syntaxn.

Brit.

/ˈsɪntaks/, U.S.

/ˈsɪnˌtæks/

Forms: 1500s–1600s sintaxe, 1500s–1600s syntaxe, 1500s– syntax, 1600s sintax.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin syntaxis; Greek σύνταξις.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin syntaxis grammar book (from 13th cent. in British sources; already in classical Latin denoting a hypothetical debate, and as a Greek word in the Latin grammarian Priscian (5th or 6th cent. a.d.) denoting the order and arrangement of words), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek σύνταξις orderly or systematic arrangement, order, system, treatise, in Hellenistic Greek also grammatical ordering of words < συν- syn- prefix + τάξις taxis n., after συντάσσειν to put together in order. Compare Middle French sintaxe , French syntaxe (1555, in the passage translated in quot. 1574 at sense 1a, or earlier), Spanish sintaxis (1745 as †syntaxis in sense 1a; 1599 in sense 5b), Portuguese sintaxe (1699 as †syntaxe ), Italian sintassi (1598). Compare slightly earlier syntaxis n.In sense 3 after German Syntax (1918 (originally in logische Syntax ) in Wittgenstein in this sense, in the passage translated in quot. 1922).

I. Senses relating to language.

a. The set of rules and principles in a language according to which words, phrases, and clauses are arranged to create well-formed sentences; (also) the analysis or study of such principles; the branch of grammar concerned with this. gesture-syntax, morphology-syntax: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > study or science of

syntaxis1540

syntax1548

rhematic1820

semiotics1880

syntagmatics1936

syntactics1937

lexotactics1966

1548 Shorte Introd. Gram. (new ed.) To Rdr. sig. a.iii^v Yf there falle any necessary rule [of] the syntaxe to be knowen, than to learne it.

1574 R. MacIlmaine tr. P. de La Ramée Logike i. xv. 96 Grammer is parted into two partes, Etymologie, and syntax [Fr. Syntaxe].

a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. ii. i, in Wks. (1640) III Syntaxe is the second part of Grammar, that teacheth the Construction of words.

1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 229 According to the syntax and connexure of our language.

1750 J. Mair (title) An introduction to Latin syntax.

1755 S. Johnson Gram. Eng. Tongue in Dict. Grammar, which is the art of using words properly, comprises four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody.

1840 T. De Quincey Style in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 17/2 With two or three exceptions..we have never seen the writer..who has not sometimes violated the accidence or the syntax of English grammar.

1846 Sporting Mag. Feb. 69 The..Square Cap, who dovetails hunting, driving, racing with his Latin, Syntax, Greek, and Grammar.

1902 J. B. Greenough & G. L. Kittredge Words 177 By this process of stem-composition a kind of rudimentary syntax arose.

1924 Jrnl. Polynesian Soc. 33 248 This inversion constitutes the chief feature of difference in Javanese and Nipponese syntaxes.

1994 S. Pinker Lang. Instinct xi. 337 ASL [= American Sign Language] is..a full language with complex phonology, morphology, and syntax.

2005 M. Cappellini Balancing Reading & Lang. Learning iv. ix. 155/1 The child may not know if it sounds right because his knowledge of English syntax is not developed.

b. Grammar. The ways in which a particular word or part of speech can be arranged with other words or parts of speech. Cf. construction n. 5b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun]

construction1530

syntaxis1540

composition1553

syntaxa1637

syntaxa1684

consecution1871

word order1872

taxis1885

a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. ii. v, in Wks. (1640) III The Syntaxe of a Verbe with a Noune is in number, and person.

1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 29 The Syntax, or Construction of the Noun, is chiefly perform'd by the Help of certain Words call'd Prepositions.

1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind vii. 109 Reducing the Words to their Original,..and giving an account of their Formations and Changes, their Syntax and Dependencies, which is called Parsing.

1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. iii. 197 The English adjective, having but a very limited syntax, [etc.].

