– thea (Lancashire); Scottish pre-1700 thoue, pre-1700 thous, pre-1700 thov, pre-1700 thowe, pre-1700 1700s 1900s– thow, pre-1700 1700s– thou, pre-1700 1800s– thu, 1800s– thoo (chiefly Orkney). OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark i. 24 Quid nobis et tibi Iesu Nazarene : huæt us & ðe ðu [OE Rushw. þv] hælend ðe nazare.OE Sedulius Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 173) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 30/1 Caperis : thu bist etwuenied [prob. read ætwemed].c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 1300 Þu cnawesst rihht tin Godd..& follȝhesst himm & buȝhesst.a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Se ðu etst of ðese trewe, ðou art deaðes sceldih.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1487 Þeou [c1300 Otho þou] ært leouere þene mi lif.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 362 Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken.c1425 Liber Monasterii de Hyda (Sawyer 374) in S. Miller Charters of New Minster, Winchester (2001) 184 Along the mark weys for to that thw comyst to the sand pyt.1448 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Arms) 1 in K. Brunner Mittelengl. Vers-roman über Richard Löwenherz (1913) 260 Sey thugh me..Who shal be borgh other waraunt Of the tresour thogh byhotest vs?a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 291 Thove vergyne knight of whom we synge, Vndeffiled sithe thy begynyng, Edwardes, Dai gracia.1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Bvij^v I wolde not commytt my best beloued Iewell and treasure vnto the, vnlesse thowe loue me hartely.1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough.1658 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1891) I. 140 Thoue brak wp ane of the dors of the prese.1700 W. Penn in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1870) IX. 5 Thow wilt by this time have mine of yesternight.1746 Exmoor Scolding (ed. 3) ii. 12 Tha hast tha very Daps o' thy old muxy Ont Sybyl.1854 S. Bamford Dial. S. Lanc. 188 (Lanc. Gloss.) Theau great hobthurst.1859 E. Waugh Lancs. Songs 72 [Lanc. Gloss.] Dost think thae could doff me an' dad me to bed?1867 W. Dickinson Suppl. Words & Phrases Cumberland 36 My fadder swarmelt it, an' I swarmelt it, an' caan't thaww swarmelt tu?1929 H. Marwick Orkney Norn at Life Saw thoo no a life aboot the hoose ava? I got no wan life.1972 G. M. Brown Greenvoe (1976) i. 28 Thu would rather be having a bonny lass to take thee claes off.2003 J. Murray Jazz x. 181 It's thee own fault, thoo bliddy Frizinton tightarse! Bliddy alf Irish scragarse eejit.

β. Old English (rare)–Middle English tu, Middle English du, Middle English to, Middle English tov, Middle English towe, Middle English (1600s in representations of Irish English) tou, Middle English–1500s tow, 1600s ta; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s tau (Westmorland), 1800s tae (Lancashire), 1800s t'e (Cumberland), 1800s tea (Lancashire), 1800s teh (northern), 1800s to (northern), 1800s t'o (Yorkshire), 1800s tow (Cumberland), 1800s– a (Yorkshire, after t), 1800s– aw (Cornwall, after t), 1800s– t' (northern), 1800s– ta, 1800s– taa (northern), 1800s– te, 1800s– teau (Lancashire), 1800s– too (Cumberland), 1800s– tou (northern), 1800s– tu (Northumberland), 1900s– tay (Yorkshire), 1900s– teaw (Lancashire), 1900s– teu (Yorkshire); Scottish 1700s a' (after t), 1700s–1800s t'ou, 1700s–1800s tou, 1700s– tu, 1800s dou (Shetland), 1800s– doo (Shetland), 1800s– du (Shetland), 1900s– to. eOE Let. to Edward the Elder (Sawyer 1445) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 32 Ordlaf feng to his londe..& tu hine hete ða flyman.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 12289 Þanne arrt tu swa bikahht þurrh himm, Þohh þatt tu swa ne wene.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 57 Þenc ancre hwet tu sohtest þa þu forsoke þe world i þi biclusunge.a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 25 Bi-hold tou him wid milde mod þat for us alle scedde is blod in cruce.c1350 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 58 Show þe for modir als tou is, Oure preiere take þe þorou þi blis.a1400 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 56 Lat In þe wepan[d] as ster of day, als tow art wyndow of hewen mirth.c1425 in C. R. Bland Teaching Gram. in Late Medieval Eng. (1991) 147 How many maner clynyng ys þer..How knowust tow ryth..How connowustow vnryth?a1450 (c1400–25) H. Legat Serm. Passion in D. M. Grisdale 3 Middle Eng. Serm. (1939) 9 & tat is þe heiȝest poynt of perfectiun þat tow maste haue in þis world.a1500 (?a1400) Firumbras (1935) 1541 Þu art myn owyn fer, To helpe me and socour with all þy power. Tow schalt wende by-fore, þu art my dere.c1576 T. Whythorne Autobiogr. (1961) 261 Ðow þat entendst to God to pray, þis lesson learn of mee þat tow be not A gaz in Chiurch, nor street for folks to see.1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ Hay any Worke for Cooper 39 Why thou vnsauorly snuffe, dost tow thinke that men know not D. Bridges?1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough.1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre iv. v. 64 in Wks. II Tou shalt be as honesht as the skinne betweene his hornsh.a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 51 But Sawny man, an tou see her mither Matty in the town, auld Be-go-laddie, as ye ca' her, gi' her a dram, she lik'st well.1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Nor hes tau followed on.1843 T. Wilson Pitman's Pay 26 Where was aw, thinks te, Jack?1886 M. Peacock Tales & Rhymes Lindsey Folk-speech 64 Why doänt t' set sheäves up i' stooks i' sun?1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 122 Maybe t'ou'll see the doctor, and gin t'ou see him, t'ou can speak to him frae afar.a1904 B. Kirkby in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1905) VI. 100/2 [West Yorkshire] Nut tay, mun.1928 Shetland Times 14 July 3/5 Him it kens your inside hantle better as doo kens da inside o da moorit hog it doo slachtered a Foersday?1991 R. A. Jamieson in T. Hubbard New Makars 169 Seekin fir da puckle o truth du slippt fae dy neb quhan du flew.2004 Radio Times 19 June (Midlands ed.) 9/2 We were treated to the exact same interview..even down to Stewart reminiscing about calling for his childhood friends with the Yorkshire vernacular ‘a ta laiking aht’ (are you playing out).

γ. Chiefly northern, north-east midlands, and Norfolk in later use early Middle English gu (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English wu (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English yue, Middle English ȝou, Middle English ȝow, Middle English ȝu, Middle English ye (perhaps transmission error), Middle English yhou, Middle English yhow, Middle English yhu, Middle English yo, Middle English you, Middle English youe, Middle English yov, Middle English yow, Middle English yowe, Middle English yu, Middle English yw. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 7 Drihten..wu warpest þene alde feont for þine feonden and þine feond þu biscildest.a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 123 Ye [printed þe] naylis beit al to longe..yue [printed þue] bledis al to longe.c1300 MS Lansd. 564 in D. A. Trotter Multilingualism in Later Medieval Brit. (2000) 70 Of yat you schalt asken me on ye kynges halve.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 365 In swinc ðu salt tilen ði mete..Til gu beas eft in-to erðe cumen, Quer-of gu beas to manne numen.a1400 in W. L. Braekman Fortune-telling by Casting of Dice (1981) 37 You hart of body gent and smal.a1475 (a1400) in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1981) 82 199 You art in gret charge yerfore And ye godfader and ye godmoder ȝet more.

