† surchargen.1
Scottish. Obsolete.
An additional or second dish or course. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > meal > course > [noun] > second course
sukkarkec1400
surcharge1489
sub-charge?a1500
subchet?a1513
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) xvi. 462 That sowrchargis [1487 St. John's Cambr. suchargis; 1616 Hart subcharge] to chargand wes.
c1500 W. Kennedy Passion of Christ 258 Till all his sair he soucht na saw bot ane, The quhilk wes ded, as surcharge till his sorrow.
1622 W. Dunbar Poems (Reidpeth) (1998) I. 169 [Off quhais] surcharge [sour is the sals].
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online June 2021).
surchargen.2
/ˈsəːtʃɑːdʒ/, U.S. /ˈsərˌtʃɑrdʒ/ 1.
a. A pecuniary charge in excess of the usual or just amount; an additional or excessive pecuniary charge; = overcharge n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > charges > [noun] > additional or excessive charge
overprice1494
surcharge1601
overcharge1663
over-chargement1686
supercharge1738
upcharge1925
1601 F. Tate Househ. Ord. Edward II (1876) §67. 48 So as the cuntry..may not wax deere by surcharge without reson.
1646 W. Hughes tr. A. Horne Mirrour Justices i. 22 Sherriffes, who too high charge the People, by a surcharge upon the people of Horses, or of Doggs.
1686 tr. J. Chardin Coronation Solyman 95 in Trav. Persia She besought him to remit the Surcharge which he had laid upon the poor Armenians.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 101 A surcharge made on him for 10l.
1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. xvii. 351 It might happen..that no property tax was levied, and in that case the censor's surcharge, or over valuation, would have been inoperative.
1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 486 A history of fistula..does not call for surcharge [in life assurance].
b. Equity. The act of showing an omission in an account, or a statement showing this: cf. surcharge v. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > [noun] > rendering accounts of property or expenses > showing omission in accounts
surcharge1687
1687 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 546 The Accompt was at last brought to one Article of the Surcharge, & referr'd to a Master.
1754 Ld. Hardwicke in Vezey Reports (1773) II. 566 The court takes it as a stated account, and establishes it: but if any of the parties can shew an omission, for which credit ought to be, that is a surcharge: or if any thing is inserted, that is a wrong charge, he is at liberty to shew it, and that is falsification.
1884 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 27 111 The Defendant carried in a complete account, and the Plaintiffs carried in a surcharge.
c. A charge made by an auditor upon a public official in respect of an amount improperly paid by him: cf. surcharge v. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > fine > [noun] > for public money unaccounted for
impress1803
surcharge1879
1879 Daily News 25 Mar. 4/6 They charge interest on the advances, and this interest the auditor has disallowed. It would therefore fall on the members of the Board as a surcharge.
2. Law. (tr. law-Latin superoneratio.) The overstocking of a common or forest: see surcharge v. 2. Obsolete exc. Historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > management of pasture > [noun] > overgrazing
surcharge1569
surcharging1598
overgrazing1897
1569 in Southampton Court Leet Rec. (1905) I. 53 To ye greate Surchardge of ye said comon.
1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest xiv. f. 84 To inquire..what number of Acres, the place of Common, wherein the surcharge is supposed to be made, doth containe.
a1634 E. Coke 2nd Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. (1642) 370 A writ de secunda superoneratione lyeth..onely against them, against whom the writ was brought, and which were particularly charged with surcharge in the writ.
a1634 E. Coke Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iv. lxxiii. 293 Surcharge of the Forest [see surcharge v. 2].
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. iii. xvi. 239 If, after the admeasurement has thus ascertained the right, the same defendant surcharges the common again, the plaintiff may have a writ of second surcharge, de secunda superoneratione, which is given by the statute Westm. 2. 13 Edw. I. c. 8.
