tenaciousadj.

/tɪˈneɪʃəs/

Forms: Also 1600s -atious, -aceous.

Etymology: < Latin tenāx, tenāci- holding fast ( < tenēre to hold) + -ous suffix: see -acious suffix.

a. Holding together, cohesive; tough; not easily pulled in pieces or broken.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective] > tough

tougha700

sinewy1578

wiry1588

gristly1601

nervous1601

tenax1605

tenacious1607

clunga1722

whipcord1879

whinstone1910

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [adjective] > closely, intimately, or permanently joined > cohesive

conglutinate1531

agglutinate?1541

conglutinated1552

tenacious1607

cohesive1727

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 194 The bones of Fishes are more tenatious.

1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 71 Amiaton is..like feathered alumn, but more tenacious.

1834 Brit. Husbandry (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. xiii. 310 It acts as manure physically, or substantially, through the effect of the clay in rendering soils tenacious.

1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xvii. 152 Gun-metal, or bronze, is a hard and tenacious alloy.

b. Adhesive; viscous, glutinous; sticky.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > [adjective] > attached by something adhesive > having adhesive quality

cleavingc1350

holdingc1400

withholdingc1430

fatc1503

gluing1572

adhering1592

viscous1605

tenacious1648

birdlimey1657

adhesive1661

agglutinating1664

sticky1688

clingy1708

adherescent1743

tacky1788

detainable1801

detentive1881

stickfast1888

stick-on1904

1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. xii. 251 Provided, that this oyl..bee supposed of so close and tenacious substance, that may slowly evaporate.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 124 Not Birdlime, or Idean Pitch produce A more tenacious Mass of clammy Juice.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 216 Female feet, Too weak to struggle with tenacious clay.

1868 Carpenter in Sci. Opinion 6 Jan. (1869) 174/2 The bottom consisted of a bluish-white tenacious mud.

2. Holding fast or inclined to hold fast; grasping hard; clinging tightly.

ΘΚΠ

adherent?1541

stickingc1550

adhering1592

clasping1611

cleaving1641

clunging1647

tenacious1656

adhesive1663

clinginga1763

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tenacious, that holds fast,..good and sure.

1681 Table of Hard Words in S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Remaining Med. Wks. Tenacious, holding or cleaving fast.

1800–24 T. Campbell Chaucer & Windsor in Poems 4 Old oaks..Whose gnarled roots, tenacious and profound.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 232 The palluria..is covered all over with tenacious hooked prickles.

3. Keeping a firm hold, retentive of something.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > [adjective]

fasta1398

gripple1513

nipping1566

griping?1573

grasping1577

gripping1623

tenacious1647

holding1681

vice-like1835

tenent1861

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 5 The Badger..is said to be so tenacious of his bite, that hee will not give over his hold, till hee feeles his teeth meet.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 27/1 The Fir..is..very dry, and very tenacious of the Glue.

1758 R. Brown Compl. Farmer (1760) ii. 23 All..are very tenacious of water on the surface.

4. figurative. Strongly retaining or inclined to retain, persist in, preserve, or maintain (a principle, method, secret, etc.); holding persistently; of memory, retentive. Const. of.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > [adjective]

fasta1398

retentivec1425

tenacious1640

strong1738

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective]

fasteOE

stathelfasteOE

anredOE

hardOE

starkOE

trueOE

steadfast993

fastredeOE

stithc1000

findyOE

stablea1275

stathelyc1275

stiffc1275

stablec1290

steel to the (very) backa1300

unbowinga1300

stably13..

