surgen.

Brit.

/səːdʒ/, U.S.

/sərdʒ/

Forms: Middle English–1600s sourge, (1500s sowrge, shourge, plural surgies, 1600s surdge, syrge), 1500s– surge.

Etymology: Of obscure origin. In the earliest examples (sense 1a, 1b) translating Old French sourgeon (modern French surgeon ), < sourge- , present stem of sourdre < Latin surgĕre to rise. In senses 3, 4 < surge v.

†1.

a. A fountain, stream. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > fountain > [noun]

fontOE

surge1490

eye1535

watering stone1788

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos iv. 18 The whiche trees, soo cutte..yssued oute..a sourge [Fr. vne sourgon] of blacke bloode droppynge doun to the erthe.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 26 [Her eyes] seemed two grete sourges [Fr. sourions] wellynge vp grete affluence of teerys.

1538 T. Elyot Dict. Scatebræ, the bollynge or rysynge vppe of water out of a spryng or sourges of water.

1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 36^v Thus with a surge of teares bedewde (O bed) I thee forsake.

†b. The source of a river or other water. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > system > [noun] > head or source

headeOE

wellspringOE

springOE

uptaking1241

head wella1325

wellheadc1330

sourcec1386

headspringa1398

headstreama1398

risinga1398

surge1523

springhead?a1560

head fountain1563

water head1567

fountainhead1585

headwater1612

fill1622

water source1651

urn1726

vomica1838

sponge-swamp1901

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. i. 1 All great ryuers are..assemblede of diuers surges [Fr. surgeons] and sprynges of water.

1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. i. i. f. 48/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Charwell..issueth so fast at the verye surge, that it groweth into a pretye streame, in maner out of hand.

1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) ii. xxi. 211/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I Yet is the surge of that water alwaies seuen foot from the salt sea.

1588 W. Allen Admon. to Nobility & People 4 The nexte immediate surge of our sores.

a. A high rolling swell of water, esp. on the sea; a large, heavy, or violent wave; a billow.In this use and in b, chiefly poetic or rhetorical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > types of waves > [noun] > swelling or surging wave

swelling1387

jaw1513

surge1530

roll1535

brimmer1652

roller1829

beachcomber1859

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 278/2 Surge of the see, uague.

1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) ii. xiv. 31 b The beste fyshe..is tossed and lyfte vp with wyndes and sourges.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 244^v The sea was..vnquieted with surgies and monsters.

1558 Bp. T. Watson Holsome Doctr. Seuen Sacramentes xiv. f. lxxxiii To haue a mans shyppe drowned at once wyth one greate sourge and waue of the sea.

1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated ii. ii. 20 The Sea euery where plaine and like it selfe, except the rising of the waues and surges.

1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode ii. i. 25 As open to the gusts of passion, As the bare Shore to every beating Surge.

1728 J. Thomson Winter (ed. 5) 18 Rowling gather'd Seas, Surge over surge, burst in a general Roar.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxv. 278 All this time, the sea was rolling in immense surges.

1861 Ld. Tennyson Sailor Boy 9 The sands and yeasty surges mix In caves about the dreary bay.

1885 Athenæum 23 May 669/3 A noble sea view..where grand surges move in ranks..till they beat furiously on the shore.

b. Such waves or billows collectively; the rising or driving swell of the sea.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > swell

surge1567

sea-gate1583

swella1616

running1622

groundswell1818

backwater1838

after-roll1858

wallow1868

1567 G. Turberville To Rayling Rout in Epit., Epigr. 7 Such as earst in cutting of the Surge..Bode bitter blast and scornefull Neptunes scurge.

1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia i. 2 The very surge of the Sea sometimes overflowed them.

1702 London Gaz. No. 3845/2 Some Boats were overset by the Surge of the Sea, it blowing them very fresh.

1749 T. Smollett Regicide iv. iii. 53 Thy specious Words Shall sooner lull the sounding Surge.

1771 B. Franklin Autobiogr. in Wks. (1840) I. 30 It was in a place where there could be no landing, there being a great surge on the beach.

1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! vi Laced with white foam from the eternal surge.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. vii. 238 As we were just clearing the rock, the bow came obliquely to the surge.

c. figurative (or, more frequently, in figurative context) in reference to feelings, influences, actions, events, etc.: Impetuous onset or agitated movement. Also, a rapid increase in price, activity, etc., esp. over a short period.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > operation upon something > [noun] > that which > sudden

surge1520

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [noun] > instance of

surge1520

forage1598

impetuosity1632

paroxysm1650

the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > rapid increase in activity

surge1807

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > rapid or sharp increase

mushroom growth1727

skyrocketing1821

wave1851

jump1883

mushrooming1916

bump-up1927

upsurgence1934

upsurge1935

explosion1953

surge1964

quantum jump1975

quantum leap1977

1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. E.iij^v He is moost moderate & studyous to auoyde surges of his passyon.

a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. sig. A.ii^v To..strength the walles of oure heartes agaynste the gret sourges of this tempesteous sea.

1540 R. Morison tr. J. L. Vives Introd. Wysedome (new ed.) Pref. sig. A v Men assauted with the surges of sower fortune.

1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. lxxx Peters litle ship..was very like..to be ouer rowne & drouned, the shourges of scismatikes & of heretikes wer so great.

1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. Rij Sometyme floting in the surges of mishap.

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. ii. sig. G3^v They haue opened all his rotten parts, Vnto the vaunting surge of base contempt.

1682 N. Tate & J. Dryden 2nd Pt. Absalom & Achitophel 34 This year did Ziloah Rule Jerusalem, And boldly all Sedition's Syrges stem.

1807 Ld. Byron Medea of Euripides in Hours Idleness i What mind can stem the stormy surge Which rolls the tide of human woe?

1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. vii. 104 The observances of the old system were effaced..by the hasty surges of popular resentment.

1841 R. W. Emerson Over-soul in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 283 It is an ebb of the individual rivulet before the flowing surges of the sea of life.