2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding or following word (usually a verb). a. Enclitic. Old English -ðo (rare), Old English (rare)–Middle English -to, Old English–Middle English -tu, Middle English -te, Middle English -tou, Middle English -touȝ, Middle English -tow, Middle English -towe; English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– -ta, 1800s– -ter (Yorkshire), 1800s– -to (Lancashire), 1800s– -tow; Scottish 1700s–1800s -tu, 1800s -ter, 1800s -to, 1800s– -ta. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) v. 43 Eft he cuæð to Petre..: Petrus lufastu me?OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John iii. 8 Sed non scis unde ueniat : ah ne uast ðu uel nastu huona cymað.OE Glosses to Lorica of Laidcenn (Harl. 585) in E. Pettit Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms, & Prayers (2001) I. 46 Meo..uertice galea salutis esto capite : minum..hneccan helm hælo beo ðo westo heafde.OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 84 Hwæt destu gif ic to mergen middeges gebide?a1275 Body & Soul (Trin. Cambr. B.14.39) l. 53 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 126 Vine [read Wi ne] auedestu þe bi þout þat tu and þine uerkes, hal solde uende to nout.a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 38 Wolte sulle þi louerd þat heite iesus? ▸ c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 528 Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral, Wilte don mi wille..þat i wile bidden þe?c1350 Ayenbite (1866) App. 264 Sleȝþe zayþ, ‘Huannes comste?’ Drede zayþ, ‘Vram helle.’a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 285 Þerfore, couherde, i þe coniure & comande..þatow telle me tiȝtly truly þe soþe.a1450 St. Margaret (Bodl. 779) l. 180 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 47 By leue, mayde, vppon my godis..ne myȝtouȝ nouȝt I se bote þou leue vppon my lay, aslawe þou chalt be.c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) lviii Artow seke or smyt with jelousye?1720 A. Ramsay Young Laird & Edinb. Katy 1 O Katy wiltu gang wi' me, And leave the dinsome Town a while.1789 D. Sillar Poems 159 What is't ails thee, Willie, wiltu tell?1879 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. Astow,..hast thou.1897 J. S. Fletcher God's Failures 73 Aw, mun tha?..And for why, pray?..Doster know 'at sixpence a week is six-and-twenty shillin' a year?1905 Border Mag. Dec. 231 A farmer would ask, ‘Ista hired?’ ‘Where was thou last?’ or ‘What wages dista ask?’1943 Folk-lore 54 259 By gum! thou's as good a lookin' as thi mother. Dosta mind if I gi'e thee yan?2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 250 Which dusta want? b. Proclitic or with enclitic verb or (in quot. c1175) pronoun. Middle English þ-, Middle English þu-, Middle English–1600s th-, 1500s–1600s th'-, 1500s– thou-, 1600s t'-; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s taw- (Westmorland), 1700s– theaw- (Lancashire), 1800s thae- (Lancashire), 1800s th'u- (Cumberland), 1800s tu- (Yorkshire), 1800s– t-, 1800s– ta- (Yorkshire), 1800s– teaw- (Lancashire), 1800s– tha-, 1800s– thaa- (Derbyshire), 1800s– thah- (Yorkshire), 1800s– theau- (Lancashire), 1800s– thoo-, 1800s– thou-, 1800s– thow-, 1800s– thu- (Westmorland), 1800s– tou-, 1900s– thaww- (Cumberland), 1900s– too- (Cumberland). Frequently with contracted verbs, where an apostrophe is now standard.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 1573 Soþfasst lufe bærneþþ aȝȝ, Loc ȝiff þut mihht ohht findenn.c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 335 Seie þert icome fram ferren londe.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 70 Hupe forþ, Hubert, hosede pye! Ichot þart amarscled into þe mawe.c1390 (?c1350) St. Paula l. 57 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 4 Þou art so feruent in vertue Þat sum men seyn þart waxen newe Out of þi witte.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 8015 Þer wot no man of wham þart come.c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 456 Bot for all þat euer þou kane Thall neuer be thryfty man.1577 T. Kendall tr. Politianus et al. Flowers of Epigrammes f. 1 Thart with a maiden sped.c1604 Charlemagne (1920) ii. 46 T'arte a vyllane.1675 M. Locke Eng. Opera sig. H2^v Thour't great among the Heav'nly race.?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 22 Theaw'll sey so eend neaw.1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 2 Wey, Gworge! tou's owther fuil or font, To think o' sec a frow.1864 Ld. Tennyson Northern Farmer: Old Style i, in Enoch Arden, etc. 128 Thoort nowt o' a noorse.1908 Orkney & Shetland Misc. 1 viii. 321 Thu're the ae lass i' the wirld wha I like, thu're me peerie doo.1987 Lakeland Dial. 1988 No. 49. 25 ‘Well,’ sez t'agent, ‘thoo's a mazer, thoo is.’2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 304 In response to which mother sobbingly replied, ‘Aye, but tha's got a good daughter, Bertha’.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with (in many cases with variable, often uncertain, vowel quantity) Old Frisian thū, dū, (enclitic) -tū (West Frisian do, dū), Old Dutch thu, tu, (enclitic) -tu (Middle Dutch du, tu, (enclitic) -tu, early modern Dutch du), Old Saxon thū, tu (Middle Low German dū), Old High German dū, du, thū, thu, tu (Middle High German dū, du, German du), Old Icelandic þú, (enclitic) -ðu, -du, -tu, Norn (Shetland) du, Old Swedish þū (Swedish du), Old Danish thu (Danish du, (enclitic) -tu, -u), Gothic þu < the same Indo-European base as (with various differences of vowel quantity) classical Latin tū, Irish tu, Welsh ti, ancient Greek σύ, ancient Greek (Doric) τύ, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic ty, also (showing an extended form) Sanskrit twa-m.The paradigm of second person pronouns. The pattern in Old English can be summarized as follows: Singular: nominative þū (unstressed þu ), accusative þē (unstressed þe ), þec , dative þē (unstressed þe ), genitive þīn , (possessive adjective þīn ). Dual: nominative git , accusative inc (also incit ), dative inc , genitive incer , (possessive adjective incer ). Plural: nominative gē (unstressed ge ), accusative ēow (also ēowic ), dative ēow (also ēowic ), genitive ēower , (possessive adjective ēower ). For fuller information on each of the forms and their functions see the entries: thee pron., thine adj. and pron., yit pron., inc pron., inker pron., inker adj., ye pron. and n., you pron., adj., and n., your pron. and adj. See further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§702–3, 705–7, R. M. Hogg & R. D. Fulk Gram. Old Eng. (2011) II. §§5.29–32. Form history. As with other pronouns, the form history of this word is affected by its frequent position in low stress and the development of unstressed beside stressed variants; compare the early development of proclitic and enclitic forms (see Forms 2a, 2b). It is assumed that in Old English þ the length of the vowel depended on the degree of stress in the sentence (compare R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §5.198). The modern standard diphthongal pronunciation (/ðaʊ/) reflects a stressed form; compare Middle English þuu , þou (see Forms 1α). Regional forms, on the other hand, often reflect a reduced vowel (compare e.g. early modern English and regional tha ); such reduction is seen earliest in the Old English enclitic forms -to , -ðo (see Forms 2a). The modern standard voiced pronunciation of the initial consonant reflects late Middle English lenition of the originally voiceless dental fricative in unstressed words (also found in other pronouns, e.g. this pron., that pron.¹). Original voicelessness is reflected by forms with initial t- (see Forms 2β), which occur even when preceded by voiced consonants. Such forms originally arose by assimilation to preceding dental stops (d , t ) or dissimilation from preceding sibilant fricative (s ), and accordingly occur especially when the forms are enclitic, where often the verbal endings -s , -t , -st preceded them (see Forms 2a, and compare discussion at T n. 7). In Middle English, such spellings are particularly frequent after d or t in texts of the 13th cent. and grow less frequent with standardization. (Insular Scots (now chiefly Shetland) du , doo , on the other hand, shows the influence of Norn.) On the origin of γ. forms in y- and on the allocation of quotations to this entry and you pron., adj., and n. see the note at that entry. Other γ. forms either show transmission errors or result from various graphic equivalences in certain Middle English scripts. History of use of forms. In Old English, the inherited distinctive 2nd singular forms (including the other members of that paradigm, i.e. thee pron., thine adj. and pron., thy adj.) were in regular use independently of register or the status of the addressee. In Middle English they were gradually superseded by the plural ye , you , your , yours , which occurred with singular reference originally for reasons of showing respect, deference, or formality, but gradually became the usual forms in the standard language. On the details of this process see discussion at you pron., adj., and n. Although still occurring in religious contexts (in prayers or hymns addressing God) and in archaic language, later use of the th- forms in ordinary speech has been largely restricted to regional English (now chiefly in the north of England). The forms were formerly also employed by Quakers in addressing a single person as a mark of equality, a feature which had largely fallen out of use by the 20th century. While use of thee pron. as subject form occurs early and is frequent in regional use (see thee pron. II.), use of thou pron. as object form is rare; Eng. Dial. Dict. records use (as a stressed form) in northern regional English, Surv. Eng. Dial. records use in Wiltshire, and Sc. National Dict. records use in Orkney. For details of regional use, see Eng. Dial. Dict. (1905) VI. 100–2, J. Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. (1905) §§311, 404, and C. Upton et al. Surv. Eng. Dial.: Dict. & Gram. (1994) 486.

