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summern.1adj. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian sumur, somer (West Frisian simmer), Middle Dutch sōmer, sommer, zōmer (Dutch zomer), Old Saxon sumar (Middle Low German sōmer, sommer), Old High German sumar (Middle High German sumer, German Sommer), Old Icelandic sumar (neuter), sumarr (masculine), Old Swedish somar, sumar (Swedish sommar), Old Danish somer, sommer, sumær (Danish sommer) < a suffixed form (perhaps compare Armenian amaṙn summer) of an Indo-European base seen also in Sanskrit samā year, half-year, season, Avestan ham, Early Irish sam, Old Welsh ham (Welsh haf), all in sense ‘summer’, Armenian am year, Tocharian A ṣme summer.The seasonal system in Germanic cultures. It has been argued that Old English and the other Germanic languages show evidence of an older, inherited two-seasonal system comprising summer and winter (Old English sumor , winter ) recently crossed with a four-seasonal system which included words for the transitional seasons of spring and autumn (Old English lencten Lenten n. and hærfest harvest n.). The use in reckoning years (see sense A. 4) developed by synecdoche; compare similarly Old Church Slavonic lěto summer, also year. It has also been argued that the Germanic base of year n. may originally have denoted the warm season(s) of the year (corresponding to modern spring and/or summer). For a parallel semantic development compare winter n.1 2. For further discussion of the Germanic seasonal system and the use of seasons in reckoning years see E. A. Anderson Folk Taxonomies in Early Eng. (2003) 219–66. On the history of the use of the term in English, and for a hypothesis that summer may have been applied more widely to the warmer half of the year particularly in the period in which Lent n.1 1 and Lenten n. 1 were falling out of use and spring n.1 17a (and other synonyms) had yet to become fully established, see A. Fischer ‘“Sumer is icumen in”: the seasons of the year in Middle English and Early Modern English’ in D. Kastovsky Stud. Early Mod. Eng. (1994) 80–95. Inflection. In Old English a strong masculine, commonly showing u -stem inflection (e.g. dative singular sumera ) by analogy with winter n.1, although regular (a -stem) forms are also found; in late Old English sometimes also inflected as a weak masculine. Compare also note at sense A. 3. Specific senses. Earlier currency (in Old English) of sense A. 4 is implied by the following gloss, apparently intended elliptically to show a compound adjective *þrisumor ‘three-year-old’ beside þriwinter in the same sense (see thrinter adj.):OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 59 Triennis, þryfinter uel sumer gildet o[x]. A. n.1 1. the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > summer OE 7 Lencten [byð] hrimigost.., sumor sunwlitegost (swegel byð hatost), hærfest hreðeadegost. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Bodl.) (2009) I. iv. 246 Þu þe ðam winterdagum selest scorte tida & þæs sumeres dahum længran. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxi. 285 On sumera hit bið wearm and on wintra ceald. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 11254 O sumerr. & onn herrfesst tid. O winnterr & o lenntenn. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 19 Evchan segge..vtsong inwinter binachte. Isomer Iþe daȝinge. ?c1250 in C. Brown (1932) 108 Somer is comen & winter gon. a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Prov. vi. 8 Go to the anpte, O! thou slowe... The whiche..greitheth in the somer mete to hymself. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) iv. l. 1091 (MED) In Wynter doth he noght for cold, In Somer mai he noght for hete. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. met. vi. l. 4140 Þe floury yere ȝeldeþ swote smellys in þe fyrste somer sesoun warmynge, and þe hote somer dryeþ þe cornes. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 136, in at Unhette In tyme of wynter anoynte þe enpostum wiþ hote oile of rosen and in summer wiþ colde oile of rosen, þat is to seyen, vnhette. c1480 (a1400) SS. Simon & Jude 454 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 221 In þat houre quhen sik clernes suld be as in-to somyre wes. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart II. lxxxiii. f. xxxxiiiiv/2 When season of somer was come and the ioly moneth of Maye. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil i. sig. B.ijv Lyke as bees among the floures, whan fresh the somer falles. 1568 A. Scott in W. T. Ritchie (1928) III. 68 In may gois gallandis bring in symmer And trymly occupyis thair tymmer With hunts vp every morning plaid. 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier ii. 89 T' haue made thy name be farre more fam'd and feard Then Summers thunder to the silly Heard. 1609 W. Shakespeare xciv. sig. F4v The sommers flowre is to the sommer sweet. View more context for this quotation 1670 G. D. tr. G. Baratti 104 The air is very temperate, not so much by reason of the continual brises.., as because of the abundance of fresh water Springs that are very cold in the hottest time of Summer. 1671 J. Milton iv. 243 Where the Attic Bird Trills her thick-warbl'd notes the summer long. View more context for this quotation 1719 D. Defoe 124 The Seasons of the Year might generally be divided, not into Summer and Winter, as in Europe; but into the Rainy Seasons, and the Dry Seasons. 1749 Dec. 552/1 I have..often seen houseleek that has hung from a shelf by a string during the winter, produce long shoots in the spring, and flowers in the summer. a1774 R. Fergusson (1779) 2 The envious treachery of man..Still hunts you on the simmer's plain. 1786 R. Burns Twa Dogs xxix, in 19 It's true, they need na starve or sweat, Thro' Winter's cauld, or Summer's heat. 1840 J. Mitchell 161 Bright shines the simmer's morn; Come let us view the flowery fields, And hail wi' joy the waving corn. 1842 S. Laing xxiii. 462 The elevation of the hills is so considerable, that patches of snow remain unmelted a great part of the summer. 1894 May 138/1 The arrival of summer happens so late that the inexperienced traveler may be excused for sometimes doubting whether it really is coming at all. 1927 J. Buchan vii. 130 Her kist's stronger, and I'm hopin' the simmer will pit colour intil her cheek. 1931 J. D. Newth ix. 167 The Opera..is open all the year round except for six weeks in the summer. 1965 15 Sept. 375/2 Throughout the summer, New York newspapers forecast daily..a ‘pollen count’ for hay-fever victims. 1997 P. Marcantel (1998) i. iv. 81 This austere chamber..kept a chill even during summer. 2008 Apr. 66/1 In summer, lawns account for 40 to 60 percent of residential water usage. 2015 L. Williamson (2016) xv. 85 You didn't have balls at Cloverdale?.. We have two, one at Christmas and one in the summer. the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > summer eOE (Parker) anno 896 Þy ilcan sumera forwearð nolæs þonne xx scipa mid monnum. lOE (Laud) anno 1117 Þa to ðan sumeran com se cyng of France & se eorl of Flandra mid him mid fyrde into Normandig. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xix. l. 242 In a somer ich seyh hym,..as ich sat in my porche. c1400 (Rawl. B. 171) 304 In þe xxvij. ȝere of his regne was þe grete derþe of vitailes, þe wiche was clepid þe dere somer. a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Lamb.) (1887) i. 7123 On vs þey wyle þis somer haste. ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre (1894) II. lf. 275v Is hit not a grete parte of the somer passed, And ye haue yet no thynge enterprysid vpon your enemyes. 1530 J. Palsgrave 814/1 This sommer that commeth. 1594 T. Kyd in tr. R. Garnier Epist. sig. a.ijv I will assure your Ladiship my next Sommers better trauell with the Tragedy of Portia. 1599 R. Hakluyt (new ed.) II. i. Ep. Ded. sig. *4 When it pleased your Honour in sommer was two yeeres to haue some conference with me. 1611 J. Donne sig. B The Springs and Sommers which we see. 1660 R. Blome ii. v. 112 The same Summer a Man-quaker went naked down Cheapside. 1711 P. Abercromby I. i. i. 21 Agricola..penetrated the next Summer to the opposite Firths of Forth and Clyde. a1774 R. Fergusson (1785) 165 May Scotia's simmers ay look gay and green, Her yellow har'st frae scowry blasts decreed! 1826 A. M. Porter II. viii. 206 Those sweet, still evening walks, for it was a lovely summer. 1857 J. Aiton 303 Our [Scotch] summers are said to consist of 3 hot days and a thunder-storm. 1885 W. W. Story 19 You will find me there all summer. 1906 R. Bayne Introd. p. xi He came to England in the summer of 1720. 1959 14 Sept. 125/1 In the summer of 1954 I couldn't find work. 1990 I. Guest iii. xvii. 216 It had been a long, hot summer in Geneva and some of the drowsiness still hung in the air. 2002 Autumn 18/3 Our flights to Montana are booked—we'll see you next summer. the world > time > period > year > season > [noun] > summer > season resembling OE (1992) ix. 180 Him þonne sy singal sumor butan ælcre onwendednes[se]. a1250 in C. Brown (1932) 4 Þer bloweð inne blisse blostmen.., þer ne mei non ualuwen, uor þer is eche sumer. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. iii. 67 Colde and sumer, blesse ȝe to the Lord. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer (Ellesmere) (1875) l. 568 Al light for Somer rood this worthy man. ?1499 J. Skelton (de Worde) sig. Bijv His gowne so shorte that it ne couer myghte His rumpe he wente so all for somer lyghte. 1572 T. Drant sig. D.viii Swallowes may flye and yet no Sommer come. 1593 T. Danett tr. L. Guicciardini 131 It is summer at Liege when it is Winter at Aix, fruites and corne are ripe at Liege whan they be very vnripe at Aix. 1637 J. Milton 34 There æternall Summer dwells. 1693 J. Evelyn 25 June (1955) V. 145 A very wet hay harvest, & little summer as yet. 1775 T. Dilworth v. 103 In the Torrid Zone, where it is always Summer. 1855 Ld. Tennyson Daisy in 143 Lands of summer beyond the sea. 1892 E. Reeves 140 Here is an everlasting summer of 70° to 80°. 1908 13 Feb. 6/4 Summer in February—Following heavy showers, which washed a little of the mud from some of the paved streets, the weather turned quite warm yesterday. 1968 12 Dec. 23/1 A favoured land where it is always summer. 2011 C. Chow 13 When the East Bay finally cools down, leaving a little summer for us [in San Francisco], it will be late September or October. c1275 (?c1250) (Calig.) (1935) l. 489 Sumeres tide..doþ misreken monnes þonk Vor he ne recþ noȝt of clennesse Al his þoȝt is of golnesse. c1450 (c1386) G. Chaucer (Fairf. 16) (1879) Prol. l. 170 Welcome somer, oure gouernour and lorde. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 110 Cum, lustie Symmer, with thi flowris. a1599 E. Spenser Canto Mutabilitie vii. xxix, in (1609) sig. Ii2 Then came the iolly Sommer..And on his head a girlond well beseene He wore. 1609 W. Shakespeare xcvii. sig. G For Sommer and his pleasures waite on thee, And thou away, the very birds are mute. View more context for this quotation 1641 96 The aged hoary Winter now had seen Summer thrice wrapped in her winding sheetes. 