1890 Spectator 29 Mar. No surge of public opinion would have saved them from the gallows.

1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 191 The final deficit for the fiscal year which ended on 30 June 1963 was $6,200 million, largely because of the surge in business spending and improved tax collection.

1976 Yellowstone Explorer July 7/2 The surge in the use of back-country areas is certainly as true here in Yellowstone as it is in other wild places across the country.

1980 N.Y. Times 18 Nov. b7/3 The population surge in the Sun Belt has been even greater than expected.

d. transferred in reference to various physical things, as fire, wind, sound; also to ‘rolling’ or undulating hills or the like. In Physics, a sudden or irregular change of pressure; a sudden or violent oscillation of electric current.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [noun] > forcibly or violently

surge1667

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > [noun] > undulatory motion > violent or heavy

surge1667

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill > [noun] > collectively

surge1863

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > pulse, surge

impulse1883

surge1908

pulse1932

spike1935

pip1946

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric current > flow of electricity > [noun] > pulse, surge

impulse1883

surging1904

surge1908

kick1910

pulse1932

glitch1962

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 173 The fiery Surge, that from the Precipice Of Heav'n receiv'd us falling.

1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xxiii. 248 The smoke and vapours of all Padalon..were spread, With surge and swell, and everlasting motion.

1863 J. R. Green Let. 23 Feb. (1901) 117 On the low surge of hills that close the horizon, is the house.

1865 S. Baring-Gould Bk. Were-wolves xiii. 233 The surge of the old Gregorian tone.

1870 J. R. Lowell Cathedral 11 The surges of the warm southwest.

1887 R. Abercromby Weather v. 167 When we look at a series of these surges [of atmospheric pressure] we find a decided tendency of the motion to travel from west to east, or from south-west to north-east.

1908 Times 3 Oct. 12/6 The ‘surge’ of the high-tension current caused some control switches to fuse.

1911 W. N. Shaw Forecasting Weather iii. 72 The last of the charts to represent the classification of isobars..are selected to show what Abercromby calls ‘surge’—that is to say, a general alteration of pressure that seems to be superposed upon the changes related to a low pressure centre.

1936 Discovery Sept. 289/2 It is thus possible to study the passage of ‘surges’ travelling along the mission line at 186,000 miles a second.

1973 Physics Bull. Mar. 148/3 The high voltage cathode-ray oscillograph..was used to detect lightning discharges and other electrical surges in high voltage transmission lines.

1979 Time 8 Jan. 80/3 That includes..keeping a weather-eye on cold surges (masses of low-temperature air moving rapidly down from Siberia).

3. Nautical, etc. The slipping back of a rope or chain wound round a capstan, etc.; more generally, a sudden jerk or strain.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > sudden movement > [noun] > jerking > a jerk

spang1513

lipe1545

job1560

jert1568

abraid1570

jerk1575

flirta1592

yark1610

slip1615

flerka1653

hitch1674

toss1676

hotch1721

saccade1728

surge1748

flip1821

snatch1822

fling1826

kick1835

chuckc1843

jolt1849

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 112 With our utmost efforts, and with many surges and some purchases we made use of to encrease our power.

1805 A. Duncan Mariner's Chron. IV. 109 At eleven o'clock, a fatal swell gave the ship a sudden shock: she gave a surge, and sunk almost instantaneously.

1850 G. Cupples Green Hand iv. 41/2 Till the ‘cleets’ brought him up with a ‘surge’ fit to have parted the line.

1860 Mercantile Marine Mag. 7 180 They might have seen or heard a surge of the cable.

1869 W. J. M. Rankine Cycl. Machine & Hand-tools Pl.O 2 Jerks or surges are entirely avoided.

4. Nautical. The part of a capstan or windlass upon which the rope surges.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > windlass > part on which rope surges (capstan or windlass)

surge1664

1664 E. Bushnell Compl. Ship-wright 67 A..Windless, with a Surdge in the middle, as is the Surdge of a Crab, or Capstane.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 154 Surge, the tapered part of the whelps, between the chocks of the capstan, upon which..the messenger may surge itself without any incumbrance.

5. Nautical. A rhythmic motion forward and aft that is in addition to any steady speed of the vessel.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rhythmic motion forward and aft

surge1949

1949 K. C. Barnaby Basic Naval Archit. xvii. 255 A very uneven drive, such as that given by a single-cylinder paddle-wheel engine, will cause a perceptible surge.

1968 F. N. Spiess in J. F. Brahtz Ocean Engin. xv. 566 Stability against horizontal oscillatory motion (surge and sway) and against roll and pitch can chiefly be achieved by providing horizontal extent comparable to or greater than a wavelength.

1977 Offshore Engineer May 44/3 During these tests, the data acquisition system recorded..surge, sway and yaw of the lay barge.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

surge-crest n.

ΚΠ

1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 86 In vain they urge their armies to the fight: Their surge-crests crumble 'neath our stroke of might.

surge-voice n.

ΚΠ

1880 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right xxxviii, in Town & Country Jrnl. 6 Nov. 894/2 The whispering surge-voices.

surge-beat adj. (also surge-beaten)

ΚΠ

a1810 P. B. Shelley Ravaillac in Posthumous Fragm. M. Nicholson 16 The surge-beaten mould.

1852 M. Arnold Tristram & Iseult i. 104 The surge-beat Cornish strand.

C2.

surge chamber n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe > for water > tank or chamber connected to

surge tank1909

surge chamber1928

1928 Daily Express 10 Oct. 12 The pent-up waters sweep through a narrow tunnel to the surge chamber of a newly built power-house, driving the turbo-generators.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XVIII. 770/2 To assist regulation with long pipelines, a surge chamber is often connected to the pipeline as near as possible to the turbine, thus enabling part of the water in the pipeline to pass into the surge chamber as the turbine is closed.

surge tank n. Civil Engineering a chamber (often open to the air) connected by a T-junction to a water pipe so as to absorb surges of pressure by filling and drops in pressure by emptying.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe > for water > tank or chamber connected to

surge tank1909

surge chamber1928

1909 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 30 443 ‘Surge tank’ is a term applied to a stand pipe or storage reservoir placed at the down-stream end of a closed aqueduct to prevent undue rise of pressure in case of a sudden diminution of draft, and to furnish water quickly when the gates are opened, without having to wait for the velocity in the long feeder to pick up.