A. pron. The subjective case of the second person singular pronoun.

1. As subject or subject complement.

ΚΠ

eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ix. 13 (15) Qui exaltas me de portis mortis : ðu uphest mec of geatum deaðes.

OE Beowulf (2008) 506 Eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne?

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4458 Himm haffst tu slaȝenn.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 177 Þench hwat þu aȝest god. for hise godde den.

a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 7 So þu dest & so þu schalt.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1487 Þeou [c1300 Otho þou] ært leouere þene mi lif.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 361 For ðhu min bode-word haues broken, Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken. In swinc ðu salt tilien ði mete.

c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 4 Þorwe þat blod þi soule his [=is] bouȝt..And þorwe þat water iwessche þart.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 8306 Werrour artow gode in fiȝt.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §13. 7 Thanne hastow a brod Rewle.

c1450 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Bodl. Add.) i. l. 42 The better may thowe with that water holde.

c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 456 Thall neuer be thryfty man.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms lxiv. [lxv.] 1 Thou, O God, art praysed in Sion.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July 33 Syker, thous but a laesie loord.

1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. D2 Well sirrha well, thart as thart, and so ile take thee.

1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough.

a1625 J. Fletcher Mad Lover iv. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. D/2 Who art thou.

1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. D8^v 'Tis thou, alone, who with thy Mistick Fan, Work'st more then Wisdome, Art, or Nature can.

1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 326 Why shouldest thou do so, seeing how thou was not far from thine own shore?

1711 W. King et al. Vindic. Sacheverell 98 Thou art as hot as a Glass-house.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 273 I dare say thou'lt set the good Work forward.

1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Nor hes tau followed on.

1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 15 Had tou seen her at kurk, man, last Sunday, Tou cou'dn't ha'e thought o' the text.

1861 E. Waugh Birtle Carter's Tale 32 Well neaw, mind ta does do.

1879 F. H. Burnett Haworth's I. xxi. 216 Has tha gone daft? What art tha starin' at?

1928 D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley's Lover xv. 268 Tha's got a proper, woman's arse, proud of itself.

1975 in Amer. Speech (1985) 60 246 Thou shalt not speak ill of other Republicans.

2005 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 26 Feb. 18 Tha's bin commin an gooin all my life an as far back as folk can remember so tha must hae patience a Jobe.

2. Defined or made precise by a qualifying word or phrase. Also in contexts expressing reproach of or contempt for the person addressed often emphasized by being placed or repeated after the noun. Cf. you pron. 7b.

ΚΠ

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xiv. 445 Ic ascige ðe, þu Boetius.

c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 38 Ealæ ðu yfelæ ðeowæ, ic forȝeaf þe ðone sceat swa swa ðu me bæde.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 14 Me, þu heaðene hund, þe hehe healent is min help.

c1305 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 119 (MED) Thou mirie mai, hwi sinkes-tou ai?

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 312 A! gracious gode god! þouȝ grettest of alle!

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. i. l. 138 (MED) Þow doted daffe..dulle arne þi wittes.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 4095 Thow pynepeny, ther [sc. in hell] ay mot þou slepe!

?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) l. 1399 Loke þat we have drynke, boy þou.

1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie xvii Why hast thou..thou vnhappy hooke No conscience to be a periurde wretche?

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 174 Thou wall, ô wall, O sweete and louely wall.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. ii. 46 Thou lyest, thou iesting Monkey thou.

1668 J. Dryden Sr Martin Mar-all iv. 49 Thou Spawn of the old Serpent, fruitful in nothing but in Lyes!

1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xii. 69 Oh thou! brave Leader of our Trojan Bands, And you, confed'rate Chiefs from foreign Lands!

1756 J. Home Douglas iii. ii Thou riddler, speak Direct and clear.

1820 W. Wordsworth San Salvador 1 Thou sacred Pile! whose turrets rise..Guarded by lone San Salvador.

1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick cxix. 561 There is some unsuffusing thing beyond thee, thou clear spirit, to whom all thy eternity is but time.

1898 A. Ollivant Owd Bob i. 15 Thoo 'earse-'orse, thoo! thoo wormy willain! thoo melancholy maggot!

1910 E. V. Lucas Slowcoach xx. 327 Thou knave, thou cad, Thou everything that's bad!

1962 ‘A. Burgess’ Clockwork Orange i. ii. 15 Come and get one in the yarbles, if you have any yarbles, you eunuch jelly, thou!

2002 Times Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 28 June 14 One looked me up and down and, summoning up the experience of 85 years, said ‘Tha' daft bugger’.

B. n.¹

1. (An instance of) the word thou. Also used to represent the familiar second person singular pronoun in other languages, as French tu, German du, etc.Frequently in collocation with thee: see thee n.² 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > personal pronoun > specific

thouc1400

yec1400

you1655

thee1657

royal we1821

OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 103 Se oðer had ys tu ðu, and his genitivvs byð tui þin.]

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony persons has þou?..Thre in þe singulere.., as ‘I’ and ‘þow’ and ‘he’.

c1450–4 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 151 Rith nessessary it is to knowe þe pronons..je..tu, il..I, thow, he.

a1500 in T. F. Simmons Lay Folks Mass Bk. (1879) 153 ‘Thou’ I klype the, prowde knapys, That make in holy chyrche Iapis.

a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 65 And quarrels him schamfullie with manie thows and lyes.

1655 R. Baxter Quakers Catech. 27 The Quakers..call out for a formal Righteousnesse.., consisting in such things as these following, to wit,..That we say (Thou) and no (You) to him we speak to.

a1720 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. ii. 142 Their nonconformity with the Vulgar Salutation, and their saying Thou and Thee.