1693 (single sheet) (verso) Her unblasted Greens still Verdant grows, When Summer smiles. 1756 June 304/1 Now spring at length resigns her chearful sway, Bright Summer comes, led on by blooming May! 1781 J. Hoy 5 Behold! forth issuing from his azure domes, Array'd in gold, refulgent Summer comes! 1827 July 145/1 Now cometh welcome summer with great strength, Joyously smiling in high lustihood. 1868 W. Morris Apr. 216 When Summer brings the lily and the rose, She brings us fear; her very death she brings. 1911 25 Apr. 12/6 I'll show you where sweet Summer reigns! 1971 M. Bergman & A. Bergman (sheet music) 2 The summer smiles, the summer knows, And unashamed, she sheds her clothes. 2001 20 May (New Jersey section) 2/3 When you step off that train, summer has often come to the station to greet you. the world > time > period > year > [noun] > years c1400 (?c1380) (1920) l. 1686 Þus he countes hym a kow þat watz a kyng ryche, Quyle seven syþez were overseyed someres, I trawe. 1573 T. Bedingfield tr. G. Cardano ii. sig. E.ii Wee maruaile at flees for theyr long life, if they liue two Sommers. 1589 H. Upchear In Laudem Authoris in R. Greene sig. *3 Full twentie Summers haue I fading seene, And twentie Floras in their golden guise. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. i. 132 Fiue Sommers haue I spent in farthest Greece. View more context for this quotation 1645 J. Milton Epit. Marchioness of Winchester in 23 Summers three times eight save one She had told. 1708 W. Fleetwood 21 That High-born Prince, who..shall Forty, Fifty Summers hence, lead forth their Armies. 1782 F. Burney IV. viii. ix. 312 Fifteen summers had she bloomed. 1821 Ld. Byron (2nd issue) iv. ii. 119 Doge Dandolo survived to ninety summers. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Godiva in (new ed.) II. 112 The woman of a thousand summers back, Godiva. 1896 18 July 8/2 A good-looking young lady of apparently twenty summers. 1925 Apr. 29/1 Such a coat..is shown on the young miss of twelve summers. 1959 C. MacInnes 10 As for me, eighteen summers, rising nineteen, I'll very soon be out there among the oldies. 1984 P. Caveney x. 95 He could not have been much over four summers old. 2002 A. Proulx (2003) viii. 81 Some a the pertest cowboys is pushin seventy summers. c1535 M. Nisbet (1905) III. Prol. to Rom. 334 Quhair the spret is, thair is alwayis symmer, ande thair is allwayis gude fructes, that is to say, gude werkes. 1591 R. Greene sig. Kv Beeing as intemperate in the frostie winter of their age, as we in the glowing summer of our youth. 1621 M. Wroth 527 My hopes are frozen, my Spring dry'd, My Sommer drown'd with paine. 1679 J. Dryden & N. Lee iv. 55 She, tho' in full-blown flow'r of glorious beauty, Grow's cold, ev'n in the Summer of her Age. 1740 M. Pennyman 79 We spend the Summer of our Days as they, To rear a Pile of Dirt, and so away. 1791 ‘A. Pasquin’ 115 Alas, the summer of his being's sped. 1811 W. R. Spencer 75 The summer of her smile. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in 22 For now the wine made summer in his veins. 1874 L. Carr I. iii. 72 This sudden change from winter to summer. 1907 H. James 13 The sense of some bedimmed summer of the distant prime flushing back into life and asking to give again as much as possible of what it had given before. 1975 9 Oct. 460/3 The 100 years or so of the bourgeois summer. 2006 P. Vincent tr. L. P. Boon 131 Ondine, your heroine, is in the summer of her life—and that summer goes on for many years. the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > order Clupeiformes > [noun] > family Clupeidae and herrings > member of > caught in summer 1682 J. Collins 106 Of Herrings. Summers are such as the Dutch Chasers or Divers catch from June to the 15th of July. 1815 (1830) IX. 362/1 According to the time of taking, and mode of curing herrings, they receive various appellations, as, seasticks, summers, crux, corved, and shotten herrings. B. adj.the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to summer > summery 1772 H. Walpole Let. 3 Aug. in (1967) XXIII. 426 The summerest summer that I have known these hundred years. 1826 A. M. Porter III. v. 227 There is not a more summer sound, than the hum of insects. 1852 T. Carlyle Let. 1 Mar. in (1999) XXVII. 57 Well, we have got into Spring again..,—changes of ministry, and changes of weather; not of a very summer character as yet, either of these! 1873 H. James 24 Mar. (1974) I. 355 I walk abroad in my summerest clothes and am warm. 1904 1 June 53/1 Owing to weather of the summer ‘summerest’ kind, the public made a charge the past week upon oxfords and low quarters. 1979 17 Aug. 3/4 A wag remarks that half the city's population migrates to cooler climes during the ‘summerest’ month of May. 2006 26 July 1/2 ‘Because it's an outdoor market, it has a very summer feel,’ said Little. Phrasesthe world > time > period > year > [adverb] > all year a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. cxi. 1002 Þis tre [sc. olyue] is grene al þe somer and wynter longe [L. in estate & in hyeme]. 1473 in C. Rogers (1879) I. 189 That ged eyls and fyscis..ma be conseruyt..bath swmyr and wyntir. 1556 in C. Rogers (1880) II. 261 The said Johnne and his spous sall tak in keping and sufficientlie pastur, symmir and wynter, samony ky of eild as we plais deliuer thame. a1591 H. Smith (1592) 28 Surely it is a woful case, when shepherds go to taske, and let their owne sheepe alone sommer and winter. 1637 R. Monro i. 38 I..would undertake to make such brave lads to dwell Summer and Winter in Tents. 1699 Ld. Belhaven 26 By all means keep it free from Sheep, Summer and Winter. 1765 (Royal Soc.) 54 73 They now have it [sc. the plague] frequently at Aleppo, and summer and winter in Smyrna. 1786 J. Abercrombie Arrangem. Plants 43 in The foregoing collection of evergreens..are all of hardy growth for the open ground, summer and winter. 1816 W. Scott II. vi. 142 A bit bonny drapping well that popples that self-same gate simmer and winter. 1881 G. MacDonald i. 9 Summer and winter the chimneys of that desolate-looking house smoked. 1916 S. Anderson ii. ii. 133 And summer and winter a million hens laid the eggs that were gathered there. 1965 G. Jones i. i. 8 Day and night, summer and winter, you could see Mr Urquhart's sad bony face in the little shop window. 2008 Dec. 55/1 Working summer and winter [on construction sites run by his father]..may have provided valuable lessons for a future in construction and engineering. 1963 5 July 5/3 The long, hot summer... All our attention is diverted because the Negro goes on enforcing his own informal history. 1976 R. Sale (1978) vii. 216 The ‘long, hot summer’ that black and white civil rights leaders had warned of came. 1983 (Nexis) 1 Apr. Europe's expected long hot summer of nuclear protest got under way with massive demonstrations in Britain and West Germany Friday. 1997 (Nexis) 5 July a9 Business groups..promised ‘a very hot, long summer’ Friday as they unveiled plans to step up their campaign against the bill. 2012 T. Wendel (2013) iii. 68 During the long hot summer of 1967, just about anything attempted by authority had struck the wrong chord. Compounds C1. a. the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to summer OE (Corpus Cambr.) xl. 64 Gif þonne þære stowe neod oþþe gedeorf oðþe sumerhæte hwylces eacan behofige, sy þæt on ðæs abbodes dome. ?a1300 Dame Sirith 294 in G. H. McKnight (1913) 14 Ȝus, bi þe somer blome, Heþen nulli ben binomen. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) Prol. l. 937 (MED) Now be the lusti somer floures. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 3428 (MED) Þe flees..schon as clere as þe somer sonne. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius (Linc. Cathedral 103) 159 (MED) What may youre worschip ȝow availe?..so lightly wil it fayle And fallen dounright as a somer floure. a1500 (Rawl.) (1896) 29 Storkys & swalewes, and othyr Somyr fowlis. a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker (1884) I. 707/3 Hec polemita, a somerboyde [see boud n.]. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 120 Thy lustye bewte and thy ȝouth Sall feid as dois the somer flouris. 1598 W. Shakespeare v. ii. 408 These sommer flies, Haue blowne me full of maggot ostentation. View more context for this quotation 1600 W. Shakespeare ii. i. 110 An odorous Chaplet of sweete Sommer buddes. View more context for this quotation 1633 J. Ford ii. sig. D3v Teares, and vowes, and words, Moue her no more then summer-winds a rocke. 1637 J. Milton 32 Summer drouth, or singed aire Never scorch thy tresses faire. 1680 H. More Pref. p. xxvi The Papacy would melt away like a bank of snow in the summer-sun. 1688 R. Holme ii. xviii. 467/1 These are the true shapes both of the Summer Butterfly, and the Wood-louse. 1728 E. Chambers at Silk The Warmth of the Summer Weather. 1757 T. Gray Ode I iii. i, in 9 Far from the sun and summer-gale. 1782 W. Cowper Conversation in 247 But Conversation..Should flow like waters after summer show'rs. 1818 P. B. Shelley Marianne's Dream in L. Hunt 219 The sky was as blue as the summer sea. 1820 J. Keats Isabella in 53 Lady! thou leadest me to summer clime. 1834 F. D. Hemans in Sept. 17 Early-blighted leaves, which o'er their way Dark summer-storms had heaped. 1842 J. C. Loudon 566 The greater part of the summer shoots ought to be stopt. 1846 C. Dickens (1848) iii. 16 The summer sun was never on the street. 1850 A. Pratt iii. 171 The insects of our summer pools. 1879 F. W. Robinson I. i. i. 5 Without cap or bonnet, as if in fair summer-weather trim. 1920 5 Sept. ii. 4/3 The excessive Summer heat has passed. 1962 S. Ennis tr. P. Sayers ix. 56 It was merry we were with the summer sun shining down on us. 2015 (Special Subscriber ed.) Aug. 52/1 The same hot, dry summer weather that lures you to spend more time on your sunlounger takes its toll on the garden. OE (2011) 124 Zetas æstiuales, sumerselde. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Judges iii. 20 He satt forsoþe in þe somer soupynge place [L. in æstivo cœnaculo] alone. 1539 Judges iii. f. xiijv/2 He couereth hys fete in hys somer chamber. 1596 sig. B4v Then in the sommer arber sit by me. View more context for this quotation 1611 Dan. ii. 35 [They] became like the chaffe of the summer threshing floores. View more context for this quotation 1612 J. Webster sig. B2v Tis iust like a summer bird-cage in a garden. 1680 P. Rycaut Mem. cont. Hist. Turks 302 in The Mountains of Zegna.., which being reported to be a place..abounding with all sorts of Game, made him impatient to take up his Summer-quarters in a Country so agreeable to his humor. 1708 No. 4447/1 The Heat of the Weather obliges both sides to retire..into their Summer Quarters. 1783 W. Cowper 1 The green-house is my summer seat. 1837 J. G. Lockhart I. ix. 307 To establish his summer residence in Lanarkshire. 1847 Ld. Tennyson i. 18 A certain summer-palace which I have. 1894 Aug. 439/3 A summer veranda can be constructed at small cost of time or money. 1938 June 84/2 Our own summer place near New York. 1980 Sept. 127/1 We have an indoor garden, a solarium, a summer porch, and an efficient and economical heating and humidifying package. 