firm1377

unmovablea1382

constantc1386

abidingc1400

toughc1400

sure1421

unmoblea1425

unfaintedc1425

unfaint1436

permanent?a1475

stalwartc1480

unbroken1513

immovable1534

inconcuss1542

unshaken1548

stout1569

unwavering1570

undiscourageable1571

fixed1574

discourageable1576

unappalled1578

resolute1579

unremoved1583

resolved1585

unflexiblea1586

unshakeda1586

square1589

unstooping1597

iron1598

rocky1601

steady1602

undeclinable1610

unboweda1616

unfainting1615

unswayed1615

staunch1624

undiscourageda1628

staid1631

unshook1633

blue?1636

true blue?1636

tenacious1640

uncomplying1643

yieldless1651

riveting1658

unshakened1659

inconquerable1660

unyielding1677

unbendinga1688

tight1690

unswerving1694

unfaltering1727

unsubmitting1730

undeviating1732

undrooping1736

impervertible1741

undamped1742

undyingc1765

sturdy1775

stiff as a poker1798

unfickle1802

indivertible1821

thick and thin1822

undisheartened1827

inconvertible1829

straightforward1829

indomitable1830

stickfast1831

unsuccumbing1833

unturnable1847

unswerved1849

undivertible1856

unforsaking1862

swerveless1863

steeve1870

rock-ribbed1884

stiff in the back1897

the mind > possession > retaining > [adjective] > having quality of retaining > keeping or maintaining persistently

holdfast1564

fast1611

tenacious1640

1640–1 Ld. J. Digby Speech in Comm. 9 Feb. 13 A man tenatious of the liberty..of the subject.

1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso The tenacious memory of benefits received.

1657 Bp. J. Taylor Disc. Friendship ⁋13 Free of his money and tenacious of a secret.

1708 N. Rowe Royal Convert i. i Tenacious of his Purpose once resolv'd.

1800 W. Mavor Nat. Hist. (1811) 230 The frog is remarkably tenacious of life.

1877 J. A. Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. xii. 145 He had read largely, and his memory was extremely tenacious.

1898 J. T. Fowler Durham Cathedral 62 So tenacious are boys of traditional terms.

5. Persistently continuing; persistent; resolute; perseveringly firm; obstinate, stubborn, pertinacious.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]

starkOE

moodyOE

stithc1000

stidyc1175

stallc1275

harda1382

stubbornc1386

obstinate?1387

throa1400

hard nolleda1425

obstinant?a1425

pertinacec1425

stablec1440

dour1488

unresigned1497

difficultc1503

hard-necked1530

pertinatec1534

obstacle1535

stout-stomached1549

hard-faced1567

stunt1581

hard-headed1583

pertinacious1583

stuntly1583

peremptory1589

stomachous1590

mulish1600

stomachful1600

obstined1606

restive1633

obstinacious1649

opinionated1649

tenacious1656

iron-sided1659

sturdy1664

cat-witted1672

obstinated1672

unyielding1677

ruggish1688

bullet-headed1699

tough1780

pelsy1785

stupid1788

hard-set1818

thick and thin1822

stuntya1825

rigwiddie1826

indomitable1830

recalcitrant1830

set1848

mule-headed1870

muley1871

capitose1881

hard-nosed1917

tight1928

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tenacious,..also hard to be moved, stiff necked.

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia Isagoge sig. C2 The life is more tenacious in them, than in the sanguineous.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 14. ⁋14 He is hot and dogmatical, quick in opposition and tenacious in defence.

1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) vi. 193 Tenacious adherence to the ancient God of Light.

†6. spec. Unwilling to part with or spend money or the like; close-fisted, niggardly. Also transferred.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective]

