superpositionn.

Brit.

/ˌsuːpəpəˈzɪʃn/,

/ˌsjuːpəpəˈzɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌsuərpəˈzɪʃən/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French superposition.

Etymology: < French superposition (1613, originally in geometry; 1781 in geology) < post-classical Latin superposition- , superpositio extension of a fast until the next day, fast (4th cent.: see note), action of laying on hands (5th cent. in Augustine), action of placing on or above (from 8th cent. in British sources; also specifically in geometry, from 12th cent. in British sources), higher position (from 13th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin superposit- , past participial stem of superpōnere (see superposit v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare superposit v., superpose v., superimposition n.In sense 3 after post-classical Latin superpositio (also superpositio jejunii extension of the fast), Hellenistic Greek ὑπέρθεσις (in Byzantine Greek also ὑπέρθεσις τῆς νηστείας extension of the fast). Compare French jeûne de superposition extension of a fast (17th cent.).

The action of superposing something; the condition of being superposed.

a. Geometry. The action or practice of notionally moving one figure into the position occupied by another, esp. so as to show that they are congruent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > action or process > moving or drawing figure

application1570

inscription1570

superposition1656

supraposition1712

1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons i. 3 in Elements Philos. That superposition of Quantities, by which they render the word ἐϕαρμογὴ cannot be understood of Bodies, but only of Lines and Superficies.

1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature Demonstrative Evid. 36 This measure of the eye would not be sufficiently exact to satisfy us that the angles are equal; we must obtain a measure by real or imagined super-position.

1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iii. 221 Most of geometry may be resolved into the super-position of equal triangles.

1882 R. A. Proctor Familiar Sci. Stud. 16 The perfect equality of the triangles might be tested by superposition.

1917 L. W. Dowling Projective Geom. v. 44 Two projectively related primitive forms of the first kind, consisting of like elements, may be compared by superposition.

2000 R. Hartshorne Geometry i. 34 Thus we can easily justify the use of the method of superposition in the real Cartesian plane.

b. Science. The action of causing two or more sets of physical phenomena (e.g. waves, colours, or motions) to coincide, or coexist in the same place; the fact or an instance of such coexistence.The concept of the superposition of wave functions or quantum states has become significant in quantum physics (cf. Schrödinger's cat n. at Schrödinger n. Additions).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > [noun] > specific concepts or principles of > co-incidence of conditions or phenomena

superposition1820

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > polarization > [noun] > producing co-occurrence

superposition1820

1820 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 110 78 The complicated changes which take place, are perfectly reconcilable with the superposition of the primary on its complimentary set of rings.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxii. 195 The superposition of these two systems of rings would reproduce white light.

1836 M. Somerville Connex. Physical Sci. (ed. 3) xvii. 161 The resulting figure varying with the number of the superpositions, and the angles at which they are superposed.

1879 G. B. Prescott Speaking Telephone (new ed.) 248 A composite curve which represents the effect produced by the superposition of one set of waves upon another.

1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) viii. 148 The superposition of alternating current on direct current has a marked influence on anodic metal solution.

1939 M. Natkin Fascinating Fakes 33 The principle of superposition consists in the projection of several negatives together or separately on the same print.

1962 Rep. Progress Physics 25 141 For non-relativistic scattering by superpositions of Yukawa potentials, rigorous proofs have been given.

1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 98/1 The few spirals seen are probably chance superpositions: field galaxies or outlying cluster members lying along the line of sight.

2007 New Scientist 17 Mar. 32/1 Physicists call these macro-scale superpositions—ones containing many atoms or other quantum entities—Schrödinger cat states, or simply ‘cats’.

2. gen.

a. The placing of one thing physically above or on top of another. Also: an instance of this; a series of things placed one above another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [noun] > placing upon or above > instance or series of

superposition1660

1660 J. Harding tr. B. Valentine Triumphant Chariot Antimony 86 Strengthning and defending the Wound by superposition of a Wound plaister.