2005 Jan. 24/1 Their summer residences are the traditional stone houses. 1363–4 in J. T. Fowler (1899) II. 566 In uno panno..pro somersercortes [perhaps read somersercotes] pro armigeris Prioris. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. x. l. 119 (MED) He sente hem forth seluerles in a somer garnement. c1450 (?a1400) (Ashm.) l. 4343 Make we na salues for na sares ne na somir-bathis. 1481 W. Cely Let. 31 Oct. in (1975) 117 j packe lyeth vpprest—and sum off that packe ys somer ffellys. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Husbandman l. 2355 in (1981) 88 It is somer cheis, baith fresche and fair. 1530 in J. B. Paul (1905) VI. 280 Ane pair symmir buttis to the Kingis grace. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay i. xvi. f. 17 Sommer cloathing of the women of Malta. 1598 W. Shakespeare v. ii. 891 When..Maidens bleach their summer smockes. View more context for this quotation c1620 Lady Hatton in E. M. Thompson (1878) I. 3 At my returne I will make you a sommer sute. 1693 J. Dryden tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal i. 4 Charg'd with light Summer-rings his fingers sweat. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil 116 A Snake..in his Summer Liv'ry rowls along. View more context for this quotation 1765 4 367 It lies extremely convenient for my summer-pasture. 1797 XVIII. 63/2 The melasses may..compose the basis of a pleasant summer beer. 1801 Aug. 325 The summer cheese, which is the best, is made of the evening milk. a1832 (1845) XXII. 366/1 Such is its Summer coat, and..we distinguish it by the name Stoat. 1881 W. Besant & J. Rice I. iii. 33 Sir Robert calling every day for a summer sallet..to cool his blood. 1913 E. Ferber i. 7 Her well-cared-for hair beneath the smart summer hat. 1962 14 July 7/8 Fresh plump native low bush blueberries are splashing summer meals with color and flavor. 1992 Summer 95/1 And finally, a wonderful summer dessert. Honey syllabub. 2013 25 July 7/4 Mangetout..are great finely sliced and served in a vinaigrette as part of a summer salad. 2014 29 Mar. 33/3 The girls in flippy summer dresses. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 11 (MED) In þe lond þat hatte Tile alle þe sixe somer monþes [L. mensibus aestivalibus] is day, and alle þe sixe wynter monþes is nyght. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 2748 (MED) Aurora..Hir teris shadde..Compleynynge..Hir childis deth, euery somer morwe. c1450 (1904) I. 170 (MED) Sho wolde gar hur maydyns gader þe dew on sommer mornyngis. a1475 (a1447) O. Bokenham Mappula Angliae in (1887) 10 8 (MED) In the Ile of Tile..The vi somer-monethis be contynewally day, and in wyntur-monthes contynnewelly nyght. 1586 W. Webbe Ep. Ded. sig. A.iii A sleight somewhat compyled for recreation, in the intermyssions of my daylie businesse, euen thys Summer Eueninges. 1592 sig. A.2v Sommer nights are short, and yet you ryse ere day. 1599 W. Shakespeare et al. (new ed.) sig. B6 Youth like summer morne, Age like winter weather. a1600 R. Lindsay (1899) I. 228 Wpoun ane summar morning..ane of the Inglishe scheipis persaueit tua schipis command wnder saill. 1626 F. Bacon §606 I left once, by chance, a Citron cut, in a close Roome, for three Summer-Moneths. 1645 J. Milton L'Allegro in 35 Such sights as youthfull Poets dream On Summer eeves by haunted stream. 1725 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer I. iv. 55 The dazling roofs..Resplendent as the blaze of summer-noon. 1786 R. Burns Holy Fair i, in 40 Upon a simmer Sunday morn. 1815 W. Scott III. vi. 98 All the tints of a summer-evening sky. 1822 P. B. Shelley 4 Sweet as a summer night without a breath. 1832 Ld. Tennyson Palace of Art ix, in (new ed.) 71 A gaudy summer morn. 1892 II. 621 Excursions are made during the summer months. 1928 Apr. 47/1 With moonlight and a calm summer evening, it does not take much encouragement to get a bunch singing. 1953 6 Aug. 39 During the summer months, most women..will readily cut their hair for it is cooler. 2008 Aug. 181 (advt.) Summer nights in Savannah at the Mansion on Forsyth Park. c1400 (Minn.) (1928) l. 2592 (MED) Sum..saw ihesus with þe childer come..& ylkon a grene branche in his hand Euen like a somyr play. c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in (1888) 10 387 (MED) Þe þridde daye is þe firste daye of þe moneþ of Maye, whanne the summer bewte..begynnith in þe growynge of þe erthe feyre to schowe. 1597 W. Shakespeare iv. iii. 13 Their lips were foure red Roses on a stalke, Which in their summer beautie kist each other. View more context for this quotation 1613 G. Wither ii. iv. sig. R7v Their antient-drunken-summer reuelings Are out of date. 1636 H. Burton 22 One in Glocestershire being very forward to advance a solemne sommer-meeting [for sports]. 1652 R. Brome i. sig. B4 After so many Sommer vagaries. 1684 T. Burnet i. ix. 123 This reason is a Summer-reason, and would pass very ill in Winter. 1712 J. Mortimer 231 Towards the end of May, you must give your Ground the Summer Digging. 1729 R. Savage 112 The Mulb'ry, in fair summer Green array'd. 1787 R. Burns (1968) I. 355 Saucy Phebus' scorching beams, In flaming summer-pride. 1813 W. Scott i. 3 The Moon is in her summer glow. a1821 J. Keats Ode on Indolence in (1848) II. 276 The blissful cloud of summer-indolence Benumb'd my eyes. 1836–9 II. 768/2 The summer-sleep of hibernating animals. 1854 1 34/2 Birds that have taken prizes at London Summer Meeting. 1869 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Agric. 1868 255 in (40th Congr., 3rd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc.) XV During this interval of rest..is the best time for summer trimming. 1900 13 June 7/3 Yesterday [was]..the first day of the first Summer exhibition of the American Rose Society. 1942 O. Nash 179 A summer cold Is to have and to hold. 1970 J. Creasey vi. 53 What's the matter with him? Summer 'flu? 1999 29 Mar. 31/2 There's no stopping the rumors that Bob Dylan and Paul Simon might team up for a summer tour. 2006 E. M. Alexander xxii. 112 She had asked her mother to borrow the car..to pick up a book she'd been assigned for summer reading. 2009 C. Jess-Cooke 8 As a summer blockbuster, the film was expected to return its investment with considerable profit. the world > the earth > direction > cardinal points > South > [noun] > quality tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 491 (MED) Thyn oilcelar sette on the somer side. 1676 (Royal Soc.) 11 585 A kind of Solar stove, made in a Summer-wall. 1785 Dec. 453/2 Now at noon Upon the summer [misquoting 1785 W. Cowper Task: southern] side of the slant hills,..The season smiles, resigning all its rage, And has the warmth of May. 1820 Mar. 37/2 The turf-built huts had all fallen into ruins, except one.., with its summer-walls covered with the richest honeysuckles. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in 208 All in an oriel on the summer side, Vine-clad, of Arthur's palace toward the stream, They met. 1980 11 184 All this was as achingly vivid as that summer wall against which a ghost perfumed the air. 2011 R. Townley 28 Just now, the window on the summer side [of the room] was shuddering in its loose frame. the world > action or operation > prosperity > [adjective] > characterized by prosperity the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > (of friendship) lasting only in good times 1592 T. Nashe sig. F3 His low-flighted affection (fortunes summer folower). a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iv. 12 If't be Summer Newes Smile too't before. View more context for this quotation 1624 F. Quarles sig. P2v If Winter fortunes nip thy Summer Friends,..despaire not, but be wise. 1632 P. Massinger iii. i. sig. F4 Summer friendship, Whose flattering leaves that shaddowed us in our Prosperity..drop off In th' Autumne of adversity! 1727 J. Thomson 30 Luxurious Men, unheeding, pass An idle, Summer Life, in Fortune's Shine. 1756 iv. 45 A Limner, in his Summer Thought, Walks out attentive on an Evening Sky. 1809 R. Cumberland III. 93 We are but summer soldiers. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in (new ed.) II. 108 Summer isles of Eden. 1900 19 May 2/1 ‘I think I'll give up being a true friend in future—if I can.’.. ‘If you want to try how the character of a summer friend suits you try it on me.’ 1988 5 Dec. 96/2 I am talking about serious fans here:..not the great mass of idle, opportunistic summer soldiers who take up the team or the pastime for a week or a month at a time. 1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher v. sig. K2 Lig. I know you dare lie With none but Summer Whores... Bes. My meanes and manners neuer could attempt Aboue a hedge or hey-cocke. a1657 G. Daniel Scattered Fancies xxiii, in (1878) II. 58 You are but weake, Meere summer Chanters. 1745 B. Parker xvi. 203 They make their remote Abodes in the Southern Parts beyond the Line, and South Tropick, where our Summer Travellers were never then invited to visit. 1794 J. Prinsep 30 24,000 hogsheads of Sugar..would not suffice to sweeten the tea of the summer labourers in a hay harvest. 1881 14 May It is to the interest now of the leading summer-curers [sc. of pork] to get values down. 1888 XXIII. 45/1 Three if not four species are common summer immigrants to some part or other of the United States. 1950 3 Apr. 58/2 A group of summer tourists recognized her and began applauding. 2003 May 40/1 Some activities may create a liability for the firm or hurt the future careers of the summer workers. society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [adjective] > visiting for summer society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > holiday-making or tourism > [adjective] > type of holiday-maker or tourist 1724 D. Defoe 35 Let it out to Lodgings, for the Summer Gentry. 1828 17 Sept. A number of citizens, summer residents and visitants. 1889 W. D. Howells I. 135 She frankly gave up her house to the summer-folks (as they call them in the country). 1892 139 To these more prominent places may be added a multitude of..attractive homes to the summer guest. 1898 E. N. Westcott xxxiii. 286 Our friend had met quite a number of the ‘summer people’. 1977 10 Oct. 112/3 He is the native by the side of the road who, having been called stupid by the summer person exasperated at his inability to provide directions to Portland, says, ‘Mebbee, but at least I ain't lost.’ 1980 J. Coates 124 She belonged to the town—she was not one of the summer people. 2001 Nov. 81/2 In the winter, after the summer guests leave, it's just me, my family, my dogs, and the galloping ghost. 1757 S. Foote i. 11 Novels are a pretty light Summer reading, and do very well at Tunbridge, Bristol, and the other watering Places. 1835 Aug. 161 We should call it a summer novel; one to be..taken down into the country, for diligent perusal at that happy epoch when the mind desires amusement without labor, and excitement without agitation. 1895 7 Sept. 263/1 ‘Diplomatic Disenchantments’ will hold its own in the goodwill of readers of summer fiction. 1996 (Nexis) 17 Aug. w4 The Last Don is a nearly perfect summer book—bawdy, funny, easy to handle. 