1797 G. Jacob New Law-dict. Surcharge of Common.
3. An additional or excessive ‘charge’, load, burden, or supply (of something material or immaterial); = overcharge n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > excess, redundancy, or superfluity > excessive quantity or amount
overchargea1325
outrakea1400
surcharge1603
superflux1608
overquantitya1626
overflux1633
gluta1652
overdose1700
excresce1707
overseta1715
embarras de richesse1750
sickener1809
embarras de choix1825
richesse1875
basinful1935
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. ii. 3 Being otherwise ful, and over-plunged in sorrowe, the least surcharge brake the bounds and barres of patience.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 200 Adding as it were some olde surcharge to their toils and fooleries.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Bb2 The great quantitie of Bookes maketh a shewe..of superfluitie.., which surcharge neuerthelesse is not to be remedied by making no more bookes, but by making more good books. View more context for this quotation
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §228 The Aire, after it hath receiued a Charge, doth not receiue a Surcharge, or greater Charge, with like Appetite, as it doth the first Charge.
a1683 J. Owen Wks. (1851) VIII. 557 The sending of missionaries, as they call them, or a surcharge of friars from their over-numerous fraternities.
1684 Bp. G. Burnet tr. T. More Utopia 125 When Nature is eased of any surcharge that oppresses it.
1748 Philos. Trans. 1747 (Royal Soc.) 44 712 After the Gun-barrel and Phial have been sufficiently excited,..the Surcharge is dissipated; so that the continuing the Motion..ever so long after the Saturation is complete, does not increase the electrical Force.
1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. 323 Any surcharge of punishment on persons adjudged to penance, so as to shorten their lives.
1803 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 10 The surcharge of the learned, might in time be drawn off to recruit the laboring class of citizens.
1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. xxii. 339 A surcharge of aliment and alcohol.
4. The action of surcharging or condition of being surcharged; overloading.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > providing with an excess of something
overloading1579
surcharge1625
1625 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 203 Send Supplies..so, as the Number may liue well, in the Plantation, and not by Surcharge be in Penury.
1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 204 Preventing the surcharge of oxygene in the blood.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 2 385 Cases of surcharge, retention, or indigestion.
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. III. 605 Atonic apoplexy..is more a result of vascular debility than of vascular surcharge.
1882 A. Bain James Mill vi. 304 Mill, whose mind was..in a state of surcharge upon the question of free enquiry.
5. An additional mark printed on the face of a postage-stamp, esp. for the purpose of changing its face value.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > postmarking > postmark > types of
ship-mark1801
Maltese cross1881
surcharge1881
1881 Stamp-Collector's Ann. 15 In that of 10 cents the surcharge is found sometimes with and sometimes without the word cents.
1881 Stamp-Collector's Ann. 24 The V.R. surcharge was also imitated.
1914 F. J. Melville Postage Stamps 19 The..most important of the additions to a stamp is the ‘overprint’ or ‘surcharge’.
Categories »
6. Ceramics. ‘A painting in a lighter enamel over a darker one which forms the ground’ (Cent. Dict. 1891).
7. Civil Engineering.
a. The part of a load that is above the horizontal plane containing the top of a retaining wall.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > pressure > load > specific part of
surcharge1881
1881 Van Nostrand's Engin. Mag. Oct. 336/2 The author found a wall of slag blocks having a batter of 1/ 5 of the height, and an effective thickness of 1 foot sustained a bank of broken slag 10 feet high, with a surcharge of some 5 feet more.
b. A load placed upon uncompacted material to compress it.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [noun] > becoming or making dense or solid > by compaction or compression > that which
condenser1686
solidifier1863
surcharge1930
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > pressure > load > specific
live load1858
proof load1858
wind load1911
impact load1924
wind loading1924
surcharge1930
point load1937
preload1941
impact loading1948
1930 Engineering 30 May 689/3 The heavy 24-in. steel beam..was intended for applying a surcharge to the filling in the bin.
1967 C. A. O'Flaherty Highways xii. 597 A surcharge of uncompacted material is added on top [of the embankment] to accelerate the outflow of water and the compaction of the underlying compressible material.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
surchargev.