1724 Dict. Terms used by Heralds 11/2 in Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 6) A Fret—is so termed..because the Pieces of which it is composed, seem to fret each other, by their alternate Superposition.

1798 tr. J. F. G. de la Pérouse Voy. round World III. 295 The small bones of the ears are composed of several pieces, the principal of which..rests against the upper part of the fork, to the branches of which it is united by a simple superposition.

1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xlii. 394 The infraposition and superposition of two fluids of differing densities.

1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. ii. 43 The massiveness and squareness of its forms, the frequent use of superposition [in Norman architecture].

1879 F. Rutley Study of Rocks x. 153 The superposition of one crystal on another sometimes gives rise to cruciform figures.

1894 ‘M. O'Rell’ John Bull & Co. 295 The land is a succession, a superposition, of plateaus, hills, and mountains.

1916 Sci. Abstr. B. 19 120 The aerial is formed by the superposition of an ordinary directive frame aerial and of an aerial composed of two other frames.

1987 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 26 Feb. 24/2 This conceit of superposition..is ingenious; but this complicated motif is repeated throughout the building, and it quickly becomes tiresome.

2002 Irish Times (Nexis) 14 Feb. 13 The superposition of the Christian and Nazi symbols is an intolerable identification of the faith of Christians with Nazi barbarity.

b. figurative. The action or an act of adding something as if placing it above or on something else; the fact or state of being added in this way.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > coexistence

compresencea1640

coexistence1646

coexistency1646

contemporianism1656

consistence1659

superposition1858

1822–4 S. T. Coleridge Notebks. (1990) IV. 5097 The Thesis therefore being Positive: in Superposition, the Antithesis negative in Subposition.

1846 Times 10 Sept. 8/2 He endeavours to disguise his native brogue with the richest superposition of English.

1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 143 We accept them both (penal redemption and moral redemption), putting them, however, not in succession, but in super-position so that they coalesce.

1871 S. Smiles Character ii. 33 The child's character is the nucleus of the man's; all after-education is but superposition.

1929 V. G. Childe Most Anc. East iv. 97 Tradition is compatible with the archæological deduction of a high civilization once centred in the Delta and of its superposition on the native culture of Upper Egypt.

1959 B. North & R. North tr. M. Duverger Polit. Parties (ed. 2) i. ii. 76 The superposition of loyalties brings about a reinforcement of each individual tie.

2006 K. S. García tr. B. Domecq When I was Horse 81 They embraced once more in a limitless superposition of solitudes.

3. Church History. A period of time added to the length of a fast; a period of fasting including such an extension. Also: the action or an act of extending a fast in this way, or of fasting over such an extended period. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > addition of a fast

superposition1662

1662 P. Gunning Paschal or Lent-Fast App. v. 465 Some fasted with superposition or continuance to the Cock-crowing.

1722 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ IX. xxi. i. 242 Victorinus Petavionensis..speaks of several Sorts of Fasts observed among Christians, some of which were only till the Ninth Hour, some till Evening, and some with a Superposition or Addition of one Fasting-Day to another. Though we must note, That the Superposition of a Fast..sometimes denotes a new appointed Fast of any Kind.

1790 J. Priestley Gen. Hist. Christian Church I. vi. x. 533 The strictest of all the fasts was called superposition, and continued till the morning of the next day.

1875 W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. I. 662/1 The council of Eliberis (c. 23) introduced into Spain fasts of superposition (jejuniorum superpositiones).

1929 E. C. Thomas Lay Folks' Hist. Liturgy i. vii. 31 In the previous century these prolonged fasts..were very common, but the Council of Elvira, 305,..abolished these weekly superpositions.

4. Geology. The deposition of one stratum on top of another; the condition of being so deposited.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > sedimentation > [noun] > stratification

stratificationa1703

superposition1794

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > position or direction of strata > superimposed condition

superposition1794

1794 Brit. Critic Aug. 218 The superposition of strata successively different, one of the greatest of the Geological phænomena.