1798 G. Markham More Truth for Seekers 15 The Quakers think they perform good services..by yeas and nays, thees and thous.

1838 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth (ed. 2) 1st Ser. 153 When you came into use among the higher classes, the lower were still addrest with thou.

1878 Gleason's Monthly Compan. Aug. 375/1 We use the sweet old ‘thees’ and ‘thous’.

1910 E. V. Lucas Slowcoach xx. 328 You mustn't say ‘you’ in an ode. You must say ‘thou’.

1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. T. Mann Magic Mountain (London ed.) I. v. 413 With the licence of the season she addressed him, Herr Settembrini, with the thou.

2002 S. Lee & G. Mair Excelsior! i. 13 I love that style of writing, the almost poetical phrasing and the ‘thees’ and ‘thous’ and ‘begats’.

2. The person being addressed. In later use also: (esp. in connection with the theology of Martin Buber) a person other than oneself; a person with whom one interacts (cf. I-thou n., I and Thou at I pron. and n.² Phrases 5). Cf. thee n.² 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > [noun] > one who is addressed

thee1609

thou1693

1693 J. Dryden tr. Persius Satires i. 15 Thou, if there be a thou, in this base Town, Who dares, with angry Eupolis, to frown.

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. ix. 69/2 Because the Thou (sweet gentleman) is not sufficiently honoured, nourished, soft-bedded.

1899 R. B. L. B. Nath Hinduism Anc. & Mod. 86 The nature of the Thou is next discussed and it is proved that the thou (the individual self) is eternal and immortal.

1938 Philos. Rev. 47 50 The actual thus effects the relation between the I and the Thou.

1972 J. Campbell Myths to live By iii. 58 The center of mystery now is man himself: man as a Thou, one's neighbor.

2005 Human Stud. 28 164 In human experience it is important to consider the Thou truly as a Thou, and to allow it to really tell or teach us something.

Phrases

In colloquial phrases (after holier-than-thou at holy adj. 5) designating or denoting a person's belief that he or she is superior to others, esp. with regard to a specified quality or attribute, as better-than-thou, cooler-than-thou, greener-than-thou, worthier-than-thou, etc. See also prolier-than-thou at proly adj.

ΚΠ

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. lxv. B Yf thou comest nye them, they saie: touch me not, for I am holyer then thou.]

1853 Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper 9 Oct. 5/5 This was a terrible crime in the eyes of the ‘better than thou’ tribe.

1916 Catholic World Oct. 122 She doesn't believe in the ‘worthier than thou’; she is quite ‘broad-minded’ enough to believe that she is ‘as humble as anyone’.

1942 Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle 30 June 13/6 (advt.) Dotted Swiss casual for that cooler-than-thou look.

1970 Guardian 23 Feb. 10/1 ‘Tougher than thou’, in this context, is what Mr. Wilson wishes to seem.

1983 Village Voice (N.Y.) 15 Mar. 35/1 Sunny's cool isn't like any of the cools I've ever known. It's not the hipper-than-thou cool of the jazz set or the aggressively aloof cool of dreads.

1997 C. Shields Larry's Party (1998) xv. 311 ‘It's a good way to use up the stalks, actually.’ ‘Shame on you, Ian. You sound positively pious.’ ‘Good God, I do, don't I?’ ‘Eco-smug.’ ‘Greener than thou.’

