Bose–Einsteinn.

Brit.

/ˌbəʊzˈʌɪnstʌɪn/,

/ˌbəʊzˈʌɪnʃtʌɪn/, U.S.

/ˌboʊzˈaɪnˌstaɪn/

Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper name Bose, Einstein.

Etymology: < the names of Satyendra Nath Bose (see boson n.) and Albert Einstein (see Einstein n.). Compare Einstein–Bose n.With Bose–Einstein statistics n. at sense 1 compare slightly earlier Einstein–Bose statistics at Einstein–Bose n. With Bose–Einstein particle n. at sense 3 compare earlier Einstein–Bose particle at Einstein–Bose n.

Physics.

1. Bose–Einstein statistics n. a type of quantum statistics applied to indistinguishable particles with the property that any number of them can occupy the same quantum state. Cf. Fermi-Dirac statistics n. at Fermi-Dirac n. a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics

Bose–Einstein statistics1928

the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [noun] > statistics > study of > within specific field

statistics1797

biostatics1851

biostatistics1865

statistical mechanics1885

Bose–Einstein statistics1928

Bose statistics1931

stylometry1945

cliometrics1960

stylometric1968

bibliometrics1969

macrolinguistics1972

1928 Proc. Physical Soc. 40 329 In the Bose-Einstein statistics λ is essentially positive.

1934 J. A. Eldridge Physical Basis of Things xxvii. 357 The New Statistics takes two forms: (1) the Bose-Einstein statistics, applicable to photons and to certain atoms and molecules (depending on the nuclear spins); (2) the Fermi-Dirac statistics, applicable to electrons and protons and in general whenever the Pauli exclusion principle is applicable.

1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity ix. 156 A collection of particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics has a wave function which is symmetrical under the interchange of any two particles.

1978 H. M. Rosenberg Solid State (ed. 2) v. 79 If the particles have zero or integral spin..they are controlled by the Bose–Einstein statistics.

2007 Daily Mail (Nexis) 12 Sept. 59 Atoms which are bosons (carrier particles, such as photons) behave according to Bose-Einstein statistics.

a. Bose–Einstein condensation n. (in a system of bosons) the existence of a large proportion of the particles in the quantum state of lowest energy when the temperature is below a certain very low value; abbreviated BEC.Such a state manifests quantum phenomena at the macroscopic scale, as in superfluidity and superconductivity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics > in zero-energy state

Bose–Einstein condensation1938

Bose condensation1967

1938 Physical Rev. 54 947 (heading) On the Bose-Einstein condensation.

1955 H. B. G. Casimir in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 131 The remarkable feature of Bose-Einstein condensation is that a sizable fraction of the particles is forced by the statistics into..a state which should have curious and essentially non-classical properties.

1995 Daily Tel. 14 July 9/3 The Bose-Einstein condensation was achieved on June 5 at Boulder, Colorado, using atoms of the metallic element rubidium.

2005 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Jan. 15/1 All bulk liquid superfluids are caused by Bose–Einstein condensation, which is the quantum process whereby a large number of particles all enter the same quantum state.

b. Bose–Einstein condensate n. a collection of atoms (bosons) that behaves as a single quantum entity as a result of all the atoms being in the same low-energy quantum state; abbreviated BEC.

ΚΠ

1949 Rep. Progress Physics 12 284 In order to fit the observed facts such essential features as the zero momentum of the Bose–Einstein condensate have to be abandoned.

1963 Physics Lett. 3 144/1 More recently, microscopic theories of an interacting gas of Bose-particles have been developed which have shown that the Bose-Einstein condensate remains in the presence of interactions.

1995 New Scientist 22 July 16/3 170 billionths of a degree above absolute zero some 2000 atoms formed a clump of Bose-Einstein condensate less then 100 micrometres across.

2008 Nature 12 June 866/2 Both groups studied the localization of atoms in a Bose–Einstein condensate, a vapour of atoms so cold (at a temperature of a few nanokelvins above absolute zero) that the atoms move in perfect lock-step.

3. Bose–Einstein particle n. = boson n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics > particle obeying

Bose–Einstein particle1946

boson1947

1946 Physica 12 81 The theory of charged Bose-Einstein particles.

1973 Science 18 May 725/1 The distribution of energies for a fluid of Fermi-Dirac particles does not permit all the particles to settle into one low-energy state, but the distribution for Bose-Einstein particles does.