1823 tr. A. von Humboldt Geognostical Ess. Superposition Rocks Pref p. v The most remarkable superpositions of rocks in both hemispheres.

1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 27 A correct knowledge of the law of superposition of rocks.

1952 W. J. Miller Introd. Hist. Geol. (ed. 6) v. 34 Such a section involves a columnar diagram which shows the kinds and order of superposition of the formations.

1976 Current Anthropol. 17 484/1 Relative dates obtained from superposition of strata, biostratigraphic zonation, and stratigraphic correlation commonly are more reliable..than isotopic chronometric dates.

2003 T. M. Kusky Geol. Hazards i. 9/2 If sequence ABCD outcrops in one area and CDEFG in another, the law of superposition made it possible to say that B is older than F.

5. Botany. The relative position of leaves or other organs on an axis, when situated directly above one another. Cf. superposed adj. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [noun] > orthostichy or parastichy

superposition1830

strophe1846

orthostichy1875

parastichy1875

the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [noun] > placing upon or above

onlayinga1400

imposition1598

superimposition1611

superinduction1650

superposition1830

overlaying1862

overplacement1877

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 27 Rosaceæ, to which Jussieu originally referred Calycanthus, agree..in the superposition of their ovules when two are present.

1866 Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 8 104 In flowers at or near maturity, there is, sometimes, a slight want of perfect superposition of the carpellary groups to the sepals.

1900 D. H. Scott Stud. in Fossil Bot. xiv. 497 The relation of the genus to Sphenophyllum is clearly shown, by the superposition of the verticils of bracts.

1924 New Phytologist 23 237 In a high wind the super-position of the leaves..would, besides having a protective effect against mechanical damage, tend to reduce transpiration.