2005 L. Leblanc Pretty in Punk iv. 109 It's the whole ‘punker than thou’ bullshit.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	thou
释义	thoun.² /θaʊ/ Forms: also thou. (with point), thou'. Etymology: Shortened < thousand n. and adj. colloquial. A thousand; esp. a thousand pounds sterling; a thousandth of an inch; (U.S.) a thousand dollars. Also in other senses: see quots. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > specific sums of money millionc1400 tun of gold1603 mill1821 monkey1827 lakh1859 thou1867 the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > hundred and over > [noun] > thousand thousand971 M1396 thou1867 the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > inch > one thousandth of an inch mil1872 thou1902 1867 ‘Ouida’ Under Two Flags I. vi. 113 Losing ‘long odds in thou'’ over the Oaks. 1869 tr. E. Sue Myst. of Paris i. xxvi The annual amount of his betting-book reached to two or three ‘thous’. 1897 Speaker 13 Nov. 531 The writer did not demean himself by fixing his price at so much ‘per thou’. 1899 Daily News 23 Feb. 6/2 Fancy Wellington and Nelson coaxed for copy at the rate, say, of five hundred pounds a ‘thou’. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 30 June 3/3 In engineering we divide the inch into one thousand parts, and the expression of dimensions in ‘thous’, as they are called in workshops, is far more convenient than the expression of the same dimensions in parts of millimètres. 1924 J. Galsworthy White Monkey iii. ix. 276 If he did take a few thou. under the rose, he took 'em off the Huns. 1934 Practical Motorist 19 May 94/2 The width of the gap..should not be more than 3 to 5 ‘thous’. 1952 M. Tripp Faith is Windsock xi. 173 We're below ten thou..; you can take off your oxygen masks. 1965 New Yorker 20 Feb. 34/3 The gesture cost me a cool ten thou, but I didn't begrudge it. 1975 Hi-Fi Answers Feb. 36/1 The AT21X carries an elliptical stylus of 0·3 × 0·7 thou. dimensions. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online June 2022). thoupron.n.¹ Brit. /ðaʊ/, U.S. /ðaʊ/ Forms: 1. α. Old English–early Middle English ðu, Old English (rare)–Middle English thu, Old English–Middle English þu, Old English–Middle English þv, early Middle English þ (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English þe (rare), early Middle English þeo (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeou (south-west midlands), early Middle English þeu (south-west midlands), early Middle English ðhu, early Middle English þi (transmission error), early Middle English þir (transmission error), early Middle English ðou, Middle English tho, Middle English thogh, Middle English thouȝ, Middle English thugh, Middle English thw, Middle English þo, Middle English þou, Middle English þouȝ, Middle English þov, Middle English þow, Middle English þþu, Middle English þuu, Middle English þw, Middle English–1500s thov, Middle English–1600s thow, Middle English–1600s thowe, Middle English– thou, late Middle English thoue, late Middle English thove, late Middle English þoue, late Middle English þowe, 1600s (1900s– Welsh English) tha; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s–1800s thau (northern), 1700s– tha (chiefly northern), 1700s– theaw (Lancashire and Cheshire), 1800s th' (Lancashire), 1800s thaw (Yorkshire), 1800s theow (Somerset), 1800s thow (Lancashire), 1800s– tha' (Yorkshire), 1800s– thaa (northern), 1800s– thaaw (Cumberland), 1800s– thae (Lancashire), 1800s– thah, 1800s– thai (Cheshire), 1800s– thaww (Cumberland), 1800s– theau (Lancashire), 1800s– they (Cheshire), 1800s– tho (chiefly Lancashire), 1800s– thoo (northern), 1800s– thu, 1900s– thea (Lancashire); Scottish pre-1700 thoue, pre-1700 thous, pre-1700 thov, pre-1700 thowe, pre-1700 1700s 1900s– thow, pre-1700 1700s– thou, pre-1700 1800s– thu, 1800s– thoo (chiefly Orkney). OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark i. 24 Quid nobis et tibi Iesu Nazarene : huæt us & ðe ðu [OE Rushw. þv] hælend ðe nazare.OE Sedulius Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 173) in H. D. Meritt Old Eng. Glosses (1945) 30/1 Caperis : thu bist etwuenied [prob. read ætwemed].c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 1300 Þu cnawesst rihht tin Godd..& follȝhesst himm & buȝhesst.a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 Se ðu etst of ðese trewe, ðou art deaðes sceldih.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1487 Þeou [c1300 Otho þou] ært leouere þene mi lif.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 362 Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken.c1425 Liber Monasterii de Hyda (Sawyer 374) in S. Miller Charters of New Minster, Winchester (2001) 184 Along the mark weys for to that thw comyst to the sand pyt.1448 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Arms) 1 in K. Brunner Mittelengl. Vers-roman über Richard Löwenherz (1913) 260 Sey thugh me..Who shal be borgh other waraunt Of the tresour thogh byhotest vs?a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 291 Thove vergyne knight of whom we synge, Vndeffiled sithe thy begynyng, Edwardes, Dai gracia.1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Bvij^v I wolde not commytt my best beloued Iewell and treasure vnto the, vnlesse thowe loue me hartely.1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough.1658 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1891) I. 140 Thoue brak wp ane of the dors of the prese.1700 W. Penn in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1870) IX. 5 Thow wilt by this time have mine of yesternight.1746 Exmoor Scolding (ed. 3) ii. 12 Tha hast tha very Daps o' thy old muxy Ont Sybyl.1854 S. Bamford Dial. S. Lanc. 188 (Lanc. Gloss.) Theau great hobthurst.1859 E. Waugh Lancs. Songs 72 [Lanc. Gloss.] Dost think thae could doff me an' dad me to bed?1867 W. Dickinson Suppl. Words & Phrases Cumberland 36 My fadder swarmelt it, an' I swarmelt it, an' caan't thaww swarmelt tu?1929 H. Marwick Orkney Norn at Life Saw thoo no a life aboot the hoose ava? I got no wan life.1972 G. M. Brown Greenvoe (1976) i. 28 Thu would rather be having a bonny lass to take thee claes off.2003 J. Murray Jazz x. 181 It's thee own fault, thoo bliddy Frizinton tightarse! Bliddy alf Irish scragarse eejit. β. Old English (rare)–Middle English tu, Middle English du, Middle English to, Middle English tov, Middle English towe, Middle English (1600s in representations of Irish English) tou, Middle English–1500s tow, 1600s ta; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s tau (Westmorland), 1800s tae (Lancashire), 1800s t'e (Cumberland), 1800s tea (Lancashire), 1800s teh (northern), 1800s to (northern), 1800s t'o (Yorkshire), 1800s tow (Cumberland), 1800s– a (Yorkshire, after t), 1800s– aw (Cornwall, after t), 1800s– t' (northern), 1800s– ta, 1800s– taa (northern), 1800s– te, 1800s– teau (Lancashire), 1800s– too (Cumberland), 1800s– tou (northern), 1800s– tu (Northumberland), 1900s– tay (Yorkshire), 1900s– teaw (Lancashire), 1900s– teu (Yorkshire); Scottish 1700s a' (after t), 1700s–1800s t'ou, 1700s–1800s tou, 1700s– tu, 1800s dou (Shetland), 1800s– doo (Shetland), 1800s– du (Shetland), 1900s– to. eOE Let. to Edward the Elder (Sawyer 1445) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 32 Ordlaf feng to his londe..& tu hine hete ða flyman.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 12289 Þanne arrt tu swa bikahht þurrh himm, Þohh þatt tu swa ne wene.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 57 Þenc ancre hwet tu sohtest þa þu forsoke þe world i þi biclusunge.a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 25 Bi-hold tou him wid milde mod þat for us alle scedde is blod in cruce.c1350 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 58 Show þe for modir als tou is, Oure preiere take þe þorou þi blis.a1400 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 56 Lat In þe wepan[d] as ster of day, als tow art wyndow of hewen mirth.c1425 in C. R. Bland Teaching Gram. in Late Medieval Eng. (1991) 147 How many maner clynyng ys þer..How knowust tow ryth..How connowustow vnryth?a1450 (c1400–25) H. Legat Serm. Passion in D. M. Grisdale 3 Middle Eng. Serm. (1939) 9 & tat is þe heiȝest poynt of perfectiun þat tow maste haue in þis world.a1500 (?a1400) Firumbras (1935) 1541 Þu art myn owyn fer, To helpe me and socour with all þy power. Tow schalt wende by-fore, þu art my dere.c1576 T. Whythorne Autobiogr. (1961) 261 Ðow þat entendst to God to pray, þis lesson learn of mee þat tow be not A gaz in Chiurch, nor street for folks to see.1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ Hay any Worke for Cooper 39 Why thou vnsauorly snuffe, dost tow thinke that men know not D. Bridges?1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough.1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre iv. v. 64 in Wks. II Tou shalt be as honesht as the skinne betweene his hornsh.a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 51 But Sawny man, an tou see her mither Matty in the town, auld Be-go-laddie, as ye