Tainon.adj.

Brit.

/ˈtʌɪnəʊ/,

/taˈiːnəʊ/, U.S.

/ˈtaɪnoʊ/,

/tæˈinoʊ/, Caribbean English /taˈiːnoː/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tainos.

Origin: A borrowing from Taino. Etymon: Taino taíno.

Etymology: < Taino taíno, reportedly ‘good’ (a1503 in a Spanish context) and ‘good or noble person’ (1533 in a Latin context: see quots. 1555 and 1555), perhaps originally a collective or plural form. Compare Taino nitaíno, reportedly denoting a rank of nobility (1492–3 in a Spanish context; > early modern Spanish nitaino, in the same sense (1517, rare)), although the identity of the prefix is uncertain.Compare the following earlier examples of the Taino word in English contexts:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 4 They cal heauen Turei... A good man, Taino [L. uirum bonum tayno].1741 Amer. Traveller 106 In Hispaniola, Taino signifies a noble or Prince. The word was first explicitly used as the name of the people and their language by C. S. Rafinesque (compare quot. 1836 at sense A. 1), who suggests that it was a self-designation. This interpretation is apparently based on the following passage, which distinguishes the Taino from the Caribs and is quoted in several early modern sources in various languages:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 9 Who approchyng towardes owre men, spake owte alowde with a terryble voyce, sayenge that they were Taini, (that is) noble men, and not Canibales [L. se Tainos, id est, nobiles esse, non Canibales, inclamitant].

Chiefly historical.

A. n.

1. A member of an indigenous people inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas at the time of the arrival of Columbus. In recent use also as a self-designation by people of Caribbean origin descended from this indigenous people.The Taino population suffered a steep decline in the first half of the 16th cent. as a result of diseases brought by the Europeans against which they had no resistance, warfare with the Spaniards and the Caribs, and the hard labour to which they were subjected to by the conquistadores (cf. the note at Arawak n. 1), and until recently they were generally regarded as having died out as an identifiable people. However, a number of claims of Taino descent have been substantiated by recent scientific investigation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [noun] > Carib Indian > peoples

cannibal1553

Black Carib1767

Akawaio1769

Macusi1819

Taino1836

Motilon1852

Island Carib1938

1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vi. 201 The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at least two millions.

1904 Amer. Anthropologist 6 587 According to La Torre the Indians of Cuba form one of the natural groups of the Tainos and are generally known by the name Siboneyes.

1953 Caribbean Q. 2 iv. 30 Possibly the Arawaks had maize. Their neighbours the Tainos of Hispaniola used maize, according to early settlers there.

1989 Encycl. Brit. XXIX. 748/1 Cuba's original inhabitants came to the island from South America... The Taino constituted 70 to 80 percent of the island's population at the time of the Spanish conquest.

2010 N. MacGregor Hist. World in 100 Objects lxv. 418 The most evocative of all these surviving traces of the Taino are the carved ceremonial stools known as duhos.

2019 MailOnline (Nexis) 15 Oct. Other modern Taino told how they had been urged to hide their family history.

2. The extinct Arawak language spoken by this people.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Equatorial > Macro-Arawakan

Arawak1814

Taino1836

Wapishana1836

Carib1854

Terena1946

Machiguenga1950

Lokono1953

1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vii. 256 The Aruac and Taino altho' belonging to the same group, are distinct Languages.

1954 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 20 152/1 Taino..has generally been accepted as belonging to the Arawak family.

1977 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 43 60/1 This..seems to justify according Taino a place in the Maipuran group, if not in the Northern subgroup of Arawakan languages.

2016 Hispanófila No. 176. 217 A proliferation of toponyms originating in Taíno and other Caribbean languages.

B. adj.

Of, relating to, or belonging to the Taino or their language.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [adjective] > other peoples of the West Indies

Arawakan1596

Akawaio1769

Taino1836

the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [adjective] > Andean languages

Araucanian1809

Taino1836

Aymaran1902

Ona1911

1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vii. 215 (heading) The Haytian or Taino Language restored, with fragments of the dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas.

1871 D. G. Brinton Arawack Lang. Guiana 10 In Haiti, there was a tongue current all over the island, called by the Spaniards la lengua universal... Rafinesque christened it the ‘Taino’ language.

1948 I. Rouse in J. H. Steward Handbk. S. Amer. Indians IV. iii. 516 The Taino Indians typically manufactured incised rather than painted pottery and biomorphically rather than geometrically carved stone objects.

1975 L. Perl Slumps, Grunts, & Snickerdoodles i. 17 The word mahiz was from the Taino language, the aboriginal tongue spoken by the local island people.