2019 (Nexis) 1 May [This novel] will appeal to individuals looking for a breezy summer read over more realistic fiction. 1595 G. Chapman sig. C1v The ayre is rarefied with heate But thick and grosse with Summer-killing colde. 1611 R. Chester 99 The Puffin, Sole, and Sommer louing Mackrell, In season held for a high Ladies dish. 1805 M. A. Shee 60 In calmer seas, and summer-breathing gales. 1875 10 4693 They [sc. starlings] fly into the air with swallows, &c., and catch insects similar to that summer-loving tribe. 1910 W. Packard 26 Like the cicada, he seems to sing best when it is hottest, and the thought of his song inevitably brings to mind the drone of the summer-loving insect. 1954 J. Betjeman 43 Oh sun upon the summer-going by-pass Where ev'rything is speeding to the sea. 2014 (Nexis) 21 Jan. 2 The summer-loving Brit has not experienced the cold season in seven years, travelling between England and Tokoroa every six months. 1602 sig. C3v A thousand Sickles thrust into a field, Of Summer ripened and resistles corne. 1627 T. May tr. Lucan (new ed.) viii. sig. P7v The Sibylls verse forbadd A Roman Niles..summer-swelled banks approach. 1788 ‘A. Pasquin’ iii. 54 The transparent wing of a summer-dry'd fly. 1810 W. Scott iii. 117 A summer-dried fountain. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in 59 One [sc. hut] that, summer-blanch'd, Was parcel-bearded with the traveller's-joy. 1881 O. Wilde 66 We too might waste the summer-trancèd day. 1883 R. Bridges 37 Piloting over the wind-dappled blue Of the summer-soothed Æegean. 1937 E. Muir 43 The lint-white stubble plain From which the summer-painted birds have flown A year's life on. 1942 C. Porter Lotus Bloom in (1983) 224 The tree trunks loom by the summer-seared stream. 1992 R. Byers tr. A. Schnitzler vi. 174 Georg came out of the cool public restaurant..and walked onto the summer-heated pavement. 2016 (Scotl. ed.) (Nexis) 15 Oct. 26 The damper soil is easier to burrow in than the summer-baked earth. 1815 L. Hunt (ed. 2) 17 Summer-sweet isles and their noon-shaded bowers. 1917 D. H. Lawrence 104 And we're going to be summer-happy And summer-kind. 1957 E. Blunden 279 By the arched grey bridge of summer-merry streams. 1995 Jan. 34/1 They delicately placed a marigold in the middle of their already summer-bright orange label. 2012 May 14/1 The crew hit Hong Kong..to shoot Enchong Dee for Chalk's summer-happy May cover. e. Adverbial. 1594 T. Nashe sig. Iv Summer liu'de grashoppers gaping after deaw. 1596 sig. C1 To musicke euery sommer leaping swaine, Compares his sunburnt louer when shee speakes. 1673 E. Maynwaring x. 110 When Cures are undertaken in..cold seasons, the assistance of Art must correct those impediments, and a summer warm air procured in the Patients Chamber. 1850 J. G. Whittier in 5 July 340/1 Down the summer shaded street A wasted female figure..Came rushing. 1868 T. T. Lynch (ed. 3) clx. 195 Can..The summer-staying birds forget The winter's force to shun? 1887 J. R. Lowell in Feb. 250 And listen while Old Hundred pours Forth through summer-opened doors. 1918 D. H. Lawrence 9 The flagged, clean pavement summer-white. 1925 A. Huxley 38 I am a pool of waters, summer-still. 1930 J. Dos Passos 137 There was a blue haze at the end of every street of brick houses and dark summergreen trees. 1931 R. Graves 69 You are no more than weather, The year's unsteadfastness To which, now summer-basking,..The mind pays no honour. 1955 E. Bowen iv. 67 The summer-idle water dawdled in shallows. 2016 (Nexis) 26 June c11 It was summer-hot, and Capt. Mark Noble..had several visiting anglers from out-of-state who simply wanted to catch fish. 1609 W. Symonds 20 He hath rotten sheepe to sell at Michaelmas: his sommer fed oxen at Easter. 1742 W. Ellis (ed. 3) II. i. 13 The Worm can't breed so soon in a Summer-fell'd Tree, as in a Winter-fell'd one. 1799 A. Young 190 13 acres of marsh at Grimsby, that summer-feeds 14 bullocks. 1805 (Royal Soc.) 95 92 Proper marks were put to distinguish the winter-felled from the summer-felled poles. 1812 J. Sinclair i. 346 It enables the farmer to make his summer-threshed straw into dung. 1826 D. Booth (ed. 2) 32 Imperfect fermentation..causes acidity and other faults in summer-brewed beers. 1838 W. Holloway To skeer, to mow lightly over, applied to pastures, which have been summer fed. 1842 J. Aiton iv. 168 This..increases the quantity of your summer-made manure. 1946 8 Nov. 438/1 The carotenoids in summer-harvested, blanched, dehydrated carrots may be stabilized by certain antioxidants. 1991 79 286 In regularly summer-mown fens there may be no obvious trend of species richness against maximum above-ground crop mass. 2012 8 Aug. a10/5 The harvest in October of summer-sown crops like rice. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. iv. 160 Lest the base earth Should..Disdaine to roote the Sommer-swelling flowre. View more context for this quotation 1744 J. Gee (new ed.) 77 Summer born Insects dye at the approach of Winter. 1778 J. Abercrombie at Adonis Summer flowering yellow annual Adonis. 1839 J. Buel v. 44 They are cropped with small grains or summer-ripening crops. 1897 E. L. Voynich (U.S. ed.) i. i. 5 In one corner stood a huge summer-flowering magnolia. 1972 Feb. 10/2 Clearly the nets are taking an excessive proportion of summer-running salmon. 1975 (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xviii. 267 Those summer-born children who may have had only two years of early schooling. 2016 (Nexis) 2 Apr. Seedling trees are highly variable in the way they grow, but their summer-ripening fruits are similar. OE (Julius) 9 May (2013) 102 On ðone nygeþan dæg ðæs monðes bið sumeres fruma. a1400 MS Merton 248 in (1974) 92 59 (MED) All þe worschipe þou hast of cunde, as someres flour it will a-swynde, and passen out of siȝt. a1450 ( G. Chaucer (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 821 As the someres sonne bryght. c1503 (Pynson) sig. Miii And so lasted that cruel fyght, Al that longe somers nyght. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil x. vii. 109 In the symmeris drouth, Quhen wyndis risis of the north or south. ?1592 i. v. 64 The humming of a gnat in Summers night. 1598 W. Shakespeare iii. i. 205 Ditties highly pend, Sung by a faire Queene in a summers bowre. View more context for this quotation 1613 T. Jackson i. xxiii. 136 Diseases, neuer perceiued in their Summers growth, vntill they be ripe of death in the Autumne. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. ii. 170 'Twas on a Summers Euening. View more context for this quotation 1654 T. Warren 22 The Sodomites..shall have a Summers parlour in hell over that soule. 1667 J. Milton iii. 43 The..sight of vernal bloom, or Summers Rose. View more context for this quotation 1720 A. Ramsay Keitha in 311 Her Presence, like a Simmer's Morning Ray. 1782 W. Cowper tr. V. Bourne Cricket in W. Cowper 340 Theirs is but a summer's song, Thine endures the winter long. 1808 J. Mayne (new ed.) i. 9 Ae Simmer's morning. 1855 W. A. Miller I. iii. 112 If the right rhombic crystals [of sulphate of nickel] be placed in the summer's sun for a few days they become opaque. 1928 M. Connolly v. 101 Particularly grotesque Chinese lanterns seen across the lawn of a summer's night may appear arresting and audacious. 1988 25 May 5/1 Nothing's worse than waking up on a summer's morning all grouchy and ill-tempered because you couldn't sleep..on account of another simmering prairie heatwave. 2013 24 June 16/3 To be in the light-filled dining room on a balmy summer's evening is an exercise in pure pleasure. C3. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with midsummer the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun] > ale brewed at specific season 1586 A. Day i. sig. N7v The superfluities of sommer ale, that hathe wrought in his giddie braine. 1636 H. Burton 21 The people..prepared for a solemne summer-ale. 1671 (single sheet) They prepared for a Summer-ale upon the Sabbath day. 1744 W. Ellis Mar. xiii. 122 Of the Advantages arising to Farmers from brewing a March strong Beer, and a Summer Ale, for their Harvest-Use. 1868 A. Hislop (rev. ed.) 28 Formerly, brewers made ale only twice a year,—the summer ale in March, and the winter in October. 1994 20 Aug. 10/5 Like their summer ales, brewery executives have been in a lighter mood in recent months. 2004 23 Aug. 12/2 The ‘beverage director’ gives solid advice about which summer ale..would be bold enough to accompany a sirloin steak. the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > [verb (intransitive)] > ferment > in warm weather 1828 W. Carr (ed. 2) (at cited word) When malt liquor begins to ferment, in warm weather, before the application of the barm, it is said to be summer-barm'd. 1869 J. C. Atkinson Summer-barmed, of the spontaneous fermentation of malt liquor from the heat of summer. 1703 tr. L. de Lahontan I. 259 Of summer beavers [Fr. Castor d'Eté], per pound. 1856 11 June 7/1 Buy one of his summer beavers. 1904 A. C. Laut 346 I have seen..what you were pleased to say as to reduction in price on the summer-beaver. 2010 A. M. Carlos & F. D. Lewis vi. 161 Half-parchment beaver, which included..summer beaver, averaged less [in weight]. 1637 S. Rutherford Let. 1 Jan. in (1664) 178 Yet I am in this hot summer-blenk with the tear in my eye. the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > [noun] > sunlight or sunshine > burst or spell of 1641 T. Urquhart ii. 34 As singing Grashoppers, a fond Youth revels In Summer blinks: & starves when tempests rage. 1817 13 Sept. 184 It matters not much to him who is going but out of one door into another, whether it be in a summer-blink, or winter-blast, since a few steps finish his journey. 1851 A. Maclagan 64 Like the sun's summer blink on the face o' a hill. 1979 J. J. Graham 76/2 Simmer blink, a short gleam of sunshine. society > inhabiting and dwelling > providing with dwelling > [verb (transitive)] > provide with temporary accommodation 1889 23 Nov. 7/3 The girl was known to some friends who had summer boarded down that way. 1903 K. D. Wiggin x. 107 Mother has summer-boarded a lot o' the school-marms. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > temporary inhabitant > [noun] > summer inhabitant society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > holiday-making or tourism > [noun] > holiday-maker or tourist > types of 1826 29 Apr. A Lady..will take a few little Girls as permanent or summer boarders. 1879 July 164/2 A few quiet summer boarders took shelter for a season's rest. 1949 25 June 47/2 At the end of one unusually arduous summer he put an ad in a Portland paper for summer boarders. 2016 (Nexis) 13 May a10 The woodstove had been in the house since it was built and women had cooked on it for family, farmhands and..summer boarders. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [noun] > at a charge 1823 14 June (heading) Summer Boarding. A few Ladies and Gentlemen can be accommodated on reasonable terms. 1880 Sept. 536/1 Summer boarding here can be had for one dollar per week. 1916 July 721/1 Summer boarding makes strange bedfellows. 2015 J. S. Lockwood ii. 81 The growth of summer boarding brought urban and rural men and women into intimate and more frequent contact. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with May-day > maypole 1619 sig. B3 A Sommer-broach, Ycleap'd a May-pole. society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > holiday-making or tourism > [noun] > resort > holiday camp 1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius 153 Having enterprised a second expedition thither, [Drusus] fell sicke and dyed in his summer campe [L. aestivis castris]. 1743 W. Gawler 5 Maiden-Castle was a famous Summer Camp of the Romans, about a Mile and half in Circumference, and continues to this Day entire. 1854 15 Sept. 589/4 A despatch from Trebizond..states that Schamyl has attacked the Russian summer camp in the Racheta. 1882 25 May 495/4 (advt.) Camp Chocorua, A Summer Camp for Boys... Boys are taught to row, swim and fish, and the practical work of camp life. 1948 23 Oct. 87/2 He wants to send every youngster in Lawrence to summer camp for at least two weeks. 2002 B. Alexander ix. 207 The Romans had not marched more than a few miles from the summer camp when a cry rang out. 2008 May 41 (heading) Homesickness at summer camp is a common ailment, but parents and leaders can help Scouts win the battle. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered sensation > [noun] > allergy > hay fever 1828 J. Bostock in 14 437 (title) Of the Catarrhus Æstivus, or Summer Catarrh. 1905 5 Aug. 195/3 (advt.) Don't deceive yourself about Summer Catarrh! Don't make the mistake of thinking it only a persistent, annoying little cold in the head! It's the most dangerous form of Catarrh. 2015 46 5 Blackley suggested a hypothesis (circa 1870s) that his summer catarrh or hay fever might be associated with exposure to seasonal grass pollens. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > summer cholera 1845 J. R. Dix 93 We visited the hospital, which..contained but few patients, who were for the most part complaining of summer cholera. 1907 F. Herb xix. 165 Colic, vomiting, diarrhea, summer cholera and many other, even fatal, diseases develop. 2005 60 479 Physicians frequently diagnosed ‘summer cholera’ or ‘autumnal cholera’ when confronting diarrheal illness. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > hot weather > [noun] > shimmering or undulating effect of hot air 1686 (Royal Soc.) 15 993 An undulating motion [which] our Countrie People call by the name of Summer Colts in the Air. 1768 A. Ross i. 21 The summer cauts [printed cauls] were dancing here an' there. 1796 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in (ed. 2) II. 349 When the air is seen in a calm hot day to undulate,..the phænomenon is expressed by saying, ‘the summer colt rides’. 1819 June 526 Licht was his heart as the summer cowt I' the sunshine after rain. 1825 J. Jamieson Suppl. Summer-couts,..The gnats which dance in clusters on a summer evening. 1935 Spring 31 A still, heat-hushed mile of it [sc. wheat], undulating into a shimmer of summer-colts and crushed horizon blue. 1943 July 321 The blistering ‘simmer coutts’, as we used to call the earth-shimmer. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > summer cholera the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > diarrhoea > types of 1811 17 Apr. (advt.) The following are the complaints in which the Columbian Oil has been found so efficacious..Dysentery or Blood Flux, Croup and the summer complaint in children. 1951 H. E. Giles 7 She knew that flaxseed tea would cure the summer complaint in babies. 2012 27 472/1 During the summer months, infant mortality rates soared as infants perished from ‘summer diarrhea’, also known as ‘summer complaint’ or ‘cholera infantum’. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > summer house or holiday house 1638 tr. Copie Let. sent by Ministers of Germany in P. Vincent (new ed.) sig. a4 The daughter of Sion is like a city of devastation, like a Sommer cottage in a garden, like a little house in a vineyard. 1791 ‘T. Newte’ 230 There is a shealing, or Summer cottage, called Renna Cardich, or the Smith's-Sheal, where is to be seen the foundation stones of houses. 1805 4 Apr. The Land..is..well adapted for erecting Lodging Houses, or Summer Cottages. 1838 J. Ruskin in Nov. 58 He requires only occasional shelter from storms of excessive violence... The Alpine or summer cottage, therefore, is a rude log hut. 1958 28 June 25/1 Schools and universities are closing their doors for the next few months and many Canadian households will begin the annual exodus to summer cottage or camp. 2007 R. Abraham 48/2 Katuns are summer cottages in the mountains, to which locals move during the summer months to graze their livestock. 2008 Summer 75/1 In 1995, they purchased this Victorian summer cottage built on the shores of a New Hampshire lake. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > temporary inhabitant > [noun] > summer inhabitant 1874 30 July (headline) The season at our suburban watering place—the summer cottagers—the improvements of a year—the hotels and their guests. 1948 20 June vii. 12/5 Many summer cottagers will be happy to know that the same house makes a similar type of cream that repels chiggers. 2016 (Nexis) 26 Feb. a7 Summer cottagers add to the local economy and the government coffers by paying a high non-residential property tax. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > [noun] > enclosed land or field > other fields 1860 18 Aug. The sheep are being placed upon summer country even now,..it being found impracticable to occupy portions of the country usually set apart for winter feeding. 1868 28 May 5/7 A flock-owner there would, for his own protection, and for stock farming and pasturing purposes, buy winter country as well as summer country. 1922 W. Perry et al. vii. 88 The higher country..which is likely to hold snow to some depth in the winter months, is termed ‘summer country’. 1954 1 Feb. 1/4 Mr. Mackay said the rains would promote feed in stubble and on the summer country. 2013 D. Norton & N. Reid ix. 126/1 The best high country properties have a balance of cultivated flats, lambing country and summer country. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > excretory disorders > [noun] > summer cholera 1836 J. B. Nelson in 38 The usual summer diarrhœa, existed for several weeks, but yielded very promptly to medicine, and a change of diet. 1938 A. Berkeley iii. 46 The illness had followed the usual course of summer diarrhoea, I told him, and death had been due to collapse following the intense physical strain. 2001 N. Jones ii. 231 Painless summer diarrhoea, where the stools are pale, thick and loose—like blended split pea soup. 1891 J. J. H. Burgess 25 Nicht is bit a simmer-dim. 1984 (Nexis) 11 Feb. They are far enough north..that during early summer's Simmer Dim there is scarcely any darkness. 2003 T. Morton 7 I remember walking back to my caravan in the silvery half-light of the simmer dim. the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > dream > [noun] > pleasant or happy ?1793 (title) The genius of Shakespear, a summer dream. 1820 J. Clare (ed. 3) 60 Ye gently dimpled, curling streams, Rilling as smooth as summer-dreams. 1905 1 July 14/2 Delighting in the summer-dream of love. 2016 (Nexis) 1 Mar. (Sport section) 8 A rapt but frozen audience warmed only by summer dreams of Ballydoyle. 1816 13 July If the water continues to rise 24 hours longer,..the summer dikes must give way. 1875 42 iv. 280 The dams are of two kinds, the light summer dyke, strong enough for summer storms, and the winter dyke, which is calculated to resist the heaviest weather. 1938 15 July 873 In Schleswig-Holstein..these embankments are only regarded as summer dikes,..and are subject to winter floods. 2008 J. P. Doody ii. 21 Summer dykes..eliminate tidal flows and reduce sedimentation on saltmarshes. 1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria f. 301 Towarde the sommer East, it confineth with the Tartars. 1598 R. Hakluyt (new ed.) I. 493 Vssa hath his springs in the mountaine Poyas Semnoi, being on the left hand toward the sommer East. 1677 J. Phillips tr. J.-B. Tavernier Persian Trav. ii. iii. 60 in tr. J.-B. Tavernier (1678) The first of the five Roads, setting out from Aleppo, is upon the left hand, toward the Summer-East, through Diarbek and Tauris. 1757 Demarville I. 28 The Points are divided into Cardinals which are the Artic or North Pole, the Antartic or South Pole, the East and West: Collaterals which are the Summer East and the Winter East, the Summer West and the Winter West; and Verticals which are the Zenith and the Nadir. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > management of pasture > use as pasture [verb (transitive)] 1727 E. Laurence 122 The whole quantity of Meadowing may be Summer-eaten once in four years. 1826 R. Sharp 5 Oct. (1997) 71 Am I to summer eat my Meadow a purpose to please such a feal as thee. 1858 27 Mar. 1/6 To let, to be summer eaten,—thirty-five acres of good grass land. ?1775 T. Bateman vi. 24 These Sheep are turned for three months more upon his best feeding Summer-eaten Land. 1825 26 Dec. Instead of giving the calves a rich pasture, put them into a summer-eaten pasture that has plenty of old grass. 1870 5 2335 A field of summer-eaten clover, from which the sheep had a few days been removed. the world > animals > invertebrates > bodies or parts > [noun] > summer eggs 1855 3 138 I would not lay much stress upon the circumstance that they produce two kinds of ova,—the so-termed ‘summer’ and ‘winter-eggs’ [Ger. Sommer- und Winter-eier]. 1952 J. Clegg xii. 169 These so-called ‘summer eggs’ are laid, perhaps twenty or more at a time. 2007 (Nexis) 11 July 83 Adult red-legged earth mites cannot travel far but summer eggs can be blown hundreds of kilometres in strong winds. 1608 T. Price tr. O. Torsellino ii. xvi. 173 Then abrogating the summer fayres [L. autumnalibus..mercatibus] of Ancona, of Pisaurus, and of other bordering townes, he commanded that at Recanati onely..the mart should be celebrated and kept. 1752 40 When to some pleasant Summer Fair, To buy or Knots, or Gloves, or Lace, The booming [sic] Virgins all repair. 1863 23 May 8/4 Of horses there were but few, as is usual at the summer fairs, and for these there was little demand. 1998 (Nexis) 19 May 12 Lewtrenchard School is holding its summer fayre on Saturday, June 13, organised by the friends of the school. There will be plants, cakes, tombola and white elephant stalls. 2016 (Nexis) 6 July a3 A summer fair along the river, where food and goods are sold from stalls along the waterfront. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered sensation > [noun] > allergy > hay fever 1659 N. Whiting 78/1 If winter agues be so violent, what will the summer feavers be? 1673 R. Almond xxi. 64 It is the opinion of most, that Summer Feavers are the worst of all ordinary Feavers, especially in the Dog-days. 1772 W. Grant (ed. 2) II. 47 A summer fever, well-treated from the beginning, never requires opiates or blisters. 1867 W. Pirrie 25 It appears to us, that in many instances, Summer Fever or Summer Illness, would be more applicable than Hay Fever. 1900 6 Oct. 1052/1 The attack of summer fever of a quotidian type occurred in an individual who had suffered much from malaria, but was not treated with quinine. 