1930 Engineering 3 Jan. 19/2 Each divided tunnel is provided with a separate surge tank.

1975 North Sea Background Notes (Brit. Petroleum Co.) 27 Injection water surge tanks, filters and pumps are located on this deck.

surge voltage n. the peak voltage produced in a transmission line by an electrical surge.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > pulse, surge > peak

surge voltage1904

1904 E. B. Raymond Alternating Current Engin. ii. 76 The surge voltage is an entirely separate phenomenon from that of resonance.

1979 C. A. Gross Power Syst. Anal. iv. 118 Surge voltages provide the most stringent test and supply the rationale for the standard impulse voltage waveform.

Draft additions September 2022

surge testing n. (a) Electr. the testing, under power surge conditions, of the performance of an insulating material or surge suppressor, or of the immunity of electrical or electronic equipment to disruption or damage; (b) a sudden increase in laboratory testing for a virus, microorganism, or other pathogenic agent, esp. during an epidemic of disease.

ΚΠ

1925 Electrician 24 Apr. 480/1 The surge-testing methods..have been designed to imitate actual conditions as far as possible.

1997 Network World 2 June 69/2 Equipment outages could have been avoided had the backup systems been properly tested. Surge testing of such equipment should be a given.

2004 FDA Week 6 Feb. 9 The Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) would receive $35 million to increase analytic surge testing capacity [for biological or chemical contamination], if Congress approves Bush's budget request.

2008 Depts. Labor, Health & Human Services, Educ., & Related Agencies Appropriations 2009: Hearings before Subcomm. Comm. Appropriations: Pt. 2B (House of Representatives 110th Congr., 2nd Sess.) 56 Developed staffing, stockpile, communications, and surge testing needs for incorporation into a pandemic laboratory surge plan; this is essential for quick implementation and turnaround times during the initial stages of a pandemic.

2021 MailOnline (Nexis) 30 Nov. Surge testing will also be deployed in areas of Scotland where the super-strain has been detected amid fears it could already be transmitting in the community.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

surgev.

Brit.

/səːdʒ/, U.S.

/sərdʒ/

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s sourge.

Etymology: Partly < Old French sourge- (see surge n.), or < early modern French sorgir (French surgir ), = Provençal sorzer , sorgir , Italian sorgere , Spanish surgir , Portuguese surgir , < Latin surgĕre to rise; partly < surge n.

a. intransitive. To rise and fall or toss on the waves; to ride (at anchor, or along over the waves). †In earliest use, ? to come to anchor; cf. French surgir, to come to land.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > rise and fall

lifta1400

heave and set1509

surge1511

loom1605

senda1625

pitcha1687

tittup1881

1511 Pylgrymage Richarde Guylforde (Pynson) f. li^v The same Tewysdaye at nyghte late we surged in y^e Rode.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. vii. 7 By force of oares we came surging along..beyond the cape of Matafus.

1592 R. Greene Pandosto (new ed.) sig. C Since thou must go to surge in the gastfull seas.

1611 High Court of Admiralty Exam. 8 June 41 The..lighter..made faste to the shippe surging at an anker in the Thames.

1850 B. Taylor Eldorado (1862) i. 2 The mass of spars and rigging drifted at her side, surging drearily on the heavy sea.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. (at cited word) A ship is said to surge on a reef when she rises and falls with the heave of the sea, so as to strike heavily.

†b. passive. ? To be cast up by the surge. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > raise [verb (intransitive)] > be raised > be cast up

surge1581

1581 T. Howell His Deuises sig. F.iiij^v Twixte death and doubt, still surgde vpon the sande, Stayde vp by hope to light on fyrmer lande.

†2.

a. To rise, spring, issue, as a stream from its source, or from underground. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > flow out or well up

well?a1200

quell1340

to well upa1387

sourd1481

surge1549

1549 W. Thomas Hist. Italie f. 27^v It [sc. the Fontana da Trevi] sourgeth vnder the hille called Monte degli hortuli.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. ix. 403 The Sulphatara..after an excessiue raine surgeth sixe foote high with blacke boyling water.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Surrey 79 A River..which at a place called the Swallow, sinketh unto the Earth and surgeth again some two miles off nigh Letherhead.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Warwick. 125 The river Anas in Spain,..having run many miles under ground, surgeth a greater channell then before.

†b. gen. To rise, ascend, mount. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > rise or go up [verb (intransitive)]

styc825

astyc950

ariseOE

upstyOE

to step upOE

upcomec1000

to come upOE

to go upOE

upwendc1200

runge?c1225

amountc1275

upgoa1325

heavec1325

uparise1340

ascend1382

higha1393

lifta1400

risea1400

skilla1400

uprisea1400

raisec1400

rearc1400

surmount1430

to get upc1450

transcenda1513

springa1525

upmounta1560

assurge?1567

hove1590

surgea1591

tower1618

hoist1647

upheave1649

to draw up1672

spire1680

insurrect1694

soar1697

upsoar1726

uprear1828

higher1889

a1591 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 480 Till lust, as lighter, up doth surge.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 196 The Mountains Imaus, which towards the North surge more and more to an incomprehensible height.

a. To rise in great waves or billows, as the sea; to swell or heave with great force, as a large wave; to move tempestuously.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > movement of waves > move restlessly about [verb (intransitive)] > run high, surge, or heave

flash1387

lifta1400

walterc1400

waverc1425

welter1489

jaw1513

roll?1532

surge1566

billow1596

to run high1598

estuate1658

to run steep1894

roil1913

1566 [implied in: J. Studley tr. Seneca Agamemnon [1.] 624 The surging seas. (at surging adj. a)].