2007 G. 't Hooft in J. Butterfield & J. Earman Philos. Physics 663 Upon quantization, scalar fields will come in energy packets that behave as spinless Bose-Einstein particles.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	bose–einstein
释义	Bose–Einsteinn. Brit. /ˌbəʊzˈʌɪnstʌɪn/, /ˌbəʊzˈʌɪnʃtʌɪn/, U.S. /ˌboʊzˈaɪnˌstaɪn/ Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper name Bose, Einstein. Etymology: < the names of Satyendra Nath Bose (see boson n.) and Albert Einstein (see Einstein n.). Compare Einstein–Bose n.With Bose–Einstein statistics n. at sense 1 compare slightly earlier Einstein–Bose statistics at Einstein–Bose n. With Bose–Einstein particle n. at sense 3 compare earlier Einstein–Bose particle at Einstein–Bose n. Physics. 1. Bose–Einstein statistics n. a type of quantum statistics applied to indistinguishable particles with the property that any number of them can occupy the same quantum state. Cf. Fermi-Dirac statistics n. at Fermi-Dirac n. a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics Bose–Einstein statistics1928 the world > relative properties > number > probability or statistics > [noun] > statistics > study of > within specific field statistics1797 biostatics1851 biostatistics1865 statistical mechanics1885 Bose–Einstein statistics1928 Bose statistics1931 stylometry1945 cliometrics1960 stylometric1968 bibliometrics1969 macrolinguistics1972 1928 Proc. Physical Soc. 40 329 In the Bose-Einstein statistics λ is essentially positive. 1934 J. A. Eldridge Physical Basis of Things xxvii. 357 The New Statistics takes two forms: (1) the Bose-Einstein statistics, applicable to photons and to certain atoms and molecules (depending on the nuclear spins); (2) the Fermi-Dirac statistics, applicable to electrons and protons and in general whenever the Pauli exclusion principle is applicable. 1968 C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity ix. 156 A collection of particles obeying Bose-Einstein statistics has a wave function which is symmetrical under the interchange of any two particles. 1978 H. M. Rosenberg Solid State (ed. 2) v. 79 If the particles have zero or integral spin..they are controlled by the Bose–Einstein statistics. 2007 Daily Mail (Nexis) 12 Sept. 59 Atoms which are bosons (carrier particles, such as photons) behave according to Bose-Einstein statistics. 2. a. Bose–Einstein condensation n. (in a system of bosons) the existence of a large proportion of the particles in the quantum state of lowest energy when the temperature is below a certain very low value; abbreviated BEC.Such a state manifests quantum phenomena at the macroscopic scale, as in superfluidity and superconductivity. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics > in zero-energy state Bose–Einstein condensation1938 Bose condensation1967 1938 Physical Rev. 54 947 (heading) On the Bose-Einstein condensation. 1955 H. B. G. Casimir in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 131 The remarkable feature of Bose-Einstein condensation is that a sizable fraction of the particles is forced by the statistics into..a state which should have curious and essentially non-classical properties. 1995 Daily Tel. 14 July 9/3 The Bose-Einstein condensation was achieved on June 5 at Boulder, Colorado, using atoms of the metallic element rubidium. 2005 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Jan. 15/1 All bulk liquid superfluids are caused by Bose–Einstein condensation, which is the quantum process whereby a large number of particles all enter the same quantum state. b. Bose–Einstein condensate n. a collection of atoms (bosons) that behaves as a single quantum entity as a result of all the atoms being in the same low-energy quantum state; abbreviated BEC. ΚΠ 1949 Rep. Progress Physics 12 284 In order to fit the observed facts such essential features as the zero momentum of the Bose–Einstein condensate have to be abandoned. 1963 Physics Lett. 3 144/1 More recently, microscopic theories of an interacting gas of Bose-particles have been developed which have shown that the Bose-Einstein condensate remains in the presence of interactions. 1995 New Scientist 22 July 16/3 170 billionths of a degree above absolute zero some 2000 atoms formed a clump of Bose-Einstein condensate less then 100 micrometres across. 2008 Nature 12 June 866/2 Both groups studied the localization of atoms in a Bose–Einstein condensate, a vapour of atoms so cold (at a temperature of a few nanokelvins above absolute zero) that the atoms move in perfect lock-step. 3. Bose–Einstein particle n. = boson n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > symmetry, conserved properly > [noun] > Bose-Einstein statistics > particle obeying Bose–Einstein particle1946 boson1947 1946 Physica 12 81 The theory of charged Bose-Einstein particles. 1973 Science 18 May 725/1 The distribution of energies for a fluid of Fermi-Dirac particles does not permit all the particles to settle into one low-energy state, but the distribution for Bose-Einstein particles does. 2007 G. 't Hooft in J. Butterfield & J. Earman Philos. Physics 663 Upon quantization, scalar fields will come in energy packets that behave as spinless Bose-Einstein particles. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1928
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