2000 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 161 38 Each carpel is in superposition to a stamen or to two stamens in double position, and not alternating with them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	superposition
释义	superpositionn. Brit. /ˌsuːpəpəˈzɪʃn/, /ˌsjuːpəpəˈzɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌsuərpəˈzɪʃən/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French superposition. Etymology: < French superposition (1613, originally in geometry; 1781 in geology) < post-classical Latin superposition- , superpositio extension of a fast until the next day, fast (4th cent.: see note), action of laying on hands (5th cent. in Augustine), action of placing on or above (from 8th cent. in British sources; also specifically in geometry, from 12th cent. in British sources), higher position (from 13th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin superposit- , past participial stem of superpōnere (see superposit v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare superposit v., superpose v., superimposition n.In sense 3 after post-classical Latin superpositio (also superpositio jejunii extension of the fast), Hellenistic Greek ὑπέρθεσις (in Byzantine Greek also ὑπέρθεσις τῆς νηστείας extension of the fast). Compare French jeûne de superposition extension of a fast (17th cent.). The action of superposing something; the condition of being superposed. 1. a. Geometry. The action or practice of notionally moving one figure into the position occupied by another, esp. so as to show that they are congruent. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > [noun] > action or process > moving or drawing figure application1570 inscription1570 superposition1656 supraposition1712 1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons i. 3 in Elements Philos. That superposition of Quantities, by which they render the word ἐϕαρμογὴ cannot be understood of Bodies, but only of Lines and Superficies. 1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature Demonstrative Evid. 36 This measure of the eye would not be sufficiently exact to satisfy us that the angles are equal; we must obtain a measure by real or imagined super-position. 1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iii. 221 Most of geometry may be resolved into the super-position of equal triangles. 1882 R. A. Proctor Familiar Sci. Stud. 16 The perfect equality of the triangles might be tested by superposition. 1917 L. W. Dowling Projective Geom. v. 44 Two projectively related primitive forms of the first kind, consisting of like elements, may be compared by superposition. 2000 R. Hartshorne Geometry i. 34 Thus we can easily justify the use of the method of superposition in the real Cartesian plane. b. Science. The action of causing two or more sets of physical phenomena (e.g. waves, colours, or motions) to coincide, or coexist in the same place; the fact or an instance of such coexistence.The concept of the superposition of wave functions or quantum states has become significant in quantum physics (cf. Schrödinger's cat n. at Schrödinger n. Additions). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > [noun] > specific concepts or principles of > co-incidence of conditions or phenomena superposition1820 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > polarization > [noun] > producing co-occurrence superposition1820 1820 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 110 78 The complicated changes which take place, are perfectly reconcilable with the superposition of the primary on its complimentary set of rings. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxii. 195 The superposition of these two systems of rings would reproduce white light. 1836 M. Somerville Connex. Physical Sci. (ed. 3) xvii. 161 The resulting figure varying with the number of the superpositions, and the angles at which they are superposed. 1879 G. B. Prescott Speaking Telephone (new ed.) 248 A composite curve which represents the effect produced by the superposition of one set of waves upon another. 1924 A. J. Allmand & H. J. T. Ellingham Princ. Appl. Electrochem. (ed. 2) viii. 148 The superposition of alternating current on direct current has a marked influence on anodic metal solution. 1939 M. Natkin Fascinating Fakes 33 The principle of superposition consists in the projection of several negatives together or separately on the same print. 1962 Rep. Progress Physics 25 141 For non-relativistic scattering by superpositions of Yukawa potentials, rigorous proofs have been given. 1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 98/1 The few spirals seen are probably chance superpositions: field galaxies or outlying cluster members lying along the line of sight. 2007 New Scientist 17 Mar. 32/1 Physicists call these macro-scale superpositions—ones containing many atoms or other quantum entities—Schrödinger cat states, or simply ‘cats’. 2. gen. a. The placing of one thing physically above or on top of another. Also: an instance of this; a series of things placed one above another. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [noun] > placing upon or above > instance or series of superposition1660 1660 J. Harding tr. B. Valentine Triumphant Chariot Antimony 86 Strengthning and defending the Wound by superposition of a Wound plaister. 1724 Dict. Terms used by Heralds 11/2 in Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 6) A Fret—is so termed..because the Pieces of which it is composed, seem to fret each other, by their alternate Superposition. 1798 tr. J. F. G. de la Pérouse Voy. round World III. 295 The small bones of the ears are composed of several pieces, the principal of which..rests against the upper part of the fork, to the branches of which it is united by a simple superposition. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xlii. 394 The infraposition and superposition of two fluids of differing densities. 1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. ii. 43 The massiveness and squareness of its forms, the frequent use of superposition [in Norman architecture]. 1879 F. Rutley Study of Rocks x. 153 The superposition of one crystal on another sometimes gives rise to cruciform figures. 