ca' her, gi' her a dram, she lik'st well.1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Nor hes tau followed on.1843 T. Wilson Pitman's Pay 26 Where was aw, thinks te, Jack?1886 M. Peacock Tales & Rhymes Lindsey Folk-speech 64 Why doänt t' set sheäves up i' stooks i' sun?1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 122 Maybe t'ou'll see the doctor, and gin t'ou see him, t'ou can speak to him frae afar.a1904 B. Kirkby in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1905) VI. 100/2 [West Yorkshire] Nut tay, mun.1928 Shetland Times 14 July 3/5 Him it kens your inside hantle better as doo kens da inside o da moorit hog it doo slachtered a Foersday?1991 R. A. Jamieson in T. Hubbard New Makars 169 Seekin fir da puckle o truth du slippt fae dy neb quhan du flew.2004 Radio Times 19 June (Midlands ed.) 9/2 We were treated to the exact same interview..even down to Stewart reminiscing about calling for his childhood friends with the Yorkshire vernacular ‘a ta laiking aht’ (are you playing out). γ. Chiefly northern, north-east midlands, and Norfolk in later use early Middle English gu (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English wu (perhaps transmission error), early Middle English yue, Middle English ȝou, Middle English ȝow, Middle English ȝu, Middle English ye (perhaps transmission error), Middle English yhou, Middle English yhow, Middle English yhu, Middle English yo, Middle English you, Middle English youe, Middle English yov, Middle English yow, Middle English yowe, Middle English yu, Middle English yw. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 7 Drihten..wu warpest þene alde feont for þine feonden and þine feond þu biscildest.a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 123 Ye [printed þe] naylis beit al to longe..yue [printed þue] bledis al to longe.c1300 MS Lansd. 564 in D. A. Trotter Multilingualism in Later Medieval Brit. (2000) 70 Of yat you schalt asken me on ye kynges halve.a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 365 In swinc ðu salt tilen ði mete..Til gu beas eft in-to erðe cumen, Quer-of gu beas to manne numen.a1400 in W. L. Braekman Fortune-telling by Casting of Dice (1981) 37 You hart of body gent and smal.a1475 (a1400) in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1981) 82 199 You art in gret charge yerfore And ye godfader and ye godmoder ȝet more. 2. Combined (sometimes in contracted form) with a preceding or following word (usually a verb). a. Enclitic. Old English -ðo (rare), Old English (rare)–Middle English -to, Old English–Middle English -tu, Middle English -te, Middle English -tou, Middle English -touȝ, Middle English -tow, Middle English -towe; English regional (chiefly northern) 1800s– -ta, 1800s– -ter (Yorkshire), 1800s– -to (Lancashire), 1800s– -tow; Scottish 1700s–1800s -tu, 1800s -ter, 1800s -to, 1800s– -ta. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) v. 43 Eft he cuæð to Petre..: Petrus lufastu me?OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John iii. 8 Sed non scis unde ueniat : ah ne uast ðu uel nastu huona cymað.OE Glosses to Lorica of Laidcenn (Harl. 585) in E. Pettit Anglo-Saxon Remedies, Charms, & Prayers (2001) I. 46 Meo..uertice galea salutis esto capite : minum..hneccan helm hælo beo ðo westo heafde.OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 84 Hwæt destu gif ic to mergen middeges gebide?a1275 Body & Soul (Trin. Cambr. B.14.39) l. 53 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 126 Vine [read Wi ne] auedestu þe bi þout þat tu and þine uerkes, hal solde uende to nout.a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 38 Wolte sulle þi louerd þat heite iesus? ▸ c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 528 Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral, Wilte don mi wille..þat i wile bidden þe?c1350 Ayenbite (1866) App. 264 Sleȝþe zayþ, ‘Huannes comste?’ Drede zayþ, ‘Vram helle.’a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 285 Þerfore, couherde, i þe coniure & comande..þatow telle me tiȝtly truly þe soþe.a1450 St. Margaret (Bodl. 779) l. 180 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 47 By leue, mayde, vppon my godis..ne myȝtouȝ nouȝt I se bote þou leue vppon my lay, aslawe þou chalt be.c1500 (?a1437) Kingis Quair (1939) lviii Artow seke or smyt with jelousye?1720 A. Ramsay Young Laird & Edinb. Katy 1 O Katy wiltu gang wi' me, And leave the dinsome Town a while.1789 D. Sillar Poems 159 What is't ails thee, Willie, wiltu tell?1879 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. Astow,..hast thou.1897 J. S. Fletcher God's Failures 73 Aw, mun tha?..And for why, pray?..Doster know 'at sixpence a week is six-and-twenty shillin' a year?1905 Border Mag. Dec. 231 A farmer would ask, ‘Ista hired?’ ‘Where was thou last?’ or ‘What wages dista ask?’1943 Folk-lore 54 259 By gum! thou's as good a lookin' as thi mother. Dosta mind if I gi'e thee yan?2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 250 Which dusta want? b. Proclitic or with enclitic verb or (in quot. c1175) pronoun. Middle English þ-, Middle English þu-, Middle English–1600s th-, 1500s–1600s th'-, 1500s– thou-, 1600s t'-; English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s taw- (Westmorland), 1700s– theaw- (Lancashire), 1800s thae- (Lancashire), 1800s th'u- (Cumberland), 1800s tu- (Yorkshire), 1800s– t-, 1800s– ta- (Yorkshire), 1800s– teaw- (Lancashire), 1800s– tha-, 1800s– thaa- (Derbyshire), 1800s– thah- (Yorkshire), 1800s– theau- (Lancashire), 1800s– thoo-, 1800s– thou-, 1800s– thow-, 1800s– thu- (Westmorland), 1800s– tou-, 1900s– thaww- (Cumberland), 1900s– too- (Cumberland). Frequently with contracted verbs, where an apostrophe is now standard.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) 1573 Soþfasst lufe bærneþþ aȝȝ, Loc ȝiff þut mihht ohht findenn.c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 335 Seie þert icome fram ferren londe.a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 70 Hupe forþ, Hubert, hosede pye! Ichot þart amarscled into þe mawe.c1390 (?c1350) St. Paula l. 57 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 4 Þou art so feruent in vertue Þat sum men seyn þart waxen newe Out of þi witte.a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 8015 Þer wot no man of wham þart come.c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 456 Bot for all þat euer þou kane Thall neuer be thryfty man.1577 T. Kendall tr. Politianus et al. Flowers of Epigrammes f. 1 Thart with a maiden sped.c1604 Charlemagne (1920) ii. 46 T'arte a vyllane.1675 M. Locke Eng. Opera sig. H2^v Thour't great among the Heav'nly race.?1746 ‘T. Bobbin’ View Lancs. Dial. 22 Theaw'll sey so eend neaw.1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 2 Wey, Gworge! tou's owther fuil or font, To think o' sec a frow.1864 Ld. Tennyson Northern Farmer: Old Style i, in Enoch Arden, etc. 128 Thoort nowt o' a noorse.1908 Orkney & Shetland Misc. 1 viii. 321 Thu're the ae lass i' the wirld wha I like, thu're me peerie doo.1987 Lakeland Dial. 1988 No. 49. 25 ‘Well,’ sez t'agent, ‘thoo's a mazer, thoo is.’2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 304 In response to which mother sobbingly replied, ‘Aye, but tha's got a good daughter, Bertha’. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with (in many cases with variable, often uncertain, vowel quantity) Old Frisian thū, dū, (enclitic) -tū (West Frisian do, dū), Old Dutch thu, tu, (enclitic) -tu (Middle Dutch du, tu, (enclitic) -tu, early modern Dutch du), Old Saxon thū, tu (Middle Low German dū), Old High German dū, du, thū, thu, tu (Middle High German dū, du, German du), Old Icelandic þú, (enclitic) -ðu, -du, -tu, Norn (Shetland) du, Old Swedish þū (Swedish du), Old Danish thu (Danish du, (enclitic) -tu, -u), Gothic þu < the same Indo-European base as (with various differences of vowel quantity) classical Latin tū, Irish tu, Welsh ti, ancient Greek σύ, ancient Greek (Doric) τύ, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic ty, also (showing an extended form) Sanskrit twa-m.The paradigm of second person pronouns. The pattern in Old English can be summarized as follows: Singular: nominative þū (unstressed þu ), accusative þē (unstressed þe ), þec , dative þē (unstressed þe ), genitive þīn , (possessive adjective þīn ). Dual: nominative git , accusative inc (also incit ), dative inc , genitive incer , (possessive adjective incer ). Plural: nominative gē (unstressed ge ), accusative ēow (also ēowic ), dative ēow (also ēowic ), genitive ēower , (possessive adjective ēower ). For fuller information on each of the forms and their functions see the entries: thee pron., thine adj. and pron., yit pron., inc pron., inker pron., inker adj., ye pron. and n., you pron., adj., and n., your pron. and adj. See further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§702–3, 705–7, R. M. Hogg & R. D. Fulk Gram. Old Eng. (2011) II. §§5.29–32. Form history. As with other pronouns, the form history of this word is affected by its frequent position in low stress and the development of unstressed beside stressed variants; compare the early development of proclitic and enclitic forms (see Forms 2a, 2b). It is assumed that in Old English þ the length of the vowel depended on the degree of stress in the sentence (compare R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §5.198). The modern standard diphthongal pronunciation (/ðaʊ/) reflects a stressed form; compare Middle English þuu , þou (see Forms 1α). Regional forms, on the other hand, often reflect a reduced vowel (compare e.g. early modern English and regional tha ); such reduction is seen earliest in the Old English enclitic forms -to , -ðo (see Forms 2a). The modern standard voiced pronunciation of the initial consonant reflects late Middle English lenition of the originally voiceless dental fricative in unstressed words (also found in other pronouns, e.g. this pron., that pron.