1946 19 Feb. 4/4 Hay fever is also known as summer bronchitis, summer fever, summer catarrh, rose catarrh, pollen catarrh, pollen poisoning, [etc.]. 1992 27 261 July temperatures connote the risk to health, and probably to life, from ‘summer fever’, when..the water supply to many homes was susceptible to contamination. 1676 J. Downing in D. W. Prowse (1895) viii. 207/1 [They] have by leave of the former Governors and Proprietors erected severall stages and Roomes for their winter and summer fisheries and support. 1794 J. L. Buchanan iii. 61 [The busses]..were strictly prohibited from proceeding to the point of rendezvous.., in order to deprive them from the summer fishery. 1877 E. W. H. Holdsworth 138 This fishery lasts till the first week in May, when..the fishermen get ready for the summer fishery. 1940 20 Jan. 74/3 The small fish of the summer fishery are known by them as sardines de rogue. 2016 (Nexis) 17 Aug. All things considered, [this is] the best summer fishery this company ever had. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [noun] > threshing > threshing field or floor the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land > summer fallow 1535 Dan. ii. E Like the chaffe off corne, that the wynde bloweth awaye from ye somer floores [Ger. auff der sommer tennen]. 1666 W. Spurstowe 50 To what end doth God thus shake the Mountaines, and make the greatest in Power to be as the Chaff of the Summer floores? 1788 R. Watson i. 11 The stone which was cut out without hands, shall..reduce as small as the chaff of the summer floor every stately image of political power. the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > spot or mark > freckle 1668 No. 282/4 With some Freakles, or Summer foldes in the Face. 1777–8 R. Wight (MS Bodl. Eng. lang. d.66) 418 Summer Folds pro Summer Feus, Lentigines—Freckles occasioned by the Heat of the Sun in Summer. 1890 J. D. Robertson 154 Summerfolds, summer freckles. 1979 N. Rogers 89/1 Summerface, freckles Summerfolds, Summermoulds are also found. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Arachnida > [noun] > order Aranea > member of (spider) > web > threads floating in air or spread on grass a1800 S. Pegge (1814) Summer-goos, the gossamer. North. 1876 F. K. Robinson Summer-gauze, gossamer; quantities of which, blown from the land to the sea, adheres to the rigging of ships. 1926 16 Nov. 4/7 The fairies' mantles are made of gossamer, the filmy web of spiders' silk, which in provincial England, is still called ‘summer-goose’. the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > herb or herbaceous plant > [noun] > herbage or grass the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > [noun] > panic grasses 1531–2 in D. Laing (1861) 196 Sext part of the land of the Blair..will steide for part of hors corne and part of sommer girs nocht put in this compute. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. i. 66 Which..Grew like the Summer Grasse, fastest by Night. View more context for this quotation 1766 C. Varlo (new ed.) II. vi. 27 They [sc. calves and foals] go weak and poor into the summer grass. 1846 28 Feb. 2/6 The grass called joint grass, or water or summer grass. 1882 ‘Ouida’ I. 3 The rich loads of summer-grass or grain. 1959 Aug. 40/1 I would fertilize and mow the rye grass regularly to give my summer grass a better chance next spring. 2003 56 215 Grasses present at these sites included: summer grass (Digitaria sanguinalis),..and rough bristle grass (Setaria verticillata). 2012 29 June 48/5 I see him sprawling in summer grass, and watching butterflies. 1794 A. Bruce in A. Lowe App. 96 (table) Summer graze, ten head of cattle... Winter ten oxen... Sell one hundred and fifty bolls corn. 1850 17 305/1 Buying in cattle in the month of October is found preferable to the buying in the spring of the year, when the object is to summer graze them and sell in the autumn. 1982 E. S. Barker 16 I bought 100 three-year-old steers. I rented the Harvey ranch pastures to summer graze and fatten them. 2011 29 Sept. 14/5 We'll summer graze the third group of calves we get. the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat of the summer (solstice) OE (Corpus Cambr.) xl. 64 Gif þonne þære stowe neod oþþe gedeorf oðþe sumerhæte hwylces eacan behofige, sy þæt on ðæs abbodes dome. c1391 J. Gower (Huntington) vii. l. 3213* (MED) Whan comen is the somer heete. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) vi. l. 198 For that [brik] is maad in somer heete To sone is drie, and forto chyne is like. 1696 tr. J. Dumont xii. 146 The Climate is so Temperate, that the Winters are never excessively Cold, and the Summer-Heats are usually allay'd with a pleasant Brieze. 1782 W. Cowper Retirement in 268 Her [sc. Nature's] summer heats, her fruits, and her perfumes. 1815 J. Smith II. 319 If the instrument is..intended chiefly to measure the higher degrees of heat, as from a summer-heat to that of boiling water. 1877 T. H. Huxley 64 The Summer-heat may never be strong enough to melt all the ice. 1947 Apr. 118/1 Residents move to the mountains when summer heat clamps down. 2010 J. Al-Khalili i. 8 In order to beat the summer heat, families would have slept up on the flat roof at night. society > education > educational administration > [noun] > session or term > holidays society > leisure > [noun] > a period of > holidays > specific type 1746 June 156 (title of poem) A school-boy's summer holiday. 1785 in T. P. Camelford App. p. lxxix Charles Smith and Sydney Smith were..at the Reverend Mr. Knox's..school, in the town of Tunbridge, where they continued till the summer holidays. 1842 June 151 Just imagine..a plain, downright Englishman..making a summer holiday, and repairing to Cambridge or Oxford, maybe with his whole family. 1882 1 July 2/7 (headline) Court of Appeals decisions. Last batch of judgments before the summer holidays. 1887 ‘An Eton Boy’ (title) How I spent my summer holidays in 1876. 1929 E. E. Coe & T. Harbury tr. L. Schalit iii. 152 On a summer holiday spent together in the Tyrol mountains, Mark..falls in love with Anna. 1969 10 Mar. 9/1 The play parks for 5 to 15 year-olds are open later, after school and all day in the summer holidays. 2014 S. Blackhall in 85 29 Trudy Harrison..met her man in Naples, on a summer holiday. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > summer house or holiday house 1821 9 Oct. Soon shalt thou [sc. waterfowl] find a summer home, and rest. 1879 July 14/2 The only one I cared to visit was Bonniecastle, the Summer home of Dr. J. G. Holland. 1911 14 May (Homes section) 1/2 Those of us who are not so fortunate as to possess a summer home must content ourselves with summerizing our present abode. 2011 1 Apr. 32/3 Bernhardt was fooling about on the cliffs near her summer home. 1834 28 Aug. ‘But here we are in Saratoga once more... Look at those noble establishments—fit for Ducal palaces!’ ‘Aye: good enough for summer hotels—fine place for yawning—excellent tittle-tattle though, I grant you.’ 1904 E. Wharton 19 Aug. (1988) 93 I have been spending my first night in an American ‘Summer hotel’, & I despair of the Republic! Such dreariness, such whining sallow women, such utter absence of the amenities. 2010 2 Aug. c5/1 A minimal set by David Farley that suggests a hallway in a dreary summer hotel. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking establishment or kitchen > [noun] > other kitchens 1632 W. Lithgow x. 455 The Sergant..brought mee through certayne ascending passages, to a chamber.., right aboue his Summer Kitchin. 1744 12 June A small pleasant convenient House, containing..a very good Summer Kitchen or Wash-House, with an Oven. 1874 Feb. 124 There was Charley's wife..flitting about from house to summer-kitchen. 1939 H. M. Miner ii. 25 Airy summer kitchens, which do not retain the heat of the stove, are built onto the sides of the houses. Too exposed to be warm, these annex kitchens are evacuated in winter. 2009 M. White 267/2 A quarter-mile path leads to the main house and outbuildings, including a summer kitchen, chicken house, and icehouse. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at summer game 1571 E. Grindal §19. sig. C.iij That the Minister & churchwardens shall not suffer any Lordes of misrule, or Sommer Lordes, or Ladies..to come vnreuerently into any Church, or Chappell. 1635 J. Jones iv. 52 Strew the bankes On which the Summer Lord and Lady sit To see the sports, with these rich spoyls of May. 1959 58 689 His comparison of Oberon to the May King and Titania to the Summer Lady..nicely illuminates the interactions of narratives, themes,..and moods of A Midsummer Night's Dream. 1991 15 293 The festivities were often presided over by a Lord and Lady of the festival sometimes called summer lords and ladies. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivate or till [verb (transitive)] > lay fallow 1467 R. Calle in (2004) II. 380 He wolde somerlay and tylle the londe otherwice then it is. a1500 (Sloane) (1890) 44 (MED) Ye may depart your londis in iij partis: The firste parte to be soven wt wyntur corne, þe secunde parte to be sowen withe lenten corne..The thirde parte to be falowed & somer layd. 1587–97 R. Taylor in A. H. Smith et al. (1990) III. 44 He saith that the townesmen of Morston do summerlay the furlonges on the sowth syde. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land > other fallows 1572 J. Mounford 12 June in A. H. Smith et al. (1979) I. 28 There lyeth more in somerley..& laye londes uppon which londes the towneshyppe tey..there kene..325 acre. 1775 N. Kent 117 The farmer at leisure to work, and attend, his summer-lays. 1782 W. Marshall Minutes in (1787) II. 320 Lambs,..bought up by the East-Norfolk ‘graziers’; in order to pick among their summerlies, and their stubbles, after harvest. 1967 E. Kerridge ii. 73 Successions of crops and periods of ‘summerley’ alternated. ‘Summerleys’ were still fallows and were adopted because these lands were liable to blow or scorch in the course of fallow stirrings. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land > summer fallow (Harl. 221) 464 Somyr laylond, novale. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > summer pasture 1794 J. Billingsley 104 They [sc. the oxen] consume each about 10 cwt. or 12 cwt. of inferior hay, (viz.) the skimming of their summer leaze. 1844 W. Barnes 121 An' in the zummerleäzes, all The cows wer lyèn down at rest. 1860 23 June 1/3 Yarbury Farm, Banwell, Somerset. Messrs. Coles & Sheppard will sell..about 30 Acres of Mowing Grass, and Six Acres of Summer Leaze. 1886 Summerleys, summerleaze, pasture fed only in summer. eOE (Parker) anno 871 Æfter þissum gefeohte cuom micel sumorlida.] 1866 C. Kingsley I. iii. 102 A certain amount of ‘Summer-leding’ (i.e. piracy between seed-time and harvest). 