gnedec900

gripplea1000

fastOE

narrow-hearteda1200

narrow?c1225

straitc1290

chinchc1300

nithinga1325

scarcec1330

clama1340

hard1340

scantc1366

sparingc1386

niggardc1400

chinchy?1406

retentivea1450

niggardousa1492

niggish1519

unliberal1533

pinching1548

dry1552

nigh1555

niggardly1560

churlish1566

squeamish1566

niggardish1567

niggard-like1567

holding1569

spare1577

handfast1578

envious1580

close-handed1585

hard-handed1587

curmudgeonly1590

parsimonious?1591

costive1594

hidebound1598

penny-pinching1600

penurious1600

strait-handed1600

club-fisted1601

dry-fisted1604

fast-handed1605

fast-fingered1607

close-fisted1608

near1611

scanting1613

carkingc1620

illiberal1623

clutch-fisteda1634

hideboundeda1640

clutch-fista1643

clunch-fisted1644

unbounteous1645

hard-fisted1646

purse-bound1652

close1654

stingy1659

tenacious1676

scanty1692

sneaking1696

gripe-handed1698

narrow-souled1699

niggardling1704

snippy1727

unindulgent1742

shabby1766

neargoinga1774

cheesemongering1781

split-farthing1787

save-all1788

picked1790

iron-fisted1794

unhandsome1800

scaly1803

nearbegoing1805

tight1805

nippit1808

nipcheese1819

cumin-splitting1822

partan-handed1823

scrimping1823

scrumptious1823

scrimpy1825

meanly1827

skinny1833

pinchfisted1837

mean1840

tight-fisted1843

screwy1844

stinty1849

cheeseparing1857

skinflinty1886

mouly1904

mingy1911

cheapskate1912

picey1937

tight-assed1961

chintzy1964

tightwad1976

1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe v. 82 True love's a Miser; so tenacious grown: He weighs to the least grain of what's his own.

1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 618 Give me a covetous, a nigardly and tenacious man; I will return him to thee liberal.

†7. Persistently chary of or averse to any action. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

1766 Compl. Farmer at Tuberose Mons. Le Cour, of Leyden..for many years was so tenacious of parting with any of the roots..that he caused them to be cut in pieces, that he might have the vanity to boast of being the only person in Europe who was possessed of this flower.