1878 N. C. Parshall Graded Exercises Anal., Synthesis, & False Syntax 159 Classify ‘like’, and give its syntax.

1961 Y. Olsson (title) On the syntax of the English verb.

1984 H. Koopman (title) The syntax of verbs: from verb movement rules in the Kru languages to universal grammar.

1996 P. Bloom in R. Gelman & T. K. Au Perceptual & Cognitive Devel. v. 174 The relationship between the syntax of a word and its meaning is not entirely predictable.

c. The order and arrangement of words in a particular sentence or text, or by a particular person, esp. (with modifying adjective) as judged for correctness, elegance, comprehensibility, etc. Now also more generally: linguistic usage. Cf. grammar n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun]

construction1530

syntaxis1540

composition1553

syntaxa1637

syntaxa1684

consecution1871

word order1872

taxis1885

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1658 (1955) III. 207 He..could make congruous Syntax, turne English into Lat: & vice versa.

1725 A. Blackwall Sacred Classics I. ii. iv. 243 He became obscure and intricate;..his syntax was scarce tolerable.

1776 J. Beattie Ess. Poetry & Music i. vi. 169 The poet varies his phraseology and syntax.

1861 F. A. Paley Æschylus' Prometheus (ed. 2) 38 (note) Ὅτου..being used as if the syntax were δεῖξαι ὑϕ' ὅτου, rather than δεῖξαι τὸ βούλευμα ὑϕ' οὗ κ.τ.λ.

1885 A. B. Grosart Nashe's Wks. VI. p. ix He writes..with uncultured flabbiness, and with irritating syntax.

1966 B. Brophy Don't never Forget 212 What is brilliantly right is the Jane Austenish syntax of ‘imagined a baronet must have been’.

1971 ‘A. Cross’ Theban Myst. v. 68 I can't bear to have it [sc. the word ‘hopefully’] used to mean ‘it is hoped’, such sloppy syntax.

1999 Time 24 May 43/1 The Chinese..have rankled for decades because of Japanese politicians stretching syntax to avoid apologizing.

2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Dec. 81/1 [He uses] unusual syntax and rhythms to convey foreignness.

2. Usually with capital initial. (The name of) one of the senior classes in many Jesuit and certain other Roman Catholic schools, immediately above Grammar and below Poetry.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > division of pupils > Roman Catholic or Jesuit > specific form

rhetoric1599

syntax1628

figures1629

grammar1629

poetry1629

rudiments1716

underlow1837

1628 L. Owen Vnmasking Popish Monks 124 They [sc. Jesuits] diuide their Shools into fiue Classes, that is to say, in the first the Accidence,..which they call Figures: the second, the Grammar: the third, the Syntax: the fourth, Poetry: the fifth, Rhetoricke.

1655 in H. Foley Rec. Eng. Province Soc. Jesus (1878) III. 434 I went to the College of St. Omer, where I made one year's syntax.

1679 Tryals & Condemnation Jesuits 56 I saw him when I was in my Syntax, and now I am in Poetry.

1713 in B. Ward Hist. St. Edmund's College (1893) iv. 58 What we call the Accidence they call Figures, which they divide into two years, one for the lower, the second for the higher, the third for grammar, the fourth for Syntax.

1842 C. Redding Illustr. Itin. Lancaster 224 Masters: Mr. William Johnson, rhetoric; Mr. Thomas Cooper, poetry; Mr. Peter Galwey, syntax.

1897 W. Ward Life Cardinal Wiseman (ed. 2) I. i. 8 Dr. Newsham..was Wiseman's Professor [at Ushaw] in Syntax (in 1815), and again in Rhetoric.

1904 Ushaw Mag. Mar. 98 Syntax and Grammar played their match on Nov. 17th.

1992 O. Garstein Rome & Counter-reformation in Scand. III. ii. 46 By the end of Syntax.., the students were expected to debate impromptu.

2007 Stonyhurst News Christmas Term 5 The group of pupils from St. Balsien spent a week with our Syntax (Year 11) pupils.

3. Logic. More fully logical syntax or formal syntax. The order and arrangement of elements in a formal language, without reference to meaning; the set of rules governing this. Cf. metamathematics n., proof theory n. at proof n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > logical syntax

syntax1922

1922 C. K. Ogden et al. tr. L. Wittgenstein Tractatus 57 In logical syntax [Ger. in der logischen Syntax] the meaning of a sign ought never to play a rôle; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions.

