achaten.¹

Brit.

/ˈakət/, U.S.

/ˈækət/

Forms:

α. Middle English acat, Middle English accate, Middle English achaat, Middle English– achate, 1500s achatt, 1500s–1600s achat.

β. Middle English achites, Middle English–1700s 1900s– achates.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French acate, achate; Latin achātēs.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman acate, achate agate (early 12th cent.; compare agate agate n.) and (especially in β. forms) its etymon classical Latin achātēs agate < Hellenistic Greek ἀχάτης agate, of unknown origin; perhaps a loanword. Compare Middle Dutch achates (compare Dutch agaat agate n.), Middle High German achates, achāt (German Achat). The classical Latin name of the stone is derived by Pliny and (hence) some medieval authors < Achātēs (Greek Ἀχάτης ), the name of a river in Sicily, where the stone is found. However, it is more likely that the name of the river derives from the name of the stone. In sense 2 probably confused with Anglo-Norman echite , echites , ecites (early 12th cent., variant (probably originally based on a misreading) of ethithe , etite , etites aetites n.), itself apparently influenced by classical Latin echitis , the name of an unidentified gemstone (see echites n.), from which it is often difficult to distinguish. There is a tradition from antiquity that the eagle uses the aetites to help it breed and also that agate wards off poison. In the Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense 1) or earlier, the agate is also used specifically by the eagle to protect its young from poisonous snakes. Bartholomaeus Anglicus describes the eagle using both kinds of stone (in a single paragraph), leading to confusion in some manuscripts of Trevisa's translation (compare quot. a1398 at sense 2). Earlier currency (in sense 1) is perhaps implied by the following example where the scribe may have omitted to transcribe the word from his source:OE Lapidary 14 An stan is in Sicilia, [acates] haten, se wæs on Pires hyrnesse persea cyninges; þæs ansine is swilce an man pipige mid nigon pipan & an man hearpige.However, P. Kitson ( Anglo-Saxon England 7 (1978) 50–3) points out that there is no gap in the manuscript and that the previous two words are written as one: insicilia ; he suggests that either this scribe or an earlier one may have taken this to be the name of the stone (perhaps influenced by post-classical Latin insigillare to seal). In common use, this word began to be superseded by agate n. (a more recent borrowing < French) in the late 16th cent.

1. = agate n. 2. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > chalcedony > agate

achate?c1225

agatea1500

agate stone1594

pebble1695

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > cryptocrystalline quartz > chalcedony > agate

achate?c1225

agatea1500

pebble1695

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 108 Þe earen deð in his nest andeorewurðe ȝimstan achate hatte, for nan attri þing nemei þe stan nachȝin.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 1362 His [sc. the star Canis Minor's] Ston and herbe..Ben Achates and Primerole.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 197 Achates is a precious stoon and is blak wyþ white veynes.

c1450 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 141 (MED) [St Thomas] Callid among martirs..Trouthis champioun, Achaat of hih prowesse.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxviii. 19 A Ligurios, an Achatt and an Ametyst [1590 Genevan achate, 1611 agate].

1600 R. Chambers Palestina 57 In the first order was sette a Sardius, a Topaze, and an Emerauld..in the thirde, an Anthracite, an Achate, and an Amathist.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 39/2 The Achate is variously coloured..: some have stroakes of blew, some with blood.

1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 64 Sicily gave the first Achates, which was found in the River Acheus.

1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 90 The achate, wealth adductive, and the mind Of the immortals gladdening.