1802 M. Moore Lascelles I. 142 Since the adventure..Mrs. Carisbrooke had been very tenacious of being late on the road.

1811 R. Cecil's Wks. I. 69 Mr. Cecil..was tenacious of being interrupted in his pursuits.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	tenacious
释义	tenaciousadj. /tɪˈneɪʃəs/ Forms: Also 1600s -atious, -aceous. Etymology: < Latin tenāx, tenāci- holding fast ( < tenēre to hold) + -ous suffix: see -acious suffix. 1. a. Holding together, cohesive; tough; not easily pulled in pieces or broken. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > strength > [adjective] > tough tougha700 sinewy1578 wiry1588 gristly1601 nervous1601 tenax1605 tenacious1607 clunga1722 whipcord1879 whinstone1910 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [adjective] > closely, intimately, or permanently joined > cohesive conglutinate1531 agglutinate?1541 conglutinated1552 tenacious1607 cohesive1727 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 194 The bones of Fishes are more tenatious. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 71 Amiaton is..like feathered alumn, but more tenacious. 1834 Brit. Husbandry (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. xiii. 310 It acts as manure physically, or substantially, through the effect of the clay in rendering soils tenacious. 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xvii. 152 Gun-metal, or bronze, is a hard and tenacious alloy. b. Adhesive; viscous, glutinous; sticky. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > [adjective] > attached by something adhesive > having adhesive quality cleavingc1350 holdingc1400 withholdingc1430 fatc1503 gluing1572 adhering1592 viscous1605 tenacious1648 birdlimey1657 adhesive1661 agglutinating1664 sticky1688 clingy1708 adherescent1743 tacky1788 detainable1801 detentive1881 stickfast1888 stick-on1904 1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. xii. 251 Provided, that this oyl..bee supposed of so close and tenacious substance, that may slowly evaporate. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 124 Not Birdlime, or Idean Pitch produce A more tenacious Mass of clammy Juice. View more context for this quotation 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 216 Female feet, Too weak to struggle with tenacious clay. 1868 Carpenter in Sci. Opinion 6 Jan. (1869) 174/2 The bottom consisted of a bluish-white tenacious mud. 2. Holding fast or inclined to hold fast; grasping hard; clinging tightly. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > attachment > [adjective] > attached by something adhesive > apt or tending to adhere adherent?1541 stickingc1550 adhering1592 clasping1611 cleaving1641 clunging1647 tenacious1656 adhesive1663 clinginga1763 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tenacious, that holds fast,..good and sure. 1681 Table of Hard Words in S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Remaining Med. Wks. Tenacious, holding or cleaving fast. 1800–24 T. Campbell Chaucer & Windsor in Poems 4 Old oaks..Whose gnarled roots, tenacious and profound. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey I. 232 The palluria..is covered all over with tenacious hooked prickles. 3. Keeping a firm hold, retentive of something. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > [adjective] fasta1398 gripple1513 nipping1566 griping?1573 grasping1577 gripping1623 tenacious1647 holding1681 vice-like1835 tenent1861 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 5 The Badger..is said to be so tenacious of his bite, that hee will not give over his hold, till hee feeles his teeth meet. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 27/1 The Fir..is..very dry, and very tenacious of the Glue. 1758 R. Brown Compl. Farmer (1760) ii. 23 All..are very tenacious of water on the surface. 4. figurative. Strongly retaining or inclined to retain, persist in, preserve, or maintain (a principle, method, secret, etc.); holding persistently; of memory, retentive. Const. of. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > [adjective] fasta1398 retentivec1425 tenacious1640 strong1738 the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adjective] fasteOE stathelfasteOE anredOE hardOE starkOE trueOE steadfast993 fastredeOE stithc1000 findyOE stablea1275 stathelyc1275 stiffc1275 stablec1290 steel to the (very) backa1300 unbowinga1300 stably13.. firm1377 unmovablea1382 constantc1386 abidingc1400 toughc1400 sure1421 unmoblea1425 unfaintedc1425 unfaint1436 permanent?a1475 stalwartc1480 unbroken1513 immovable1534 inconcuss1542 unshaken1548 stout1569 unwavering1570 undiscourageable1571 fixed1574 discourageable1576 unappalled1578 resolute1579 unremoved1583 resolved1585 unflexiblea1586 unshakeda1586 square1589 unstooping1597 iron1598 rocky1601 steady1602 undeclinable1610 unboweda1616 unfainting1615 unswayed1615 staunch1624 undiscourageda1628 staid1631 unshook1633 blue?1636 true blue?1636 tenacious1640 uncomplying1643 yieldless1651 riveting1658 unshakened1659 inconquerable1660 unyielding1677 unbendinga1688 tight1690 unswerving1694 unfaltering1727 unsubmitting1730 undeviating1732 undrooping1736 impervertible1741 undamped1742 undyingc1765 sturdy1775 stiff as a poker1798 unfickle1802 indivertible1821 thick and thin1822 undisheartened1827 inconvertible1829 straightforward1829 indomitable1830 stickfast1831 unsuccumbing1833 unturnable1847 unswerved1849 undivertible1856 unforsaking1862 swerveless1863 steeve1870 rock-ribbed1884 stiff in the back1897 the mind > possession > retaining > [adjective] > having quality of retaining > keeping or maintaining persistently holdfast1564 fast1611 tenacious1640 1640–1 Ld. J. Digby Speech in Comm. 9 Feb. 13 A man tenatious of the liberty..of the subject. 