1934 W. M. Malisoff tr. R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. 1 9 By the ‘logical syntax’ (or also briefly ‘syntax’) of a language we shall understand the system of the formal (i.e. not referring to meaning) rules of that language, as well as..the consequences of these rules.

1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic vii. 286 Discourse which is ‘formal’ in this sense, and hence translatable into the notation just now described, is called metamathematics, formal syntax, or briefly syntax.

1955 A. N. Prior Formal Logic iii. 70 No set of axioms and rules for a system containing its own syntax ever is ‘complete’.

1987 R. Nieli Wittgenstein i. 10 Statements which are consistent with traditional grammatical syntax, but not with a more refined logical syntax.

2002 D. Basin & S. Matthews in D. M. Gabbay & F. Guenthner Handbk. Philos. Logic (ed. 2) IX. 109 We have been using a simple term algebra to represent syntax.

4. Computing. The set of rules according to which code in a particular programming language must be structured in order for it to be properly processed by a compiler or interpreter.

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > programming language > [noun] > syntax

syntax language1935

syntax1958

1958 Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery 1 11 In the sequel explicit rules—and associated interpretations—will be given describing the syntax of the language.

1980 P. Cress et al. Structured Fortran with WATFIV-S i. 8 Watfiv-s not only compiles the fortran program, but detects errors in syntax while doing so.

2005 J. Liberty & B. Jones Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days i. 12 C# essentially uses the same syntax as C++.

II. Other senses relating to arrangement and connection.

a. Orderly or systematic arrangement of parts or elements; structure, organization. In later use frequently as an extended use of sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > quality of being systematic > systematic arrangement

ordination?a1425

structure1587

syntax1605

system1699

organism1701

classification1767

organization1790

systematization1838

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ss1^v Concerning the Syntax and disposition of studies, that men may know in what order or pursuite to reade.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. iv. 157 Perchance..no Man had ever the same Syntax of Phantasie or Imagination that he had.

1696 J. Edwards Demonstr. Existence God ii. vi. 124 This single [argument]..from the Fabrick and Syntax of Man's Body is sufficient to evince the Truth of a Deity.

1754 tr. C. Alston Diss. Bot. 69 A methodical Syntax or Construction of Plants in a garden is impossible.

1838 Musical World 3 May 47 He can distinguish an adagio from an allegro,..but he will think you most absurd if you talk with him of musical syntax.

1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. xxvii. 312 The reader, once master of the principle, will easily be able to investigate for himself the syntax of all examples [of cornices] that may occur to him.

1924 Musical Q. 10 391 Changes in pitch are a significant part of the syntax of the musical sentence.

1959 J. D. Evans Malta ii. 67 The decoration [of certain pottery]..derives its general syntax fairly exactly and its patterns in a more general way from the repertoire of the preceding phases.

1967 G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 380 A young East German might come to be more at home, in the syntax of his politics and feelings, in Peking or Albania than in Cologne.

1987 19th-cent. Music 11 32/2 The syntax of the piece is generated by cadential associations of the note C with the tonic chord of E.

2011 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 Nov. 24 Spiegelman exploits and disrupts the sequential syntax of the comic strip in various ways, inserting photographs and other material into the narrative.

†b. Connection between parts of the body, esp. between bones; (also) a joint. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > joint > [noun]

lithc1000

jointc1290

jointure1382

conjunctionc1400

article?a1425

juncture?a1500

linka1547

articulation1578

flexion1607

coarticulation1615

de-articulation1615

syntax1615

internodium1653

saddle joint1867

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [noun]

conjunctionc1374

jointurec1374

juncture1589

conjugation1605

syntax1615

injunction1643

colligation1651

togetherness1656

conjuncture1665

junction1711

symphysy1712

conjointment1814

jointedness1881

symphysis1891

knit1892

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 595 Their [sc. bones'] articulation doth not differ from the Syntax or coniunction of other parts.

1680 W. Charleton Enq. Human Nature vi. 522 Those [muscles]..are inserted, not into the Syntax or conjunction of two Bones..; but near to the Head of another which they are to move.