2003 Jrnl. Orthopaedic Res. 21 611/1 Frozen tissue samples were crushed in an achate mortar.

†2. = aetites n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > stones associated with animals > [noun] > eagle-stone

achatea1398

echitesa1398

perdicle1440

aetitesa1500

eagle-stone1601

the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [noun] > occult medicine > amulet against disease or to aid healing > stone

achatea1398

aetitesa1500

toadstone1558

erne-stone1587

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 141^v Sche [sc. the eagle] sittiþ in here nest tweye precious stones þat ben Iclepid achates [a1430 Harl. 4789 echydes; L. ethedes]..and it is sayde þat he may not bringe forþ here briddes wiþ oute þilke stones, and sche leiþ in here nest a precious ston þat hatte achates [L. achates], to kepe hire briddes from venemous biting of crepinge wormes.

a1500 in J. Evans & M. S. Serjeantson Eng. Mediaeval Lapidaries (1933) 66 Achites [Fr. echites] is nombred amonges þe stones þat be good; þe egle sekeþe him in þe vtterist parte of þe wordil, & he berith to his nest to defend.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† achaten.²

Forms: late Middle English achaat, late Middle English atchate, late Middle English 1600s–1700s achat, late Middle English–1600s achate.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French achat.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French achat purchase, acquisition, act of buying, item purchased (c1175 in Old French; French achat ) < achater to purchase (see achate v.). Compare post-classical Latin acatum , accatum , achatum (see acate n.). Compare acate n. (which was the preferred form in sense 2). With sense 2 compare also earlier cate n.¹

Obsolete.

a. The act of buying something. Also: an instance of this, a purchase.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > [noun]

buyinga1250

achatec1405

acate?1406

purchase1426

emption1550

buyal1612

mercation1623

offtake1885

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 573 Algate he wayted so in his achaat [c1415 Lansd. achate; c1430 Cambr. Gg.4.27 acate] That he was ay biforn and in good staat.

?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. i. pr. iv. 88 Coempcioun is to seyn comune achat or beyinge togidre.

a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 555 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 317 Of achatis and dispenses þen wrytes he.

1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII xx. §1 That they coste at the firste byeng or achate.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxxxvii^v Nowe is stewarde for his achates, nowe is courtyour for his debates.

1601 Househ. Ord. Edw. II (1876) §43. 25 He must make the achates in due manner for the kinges best profet.

b. Law. A contract, a bargain. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal obligation > contract > [noun]

covenantc1330

contractc1386

finec1390

agreement1425

obligement1499

convention1513

achate1607

mail contract1843

punctation1855

pay-or-play1949

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. A4 Achat. commeth of the French..and is vsed for a contract or bargain.

?1788 New Royal Cyclopædia I. 33/1 Achat signifies, in law, a bargain or purchase.

1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon Achate.]

2. In plural. Things bought; spec. provisions for a household bought rather than made. Cf. acate n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun]

victualsa1375

substancec1384

repasta1393

kitchenc1400

tablec1405

stuff1436

acates1465

acatry1522

victualling1532

provision1555

achates1570

plate1577

avitaile1592

support1599

horn and corn1633

subsistence1640

cribbing1652

purvey1678

commissariat1811

ration1814

commissary1883

1570 in E. D. Morgan & C. H. Coote Early Voy. Russia & Persia (1886) II. 214 And that order be giuen that our servuntes kepe a book of achates in every house.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ix. sig. V7 The kitchin clerke, that hight Digestion, Did order all th'Achates in seemely wise.

a1662 P. Heylyn Cyprianus Anglicus (1668) ii. 300 Every Office in the Court had their several diets..with great variety of Achates.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

† achatev.

Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: achate n.²; French achater.

Etymology: Either < achate n.², or < Middle French achater to purchase (10th cent. in Old French as acheder ; French acheter ) < post-classical Latin accaptare to obtain (9th cent.), to buy (10th cent.) < classical Latin ac- ac- prefix + captāre to take, seize (see captate v.).