¹). Original voicelessness is reflected by forms with initial t- (see Forms 2β), which occur even when preceded by voiced consonants. Such forms originally arose by assimilation to preceding dental stops (d , t ) or dissimilation from preceding sibilant fricative (s ), and accordingly occur especially when the forms are enclitic, where often the verbal endings -s , -t , -st preceded them (see Forms 2a, and compare discussion at T n. 7). In Middle English, such spellings are particularly frequent after d or t in texts of the 13th cent. and grow less frequent with standardization. (Insular Scots (now chiefly Shetland) du , doo , on the other hand, shows the influence of Norn.) On the origin of γ. forms in y- and on the allocation of quotations to this entry and you pron., adj., and n. see the note at that entry. Other γ. forms either show transmission errors or result from various graphic equivalences in certain Middle English scripts. History of use of forms. In Old English, the inherited distinctive 2nd singular forms (including the other members of that paradigm, i.e. thee pron., thine adj. and pron., thy adj.) were in regular use independently of register or the status of the addressee. In Middle English they were gradually superseded by the plural ye , you , your , yours , which occurred with singular reference originally for reasons of showing respect, deference, or formality, but gradually became the usual forms in the standard language. On the details of this process see discussion at you pron., adj., and n. Although still occurring in religious contexts (in prayers or hymns addressing God) and in archaic language, later use of the th- forms in ordinary speech has been largely restricted to regional English (now chiefly in the north of England). The forms were formerly also employed by Quakers in addressing a single person as a mark of equality, a feature which had largely fallen out of use by the 20th century. While use of thee pron. as subject form occurs early and is frequent in regional use (see thee pron. II.), use of thou pron. as object form is rare; Eng. Dial. Dict. records use (as a stressed form) in northern regional English, Surv. Eng. Dial. records use in Wiltshire, and Sc. National Dict. records use in Orkney. For details of regional use, see Eng. Dial. Dict. (1905) VI. 100–2, J. Wright Eng. Dial. Gram. (1905) §§311, 404, and C. Upton et al. Surv. Eng. Dial.: Dict. & Gram. (1994) 486. A. pron. The subjective case of the second person singular pronoun. 1. As subject or subject complement. ΚΠ eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ix. 13 (15) Qui exaltas me de portis mortis : ðu uphest mec of geatum deaðes. OE Beowulf (2008) 506 Eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne? c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4458 Himm haffst tu slaȝenn. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 177 Þench hwat þu aȝest god. for hise godde den. a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 7 So þu dest & so þu schalt. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1487 Þeou [c1300 Otho þou] ært leouere þene mi lif. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 361 For ðhu min bode-word haues broken, Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken. In swinc ðu salt tilien ði mete. c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 4 Þorwe þat blod þi soule his [=is] bouȝt..And þorwe þat water iwessche þart. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 8306 Werrour artow gode in fiȝt. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) i. §13. 7 Thanne hastow a brod Rewle. c1450 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Bodl. Add.) i. l. 42 The better may thowe with that water holde. c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 456 Thall neuer be thryfty man. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms lxiv. [lxv.] 1 Thou, O God, art praysed in Sion. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July 33 Syker, thous but a laesie loord. 1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. D2 Well sirrha well, thart as thart, and so ile take thee. 1607 F. Beaumont Woman Hater iii. i. sig. D4 Heares ta, and tha wants lodging, take my house, 'tis big enough. a1625 J. Fletcher Mad Lover iv. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. D/2 Who art thou. 1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. D8^v 'Tis thou, alone, who with thy Mistick Fan, Work'st more then Wisdome, Art, or Nature can. 1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 326 Why shouldest thou do so, seeing how thou was not far from thine own shore? 1711 W. King et al. Vindic. Sacheverell 98 Thou art as hot as a Glass-house. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 273 I dare say thou'lt set the good Work forward. 1785 W. Hutton Bran New Wark 14 Nor hes tau followed on. 1805 R. Anderson Ballads in Cumberland Dial. 15 Had tou seen her at kurk, man, last Sunday, Tou cou'dn't ha'e thought o' the text. 1861 E. Waugh Birtle Carter's Tale 32 Well neaw, mind ta does do. 1879 F. H. Burnett Haworth's I. xxi. 216 Has tha gone daft? What art tha starin' at? 1928 D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley's Lover xv. 268 Tha's got a proper, woman's arse, proud of itself. 1975 in Amer. Speech (1985) 60 246 Thou shalt not speak ill of other Republicans. 2005 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 26 Feb. 18 Tha's bin commin an gooin all my life an as far back as folk can remember so tha must hae patience a Jobe. 2. Defined or made precise by a qualifying word or phrase. Also in contexts expressing reproach of or contempt for the person addressed often emphasized by being placed or repeated after the noun. Cf. you pron. 7b. ΚΠ eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xiv. 445 Ic ascige ðe, þu Boetius. c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 38 Ealæ ðu yfelæ ðeowæ, ic forȝeaf þe ðone sceat swa swa ðu me bæde. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 14 Me, þu heaðene hund, þe hehe healent is min help. c1305 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 119 (MED) Thou mirie mai, hwi sinkes-tou ai? a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 312 A! gracious gode god! þouȝ grettest of alle! c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. i. l. 138 (MED) Þow doted daffe..dulle arne þi wittes. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 4095 Thow pynepeny, ther [sc. in hell] ay mot þou slepe! ?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) l. 1399 Loke þat we have drynke, boy þou. 1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie xvii Why hast thou..thou vnhappy hooke No conscience to be a periurde wretche? 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 174 Thou wall, ô wall, O sweete and louely wall. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. ii. 46 Thou lyest, thou iesting Monkey thou. View more context for this quotation 1668 J. Dryden Sr Martin Mar-all iv. 49 Thou Spawn of the old Serpent, fruitful in nothing but in Lyes! 1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xii. 69 Oh thou! brave Leader of our Trojan Bands, And you, confed'rate Chiefs from foreign Lands! 1756 J. Home Douglas iii. ii Thou riddler, speak Direct and clear. 1820 W. Wordsworth San Salvador 1 Thou sacred Pile! whose turrets rise..Guarded by lone San Salvador. 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick cxix. 561 There is some unsuffusing thing beyond thee, thou clear spirit, to whom all thy eternity is but time. 1898 A. Ollivant Owd Bob i. 15 Thoo 'earse-'orse, thoo! thoo wormy willain! thoo melancholy maggot! 1910 E. V. Lucas Slowcoach xx. 327 Thou knave, thou cad, Thou everything that's bad! 1962 ‘A. Burgess’ Clockwork Orange i. ii. 15 Come and get one in the yarbles, if you have any yarbles, you eunuch jelly, thou! 2002 Times Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 28 June 14 One looked me up and down and, summoning up the experience of 85 years, said ‘Tha' daft bugger’. B. n.¹ 1. (An instance of) the word thou. Also used to represent the familiar second person singular pronoun in other languages, as French tu, German du, etc.Frequently in collocation with thee: see thee n.