†c. Connection or correlation between abstract things; congruity. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun]

accordmentc1330

accorda1398

consonancya1398

unitya1398

accordancea1400

commoningc1400

convenience1413

correspondence1413

answeringc1425

conformityc1430

consonance1430

congruity1447

concordancec1450

consonantc1475

agreement1495

monochordc1500

conveniencya1513

agreeance1525

agreeableness1531

concinnity1531

congruence1533

harmony?1533

concent1563

tunableness1569

agreeing1575

answerableness1577

concert1578

consent1578

sympathy1578

concord1579

symphonia1579

correspondency1589

atone1595

coherence1597

respondence1598

symphony1598

sortance1600

coherency1603

respondency1603

symbolizing1605

coaptation1614

compositiona1616

sympathizing1632

comportance1648

compliance1649

syntax1649

concinneness1655

symmetry1655

homology1656

consistency1659

consentaneousness1660

consistence1670

comportment1675

harmoniousness1679

symbolism1722

congruousness1727

accordancy1790

sameness1790

consentaneity1798

consilience1840

chime1847

consensus1854

solidarity1874

synchromesh1966

concordancing1976

1649 J. Cleveland Char. Country Committee-man 2 Ther's no Syntax between a Cap of maintenance and a helmet.

1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei Ep. Ded. sig. A5^v I might Display the Syntax, Harmony, Connexion, Concinnity of the Notions I Employ.

†d. A connected order or system of things. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > established order or system

institutionc1475

syntax1661

1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xii. 116 They owe no other dependence to the first, then what is common to the whole Syntax of beings.

6. Mathematics. In the terminology of J. J. Sylvester: the branch of mathematics dealing with combinations of objects belonging to a finite set; combinatorics. rare. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > branch or theory relating to

syntax1861

set theory1936

continuum hypothesis1938

1861 J. J. Sylvester in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 21 374 The theory of groups.., standing in the closest relation to the doctrine of combinatorial aggregation, or what for shortness may be termed syntax.

1998 K. H. Parshall James Joseph Sylvester: Life & Work in Lett. iii. 98 The theory of permutation groups in connection with combinatorics (‘syntax’ in his [sc. Sylvester's] terminology).

Compounds

syntax diagram n. Computing a diagram or flow chart demonstrating how to form syntactically correct code in a particular programming language.

ΚΠ

1969 Ann. Rev. Automatic Programming 5 144 Message languages are defined to the translator through the construction of syntax diagrams.

1980 L. V. Atkinson Pascal Programming i. 10 The syntax of a programming language can be conveniently illustrated by ‘syntax diagrams’.

1999 Interfaces 29 144 The reference section of the book..provides the reader with both syntax diagrams and written descriptions.

syntax-directed adj. Computing structured according to, or requiring the use of, a syntax.

ΚΠ

1961 Communications ACM 4 51 (heading) A syntax directed compiler for Algol 60.

1990 Proc. London Math. Soc. 60 35 We decorate (in a syntax-directed way) expressions with the free variables they are deemed to have.

2001 Interfaces 31 25 Geoffrion..mentions several other research prototypes for structured modeling with different emphases, including..syntax-directed model editing.

syntax error n. Computing an error resulting from code failing to conform to the syntax of the programming language in which it is written; cf. sense 4.

ΚΠ

1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. iv. 159 Syntax errors fall into three classes: fatal..non-fatal..and minor errors.

1993 E. S. Raymond New Hacker's Dict. (ed. 2) 99 Too frequently, one trivial syntax error (such as a missing ‘)’ or ‘{’) throws the parser out of synch.

2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 8 May e4/5 Runtime errors differ from compile-time errors, also called syntax errors, which are created when a programmer makes a mistake in the source code for a program.

syntax table n. Computing a table showing how different elements of programming code must be structured to be compatible with a particular syntax.

ΚΠ

1961 Communications ACM 4 55/1 The descriptions are added to the syntax tables used for the second phase, which invokes diagram to output the assembly language program.

1980 Computer World 3 Mar. 43/5 Users can input two Ascii tables..then create the syntax tables that drive the DCL [= Digital Command Language] parser.