/səːˈtʃɑːdʒ/ 1.
a. transitive. To charge (a person) too much as a price or payment; to overburden with expense, exactions, etc.; to subject to an additional or extra charge or payment.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > charges > [verb (transitive)] > overcharge
overchargea1400
surcharge1429
overset?1533
sauce1602
hoist1607
over-reckon1615
extortionc1650
sock1699
fleece1719
soak1895
slug1925
rob1934
1429 Rolls of Parl. IV. 352/1 Diverse Customers..standen surcharged, and in weie to be surcharged in hire accomptes.
1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 75 How that men usurpen..in surchargeyng them unduelie.
1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xiii. i. 260 To surcharge the rest of the parish, & laie more burden vpon them.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 169 John Whitgift succeeding in the Arch-Bishoprick, found it much surcharged in the valuation.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1655 (1955) III. 159 The Taxes were so intollerable,..surcharged as that County had ben above all others during our unnatural War.
1798 Anti-Jacobin 1 Jan. 62/2 And sorely to surcharge the Duke, I trowe, he was ne slack.
1812 Examiner 7 Sept. 570/2 The Surveyor..for Assessed Taxes..surcharges him.
1852 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation (ed. 2) i. iv. 127 On this principle, farmers who are undertaxed should be surcharged.
b. Equity. To show an omission in (an account); absol. to show that the accounting party ought to have charged himself with more than he has.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > show omission in account
surcharge1754
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (intransitive)] > show omission in account
surcharge1826
1754 Ld. Hardwicke in Vezey Reports (1773) II. 566 A liberty to surcharge and falsify these several stated accounts.
1826 H. Wheaton Rep. Supreme Court U.S. 11 256 If..the defendant plead..a settled account, the plaintiff may surcharge, by alleging and proving omissions in the account, or may falsify, by showing errors in some of the items stated in it.
c. To make a charge upon (a public official or body) in respect of an amount improperly paid by him; hence, to disallow (an item of expenditure in an account).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > fine > [verb (transitive)] > for public money unaccounted for
impress1803
surcharge1885
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > disallow in an account
surcharge1885
1885 Manch. Examiner 13 Apr. 5/3 The Auditor had given notice to the Guardians..of his intention to surcharge them with an amount of £157.
1885 M. Stanhope Speech House of Commons 11 Aug. If any item of expenditure is illegal it is liable to be surcharged by the auditor.
1901 Westm. Gaz. 11 Jan. 3/2 The School Board was surcharged by the auditor in 1885 in respect of illegal Science and Art classes.
2. Law. To overstock (a common, etc.) by putting more cattle into it than the person has a right to do or than the pasture will sustain. Also absol. Obsolete exc. Historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > management of pasture > use as pasture [verb (transitive)] > stock or overstock pasture
surcharge1480
overlay?1523
stocka1640
overstock1842
1480 Cov. Leet Bk. 456 That the lawe of the lande ys that the lorde of the soyle may surcharge and put þerin what noumber hit lykes.
a1500 Brome Bk. 164 Ȝe schall enquere..ȝef ony mane surchargeth yowre comune.
1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest xiv. f. 83 If he..do surcharge the comon with so many beasts, that the wild beasts of the kings Forrest can not haue sufficient feed there.
a1634 E. Coke Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iv. lxxiii. 293 Surcharge of the Forest. Superoneratio Forestæ, is when a Commoner in the Forest putteth on more Beasts than he ought, and so surchargeth the Forest.
1776 J. Burrow Rep. Court King's Bench 4 2431 Where a Commoner was intitled to Common for a certain Number of Cattle..there if he surcharged, another Commoner might distrain.
3. figurative.1884 Manch. Examiner 17 May 4/7 Such words..are surcharged with a certain amount of invidiousness.
a. To put an additional or excessive (physical) burden or weight upon; to overload, weigh down.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > weight or relative heaviness > weight [verb (transitive)] > make heavy > add weight to > excessively or weigh down
overchargea1325
overcarkc1330
overladea1387
chargea1398
laden1514
overburden1532
ladea1538
overload1553
overpressa1577
overweigh1576
surcharge1582
to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595
overpoise1598
overweight1811
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 36 When shee shaw Priamus yoouthlyk surcharged in armoure.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. vii. xxiii. 265 The Gaules being surcharged with dartes either sticking through their bodies, or fast set in their shields, and so weighing them downe.
c1600 F. Davison in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 320 Thou my board with messes large Dost surcharge.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 33 As was the greatest seruant of Christ, Peter, surcharged with two chaines.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 58 O fair Plant,..with fruit surcharg'd, Deigns none to ease thy load and taste thy sweet..? View more context for this quotation
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 728 Like a fair flower surcharg'd with dew. View more context for this quotation
1706 Cerealia 125 Whilst black pots walk the round with laughing Ale Surcharg'd.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison VI. liii. 345 Her eyes..surcharged, as I may say, with tears of joy.