1921 15 66/2 Compare then the Vikings of Scandinavia, who went on their ‘summer-ledings’ for part of the year, and during the rest of it led the lives of quiet, respectable country gentlemen. the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > [noun] > lightning > sheet lightning the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [noun] > lightning > specific types 1679 A. C. 7 I come later than I intended, to speak of the universal Slaughter that shall be committed upon all Sexes, and all Ages by that pale Monster which the Evangelist saw in the Apocalypse, arm'd with a sharp Sythe, and mounted on a rawbon'd Horse, that went more swift than March Winds, or Summer Lightning. 1779 tr. J. W. von Goethe I. x. 58 The lightning, which had for some time been seen on the horizon, and which I had declared to be only summer lightning, and proceeding entirely from heat, became much more violent, and the thunder was heard through all the noise of the fiddles. 1832 Ld. Tennyson Miller's Daughter iii, in (new ed.) 34 Gray eyes lit up With summer lightnings of a soul So full of summer warmth. 1872 7 Nov. When a pheasant is flushed you only catch a summer-lightning glimpse of him. 1902 11 32 It [sc. rua koha] is the play of summer lightning as seen upon mountain peaks and high ranges, and also upon the horizon. 1941 E. R. Eddison xiv. 253 You are all firishness and summer lightnings this afternoon. 2003 D. M. G. Sutherland ii. 43 What popular violence that had taken place was more or less peripheral to the struggle, flashes of summer lightning on the horizon. 1852 S. Osborn 20 Most of them had moved for a while into their summer lodges. 1907 C. Hill-Tout iii. 59 The summer-lodge..was built with only one pair of uprights instead of two. 1981 47 294/1 There is also a Winnebago bark and mat summer lodge. 2014 G. L. Wilson xvi. 374 During winter..summer lodges could not be kept comfortable. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at summer game 1571 E. Grindal §19. sig. C.iij That the Minister & churchwardens shall not suffer any Lordes of misrule, or Sommer Lordes, or Ladies..to come vnreuerently into any Church, or Chappell. 1589 ‘M. Marprelate’ 3 The sommer Lord with his Maie game. 1635 J. Jones iv. 52 Strew the bankes On which the Summer Lord and Lady sit To see the sports, with these rich spoyls of May. 1959 12 209 Summer Lords and May Ladies, Whitsun pastorals and keeping the Hall at Christmas nourished the great stage of Elizabeth. 1996 R. Hutton xxiv. 255 Thomas Coryate got himself made summer lord in 1611, and marched with his retinue to Yeovil to advertise the church ale. ?1792 in (Hudson's Bay Company Arch., Arch. of Manitoba, A.30/5) f. 40 Left as Summer Master at that Settlement. 1837 A. McDonald Let. 25 Jan. in (1908) 2 254 Old Rivet is the summer master & Deputy Gov'r of Colville—so you all cannot say that our bill of expense for clerks here is extravagant. 1913 I. Cowie 228 Many of these journals were kept by a ‘summer master’, who was quite often a very illiterate laborer, who could barely scrawl phonetics in the book during the real master's absence on the annual voyage to and from headquarters with the furs and for the outfit. 1967 A. M. Johnson Sask. Jrnls. in 26 p. xxviii He sent Bird to Buckingham House with instructions to leave the summer master in charge there. 2007 B. Belyea 102/1 Fidler himself had been listed as a labourer and had acted as a summer master. the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > disorders of udder 1929 42 225 Much has been written on the subject of so-called ‘summer mastitis’, and the characteristic features of the diphtheroid organism, B[acillus] pyogenes, which is the most frequent cause, have been described repeatedly. 1970 W. H. Parker xv. 212 Infection of a dry cow or unbred heifer with..summer mastitis, is as common in beef as in dairy breeds. 2013 4 545/1 A condition known as ‘summer mastitis’ occurs mostly in European countries in the summer months when wet, rainy conditions prevail. the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > other meals a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 78 Lairdis in silk harlis to the heill, For quhilk thair tennents sald somer meill. 1595 J. Davidson sig. B6 Syne hes their sommer maill to by, Wherefore they man sell sheep and ky. ?1700 P. Anderson 11 I cannot well deny, And yet I have my Summer Meal to buy. 1873 5 Feb. 7/2 We believe in many cases after seed and summer meal are taken out of the corn-yards, there will be little more to dispose of. 1932 7 19 The grain to be ground for summer meal should not be threshed until after the New Year. 1798 4 38 This bird is a migratory species, and like most, if not all our summer migrants, the males precede the other sex in their vernal flight a week or ten days. 1864 17 May 7/4 The following are given as the date of the arrival of the summer migrants this year:—Wheatear, March 12;..quail, May 10 (very late). 1878 7 Sept. 4/4 ‘You will be all the better for the sea air.’.. There are many [doubting Thomases] among what may be called our ‘summer migrants’. 1967 11 Sept. 8/1 A row of discarded buses..had been converted 10 years ago into living quarters for summer migrants. 1977 8 336 The greater the number of aphids hatching in spring the greater the number of summer migrants. 2003 I. Whibley (ed. 3) 93/1 Summer migrants include tropical species such as kingfish and king mackerel. 2016 (Nexis) 4 Sept. Another summer migrant to spot is the billionaire. 1811 2 ii. 563/1 He was obliged to bolster out his summer numbers with an extra proportion of those insignificant and still-born productions which never for an instant either did attract, or ought to have attracted, the attention of the public. 1908 27 June 111/2 The summer number of ‘The Syren and Shipping Illustrated’, is a splendid number, full of interesting reading matter, and admirably illustrated. 2006 R. Pite xvii. 273 In Britain it appeared entire in the special summer number of the Graphic, a weekly magazine. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella xii. l. 558 The beginning of December..is the middle season for gathering of olives, and making oil; for, before this time, the bitter oil, which is called Summer-oil, is made [L. oleum conficitur..aestivum]. 1852 Rep. Officers Light-house Board 150 in (32nd Congress, 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. No. 55) VI Our lights are supplied with oil called winter and spring and summer oil. 1890 Feb. 75/1 An attempt to use summer oil in the winter season may cause difficulty on account of the summer oil congealing at a considerably higher temperature than the winter oil. 1933 Dec. 60/3 When it's cold, heavy summer oil gets like so much molasses. Change to a thinner oil. 2003 (Nexis) 19 Jan. 62 A light summer oil which would work very well with fish. 2012 Apr. 79/2 The viscosity of a multi-grade will be equivalent to winter oil when cold and summer oil when hot. 1932 7 Feb. 33/1 He has aspirations toward winning the 200-meter dash in the Summer Olympic games. 2015 J. Cleland Introd. 1 In terms of the world stage, only the summer Olympic Games can challenge football in scale. society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [noun] > series of, as public spectacle > specific 1931 26 Dec. 19/5 Except for those most immediately concerned the Summer Olympics are very distant things. 2013 M. Zailckas (2014) 58 Had he really thought no one would notice..the way he had been hitting the gym like he was competing for gold in the next summer Olympics? the world > animals > invertebrates > bodies or parts > [noun] > summer eggs 1855 3 140 The female produces ‘Summer’ and ‘Winter-ova’. 1891 8 190 The summer ovum of Daphnia similis..is enclosed in two membranes. 1970 89 309 Fall and winter ova were more resistant to change in their rounded shape than were spring and summer ova. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > types of room generally > [noun] > others a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) Judges iii. 20 He sat aloone in a somer parlour [L. in aestivo cenaculo]. 1539 Judges iii. f. xiij/2 In a somer parler, which he had, sat he him selfe alone. 1684 J. Bunyan 26 So he left them a while in a Summer Parler below. View more context for this quotation 1732 G. Berkeley I. iii. i. 154 As we sate round the Tea-table, in a Summer-Parlour which looks into the Garden. 1829 W. Scott (new ed.) I. Introd. p. x The old man led the way into a summer parlour. 1912 J. Buchan 18 I could fancy her sitting in a summer parlour, very orderly and dainty, writing lengthy epistles to a tribe of nieces. 2009 (Nexis) 14 July Two guest rooms located in the North Wing, a library/study, summer parlor, chapel, patio kitchen, staff bedroom, and main kitchen all occupy the first level. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with midsummer > decorated pole 1557 in J. C. Cox (1913) 283 For the yeough tree iiij d. For fetchinge the summar pole ij d. For a breakfast for the yonge men xvj d. 1613 G. Wither ii. iv. sig. R8v They know how to discommend A Maygame, or a Summerpole defie. 1619 sig. B3v Since the Sommer-poles were ouerthrowne, And all good sports and merryments decayd. 1813 H. Ellis (rev. ed.) I. 254 On Whiteborough.., there was formerly a great Bonefire on Midsummer Eve: a large Summer Pole was fixed in the centre, round which the fuel was heaped up. 2015 (Nexis) 20 June 23 The Gwyl Ifan festival..will see dancers from around Wales and Ireland raise their summer pole..to celebrate the summer solstice. the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [verb (intransitive)] > prune or lop the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [verb (transitive)] > trees: prune or lop 1731 P. Miller 136 Nor can I here forbear repeating what I have elsewhere often taken notice of, viz. not to suffer fruit-trees to remain neglected till this season (as is too commonly practis'd) and then to summer-prune them. 1980 V. Canning vii. 118 They summer pruned the wistaria. 2016 (Nexis) 2 July (Weekend section) Why doesn't everybody summer prune and achieve more reliable flowering? the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [adjective] > pruned or lopped 1830 6 545 The summer-pruned trees are manifestly the strongest. 1960 6 Aug. 6/4 The summer-pruned laterals are further shortened. 2009 I. J. Holb 227 The authors concluded that at least two mechanisms contribute to decreased flyspeck incidence and severity in summer-pruned apple trees. the world > food and drink > farming > forestry or arboriculture > [noun] > pruning or lopping 1669 J. Worlidge xii. 235 And for the Summer pruning of your Wall-trees, for the making of Cherry-wine, Rasberry-wine, &c. 1707 J. Mortimer xvii. 396 To the Boughs that put out in Spring, give a Summer pruning a little after Midsummer. 1839 C. McIntosh 250 Harrison recommends two summer prunings or hand dressings. 1972 G. E. Brown iii. 50 Summer pruning..promotes spur formation. 2015 (Nexis) 8 Aug. (Weekend section) It is the summer pruning that is so often neglected–but this is key to a good display the following year. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > sweet or fruit puddings the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > prepared fruit and dishes > [noun] > other fruit dishes 1875 S. T. Paul 195 Summer Pudding. Take a quart of ripe currants stripped from their stalks; cover the bottom of a pudding-dish with slices of bread without the crust [etc.]