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Siii/1 To Sourge, fluctuare.

1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 298 The waues of the sea..either surged tempestuouslye or calmed quietlye according to his pleasure.

1851 J. B. Hume Diver in Poems Early Years vi It [sc. the abyss] seethes and it surges and hisses and raves, As when water by fire is cross'd.

1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 12 Giddy precipices..against whose walls the waves beat, and surge.

1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. vi. 171 The sea boiled past them, surged into the waist, blinded them with spray.

1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius iv. 115 The lava surged, not flowed, over, as angry waves do over a sandy bar.

b. transferred of a crowd of people, a wind, etc.In Physics, to vary or oscillate suddenly or violently, as a pressure or an electric current.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move progressively in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > forcibly or violently

surge1845

power1862

wham1948

1845 H. B. Hirst Coming of Mammoth 14 Their forms had gone O'er the far forests, surging on.

1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. xi. 273 The mob pressed onward from behind, surged up almost to the barrier.

1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities ii. i. 35 He..began to roll and surge in bed.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xvi. 115 The wind surging with the full deep boom of the distant sea against the precipice.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1864) II. v. 409 To hear of such things is enough to make one's blood surge again.

1887 R. Abercromby Weather v. 166 Sometimes filling up of a cyclone is tolerably local; other times surging is on an enormous scale.

1891 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxxv From below there surged up the buzz of voices.

1894 Ld. Wolseley Life Marlborough I. 4 The civil wars, which about 1642, began to surge westward into Somerset and Devon.

c. figurative, chiefly surge up, of feelings, thoughts, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > [verb (intransitive)] > rise up

swellc1386

risec1390

to well up1846

surge up1853

surface1945

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > come to mind, occur [verb (intransitive)] > suddenly

smitec1450

shoot1542

rejounce1556

to break in1713

to cross one's mind, etc. (rarely to cross one)1768

surge up1853

strobe1977

1853 C. Brontë Villette I. x. 183 Something..that brought surging up into the mind all one's foibles and weak points.

1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xv. 375 All the enthusiasm of old surged up to answer this appeal.

1883 Contemp. Rev. June 768 What rival claims and pretensions have already surged up.

1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert xxiii. 309 Her mind was working rapidly, and, indeed, she was scarcely able to disentangle ideas which surged through it.

4. transitive. To cause to move in, or as in, swelling waves or billows; to drive with waves.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > movement of waves > [verb (transitive)] > cause to surge

surge1607

1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse (1664) iv. 50 Wine..calms the roughest tempest of whatsoever more vehement Imagination sourgeth in any man.

1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 313 The..monster..hurls rocks at the departing vessel that..surge it back again towards the shore.

1873 J. R. Lowell Parable, ‘Said Christ Our Lord’ iv Great organs surged through arches dim Their jubilant floods in praise of Him.

5. Nautical, etc.

a. intransitive. To slip back accidentally, as a rope or chain round a capstan, windlass, etc.; to slip round without moving onwards, as a wheel.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (intransitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific way > of rope or chain: slip back

surgea1625

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > move on wheels [verb (intransitive)] > slip round without moving forwards (as a wheel)

surge1882

a1625 H. Mainwaring Nomenclator Navalis (Harl. 2301) 139 When they heave at the Capstaine and the Caboll slips back againe they say the Cabell surges.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ix. 44 If it [sc. the cable] be..slimie with ose, it surges or slips backe vnlesse they keep it close to the whelps.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxiv. 252 The chain surged so as almost to unship the barrel of the windlass.

1862 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 2) 87 Surging, the hawser slipping up the barrel of a capstan, or veering out the cable suddenly.

1882 Hedley Inventor Railw. Locomotion 59 It had been always thought that engine-wheels on a smooth surface would ‘surge’ or slip round without advancing.

b. transitive. To let go or slacken suddenly (a rope wound round a capstan, etc.); also with the capstan, etc. as object. Also absol.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific ways

windc1550

veer1590

veer1604

rousea1625

heave1626

overhaul1626

ease1627

pay1627

reeve1627

unbend1627

to come up1685

overhale1692

to pay away1769

surge1769

render1777

to pay out1793

to round down1793

to set upon ——1793

swig1794

veer1806

snake1815

to side out for a bend1831

rack1841

snub1841

the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > releasing hold > let go (something held or grasped) [verb (transitive)] > let slip (a rope, etc.)

slip1592

surge1769

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms Choquer la tournevire, to surge the capstern.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms at Dévirer le cable To surge the cable about the capstern or windlass, in order to prevent it from riding, with one part over another.

1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors ix. 141 The line would be ‘surged’, or slacked out.

1853 in E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. (1856) I. vii. 70 It's blowing the devil himself, and I am afraid to surge.

1862 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 2) 146 Secure the hawser for surging the topmast to start the crosstrees off the mast-head.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Surge Ho!, the notice given when a rope or cable is to be surged.

c. intransitive. Of a ship: To sweep, pull, or jerk in a certain direction. Also transferred.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > jerk suddenly

seela1618

lurch1834

surge1845

1845 C. Darwin Jrnl. (ed. 2) x. 212 Every now and then a puff from the mountains, which made the ship surge at her anchors.