1996 D. A. Cameron et al. Learning GNU Emacs (ed. 2) xii. 318 Emacs keeps this information internally in the form of syntax tables.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	syntax
释义	syntaxn. Brit. /ˈsɪntaks/, U.S. /ˈsɪnˌtæks/ Forms: 1500s–1600s sintaxe, 1500s–1600s syntaxe, 1500s– syntax, 1600s sintax. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin syntaxis; Greek σύνταξις. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin syntaxis grammar book (from 13th cent. in British sources; already in classical Latin denoting a hypothetical debate, and as a Greek word in the Latin grammarian Priscian (5th or 6th cent. a.d.) denoting the order and arrangement of words), and its etymon (ii) ancient Greek σύνταξις orderly or systematic arrangement, order, system, treatise, in Hellenistic Greek also grammatical ordering of words < συν- syn- prefix + τάξις taxis n., after συντάσσειν to put together in order. Compare Middle French sintaxe , French syntaxe (1555, in the passage translated in quot. 1574 at sense 1a, or earlier), Spanish sintaxis (1745 as †syntaxis in sense 1a; 1599 in sense 5b), Portuguese sintaxe (1699 as †syntaxe ), Italian sintassi (1598). Compare slightly earlier syntaxis n.In sense 3 after German Syntax (1918 (originally in logische Syntax ) in Wittgenstein in this sense, in the passage translated in quot. 1922). I. Senses relating to language. 1. a. The set of rules and principles in a language according to which words, phrases, and clauses are arranged to create well-formed sentences; (also) the analysis or study of such principles; the branch of grammar concerned with this. gesture-syntax, morphology-syntax: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] > study or science of syntaxis1540 syntax1548 rhematic1820 semiotics1880 syntagmatics1936 syntactics1937 lexotactics1966 1548 Shorte Introd. Gram. (new ed.) To Rdr. sig. a.iii^v Yf there falle any necessary rule [of] the syntaxe to be knowen, than to learne it. 1574 R. MacIlmaine tr. P. de La Ramée Logike i. xv. 96 Grammer is parted into two partes, Etymologie, and syntax [Fr. Syntaxe]. a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. ii. i, in Wks. (1640) III Syntaxe is the second part of Grammar, that teacheth the Construction of words. 1669 W. Simpson Hydrologia Chymica 229 According to the syntax and connexure of our language. 1750 J. Mair (title) An introduction to Latin syntax. 1755 S. Johnson Gram. Eng. Tongue in Dict. Grammar, which is the art of using words properly, comprises four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. 1840 T. De Quincey Style in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 17/2 With two or three exceptions..we have never seen the writer..who has not sometimes violated the accidence or the syntax of English grammar. 1846 Sporting Mag. Feb. 69 The..Square Cap, who dovetails hunting, driving, racing with his Latin, Syntax, Greek, and Grammar. 1902 J. B. Greenough & G. L. Kittredge Words 177 By this process of stem-composition a kind of rudimentary syntax arose. 1924 Jrnl. Polynesian Soc. 33 248 This inversion constitutes the chief feature of difference in Javanese and Nipponese syntaxes. 1994 S. Pinker Lang. Instinct xi. 337 ASL [= American Sign Language] is..a full language with complex phonology, morphology, and syntax. 2005 M. Cappellini Balancing Reading & Lang. Learning iv. ix. 155/1 The child may not know if it sounds right because his knowledge of English syntax is not developed. b. Grammar. The ways in which a particular word or part of speech can be arranged with other words or parts of speech. Cf. construction n. 5b. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] construction1530 syntaxis1540 composition1553 syntaxa1637 syntaxa1684 consecution1871 word order1872 taxis1885 a1637 B. Jonson Eng. Gram. ii. v, in Wks. (1640) III The Syntaxe of a Verbe with a Noune is in number, and person. 1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 29 The Syntax, or Construction of the Noun, is chiefly perform'd by the Help of certain Words call'd Prepositions. 1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind vii. 109 Reducing the Words to their Original,..and giving an account of their Formations and Changes, their Syntax and Dependencies, which is called Parsing. 1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. iii. 197 The English adjective, having but a very limited syntax, [etc.]. 1878 N. C. Parshall Graded Exercises Anal., Synthesis, & False Syntax 159 Classify ‘like’, and give its syntax. 1961 Y. Olsson (title) On the syntax of the English verb. 1984 H. Koopman (title) The syntax of verbs: from verb movement rules in the Kru languages to universal grammar. 