superstructuren.

1626 A. C. True Relations Sundry Conf. 46 That which in one respect is a foundation, may not in another respect..be accounted a superstructure.

1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper iii. 224 Lay a good foundation, and then the superstructure is like to stand.

1646 J. Hall Horæ Vacivæ 20 Thrift..is..the Base whereon the Superstructures of all other wisdome lyes.

1693 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. III. 3 In Geometry some plain and obvious Propositions are laid down..in order to further Theory, which, as a Superstructure is to be rais'd upon those Foundations.

1711 D. Defoe Ess. South-Sea Trade 8 That this should be made any Part of the Foundation, which principally belongs to the Superstructer.

1757 M. Postlethwayt Great Britain's True Syst. p. xxxvii The Design..may lay the Ground work of the whole Superstructure intended to be thereon erected.

a1800 W. Cowper Yardley-Oak in W. Hayley Life & Posthumous Writings Cowper (1804) III. 414 So stands a kingdom, whose foundation yet Fails not, in virtue and in wisdom lay'd, Though all the superstructure..a shell Stands now.

1840 T. B. Macaulay Ranke's Hist. in Ess. (1897) 549 Every fresh story is as solid a basis for a new superstructure as the original foundation was.

1885 Cent. Mag. July 494/2 It matters not what a man's capacity may be; if he has not honesty for a foundation, his superstructure never is safe.

1905 J. B. Bury Life St. Patrick App. 276 The visit to Pope Celestine at Rome has no legendary superstructure.

1947 K. A. Porter Let. 5 Nov. (1990) v. 351 This is a frail superstructure built over the bottomless pit of natural evil.

1952 Times 4 Feb. 5/2 A strong military superstructure cannot be borne by weakened economies in Europe.

1980 B. W. Aldiss Life in West 5 Our lives in the twentieth century are fortified by elaborate cultural superstructures.

2009 J. Spring Globalization of Educ. i. 1 The image is that of global educational policies and practices existing in a superstructure above national and local schools.

1887 S. Moore & E. Aveling tr. K. Marx Capital I. i. i. 54 (note) The economic structure of society, is the real basis on which the juridical and political superstructure [Ger. Überbau] is raised.

1926 M. Eastman Marx, Lenin & Sci. of Revol. iv. 50 It is obvious that if the material basis positively determined the superstructure, we should not have to disregard the superstructure and examine the basis, for the one could be directly inferred from the other.

1943 J. A. Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy xi. 121 We now turn to the cultural complement of the capitalist economy—to its socio-psychological superstructure, if we wish to speak the Marxian language—and to the mentality that is characteristic of capitalist society.

1975 Chinese Econ. Stud. 8 iv. 10 The superstructure refers to the national government, army, law, and other political systems and their corresponding ideological forms, such as philosophy, literature, and fine arts.

1996 A. Calder in H. Ritchie New Sc. Writing 223 I am not a postmodernist; I am still enough of an old-time Marxist to look for a base as well as a superstructure.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ ii. xv. 30 In some places, as in Amsterdam, the foundation costs more then the superstructure.

1679 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. viii. 137 Though the Ground-plates..be part of the Carcass, yet I thought fit..they should be laid before I treated of the superstructure.

1738 Gentleman's Mag. 8 378/2 The City Surveyor..declared..that it would be beneficial to the Superstructure to have the Foundation laid early.

1808 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Devon iii. 89 It frequently happens, that the lower part of the building is made of stone, and its superstructure of cob.

1868 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 10) II. xli. 404 The accumulation of the subaërial superstructure of the great cone.

1876 Encycl. Brit. IV. 284/1 The superstructure of a bridge consists of the roadway and the beam, arch, or chain used to carry the roadway from support to support.

1900 Daily News 20 Oct. 6/4 The whole superstructure is supported..by A and O shaped trestles.

1958 L. A. Rubin Mighty Mac iii. 71 The superstructure for the anchorages housing the massive anchor bars has already been pictured. In addition, the superstructure for the cable-bent piers was erected.

2001 Oxoniensia 65 393 Unfortunately, none of the other cellars possessed evidence of a superstructure.

1830 Fourth Ann. Rep. Baltimore & Ohio Rail Road Co. 92 It will be augmented, by the cost of the stone blocks, more than that of sleepers..and for the nails used in connecting the super-structure to the blocks.

1884 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 232 To the former class, of fixed elements, he assigns the road-bed and superstructure and all their accessories; to the other class, or that of movable properties, belong the wagons.

1921 C. P. Berry Law of Automobiles (ed. 3) xxxvi. 1522 The courts construe exemptions from liability..to refer alone to the foundation on which the superstructure of the railroad, consisting of the ties and rails, is rested.

2005 B. Indraratna & W. Salim Mech. Ballasted Rail Tracks i. 1 In the past, most attention was paid to the superstructure..of a rail track, and less consideration was given to the substructure components.

1835 A. S. Mackenzie Amer. in Eng. I. iii. 74 Here..all boats are occasionally exposed to a heavy sea. Hence they are constructed fuller and deeper, and have no superstructure of any sort, such as pavilion-decks, and roofs for the shelter and comfort of passengers.

1897 Sci. Amer. 20 Nov. 331/1 The superstructure consists of two deck houses as shown. These are connected by a flying bridge,..while above this is a bridge deck.

1932 Manch. Guardian 17 May 11/5 The superstructure amidships, containing most of the passenger accommodation, has a glassed-in verandah at the forward end and a clear sports deck above.

2011 S. Fish Manila-Acapulco Galleons xiii. 388 Above the lower deck was the gun deck with its cannons and gunports. The superstructures fore and aft on the upper deck provided additional accommodations.

1937 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 234 321 The Variscides were eroded and then transgressed by the sea beginning with the Early Permian, and the youngest strata of this Alpine superstructure (Oberbau) are of Lower and Middle triassic age.

1972 J. G. Dennis Struct. Geol. xvii. 394 In many orogenic belts, the superstructure has not been preserved in place: most of it has been eroded or transported to the external zone as allochthons.

1989 Precambrian Res. 42 389/2 This heat influx resulted in widespread metamorphism and establishment of an amphibolite-grade infrastructure (Kiokee Belt) and a greenschist-grade superstructure.

2004 P. Olivier et al. in D. L. Whitney et al. Gneiss Domes Orogeny 239/1 We interpret the differences between the infrastructure and the superstructure as a strain partitioning.

1952 K. U. Linderstrøm-Lang Proteins & Enzymes iii. 54 Even in the more simple proteins—the fibrous proteins, for instance—there is a superstructure involved, by which I mean that the peptide chains are not free to move in all directions but are bound either internally or to other peptide chains to form structures of greater stability and less flexibility than the free peptide chain.

1962 A. Spector in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 334 The N-terminal residues of native proteins are probably not readily accessible to the enzyme since such groups are masked or buried in the superstructure of the molecule.

1973 Nature 7 Sept. 23/1 The term superstructure will be used to include the secondary and higher order structures that might be super imposed upon the primary base sequence of a nucleic acid.

2004 T. Schrader et al. in C. Schmuck & H. Wennemers Highlights Bioorg. Chem. 170 Certain combinations of secondary superstructures are often found in proteins and control their structure and function.