Obsolete. rare.

transitive. To purchase supplies of.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > supply > provide or supply (something) [verb (transitive)] > make provision of

wina1375

achate1601

1601 Househ. Ord. Ed. II 36 A serjant of the scullery who shal achate & puruey fuel, coale, etc.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

n.¹?c1225

n.²c1405

v.1601

单词	achate
释义	achaten.¹ Brit. /ˈakət/, U.S. /ˈækət/ Forms: α. Middle English acat, Middle English accate, Middle English achaat, Middle English– achate, 1500s achatt, 1500s–1600s achat. β. Middle English achites, Middle English–1700s 1900s– achates. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French acate, achate; Latin achātēs. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman acate, achate agate (early 12th cent.; compare agate agate n.) and (especially in β. forms) its etymon classical Latin achātēs agate < Hellenistic Greek ἀχάτης agate, of unknown origin; perhaps a loanword. Compare Middle Dutch achates (compare Dutch agaat agate n.), Middle High German achates, achāt (German Achat). The classical Latin name of the stone is derived by Pliny and (hence) some medieval authors < Achātēs (Greek Ἀχάτης ), the name of a river in Sicily, where the stone is found. However, it is more likely that the name of the river derives from the name of the stone. In sense 2 probably confused with Anglo-Norman echite , echites , ecites (early 12th cent., variant (probably originally based on a misreading) of ethithe , etite , etites aetites n.), itself apparently influenced by classical Latin echitis , the name of an unidentified gemstone (see echites n.), from which it is often difficult to distinguish. There is a tradition from antiquity that the eagle uses the aetites to help it breed and also that agate wards off poison. In the Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense 1) or earlier, the agate is also used specifically by the eagle to protect its young from poisonous snakes. Bartholomaeus Anglicus describes the eagle using both kinds of stone (in a single paragraph), leading to confusion in some manuscripts of Trevisa's translation (compare quot. a1398 at sense 2). Earlier currency (in sense 1) is perhaps implied by the following example where the scribe may have omitted to transcribe the word from his source:OE Lapidary 14 An stan is in Sicilia, [acates] haten, se wæs on Pires hyrnesse persea cyninges; þæs ansine is swilce an man pipige mid nigon pipan & an man hearpige.However, P. Kitson ( Anglo-Saxon England 7 (1978) 50–3) points out that there is no gap in the manuscript and that the previous two words are written as one: insicilia ; he suggests that either this scribe or an earlier one may have taken this to be the name of the stone (perhaps influenced by post-classical Latin insigillare to seal). In common use, this word began to be superseded by agate n. (a more recent borrowing < French) in the late 16th cent. 1. = agate n. 2. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun] > chalcedony > agate achate?c1225 agatea1500 agate stone1594 pebble1695 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > cryptocrystalline quartz > chalcedony > agate achate?c1225 agatea1500 pebble1695 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 108 Þe earen deð in his nest andeorewurðe ȝimstan achate hatte, for nan attri þing nemei þe stan nachȝin. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 1362 His [sc. the star Canis Minor's] Ston and herbe..Ben Achates and Primerole. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 197 Achates is a precious stoon and is blak wyþ white veynes. c1450 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 141 (MED) [St Thomas] Callid among martirs..Trouthis champioun, Achaat of hih prowesse. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Exod. xxviii. 19 A Ligurios, an Achatt and an Ametyst [1590 Genevan achate, 1611 agate]. 1600 R. Chambers Palestina 57 In the first order was sette a Sardius, a Topaze, and an Emerauld..in the thirde, an Anthracite, an Achate, and an Amathist. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 39/2 The Achate is variously coloured..: some have stroakes of blew, some with blood. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 64 Sicily gave the first Achates, which was found in the River Acheus. 1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 90 The achate, wealth adductive, and the mind Of the immortals gladdening. 