1996 P. Bloom in R. Gelman & T. K. Au Perceptual & Cognitive Devel. v. 174 The relationship between the syntax of a word and its meaning is not entirely predictable. c. The order and arrangement of words in a particular sentence or text, or by a particular person, esp. (with modifying adjective) as judged for correctness, elegance, comprehensibility, etc. Now also more generally: linguistic usage. Cf. grammar n. 3. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > [noun] construction1530 syntaxis1540 composition1553 syntaxa1637 syntaxa1684 consecution1871 word order1872 taxis1885 a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1658 (1955) III. 207 He..could make congruous Syntax, turne English into Lat: & vice versa. 1725 A. Blackwall Sacred Classics I. ii. iv. 243 He became obscure and intricate;..his syntax was scarce tolerable. 1776 J. Beattie Ess. Poetry & Music i. vi. 169 The poet varies his phraseology and syntax. 1861 F. A. Paley Æschylus' Prometheus (ed. 2) 38 (note) Ὅτου..being used as if the syntax were δεῖξαι ὑϕ' ὅτου, rather than δεῖξαι τὸ βούλευμα ὑϕ' οὗ κ.τ.λ. 1885 A. B. Grosart Nashe's Wks. VI. p. ix He writes..with uncultured flabbiness, and with irritating syntax. 1966 B. Brophy Don't never Forget 212 What is brilliantly right is the Jane Austenish syntax of ‘imagined a baronet must have been’. 1971 ‘A. Cross’ Theban Myst. v. 68 I can't bear to have it [sc. the word ‘hopefully’] used to mean ‘it is hoped’, such sloppy syntax. 1999 Time 24 May 43/1 The Chinese..have rankled for decades because of Japanese politicians stretching syntax to avoid apologizing. 2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Dec. 81/1 [He uses] unusual syntax and rhythms to convey foreignness. 2. Usually with capital initial. (The name of) one of the senior classes in many Jesuit and certain other Roman Catholic schools, immediately above Grammar and below Poetry. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > one attending school > [noun] > division of pupils > Roman Catholic or Jesuit > specific form rhetoric1599 syntax1628 figures1629 grammar1629 poetry1629 rudiments1716 underlow1837 1628 L. Owen Vnmasking Popish Monks 124 They [sc. Jesuits] diuide their Shools into fiue Classes, that is to say, in the first the Accidence,..which they call Figures: the second, the Grammar: the third, the Syntax: the fourth, Poetry: the fifth, Rhetoricke. 1655 in H. Foley Rec. Eng. Province Soc. Jesus (1878) III. 434 I went to the College of St. Omer, where I made one year's syntax. 1679 Tryals & Condemnation Jesuits 56 I saw him when I was in my Syntax, and now I am in Poetry. 1713 in B. Ward Hist. St. Edmund's College (1893) iv. 58 What we call the Accidence they call Figures, which they divide into two years, one for the lower, the second for the higher, the third for grammar, the fourth for Syntax. 1842 C. Redding Illustr. Itin. Lancaster 224 Masters: Mr. William Johnson, rhetoric; Mr. Thomas Cooper, poetry; Mr. Peter Galwey, syntax. 1897 W. Ward Life Cardinal Wiseman (ed. 2) I. i. 8 Dr. Newsham..was Wiseman's Professor [at Ushaw] in Syntax (in 1815), and again in Rhetoric. 1904 Ushaw Mag. Mar. 98 Syntax and Grammar played their match on Nov. 17th. 1992 O. Garstein Rome & Counter-reformation in Scand. III. ii. 46 By the end of Syntax.., the students were expected to debate impromptu. 2007 Stonyhurst News Christmas Term 5 The group of pupils from St. Balsien spent a week with our Syntax (Year 11) pupils. 3. Logic. More fully logical syntax or formal syntax. The order and arrangement of elements in a formal language, without reference to meaning; the set of rules governing this. Cf. metamathematics n., proof theory n. at proof n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > logical syntax syntax1922 1922 C. K. Ogden et al. tr. L. Wittgenstein Tractatus 57 In logical syntax [Ger. in der logischen Syntax] the meaning of a sign ought never to play a rôle; it must admit of being established without mention being thereby made of the meaning of a sign; it ought to presuppose only the description of the expressions. 1934 W. M. Malisoff tr. R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. 1 9 By the ‘logical syntax’ (or also briefly ‘syntax’) of a language we shall understand the system of the formal (i.e. not referring to meaning) rules of that language, as well as..the consequences of these rules. 1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic vii. 286 Discourse which is ‘formal’ in this sense, and hence translatable into the notation just now described, is called metamathematics, formal syntax, or briefly syntax. 