² 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > personal pronoun > specific thouc1400 yec1400 you1655 thee1657 royal we1821 OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 103 Se oðer had ys tu ðu, and his genitivvs byð tui þin.] c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony persons has þou?..Thre in þe singulere.., as ‘I’ and ‘þow’ and ‘he’. c1450–4 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 151 Rith nessessary it is to knowe þe pronons..je..tu, il..I, thow, he. a1500 in T. F. Simmons Lay Folks Mass Bk. (1879) 153 ‘Thou’ I klype the, prowde knapys, That make in holy chyrche Iapis. a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 65 And quarrels him schamfullie with manie thows and lyes. 1655 R. Baxter Quakers Catech. 27 The Quakers..call out for a formal Righteousnesse.., consisting in such things as these following, to wit,..That we say (Thou) and no (You) to him we speak to. a1720 W. Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. ii. 142 Their nonconformity with the Vulgar Salutation, and their saying Thou and Thee. 1798 G. Markham More Truth for Seekers 15 The Quakers think they perform good services..by yeas and nays, thees and thous. 1838 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth (ed. 2) 1st Ser. 153 When you came into use among the higher classes, the lower were still addrest with thou. 1878 Gleason's Monthly Compan. Aug. 375/1 We use the sweet old ‘thees’ and ‘thous’. 1910 E. V. Lucas Slowcoach xx. 328 You mustn't say ‘you’ in an ode. You must say ‘thou’. 1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. T. Mann Magic Mountain (London ed.) I. v. 413 With the licence of the season she addressed him, Herr Settembrini, with the thou. 2002 S. Lee & G. Mair Excelsior! i. 13 I love that style of writing, the almost poetical phrasing and the ‘thees’ and ‘thous’ and ‘begats’. 2. The person being addressed. In later use also: (esp. in connection with the theology of Martin Buber) a person other than oneself; a person with whom one interacts (cf. I-thou n., I and Thou at I pron. and n.² Phrases 5). Cf. thee n.² 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > [noun] > one who is addressed thee1609 thou1693 1693 J. Dryden tr. Persius Satires i. 15 Thou, if there be a thou, in this base Town, Who dares, with angry Eupolis, to frown. 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. ix. 69/2 Because the Thou (sweet gentleman) is not sufficiently honoured, nourished, soft-bedded. 1899 R. B. L. B. Nath Hinduism Anc. & Mod. 86 The nature of the Thou is next discussed and it is proved that the thou (the individual self) is eternal and immortal. 1938 Philos. Rev. 47 50 The actual thus effects the relation between the I and the Thou. 1972 J. Campbell Myths to live By iii. 58 The center of mystery now is man himself: man as a Thou, one's neighbor. 2005 Human Stud. 28 164 In human experience it is important to consider the Thou truly as a Thou, and to allow it to really tell or teach us something. Phrases In colloquial phrases (after holier-than-thou at holy adj. 5) designating or denoting a person's belief that he or she is superior to others, esp. with regard to a specified quality or attribute, as better-than-thou, cooler-than-thou, greener-than-thou, worthier-than-thou, etc. See also prolier-than-thou at proly adj. ΚΠ 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. lxv. B Yf thou comest nye them, they saie: touch me not, for I am holyer then thou.] 1853 Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper 9 Oct. 5/5 This was a terrible crime in the eyes of the ‘better than thou’ tribe. 1916 Catholic World Oct. 122 She doesn't believe in the ‘worthier than thou’; she is quite ‘broad-minded’ enough to believe that she is ‘as humble as anyone’. 1942 Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle 30 June 13/6 (advt.) Dotted Swiss casual for that cooler-than-thou look. 1970 Guardian 23 Feb. 10/1 ‘Tougher than thou’, in this context, is what Mr. Wilson wishes to seem. 1983 Village Voice (N.Y.) 15 Mar. 35/1 Sunny's cool isn't like any of the cools I've ever known. It's not the hipper-than-thou cool of the jazz set or the aggressively aloof cool of dreads. 1997 C. Shields Larry's Party (1998) xv. 311 ‘It's a good way to use up the stalks, actually.’ ‘Shame on you, Ian. You sound positively pious.’ ‘Good God, I do, don't I?’ ‘Eco-smug.’ ‘Greener than thou.’ 2005 L. Leblanc Pretty in Punk iv. 109 It's the whole ‘punker than thou’ bullshit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). thouv. Brit. /ðaʊ/, U.S. /ðaʊ/ Forms: late Middle English thew, late Middle English thowe, late Middle English thuy, late Middle English– thou, 1800s du (Scottish (Shetland)); English regional 1800s– tha (Yorkshire), 1800s– thah (Yorkshire), 1900s– thoo (Cumberland). Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: thou pron. Etymology: < thou pron. Compare thowt v. and discussion at that entry. Compare later thee v.² For foreign-language parallels see thowt v.The forms thew and thuy are both unexpected spellings, without exact parallels among contemporary forms at thou pron. and n.¹, but identification as this word seems secure from the glossing context in quots. a1425 at sense 1 and c1450 at sense 1. 1. transitive. To address (a person) with the pronoun thou (or its equivalent in another language). Cf. you v. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > speak to or address [verb (transitive)] > in a specific way thoua1425 thowt1440 yeet1440 ye1483 boy1573 uncle1597 goodfellow1628 thee1657 fellow1665 tutoyer1697 honour1726 pa1823 good man1846 old boy1867 tom1897 a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 70 Voso, to thew. c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 618/7 Tuo, to thuy. ?c1450 in G. J. Aungier Hist. & Antiq. Syon Monastery (1840) 297 None of hyghenesse schal thou another in spekynge. ?a1475 Promptorium Parvulorum (Winch.) (1908) 500 Thowyn, or sey thow to a man, tuo. ?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. C.i Auaunt catyfe doost thou thou me I am come of good kynne I tell the. 1564 W. Bullein Dialogue against Feuer Pestilence (new ed.) sig. A^v He thoues not God, but you[s] hym. 1603 E. Coke in F. Hargrave Compl. Coll. State-trials (1776) I. 216 All that Lord Cobham did was by thy instigation, thou viper; for I thou thee, thou Traitor! 1664 S. Pepys Diary 11 Jan. (1971) V. 13 She [sc. a Quakeress] thou'd him [sc. the king] all along. 1682 R. Ware Foxes & Firebrands: Pt. II 103 in J. Nalson Foxes & Firebrands (new ed.) He..Quaker-like, thou'd and thee'd Oliver. a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1742) II. 208 Our mistresses will never forbear thouing us. 1794 J. Fenwick tr. C.-F. du P. Dumouriez Mem. Gen. Dumourier II. iv. 73 Lieutaud..wrote a long letter to Dumourier, Thouing and Theeing him throughout. 1805 tr. A. Lafontaine Hermann & Emilia I. 110 When she heard the young people thou and thee each other. 1888 J. Dalby Mayroyd of Mytholm I. v. 77 Spiteful thoughts that prompted him to ‘thou’ John. 1920 Cent. Mag. Oct. 786/1 Who is this ill-conditioned fellow who comes from Douai ‘thouing’ and ‘theeing’ the master? 2006 San Gabriel Valley (Calif.) Tribune (Nexis) 7 May I am not the kind of guy comfortable running around in leotards and a floppy hat while theeing and thouing everyone in sight. 2. intransitive. To address a person with the pronoun thou (or its equivalent in another language), esp. (instead of you) as a sign of familiarity or contempt. Frequently in collocation with thee (see thee v.²). Cf. thowt v.In quot. a1425 at sense 1: (perhaps) to address a person politely. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > addressing or speaking to > address someone [verb (intransitive)] > in a specific way thee1679 thou1679 1679 Established Test 23 A..Iesuit takes a Lodging at a Quakers, can thou and thee, and yea and nay, as well as the best of them. 1837 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Aug. 202/1 It is measureless folly to go on theeing and thouing to the end of the creation. 1898 S. W. Mitchell Adventures François 82 All men must ‘thou’ as a sign that all are on a level. 1911 H. Belloc Girondin (1912) ii. 25 Georges saluted with an excessive courtesy, and ‘thouing’ in return,..said that he wanted nothing more than to accompany him. 1990 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 1 June The characters are forever theeing and thouing like so many Quakers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.²1867pron.n.¹eOEv.a1425
随便看	equilateral shell equilaterally equilaterals equilenin equilibrant equilibrants equilibrate equilibrated equilibrates equilibrating equilibration equilibrations equilibrator espred espressivo espresso espresso macchiato espresso ristretto espressos espringal esprise esprit esprit d'escalier esprit de corps esprit de l'escalier

thoun.2

thoupron.n.1

Phrases

thouv.

thoun.²

thoupron.n.¹