1811 Glenbervie Jrnls. (1910) 138 A round hat surcharged with feathers.
1870 C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David I. Ps. xxv. 17 A lake surcharged with water by enormous floods.
b. With reference to surfeit of food or drink. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > excessive consumption of food or drink > eat or drink to excess [verb (transitive)] > feed (oneself) to excess
over-quatc1275
glutc1315
fill1340
stuffa1400
aglutc1400
agroten1440
grotenc1440
ingrotenc1440
sorporrc1440
replenisha1450
pegc1450
quatc1450
overgorgea1475
gorge1486
burst1530
cloy1530
saturate1538
enfarce1543
mast?1550
engluta1568
gull1582
ingurgitate1583
stall1583
forage1593
paunch1597
upbray1598
upbraid1599
surfeitc1600
surcharge1603
gormandize1604
overfeed1609
farcinate1634
repletiate1638
stodge1854
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 182 The defendants of the castle..surcharged themselues..with excesse both of meat and drinke.
1622 T. Venner Via Recta (ed. 2) viii. 190 They..greatly erre..that..presse and surcharge their bodies with ouer-much meat.
a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) Soliloquy xi. 57 Thou mayst surcharge as well as sterve The soile; But wise men know what seed will serve.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 20 Still to be fed, and not to be surcharged . View more context for this quotation
c. To charge to excess with moisture, a substance in solution, or the like.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > make wet [verb (transitive)] > to excess
overwet?1609
surcharge1612
over-sob1706
1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xix. 37/1 The Fenny [soil] surcharged with waters.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 139 A gross stagnated air, surcharged with damps from vaults, tombs, and charnel-houses.
1798 J. Grant & W. Leslie Surv. Province Moray iii. 127 All the water seems surcharged with iron.
1803 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population (new ed.) ii. ii. 203 The seeds with which every wind is surcharged, sow the ground again thickly with firs.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 261 The whole of the identical electricity that surcharges one side of a phial.
1816 W. Wordsworth Fr. Army in Russia ii. 7 Winter's breath surcharged with sleety showers.
1849 R. T. Claridge Cold-water Cure 109 When the body is surcharged with heat.
1867 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 10) I. ii. xv. 330 Winds blowing from the sea are generally surcharged with moisture.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 163 The blood..was always found surcharged with urates.
4.
a. In non-physical senses: To weigh down, overburden; to bear heavily upon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict
heavyc897
narroweOE
overlayOE
overseamOE
twingea1300
to weigh downa1340
grieve1340
besit1377
oppressc1384
foila1400
thringa1400
empressc1400
enpressc1400
aska1425
press?a1425
peisea1450
straita1464
constraina1500
overhale1531
to grate on or upon1532
wrack1562
surcharge1592
to lie heavy uponc1595
to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595
to sit on ——1607
to sit upon ——1607
gall1614
bear1645
weight1647
obsess1648
aggrieve1670
swinge1681
lean1736
gravitate1754
weigh1794
1592 W. Lambarde Eirenarcha (rev. ed.) i. ix. 44 The Commission of the peace..surcharged with vaine recitall.
1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. iii. sig. F3v Mine exclaimes, that haue surcharged the aire, With ceasles plaints.
1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xl. 78/2 Surcharged and ouer-worne with the troublesome toiles..of warre.
1635 T. Jackson Humiliation Sonne of God viii. ii. §2 To surcharge our ordinary humane conditions with the extraordinary estate of a servant..this was that unexpressible humiliation.