1850 G. Cupples Green Hand vi. 75/2 Jove! how she [sc. the ship] surged to it.

1854 E. K. Kane Jrnl. 8 Aug. in Arctic Explor. (1856) I. xxvi. 338 The brig surged and righted.

1895 Outing 26 358/1 The fish surges and the rod bends alarmingly.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	surge
释义	surgen. Brit. /səːdʒ/, U.S. /sərdʒ/ Forms: Middle English–1600s sourge, (1500s sowrge, shourge, plural surgies, 1600s surdge, syrge), 1500s– surge. Etymology: Of obscure origin. In the earliest examples (sense 1a, 1b) translating Old French sourgeon (modern French surgeon ), < sourge- , present stem of sourdre < Latin surgĕre to rise. In senses 3, 4 < surge v. †1. a. A fountain, stream. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > fountain > [noun] fontOE surge1490 eye1535 watering stone1788 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos iv. 18 The whiche trees, soo cutte..yssued oute..a sourge [Fr. vne sourgon] of blacke bloode droppynge doun to the erthe. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos vi. 26 [Her eyes] seemed two grete sourges [Fr. sourions] wellynge vp grete affluence of teerys. 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Scatebræ, the bollynge or rysynge vppe of water out of a spryng or sourges of water. 1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 36^v Thus with a surge of teares bedewde (O bed) I thee forsake. †b. The source of a river or other water. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > system > [noun] > head or source headeOE wellspringOE springOE uptaking1241 head wella1325 wellheadc1330 sourcec1386 headspringa1398 headstreama1398 risinga1398 surge1523 springhead?a1560 head fountain1563 water head1567 fountainhead1585 headwater1612 fill1622 water source1651 urn1726 vomica1838 sponge-swamp1901 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. i. 1 All great ryuers are..assemblede of diuers surges [Fr. surgeons] and sprynges of water. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. i. i. f. 48/2, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Charwell..issueth so fast at the verye surge, that it groweth into a pretye streame, in maner out of hand. 1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) ii. xxi. 211/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I Yet is the surge of that water alwaies seuen foot from the salt sea. 1588 W. Allen Admon. to Nobility & People 4 The nexte immediate surge of our sores. 2. a. A high rolling swell of water, esp. on the sea; a large, heavy, or violent wave; a billow.In this use and in b, chiefly poetic or rhetorical. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > types of waves > [noun] > swelling or surging wave swelling1387 jaw1513 surge1530 roll1535 brimmer1652 roller1829 beachcomber1859 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 278/2 Surge of the see, uague. 1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) ii. xiv. 31 b The beste fyshe..is tossed and lyfte vp with wyndes and sourges. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 244^v The sea was..vnquieted with surgies and monsters. 1558 Bp. T. Watson Holsome Doctr. Seuen Sacramentes xiv. f. lxxxiii To haue a mans shyppe drowned at once wyth one greate sourge and waue of the sea. 1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated ii. ii. 20 The Sea euery where plaine and like it selfe, except the rising of the waues and surges. 1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode ii. i. 25 As open to the gusts of passion, As the bare Shore to every beating Surge. 1728 J. Thomson Winter (ed. 5) 18 Rowling gather'd Seas, Surge over surge, burst in a general Roar. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxv. 278 All this time, the sea was rolling in immense surges. 1861 Ld. Tennyson Sailor Boy 9 The sands and yeasty surges mix In caves about the dreary bay. 1885 Athenæum 23 May 669/3 A noble sea view..where grand surges move in ranks..till they beat furiously on the shore. b. Such waves or billows collectively; the rising or driving swell of the sea. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > swell surge1567 sea-gate1583 swella1616 running1622 groundswell1818 backwater1838 after-roll1858 wallow1868 1567 G. Turberville To Rayling Rout in Epit., Epigr. 7 Such as earst in cutting of the Surge..Bode bitter blast and scornefull Neptunes scurge. 1624 J. Smith Gen. Hist. Virginia i. 2 The very surge of the Sea sometimes overflowed them. 1702 London Gaz. No. 3845/2 Some Boats were overset by the Surge of the Sea, it blowing them very fresh. 1749 T. Smollett Regicide iv. iii. 53 Thy specious Words Shall sooner lull the sounding Surge. 1771 B. Franklin Autobiogr. in Wks. (1840) I. 30 It was in a place where there could be no landing, there being a great surge on the beach. 1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! vi Laced with white foam from the eternal surge. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. vii. 238 As we were just clearing the rock, the bow came obliquely to the surge. c. figurative (or, more frequently, in figurative context) in reference to feelings, influences, actions, events, etc.: Impetuous onset or agitated movement. Also, a rapid increase in price, activity, etc., esp. over a short period. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > operation upon something > [noun] > that which > sudden surge1520 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [noun] > instance of surge1520 forage1598 impetuosity1632 paroxysm1650 the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > rapid increase in activity surge1807 the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > rapid or sharp increase mushroom growth1727 skyrocketing1821 wave1851 jump1883 mushrooming1916 bump-up1927 upsurgence1934 upsurge1935 explosion1953 surge1964 quantum jump1975 quantum leap1977 1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. E.iij^v He is moost moderate & studyous to auoyde surges of his passyon. a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. sig. A.ii^v To..strength the walles of oure heartes agaynste the gret sourges of this tempesteous sea. 1540 R. Morison tr. J. L. Vives Introd. Wysedome (new ed.) Pref. sig. A v Men assauted with the surges of sower fortune. 1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. lxxx Peters litle ship..was very like..to be ouer rowne & drouned, the shourges of scismatikes & of heretikes wer so great. 1583 H. Howard Defensatiue sig. Rij Sometyme floting in the surges of mishap. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. ii. sig. G3^v They haue opened all his rotten parts, Vnto the vaunting surge of base contempt. 1682 N. Tate & J. Dryden 2nd Pt. Absalom & Achitophel 34 This year did Ziloah Rule Jerusalem, And boldly all Sedition's Syrges stem. 1807 Ld. Byron Medea of Euripides in Hours Idleness i What mind can stem the stormy surge Which rolls the tide of human woe? 1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. vii. 104 The observances of the old system were effaced..by the hasty surges of popular resentment. 