1955 A. N. Prior Formal Logic iii. 70 No set of axioms and rules for a system containing its own syntax ever is ‘complete’. 1987 R. Nieli Wittgenstein i. 10 Statements which are consistent with traditional grammatical syntax, but not with a more refined logical syntax. 2002 D. Basin & S. Matthews in D. M. Gabbay & F. Guenthner Handbk. Philos. Logic (ed. 2) IX. 109 We have been using a simple term algebra to represent syntax. 4. Computing. The set of rules according to which code in a particular programming language must be structured in order for it to be properly processed by a compiler or interpreter. ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > programming language > [noun] > syntax syntax language1935 syntax1958 1958 Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery 1 11 In the sequel explicit rules—and associated interpretations—will be given describing the syntax of the language. 1980 P. Cress et al. Structured Fortran with WATFIV-S i. 8 Watfiv-s not only compiles the fortran program, but detects errors in syntax while doing so. 2005 J. Liberty & B. Jones Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days i. 12 C# essentially uses the same syntax as C++. II. Other senses relating to arrangement and connection. 5. a. Orderly or systematic arrangement of parts or elements; structure, organization. In later use frequently as an extended use of sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > quality of being systematic > systematic arrangement ordination?a1425 structure1587 syntax1605 system1699 organism1701 classification1767 organization1790 systematization1838 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ss1^v Concerning the Syntax and disposition of studies, that men may know in what order or pursuite to reade. View more context for this quotation a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. iv. 157 Perchance..no Man had ever the same Syntax of Phantasie or Imagination that he had. 1696 J. Edwards Demonstr. Existence God ii. vi. 124 This single [argument]..from the Fabrick and Syntax of Man's Body is sufficient to evince the Truth of a Deity. 1754 tr. C. Alston Diss. Bot. 69 A methodical Syntax or Construction of Plants in a garden is impossible. 1838 Musical World 3 May 47 He can distinguish an adagio from an allegro,..but he will think you most absurd if you talk with him of musical syntax. 1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. xxvii. 312 The reader, once master of the principle, will easily be able to investigate for himself the syntax of all examples [of cornices] that may occur to him. 1924 Musical Q. 10 391 Changes in pitch are a significant part of the syntax of the musical sentence. 1959 J. D. Evans Malta ii. 67 The decoration [of certain pottery]..derives its general syntax fairly exactly and its patterns in a more general way from the repertoire of the preceding phases. 1967 G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 380 A young East German might come to be more at home, in the syntax of his politics and feelings, in Peking or Albania than in Cologne. 1987 19th-cent. Music 11 32/2 The syntax of the piece is generated by cadential associations of the note C with the tonic chord of E. 2011 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 26 Nov. 24 Spiegelman exploits and disrupts the sequential syntax of the comic strip in various ways, inserting photographs and other material into the narrative. †b. Connection between parts of the body, esp. between bones; (also) a joint. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > joint > [noun] lithc1000 jointc1290 jointure1382 conjunctionc1400 article?a1425 juncture?a1500 linka1547 articulation1578 flexion1607 coarticulation1615 de-articulation1615 syntax1615 internodium1653 saddle joint1867 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [noun] conjunctionc1374 jointurec1374 juncture1589 conjugation1605 syntax1615 injunction1643 colligation1651 togetherness1656 conjuncture1665 junction1711 symphysy1712 conjointment1814 jointedness1881 symphysis1891 knit1892 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 595 Their [sc. bones'] articulation doth not differ from the Syntax or coniunction of other parts. 1680 W. Charleton Enq. Human Nature vi. 522 Those [muscles]..are inserted, not into the Syntax or conjunction of two Bones..; but near to the Head of another which they are to move. †c. Connection or correlation between abstract things; congruity. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > [noun] accordmentc1330 accorda1398 consonancya1398 unitya1398 accordancea1400 commoningc1400 convenience1413 correspondence1413 answeringc1425 conformityc1430 consonance1430 congruity1447 concordancec1450 consonantc1475 agreement1495 monochordc1500 conveniencya1513 agreeance1525 agreeableness1531 concinnity1531 congruence1533 harmony?1533 concent1563 tunableness1569 agreeing1575 answerableness1577 concert1578 consent1578 sympathy1578 concord1579 symphonia1579 correspondency1589 atone1595 coherence1597 respondence1598 symphony1598 sortance1600 coherency1603 respondency1603 symbolizing1605 coaptation1614 compositiona1616 sympathizing1632 comportance1648 compliance1649 syntax1649 concinneness1655 symmetry1655 homology1656 consistency1659 consentaneousness1660 consistence1670 comportment1675 harmoniousness1679 symbolism1722 congruousness1727 accordancy1790 sameness1790 consentaneity1798 consilience1840 chime1847 consensus1854 solidarity1874 synchromesh1966 concordancing1976 1649 J. Cleveland Char. Country Committee-man 2 Ther's no Syntax between a Cap of maintenance and a helmet. 1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei Ep. Ded. sig. A5^v I might Display the Syntax, Harmony, Connexion, Concinnity of the Notions I Employ. †d. A connected order or system of things. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > [noun] > established order or system institutionc1475 syntax1661 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xii. 116 They owe no other dependence to the first, then what is common to the whole Syntax of beings. 6. Mathematics. In the terminology of J. J. Sylvester: the branch of mathematics dealing with combinations of objects belonging to a finite set; combinatorics. rare. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > numerical arrangement > [noun] > branch or theory relating to syntax1861 set theory1936 continuum hypothesis1938 1861 J. J. Sylvester in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 21 374 The theory of groups.., standing in the closest relation to the doctrine of combinatorial aggregation, or what for shortness may be termed syntax. 1998 K. H. Parshall James Joseph Sylvester: Life & Work in Lett. iii. 98 The theory of permutation groups in connection with combinatorics (‘syntax’ in his [sc. Sylvester's] terminology). Compounds syntax diagram n. Computing a diagram or flow chart demonstrating how to form syntactically correct code in a particular programming language. ΚΠ 1969 Ann. Rev. Automatic Programming 5 144 Message languages are defined to the translator through the construction of syntax diagrams. 1980 L. V. Atkinson Pascal Programming i. 10 The syntax of a programming language can be conveniently illustrated by ‘syntax diagrams’. 1999 Interfaces 29 144 The reference section of the book..provides the reader with both syntax diagrams and written descriptions. syntax-directed adj. Computing structured according to, or requiring the use of, a syntax. ΚΠ 1961 Communications ACM 4 51 (heading) A syntax directed compiler for Algol 60. 1990 Proc. London Math. Soc. 60 35 We decorate (in a syntax-directed way) expressions with the free variables they are deemed to have. 2001 Interfaces 31 25 Geoffrion..mentions several other research prototypes for structured modeling with different emphases, including..syntax-directed model editing. syntax error n. Computing an error resulting from code failing to conform to the syntax of the programming language in which it is written; cf. sense 4. ΚΠ 1973 C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. iv. 159 Syntax errors fall into three classes: fatal..non-fatal..and minor errors. 1993 E. S. Raymond New Hacker's Dict. (ed. 2) 99 Too frequently, one trivial syntax error (such as a missing ‘)’ or ‘{’) throws the parser out of synch. 2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 8 May e4/5 Runtime errors differ from compile-time errors, also called syntax errors, which are created when a programmer makes a mistake in the source code for a program. syntax table n. Computing a table showing how different elements of programming code must be structured to be compatible with a particular syntax. ΚΠ 1961 Communications ACM 4 55/1 The descriptions are added to the syntax tables used for the second phase, which invokes diagram to output the assembly language program. 1980 Computer World 3 Mar. 43/5 Users can input two Ascii tables..then create the syntax tables that drive the DCL [= Digital Command Language] parser. 1996 D. A. Cameron et al. Learning GNU Emacs (ed. 2) xii. 318 Emacs keeps this information internally in the form of syntax tables. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1548
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