1894 ‘M. O'Rell’ John Bull & Co. 295 The land is a succession, a superposition, of plateaus, hills, and mountains. 1916 Sci. Abstr. B. 19 120 The aerial is formed by the superposition of an ordinary directive frame aerial and of an aerial composed of two other frames. 1987 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 26 Feb. 24/2 This conceit of superposition..is ingenious; but this complicated motif is repeated throughout the building, and it quickly becomes tiresome. 2002 Irish Times (Nexis) 14 Feb. 13 The superposition of the Christian and Nazi symbols is an intolerable identification of the faith of Christians with Nazi barbarity. b. figurative. The action or an act of adding something as if placing it above or on something else; the fact or state of being added in this way. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > coexistence compresencea1640 coexistence1646 coexistency1646 contemporianism1656 consistence1659 superposition1858 1822–4 S. T. Coleridge Notebks. (1990) IV. 5097 The Thesis therefore being Positive: in Superposition, the Antithesis negative in Subposition. 1846 Times 10 Sept. 8/2 He endeavours to disguise his native brogue with the richest superposition of English. 1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 143 We accept them both (penal redemption and moral redemption), putting them, however, not in succession, but in super-position so that they coalesce. 1871 S. Smiles Character ii. 33 The child's character is the nucleus of the man's; all after-education is but superposition. 1929 V. G. Childe Most Anc. East iv. 97 Tradition is compatible with the archæological deduction of a high civilization once centred in the Delta and of its superposition on the native culture of Upper Egypt. 1959 B. North & R. North tr. M. Duverger Polit. Parties (ed. 2) i. ii. 76 The superposition of loyalties brings about a reinforcement of each individual tie. 2006 K. S. García tr. B. Domecq When I was Horse 81 They embraced once more in a limitless superposition of solitudes. 3. Church History. A period of time added to the length of a fast; a period of fasting including such an extension. Also: the action or an act of extending a fast in this way, or of fasting over such an extended period. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > addition of a fast superposition1662 1662 P. Gunning Paschal or Lent-Fast App. v. 465 Some fasted with superposition or continuance to the Cock-crowing. 1722 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ IX. xxi. i. 242 Victorinus Petavionensis..speaks of several Sorts of Fasts observed among Christians, some of which were only till the Ninth Hour, some till Evening, and some with a Superposition or Addition of one Fasting-Day to another. Though we must note, That the Superposition of a Fast..sometimes denotes a new appointed Fast of any Kind. 1790 J. Priestley Gen. Hist. Christian Church I. vi. x. 533 The strictest of all the fasts was called superposition, and continued till the morning of the next day. 1875 W. Smith & S. Cheetham Dict. Christian Antiq. I. 662/1 The council of Eliberis (c. 23) introduced into Spain fasts of superposition (jejuniorum superpositiones). 1929 E. C. Thomas Lay Folks' Hist. Liturgy i. vii. 31 In the previous century these prolonged fasts..were very common, but the Council of Elvira, 305,..abolished these weekly superpositions. 4. Geology. The deposition of one stratum on top of another; the condition of being so deposited. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > sedimentation > [noun] > stratification stratificationa1703 superposition1794 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > position or direction of strata > superimposed condition superposition1794 1794 Brit. Critic Aug. 218 The superposition of strata successively different, one of the greatest of the Geological phænomena. 1823 tr. A. von Humboldt Geognostical Ess. Superposition Rocks Pref p. v The most remarkable superpositions of rocks in both hemispheres. 1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 27 A correct knowledge of the law of superposition of rocks. 1952 W. J. Miller Introd. Hist. Geol. (ed. 6) v. 34 Such a section involves a columnar diagram which shows the kinds and order of superposition of the formations. 1976 Current Anthropol. 17 484/1 Relative dates obtained from superposition of strata, biostratigraphic zonation, and stratigraphic correlation commonly are more reliable..than isotopic chronometric dates. 2003 T. M. Kusky Geol. Hazards i. 9/2 If sequence ABCD outcrops in one area and CDEFG in another, the law of superposition made it possible to say that B is older than F. 5. Botany. The relative position of leaves or other organs on an axis, when situated directly above one another. Cf. superposed adj. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [noun] > orthostichy or parastichy superposition1830 strophe1846 orthostichy1875 parastichy1875 the world > space > relative position > high position > position upon > [noun] > placing upon or above onlayinga1400 imposition1598 superimposition1611 superinduction1650 superposition1830 overlaying1862 overplacement1877 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 27 Rosaceæ, to which Jussieu originally referred Calycanthus, agree..in the superposition of their ovules when two are present. 1866 Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 8 104 In flowers at or near maturity, there is, sometimes, a slight want of perfect superposition of the carpellary groups to the sepals. 1900 D. H. Scott Stud. in Fossil Bot. xiv. 497 The relation of the genus to Sphenophyllum is clearly shown, by the superposition of the verticils of bracts. 1924 New Phytologist 23 237 In a high wind the super-position of the leaves..would, besides having a protective effect against mechanical damage, tend to reduce transpiration. 2000 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 161 38 Each carpel is in superposition to a stamen or to two stamens in double position, and not alternating with them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1656
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