1841 R. W. Emerson Over-soul in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 283 It is an ebb of the individual rivulet before the flowing surges of the sea of life. 1890 Spectator 29 Mar. No surge of public opinion would have saved them from the gallows. 1964 Ann. Reg. 1963 191 The final deficit for the fiscal year which ended on 30 June 1963 was $6,200 million, largely because of the surge in business spending and improved tax collection. 1976 Yellowstone Explorer July 7/2 The surge in the use of back-country areas is certainly as true here in Yellowstone as it is in other wild places across the country. 1980 N.Y. Times 18 Nov. b7/3 The population surge in the Sun Belt has been even greater than expected. d. transferred in reference to various physical things, as fire, wind, sound; also to ‘rolling’ or undulating hills or the like. In Physics, a sudden or irregular change of pressure; a sudden or violent oscillation of electric current. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [noun] > forcibly or violently surge1667 the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > [noun] > undulatory motion > violent or heavy surge1667 the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill > [noun] > collectively surge1863 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > pulse, surge impulse1883 surge1908 pulse1932 spike1935 pip1946 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric current > flow of electricity > [noun] > pulse, surge impulse1883 surging1904 surge1908 kick1910 pulse1932 glitch1962 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 173 The fiery Surge, that from the Precipice Of Heav'n receiv'd us falling. View more context for this quotation 1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama xxiii. 248 The smoke and vapours of all Padalon..were spread, With surge and swell, and everlasting motion. 1863 J. R. Green Let. 23 Feb. (1901) 117 On the low surge of hills that close the horizon, is the house. 1865 S. Baring-Gould Bk. Were-wolves xiii. 233 The surge of the old Gregorian tone. 1870 J. R. Lowell Cathedral 11 The surges of the warm southwest. 1887 R. Abercromby Weather v. 167 When we look at a series of these surges [of atmospheric pressure] we find a decided tendency of the motion to travel from west to east, or from south-west to north-east. 1908 Times 3 Oct. 12/6 The ‘surge’ of the high-tension current caused some control switches to fuse. 1911 W. N. Shaw Forecasting Weather iii. 72 The last of the charts to represent the classification of isobars..are selected to show what Abercromby calls ‘surge’—that is to say, a general alteration of pressure that seems to be superposed upon the changes related to a low pressure centre. 1936 Discovery Sept. 289/2 It is thus possible to study the passage of ‘surges’ travelling along the mission line at 186,000 miles a second. 1973 Physics Bull. Mar. 148/3 The high voltage cathode-ray oscillograph..was used to detect lightning discharges and other electrical surges in high voltage transmission lines. 1979 Time 8 Jan. 80/3 That includes..keeping a weather-eye on cold surges (masses of low-temperature air moving rapidly down from Siberia). 3. Nautical, etc. The slipping back of a rope or chain wound round a capstan, etc.; more generally, a sudden jerk or strain. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > sudden movement > [noun] > jerking > a jerk spang1513 lipe1545 job1560 jert1568 abraid1570 jerk1575 flirta1592 yark1610 slip1615 flerka1653 hitch1674 toss1676 hotch1721 saccade1728 surge1748 flip1821 snatch1822 fling1826 kick1835 chuckc1843 jolt1849 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 112 With our utmost efforts, and with many surges and some purchases we made use of to encrease our power. 1805 A. Duncan Mariner's Chron. IV. 109 At eleven o'clock, a fatal swell gave the ship a sudden shock: she gave a surge, and sunk almost instantaneously. 1850 G. Cupples Green Hand iv. 41/2 Till the ‘cleets’ brought him up with a ‘surge’ fit to have parted the line. 1860 Mercantile Marine Mag. 7 180 They might have seen or heard a surge of the cable. 1869 W. J. M. Rankine Cycl. Machine & Hand-tools Pl.O 2 Jerks or surges are entirely avoided. 4. Nautical. The part of a capstan or windlass upon which the rope surges. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > windlass > part on which rope surges (capstan or windlass) surge1664 1664 E. Bushnell Compl. Ship-wright 67 A..Windless, with a Surdge in the middle, as is the Surdge of a Crab, or Capstane. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 154 Surge, the tapered part of the whelps, between the chocks of the capstan, upon which..the messenger may surge itself without any incumbrance. 5. Nautical. A rhythmic motion forward and aft that is in addition to any steady speed of the vessel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > rhythmic motion forward and aft surge1949 1949 K. C. Barnaby Basic Naval Archit. xvii. 255 A very uneven drive, such as that given by a single-cylinder paddle-wheel engine, will cause a perceptible surge. 1968 F. N. Spiess in J. F. Brahtz Ocean Engin. xv. 566 Stability against horizontal oscillatory motion (surge and sway) and against roll and pitch can chiefly be achieved by providing horizontal extent comparable to or greater than a wavelength. 1977 Offshore Engineer May 44/3 During these tests, the data acquisition system recorded..surge, sway and yaw of the lay barge. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. surge-crest n. ΚΠ 1839 P. J. Bailey Festus 86 In vain they urge their armies to the fight: Their surge-crests crumble 'neath our stroke of might. surge-voice n. ΚΠ 1880 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Miner's Right xxxviii, in Town & Country Jrnl. 6 Nov. 894/2 The whispering surge-voices. b. surge-beat adj. (also surge-beaten) ΚΠ a1810 P. B. Shelley Ravaillac in Posthumous Fragm. M. Nicholson 16 The surge-beaten mould. 1852 M. Arnold Tristram & Iseult i. 104 The surge-beat Cornish strand. C2. surge chamber n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe > for water > tank or chamber connected to surge tank1909 surge chamber1928 1928 Daily Express 10 Oct. 12 The pent-up waters sweep through a narrow tunnel to the surge chamber of a newly built power-house, driving the turbo-generators. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XVIII. 770/2 To assist regulation with long pipelines, a surge chamber is often connected to the pipeline as near as possible to the turbine, thus enabling part of the water in the pipeline to pass into the surge chamber as the turbine is closed. surge tank n. Civil Engineering a chamber (often open to the air) connected by a T-junction to a water pipe so as to absorb surges of pressure by filling and drops in pressure by emptying. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > conveyor > [noun] > conduit, channel, or tube > pipe > for water > tank or chamber connected to surge tank1909 surge chamber1928 1909 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 30 443 ‘Surge tank’ is a term applied to a stand pipe or storage reservoir placed at the down-stream end of a closed aqueduct to prevent undue rise of pressure in case of a sudden diminution of draft, and to furnish water quickly when the gates are opened, without having to wait for the velocity in the long feeder to pick up. 1930 Engineering 3 Jan. 19/2 Each divided tunnel is provided with a separate surge tank. 1975 North Sea Background Notes (Brit. Petroleum Co.) 27 Injection water surge tanks, filters and pumps are located on this deck. surge voltage n. the peak voltage produced in a transmission line by an electrical surge. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > pulse, surge > peak surge voltage1904 1904 E. B. Raymond Alternating Current Engin. ii. 76 The surge voltage is an entirely separate phenomenon from that of resonance. 1979 C. A. Gross Power Syst. Anal. iv. 118 Surge voltages provide the most stringent test and supply the rationale for the standard impulse voltage waveform. Draft additions September 2022 surge testing n. (a) Electr. the testing, under power surge conditions, of the performance of an insulating material or surge suppressor, or of the immunity of electrical or electronic equipment to disruption or damage; (b) a sudden increase in laboratory testing for a virus, microorganism, or other pathogenic agent, esp. during an epidemic of disease. ΚΠ 1925 Electrician 24 Apr. 480/1 The surge-testing methods..have been designed to imitate actual conditions as far as possible. 1997 Network World 2 June 69/2 Equipment outages could have been avoided had the backup systems been properly tested. Surge testing of such equipment should be a given. 2004 FDA Week 6 Feb. 9 The Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) would receive $35 million to increase analytic surge testing capacity [for biological or chemical contamination], if Congress approves Bush's budget request. 2008 Depts. Labor, Health & Human Services, Educ., & Related Agencies Appropriations 2009: Hearings before Subcomm. Comm. Appropriations: Pt. 2B (House of Representatives 110th Congr., 2nd Sess.) 56 Developed staffing, stockpile, communications, and surge testing needs for incorporation into a pandemic laboratory surge plan; this is essential for quick implementation and turnaround times during the initial stages of a pandemic. 2021 MailOnline (Nexis) 30 Nov. Surge testing will also be deployed in areas of Scotland where the super-strain has been detected amid fears it could already be transmitting in the community. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online December 2022). surgev. Brit. /səːdʒ/, U.S. /sərdʒ/ Forms: Also 1500s–1600s sourge. Etymology: Partly < Old French sourge- (see surge n.), or < early modern French sorgir (French surgir ), = Provençal sorzer , sorgir , Italian sorgere , Spanish surgir , Portuguese surgir , < Latin surgĕre to rise; partly < surge n. 1. a. intransitive. To rise and fall or toss on the waves; to ride (at anchor, or along over the waves). †In earliest use, ? to come to anchor; cf. French surgir, to come to land. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > rise and fall lifta1400 heave and set1509 surge1511 loom1605 senda1625 pitcha1687 tittup1881 1511 Pylgrymage Richarde Guylforde (Pynson) f. li^v The same Tewysdaye at nyghte late we surged in y^e Rode. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. vii. 7 By force of oares we came surging along..beyond the cape of Matafus. 1592 R. Greene Pandosto (new ed.) sig. C Since thou must go to surge in the gastfull seas. 1611 High Court of Admiralty Exam. 8 June 41 The..lighter..made faste to the shippe surging at an anker in the Thames. 1850 B. Taylor Eldorado (1862) i. 2 The mass of spars and rigging drifted at her side, surging drearily on the heavy sea. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. (at cited word) A ship is said to surge on a reef when she rises and falls with the heave of the sea, so as to strike heavily. †b. passive. ? To be cast up by the surge. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > raising > raise [verb (intransitive)] > be raised > be cast up surge1581 1581 T. Howell His Deuises sig. F.iiij^v Twixte death and doubt, still surgde vpon the sande, Stayde vp by hope to light on fyrmer lande. †2. a. To rise, spring, issue, as a stream from its source, or from underground. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > flow [verb (intransitive)] > flow out or well up well?a1200 quell1340 to well upa1387 sourd1481 surge1549 1549 W. Thomas Hist. Italie f. 27^v It [sc. the Fontana da Trevi] sourgeth vnder the hille called Monte degli hortuli. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. ix. 403 The Sulphatara..after an excessiue raine surgeth sixe foote high with blacke boyling water. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Surrey 79 A River..which at a place called the Swallow, sinketh unto the Earth and surgeth again some two miles off nigh Letherhead. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Warwick. 125 The river Anas in Spain,..having run many miles under ground, surgeth a greater channell then before. †b. gen. To rise, ascend, mount. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > rise or go up [verb (intransitive)] styc825 astyc950 ariseOE upstyOE to step upOE upcomec1000 to come upOE to go upOE upwendc1200 runge?c1225 amountc1275 upgoa1325 heavec1325 uparise1340 ascend1382 higha1393 lifta1400 risea1400 skilla1400 uprisea1400 raisec1400 rearc1400 surmount1430 to get upc1450 transcenda1513 springa1525 upmounta1560 assurge?1567 hove1590 surgea1591 tower1618 hoist1647 upheave1649 to draw up1672 spire1680 insurrect1694 soar1697 upsoar1726 uprear1828 higher1889 a1591 H. Smith Wks. (1867) II. 480 Till lust, as lighter, up doth surge. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 196 The Mountains Imaus, which towards the North surge more and more to an incomprehensible height. 3. a. To rise in great waves or billows, as the sea; to swell or heave with great force, as a large wave; to move tempestuously. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > movement of waves > move restlessly about [verb (intransitive)] > run high, surge, or heave flash1387 lifta1400 walterc1400 waverc1425 welter1489 jaw1513 roll?1532 surge1566 billow1596 to run high1598 estuate1658 to run steep1894 roil1913 1566 [implied in: J. Studley tr. Seneca Agamemnon [1.] 624 The surging seas. (at surging adj. a)]. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Siii/1 To Sourge, fluctuare. 1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 298 The waues of the sea..either surged tempestuouslye or calmed quietlye according to his pleasure. 