1643 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce 11 When human frailty surcharg'd, is at such a losse.
a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1694) II. 142 The greatest Affairs surcharge him [sc. God] not, and the very smallest escape him not.
b. To oppress or overwhelm (with emotion, sorrow, or suffering).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)] > overcome with
pinea1325
slayc1386
surcharge1566
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict > with sorrow or suffering
surcharge1566
1566 T. Drant Wailyngs Hieremiah in tr. Horace Medicinable Morall sig. Lij Our hearte with sadnesse is surchargde.
1588 R. Greene Pandosto sig. C3 Surcharged before with extreame ioy, and now suppressed with heauie sorrowe.
1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 2nd Pt. sig. Hv Ioue surchardg'd with pity of our wrongs.
1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 52 My heart is surcharged, I can no longer forbeare.
a1649 W. Drummond Wks. (1711) 32/2 Sur-charg'd with Grief, fraught with Annoy.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 373 Discerning Adam with such joy Surcharg'd . View more context for this quotation
1804 W. Wordsworth Vaudracour & Julia 50 Till his spirit sank, Surcharged, within him.
1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful II. i. 18 My heart was too much surcharged..my grief found vent.
1904 M. Hewlett Queen's Quair ii. x Had she been less charged with them [sc. troubles] she had been warier; but she was indeed surcharged.
c. passive. To have an excess of inhabitants, inmates, or members.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > population > become populous [verb (intransitive)] > excessively
surcharge1572
1572 Act 14 Eliz. c. 5 §40 Yf it shall chaunce any Cytie..to have in yt moore poore Folkes then the Inhabitauntes thereof shalbe able to releve..uppon Certyfycate thereof made, and of the number and names of the persones with which they be so surchardged, [etc.].
1637 W. Alexander Doomes-day (new ed.) v. v. 97 in Recreations with Muses Else th'earth surcharg'd would starve her nurslings soon.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 836 Least Heav'n surcharg'd with potent multitude Might hap to move new broiles. View more context for this quotation
1793 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) II. 370 Already the prisons are surcharged.
1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 146 This analysis brings him down to the several classes of the first grand group, which, from their number, are prevented from being surcharged with too many tribes or families.
1913 J. G. Frazer Golden Bough: Scapegoat v. 226 An atmosphere surcharged with devils.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > attack > attack [verb (transitive)] > attack with overwhelming force
sturmec1275
surcharge1588
1588 T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso Housholders Philos. f. 1 I beheld a little Kidde surchargd, pursued, and anon ouertaken by two swift Grey-hounds.
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. ix. sig. I4 Foure charged two, and two surcharged one. View more context for this quotation
6. To print an additional mark on the face of (a postage-stamp), esp. for the purpose of changing its value.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [verb (transitive)] > mark stamp to change value
surcharge1870
1870 J. E. Gray Catal. Postage Stamps (ed. 5) 169 Value surcharged in coloured ink.
1870 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. Feb. (Suppl.) 3/1 Current adhesives, surcharged with service.
1881 Stamp-Collector's Ann. 14 A new value of 8 cents has been created by surcharging the 12 cents with 8 cents in black.
1881 Stamp-Collector's Ann. 16 A 50 reis stamp, green,..surcharged Guine in black.
Derivatives
surˈcharging n. (also attributive).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > charges > [noun] > additional or excessive charge > charging
surcharging1598
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > management of pasture > [noun] > overgrazing
surcharge1569
surcharging1598
overgrazing1897
society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > postmarking > to change value of stamp
surcharging1881
1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest xiv. f. 82 The surcharging of the Forrest with more beasts then they may Common withall.
1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 23v Let not the owners commendable industrie, turne to their surcharging preiudice.
1622 E. Misselden Free Trade 130 The Sur-charging of the Cloth Trade.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. iii. xvi. 238 This injury by surcharging can properly speaking only happen, where the common is appendant or appurtenent.
1881 Stamp-Collector's Ann. 16 By the last mail we are informed that the surcharging has again ceased.
1889 Spectator 27 Apr. 568/1 Easements in that direction will only tend to the surcharging of rents.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1918; most recently modified version published online September 2021).
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