1656 Earl of Monmouth tr. T. Boccalini Ragguagli di Parnasso The tenacious memory of benefits received. 1657 Bp. J. Taylor Disc. Friendship ⁋13 Free of his money and tenacious of a secret. 1708 N. Rowe Royal Convert i. i Tenacious of his Purpose once resolv'd. 1800 W. Mavor Nat. Hist. (1811) 230 The frog is remarkably tenacious of life. 1877 J. A. Froude Short Stud. (1883) IV. i. xii. 145 He had read largely, and his memory was extremely tenacious. 1898 J. T. Fowler Durham Cathedral 62 So tenacious are boys of traditional terms. 5. Persistently continuing; persistent; resolute; perseveringly firm; obstinate, stubborn, pertinacious. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] starkOE moodyOE stithc1000 stidyc1175 stallc1275 harda1382 stubbornc1386 obstinate?1387 throa1400 hard nolleda1425 obstinant?a1425 pertinacec1425 stablec1440 dour1488 unresigned1497 difficultc1503 hard-necked1530 pertinatec1534 obstacle1535 stout-stomached1549 hard-faced1567 stunt1581 hard-headed1583 pertinacious1583 stuntly1583 peremptory1589 stomachous1590 mulish1600 stomachful1600 obstined1606 restive1633 obstinacious1649 opinionated1649 tenacious1656 iron-sided1659 sturdy1664 cat-witted1672 obstinated1672 unyielding1677 ruggish1688 bullet-headed1699 tough1780 pelsy1785 stupid1788 hard-set1818 thick and thin1822 stuntya1825 rigwiddie1826 indomitable1830 recalcitrant1830 set1848 mule-headed1870 muley1871 capitose1881 hard-nosed1917 tight1928 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tenacious,..also hard to be moved, stiff necked. 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia Isagoge sig. C2 The life is more tenacious in them, than in the sanguineous. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 14. ⁋14 He is hot and dogmatical, quick in opposition and tenacious in defence. 1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) vi. 193 Tenacious adherence to the ancient God of Light. †6. spec. Unwilling to part with or spend money or the like; close-fisted, niggardly. Also transferred. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective] gnedec900 gripplea1000 fastOE narrow-hearteda1200 narrow?c1225 straitc1290 chinchc1300 nithinga1325 scarcec1330 clama1340 hard1340 scantc1366 sparingc1386 niggardc1400 chinchy?1406 retentivea1450 niggardousa1492 niggish1519 unliberal1533 pinching1548 dry1552 nigh1555 niggardly1560 churlish1566 squeamish1566 niggardish1567 niggard-like1567 holding1569 spare1577 handfast1578 envious1580 close-handed1585 hard-handed1587 curmudgeonly1590 parsimonious?1591 costive1594 hidebound1598 penny-pinching1600 penurious1600 strait-handed1600 club-fisted1601 dry-fisted1604 fast-handed1605 fast-fingered1607 close-fisted1608 near1611 scanting1613 carkingc1620 illiberal1623 clutch-fisteda1634 hideboundeda1640 clutch-fista1643 clunch-fisted1644 unbounteous1645 hard-fisted1646 purse-bound1652 close1654 stingy1659 tenacious1676 scanty1692 sneaking1696 gripe-handed1698 narrow-souled1699 niggardling1704 snippy1727 unindulgent1742 shabby1766 neargoinga1774 cheesemongering1781 split-farthing1787 save-all1788 picked1790 iron-fisted1794 unhandsome1800 scaly1803 nearbegoing1805 tight1805 nippit1808 nipcheese1819 cumin-splitting1822 partan-handed1823 scrimping1823 scrumptious1823 scrimpy1825 meanly1827 skinny1833 pinchfisted1837 mean1840 tight-fisted1843 screwy1844 stinty1849 cheeseparing1857 skinflinty1886 mouly1904 mingy1911 cheapskate1912 picey1937 tight-assed1961 chintzy1964 tightwad1976 1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe v. 82 True love's a Miser; so tenacious grown: He weighs to the least grain of what's his own. 1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 618 Give me a covetous, a nigardly and tenacious man; I will return him to thee liberal. †7. Persistently chary of or averse to any action. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 1766 Compl. Farmer at Tuberose Mons. Le Cour, of Leyden..for many years was so tenacious of parting with any of the roots..that he caused them to be cut in pieces, that he might have the vanity to boast of being the only person in Europe who was possessed of this flower. 1802 M. Moore Lascelles I. 142 Since the adventure..Mrs. Carisbrooke had been very tenacious of being late on the road. 1811 R. Cecil's Wks. I. 69 Mr. Cecil..was tenacious of being interrupted in his pursuits. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.1607
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