1851 J. B. Hume Diver in Poems Early Years vi It [sc. the abyss] seethes and it surges and hisses and raves, As when water by fire is cross'd. 1862 M. Hopkins Hawaii 12 Giddy precipices..against whose walls the waves beat, and surge. 1866 C. Kingsley Hereward the Wake I. vi. 171 The sea boiled past them, surged into the waist, blinded them with spray. 1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius iv. 115 The lava surged, not flowed, over, as angry waves do over a sandy bar. b. transferred of a crowd of people, a wind, etc.In Physics, to vary or oscillate suddenly or violently, as a pressure or an electric current. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > move progressively in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > forcibly or violently surge1845 power1862 wham1948 1845 H. B. Hirst Coming of Mammoth 14 Their forms had gone O'er the far forests, surging on. 1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. xi. 273 The mob pressed onward from behind, surged up almost to the barrier. 1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities ii. i. 35 He..began to roll and surge in bed. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xvi. 115 The wind surging with the full deep boom of the distant sea against the precipice. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1864) II. v. 409 To hear of such things is enough to make one's blood surge again. 1887 R. Abercromby Weather v. 166 Sometimes filling up of a cyclone is tolerably local; other times surging is on an enormous scale. 1891 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxxv From below there surged up the buzz of voices. 1894 Ld. Wolseley Life Marlborough I. 4 The civil wars, which about 1642, began to surge westward into Somerset and Devon. c. figurative, chiefly surge up, of feelings, thoughts, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > [verb (intransitive)] > rise up swellc1386 risec1390 to well up1846 surge up1853 surface1945 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > faculty of ideation > idea, notion, or concept > come to mind, occur [verb (intransitive)] > suddenly smitec1450 shoot1542 rejounce1556 to break in1713 to cross one's mind, etc. (rarely to cross one)1768 surge up1853 strobe1977 1853 C. Brontë Villette I. x. 183 Something..that brought surging up into the mind all one's foibles and weak points. 1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xv. 375 All the enthusiasm of old surged up to answer this appeal. 1883 Contemp. Rev. June 768 What rival claims and pretensions have already surged up. 1908 R. Bagot Anthony Cuthbert xxiii. 309 Her mind was working rapidly, and, indeed, she was scarcely able to disentangle ideas which surged through it. 4. transitive. To cause to move in, or as in, swelling waves or billows; to drive with waves. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > wave > movement of waves > [verb (transitive)] > cause to surge surge1607 1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse (1664) iv. 50 Wine..calms the roughest tempest of whatsoever more vehement Imagination sourgeth in any man. 1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 313 The..monster..hurls rocks at the departing vessel that..surge it back again towards the shore. 1873 J. R. Lowell Parable, ‘Said Christ Our Lord’ iv Great organs surged through arches dim Their jubilant floods in praise of Him. 5. Nautical, etc. a. intransitive. To slip back accidentally, as a rope or chain round a capstan, windlass, etc.; to slip round without moving onwards, as a wheel. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (intransitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific way > of rope or chain: slip back surgea1625 society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > vehicles according to means of motion > vehicle moving on wheels > move on wheels [verb (intransitive)] > slip round without moving forwards (as a wheel) surge1882 a1625 H. Mainwaring Nomenclator Navalis (Harl. 2301) 139 When they heave at the Capstaine and the Caboll slips back againe they say the Cabell surges. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ix. 44 If it [sc. the cable] be..slimie with ose, it surges or slips backe vnlesse they keep it close to the whelps. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxiv. 252 The chain surged so as almost to unship the barrel of the windlass. 1862 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 2) 87 Surging, the hawser slipping up the barrel of a capstan, or veering out the cable suddenly. 1882 Hedley Inventor Railw. Locomotion 59 It had been always thought that engine-wheels on a smooth surface would ‘surge’ or slip round without advancing. b. transitive. To let go or slacken suddenly (a rope wound round a capstan, etc.); also with the capstan, etc. as object. Also absol. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific ways windc1550 veer1590 veer1604 rousea1625 heave1626 overhaul1626 ease1627 pay1627 reeve1627 unbend1627 to come up1685 overhale1692 to pay away1769 surge1769 render1777 to pay out1793 to round down1793 to set upon ——1793 swig1794 veer1806 snake1815 to side out for a bend1831 rack1841 snub1841 the world > movement > absence of movement > hold or holding > releasing hold > let go (something held or grasped) [verb (transitive)] > let slip (a rope, etc.) slip1592 surge1769 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms Choquer la tournevire, to surge the capstern. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Transl. French Terms at Dévirer le cable To surge the cable about the capstern or windlass, in order to prevent it from riding, with one part over another. 1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors ix. 141 The line would be ‘surged’, or slacked out. 1853 in E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. (1856) I. vii. 70 It's blowing the devil himself, and I am afraid to surge. 1862 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 2) 146 Secure the hawser for surging the topmast to start the crosstrees off the mast-head. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Surge Ho!, the notice given when a rope or cable is to be surged. c. intransitive. Of a ship: To sweep, pull, or jerk in a certain direction. Also transferred. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (intransitive)] > jerk suddenly seela1618 lurch1834 surge1845 1845 C. Darwin Jrnl. (ed. 2) x. 212 Every now and then a puff from the mountains, which made the ship surge at her anchors. 1850 G. Cupples Green Hand vi. 75/2 Jove! how she [sc. the ship] surged to it. 1854 E. K. Kane Jrnl. 8 Aug. in Arctic Explor. (1856) I. xxvi. 338 The brig surged and righted. 1895 Outing 26 358/1 The fish surges and the rod bends alarmingly. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1490v.1511
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