2005 N. J. Saunders Peoples of Carib. 323 The role of zemís in Taíno culture has similarities and differences to the role of sacred images in their ancestral South American homeland.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	taino
释义	Tainon.adj. Brit. /ˈtʌɪnəʊ/, /taˈiːnəʊ/, U.S. /ˈtaɪnoʊ/, /tæˈinoʊ/, Caribbean English /taˈiːnoː/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tainos. Origin: A borrowing from Taino. Etymon: Taino taíno. Etymology: < Taino taíno, reportedly ‘good’ (a1503 in a Spanish context) and ‘good or noble person’ (1533 in a Latin context: see quots. 1555 and 1555), perhaps originally a collective or plural form. Compare Taino nitaíno, reportedly denoting a rank of nobility (1492–3 in a Spanish context; > early modern Spanish nitaino, in the same sense (1517, rare)), although the identity of the prefix is uncertain.Compare the following earlier examples of the Taino word in English contexts:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 4 They cal heauen Turei... A good man, Taino [L. uirum bonum tayno].1741 Amer. Traveller 106 In Hispaniola, Taino signifies a noble or Prince. The word was first explicitly used as the name of the people and their language by C. S. Rafinesque (compare quot. 1836 at sense A. 1), who suggests that it was a self-designation. This interpretation is apparently based on the following passage, which distinguishes the Taino from the Caribs and is quoted in several early modern sources in various languages:1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 9 Who approchyng towardes owre men, spake owte alowde with a terryble voyce, sayenge that they were Taini, (that is) noble men, and not Canibales [L. se Tainos, id est, nobiles esse, non Canibales, inclamitant]. Chiefly historical. A. n. 1. A member of an indigenous people inhabiting the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas at the time of the arrival of Columbus. In recent use also as a self-designation by people of Caribbean origin descended from this indigenous people.The Taino population suffered a steep decline in the first half of the 16th cent. as a result of diseases brought by the Europeans against which they had no resistance, warfare with the Spaniards and the Caribs, and the hard labour to which they were subjected to by the conquistadores (cf. the note at Arawak n. 1), and until recently they were generally regarded as having died out as an identifiable people. However, a number of claims of Taino descent have been substantiated by recent scientific investigation. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [noun] > Carib Indian > peoples cannibal1553 Black Carib1767 Akawaio1769 Macusi1819 Taino1836 Motilon1852 Island Carib1938 1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vi. 201 The population of all the Tainos in the Antilles was at least two millions. 1904 Amer. Anthropologist 6 587 According to La Torre the Indians of Cuba form one of the natural groups of the Tainos and are generally known by the name Siboneyes. 1953 Caribbean Q. 2 iv. 30 Possibly the Arawaks had maize. Their neighbours the Tainos of Hispaniola used maize, according to early settlers there. 1989 Encycl. Brit. XXIX. 748/1 Cuba's original inhabitants came to the island from South America... The Taino constituted 70 to 80 percent of the island's population at the time of the Spanish conquest. 2010 N. MacGregor Hist. World in 100 Objects lxv. 418 The most evocative of all these surviving traces of the Taino are the carved ceremonial stools known as duhos. 2019 MailOnline (Nexis) 15 Oct. Other modern Taino told how they had been urged to hide their family history. 2. The extinct Arawak language spoken by this people. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Equatorial > Macro-Arawakan Arawak1814 Taino1836 Wapishana1836 Carib1854 Terena1946 Machiguenga1950 Lokono1953 1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vii. 256 The Aruac and Taino altho' belonging to the same group, are distinct Languages. 1954 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 20 152/1 Taino..has generally been accepted as belonging to the Arawak family. 1977 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 43 60/1 This..seems to justify according Taino a place in the Maipuran group, if not in the Northern subgroup of Arawakan languages. 2016 Hispanófila No. 176. 217 A proliferation of toponyms originating in Taíno and other Caribbean languages. B. adj. Of, relating to, or belonging to the Taino or their language. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of the West Indies > [adjective] > other peoples of the West Indies Arawakan1596 Akawaio1769 Taino1836 the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [adjective] > Andean languages Araucanian1809 Taino1836 Aymaran1902 Ona1911 1836 C. S. Rafinesque Amer. Nations I. vii. 215 (heading) The Haytian or Taino Language restored, with fragments of the dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. 1871 D. G. Brinton Arawack Lang. Guiana 10 In Haiti, there was a tongue current all over the island, called by the Spaniards la lengua universal... Rafinesque christened it the ‘Taino’ language. 1948 I. Rouse in J. H. Steward Handbk. S. Amer. Indians IV. iii. 516 The Taino Indians typically manufactured incised rather than painted pottery and biomorphically rather than geometrically carved stone objects. 1975 L. Perl Slumps, Grunts, & Snickerdoodles i. 17 The word mahiz was from the Taino language, the aboriginal tongue spoken by the local island people. 2005 N. J. Saunders Peoples of Carib. 323 The role of zemís in Taíno culture has similarities and differences to the role of sacred images in their ancestral South American homeland. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1836
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