2003 Jrnl. Orthopaedic Res. 21 611/1 Frozen tissue samples were crushed in an achate mortar. †2. = aetites n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > stones associated with animals > [noun] > eagle-stone achatea1398 echitesa1398 perdicle1440 aetitesa1500 eagle-stone1601 the world > the supernatural > the occult > sorcery, witchcraft, or magic > enchantment or casting spells > [noun] > occult medicine > amulet against disease or to aid healing > stone achatea1398 aetitesa1500 toadstone1558 erne-stone1587 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 141^v Sche [sc. the eagle] sittiþ in here nest tweye precious stones þat ben Iclepid achates [a1430 Harl. 4789 echydes; L. ethedes]..and it is sayde þat he may not bringe forþ here briddes wiþ oute þilke stones, and sche leiþ in here nest a precious ston þat hatte achates [L. achates], to kepe hire briddes from venemous biting of crepinge wormes. a1500 in J. Evans & M. S. Serjeantson Eng. Mediaeval Lapidaries (1933) 66 Achites [Fr. echites] is nombred amonges þe stones þat be good; þe egle sekeþe him in þe vtterist parte of þe wordil, & he berith to his nest to defend. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † achaten.² Forms: late Middle English achaat, late Middle English atchate, late Middle English 1600s–1700s achat, late Middle English–1600s achate. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French achat. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French achat purchase, acquisition, act of buying, item purchased (c1175 in Old French; French achat ) < achater to purchase (see achate v.). Compare post-classical Latin acatum , accatum , achatum (see acate n.). Compare acate n. (which was the preferred form in sense 2). With sense 2 compare also earlier cate n.¹ Obsolete. 1. a. The act of buying something. Also: an instance of this, a purchase. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > [noun] buyinga1250 achatec1405 acate?1406 purchase1426 emption1550 buyal1612 mercation1623 offtake1885 c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 573 Algate he wayted so in his achaat [c1415 Lansd. achate; c1430 Cambr. Gg.4.27 acate] That he was ay biforn and in good staat. ?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. i. pr. iv. 88 Coempcioun is to seyn comune achat or beyinge togidre. a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 555 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 317 Of achatis and dispenses þen wrytes he. 1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII xx. §1 That they coste at the firste byeng or achate. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxxxvii^v Nowe is stewarde for his achates, nowe is courtyour for his debates. 1601 Househ. Ord. Edw. II (1876) §43. 25 He must make the achates in due manner for the kinges best profet. b. Law. A contract, a bargain. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal obligation > contract > [noun] covenantc1330 contractc1386 finec1390 agreement1425 obligement1499 convention1513 achate1607 mail contract1843 punctation1855 pay-or-play1949 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. A4 Achat. commeth of the French..and is vsed for a contract or bargain. ?1788 New Royal Cyclopædia I. 33/1 Achat signifies, in law, a bargain or purchase. 1848 J. J. S. Wharton Law Lexicon Achate.] 2. In plural. Things bought; spec. provisions for a household bought rather than made. Cf. acate n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > supply of food or provisions > [noun] victualsa1375 substancec1384 repasta1393 kitchenc1400 tablec1405 stuff1436 acates1465 acatry1522 victualling1532 provision1555 achates1570 plate1577 avitaile1592 support1599 horn and corn1633 subsistence1640 cribbing1652 purvey1678 commissariat1811 ration1814 commissary1883 1570 in E. D. Morgan & C. H. Coote Early Voy. Russia & Persia (1886) II. 214 And that order be giuen that our servuntes kepe a book of achates in every house. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ix. sig. V7 The kitchin clerke, that hight Digestion, Did order all th'Achates in seemely wise. a1662 P. Heylyn Cyprianus Anglicus (1668) ii. 300 Every Office in the Court had their several diets..with great variety of Achates. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2021). † achatev. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by conversion. Or (ii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: achate n.²; French achater. Etymology: Either < achate n.², or < Middle French achater to purchase (10th cent. in Old French as acheder ; French acheter ) < post-classical Latin accaptare to obtain (9th cent.), to buy (10th cent.) < classical Latin ac- ac- prefix + captāre to take, seize (see captate v.). Obsolete. rare. transitive. To purchase supplies of. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > supply > provide or supply (something) [verb (transitive)] > make provision of wina1375 achate1601 1601 Househ. Ord. Ed. II 36 A serjant of the scullery who shal achate & puruey fuel, coale, etc. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.¹?c1225n.²c1405v.1601
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achaten.1

† achaten.2

† achatev.

achaten.¹

† achaten.²