. 1933 E. C. Carver vi. 114 Summer pudding. Thin slices of stale bread, stewed fruit... Serve with cream or custard. 1974 P. Haines xx. 206 Heaping my plate with summer pudding..I looked at the bread on my plate, oozing deep crimson juice. 2015 C. Ptak 158 I like a combination of different-colored currants in my summer pudding, but you could use all red, as is traditional. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at summer game c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 27v Somur qwenes and qwaintans & oþer qwaint gamnes. 1590 R. Greene 11 Faire shee was as faire might bee..Beauteous like to Sommers Queene. ?1613 T. Campion i. xx. sig. G2 Skip and trip it on the greene, And helpe to chuse the Summer Queene. 1772 S. Whyte 189 On the May-morn at the Green..When Echo hails the Summer Queen. 1813 W. Scott iii. 125 O Brignal banks are wild and fair, And Greta woods are green, And you may gather garlands there, Would grace a summer queen. 1984 144 95 Taken care of all her life as if she were a summer queen. 2008 119 143 A small number of schools gave details of Summer Fêtes at which a ‘Summer Queen’ was crowned and Maypole dancing was performed. 1801 15 Sept. One-third part of the tract will be required good Corn Land..; and..it must..lie open to good Summer Range for Cattle. 1831 W. Swainson & J. Richardson II. 286 This sombre-coloured bird is the most northern of the American Sturnidæ, its summer range reaching..as high as the woods extend. 1935 28 Sept. 2/3 Swiftly falling snow..trapped live stock unprotected on summer ranges. 1962 3 206/1 The occurrence of an immature female little piked whale..sheds new light on the summer range of this species. 2012 L. N. Williams xv. 161 You've got cows up on the summer range. 2017 (Electronic ed.) 5 Jan. [Pronghorn antelope]..will often move to wind-blown areas that might be several miles beyond their current summer range. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > lichen 1798 R. Willan i. 67 The Summer Rash, or Prickly Heat mentioned by Dr. Cleghorn, as frequently occurring in the island of Minorca, seems to be nearly of the same kind. 1817 J. M. Good 466 Lichen..Tropicus..Attacks new settlers in the West Indies, and other warm regions... Prickly heat. Summer-rash. 1916 R. Beach iii. 28 He took it to be ardor, although it may have been the fever from that summer rash which so afflicted him. 2003 J. Zand et al. (ed. 2) 408 Prickly heat—medically termed miliaria and also known as heat rash or summer rash—is a rash that affects infants and very young children. society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > holiday-making or tourism > [noun] > resort 1757 7 Apr. 66 Those little imitating scenes of summer resort, Harrigate, Buxton and Matlock, at all which places I shall take up my stand this summer. 1762 Nov. 539/1 The amusements of Bath being thus improved.., it became the summer resort of people of fashion. 1853 E. T. Turnerelli II. i. 4 This village is a favourite place of summer-resort for the inhabitants. 1873 J. H. Beadle xv. 257 For a summer resort one can spend weeks very pleasantly there. 1924 29 Apr. 11/6 In those days when Denmark was a favourite place of summer resort for many exalted royalties closely related to the Danish Court. 1974 12 Nov. 14/1 Mr and Mrs Ronald Heywood own a 56-bedroom two star hotel in a summer resort on the east coast. 2016 (Nexis) 1 May A summer resort since the early 19th century, the city [sc. Newport, Rhode Island] is about 70 miles from Boston and 180 miles from New York. society > travel > aspects of travel > traveller > [noun] > visitor > in summer 1868 15 Aug. 3/1 Royal Winter has purchased the hotel in Wheelock, and will soon fit it up for summer resorters. 1907 ‘M. Twain’ in Nov. 327 They respected these elegant summer-resorters. 2007 (Nexis) 11 Sept. e1 Residents and nearby farmers came together..to sell their homegrown wares to the waves of summer resorters. the world > plants > by age or cycles > [adjective] > ripe or ripened a1670 J. Hacket (1693) ii. 228 It is an Injury..upon Corn, when it is Summer-ripe, not to be cut down with the Sickle. a1868 T. D. McGee (1869) 529 Her eye was as black as the summer-ripe sloe. 1961 19 Apr. 8/1 The silver tones that can be heard in its summer ripe gaiety. 2014 Feb. 67/2 Masala-spiced sprinkles lend notes of anise and cardamom to a bowl of summer-ripe strawberries. society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > [noun] > used at specific season 1745 R. Pococke II. ii. v. vii. 243 A summer road for carriages, and a longer round by the hills in winter, when the low grounds are not passable. 1820 S. H. Wilcocke in L. R. Masson (1890) 2nd Ser. 224 With the summer road they were acquainted and that, therefore, they followed. 1888 E. W. Payton 47 Many of these bush roads are what are called ‘summer roads’, consisting entirely of mud without any metal. 1909 17 Apr. 6/2 What will be the cry on the summer roads when we reach those points where the dense forest and rocks obstructs the view ahead? 1974 E. C. Stacey i. 7 A few farmers used the..summer road. 2015 T. Bradley (ed. 3) xxxviii. 137 Approach the northwest face from the summer road or up the center of the canyon. the mind > emotion > love > love affair > [noun] > (type of) transitory love affair 1890 I. Duffus Hardy in Christmas 22 ‘She realized the folly of the foolish summer days now past, and did not wish to retain any reminder of them.’.. He crushed this epistle into his pocket—so this was the end of the brief summer romance! 1978 2 July 18/1 After a summer romance, Danny and Sandy part. 2004 (Nexis) 22 Aug. f1 I never saw him again, but I never forgot the feeling of that fleeting first summer romance. the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > [noun] > summer-house society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > outhouse(s) > [noun] > building or house in garden 1625 R. Withers tr. O. Bon Grand Signors Seraglio i, in S. Purchas II. ix. xv. 1582 I saw a row of Sommer Roomes built vpon the top of a little Hill. 1748 (ed. 4) I. 335 On the Summit of this Hill his Lordship is building a Summer-room. 1805 27 Dec. 1/3 The fire broke out in a room of Mr. Rich's house called the Summer Room. 1811 J. Austen I. xiii. 162 One of the pleasantest Summer-rooms in England. View more context for this quotation 1917 May 48/2 There is a subtle, elusive charm about a curtain that catches the faintest breeze on a hot day, which the decorator often takes note of in furnishing a summer room. 2006 May 35/1 Alan and Belinda decided to keep the same contractors for the rest of the work, namely to erect a summer room in the form of a glass-roofed conservatory. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > pear > early-ripening varieties a1456 (a1449) J. Lydgate f. 33 At Rodamus ryver, expert was þeire courage,..Þeire goldin crownes, made in hevenly stage Fressher þane lyllys, or any somers Roos [c1460 Harl. somyr roose]. 1610 R. Tofte tr. N. de Montreux ii. 10 Her cheekes, vermillion right, resembling the Sommer Rose, adorned with a white lillie. 1730 J. Thomson Summer in 76 Full as the summer-rose Blown by prevailing suns, the blooming maid. 1826 B. Maund I. Fruitist No. 11 The Summer Rose Pear is a good one for its season, that is the latter end of August. 1843 J. G. Whittier Lucy Hooper in 44 All of thee we loved and cherished, Has with thy summer roses perished. 1860 R. Hogg 214 Summer Rose (Epine Rose; Ognonet; Rose; Thorny Rose). 1917 19 July 40/2 A splendid cut of high-grade summer roses, which realize almost midwinter prices. 1983 F. Greenoak vi. 72 There is a pear called Summer Rose which is also recommended highly by George Lindley. 2016 (Nexis) 21 Apr. Cooling breezes wafting in the smell of summer roses. society > trade and finance > selling > a public sale > [noun] > disposal of goods at reduced price 1840 29 June 1/4 Summer Sale. William McNaught & Co. beg to announce that, Monday the 29th current, they will commence a Sale of their Summer Stock, at greatly reduced prices. 1923 A. Huxley xvi. 223 If I wait till the summer sale, the crêpe de Chine will be reduced by at least two shillings. 2015 (Nexis) 4 July A number of retailers in the centre had also started their summer sales, offering discounts to weekend shoppers. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > sausage > [noun] > types of sausage 1874 2 Jan. Ham Sausage, Summer Sausage, Bolognas and Vienna Sausage. All kinds of sausage made to order. 1893 F. E. Rhorer 33 By making summer sausage the same as above, but allowing the meat to be very coarse, it is called Salami. 1965 Jan. 60 Summer sausage or Thüringer. These terms are interchangeable with dried cervelas. In fact, all dried sausages of this type are called summer sausage. 2009 32 114 He gave me some summer sausage, cut with his pocket knife. society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of 1793 N. Webster 51 Public Winter Schools, mostly kept by men who labor in summer... Summer Schools..kept by young women for small children. 1871 E. Eggleston i. 1 You might teach a summer school. 1920 M. Beer II. iv. xiv. 294 In 1906 a Fabian Summer School was established. 1971 3 Dec. (Colour Suppl.) 9/2 The lecturer..led his summer school audience down the howling avenues of Joycean puns. 2012 (Nexis) 24 Feb. a5 At the end of the year, if a student is still failing, they will be required to attend summer school. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. iii. 87 This Auarice..growes with more pernicious roote Then Summer-seeming Lust. View more context for this quotation 1844 H. W. Beecher v. 111 He who provokes this man, shall see what lightning can break out of a summer-seeming cloud! 1957 E. Lawrence iii. 34 I keep hoping that a mild season will bring them [sc. the buds] out much sooner, but we have had none of our summer-seeming winters since Mr. Krippendorf..sent them to me. society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > class or course > types of society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > a or the session of a court > [noun] > period when courts sit > specific 1594 in (2007) 1594/4/34 The lordis of sessioun ar content during the haill somer sessioun to enter in the tolbuith and call materis dalie at aucht houris, quhair as thair ordiner dyett wes not quhill nyne. 1657 R. Culmer 33 He had a Verdict against him at the last Summer Sessions at Canterbury. 1705 in (2007) 1705/6/25 Act adjourning the summer session to the first of November next. 1779 151 The Academical year at Edinburgh is divided into the winter and summer sessions. 1825 10 June 95/3 Most of the doings of the Legislature thus far, as usual during the Summer session, are of a local nature. 1891 30 A Summer Session (1st May to 1st October). 1908 8 Aug. 433/1 These Acts passed through their final stages in the House of Lords during the concluding week of the summer session. 1976 27 June 2- d/6 Temporary shelter became a problem... Ricks College in Rexburg, a junior college on high ground, has opened its doors until its summer session starts. 2002 (Nexis) 6 Aug. 4 There's a large American presence year-round at the university, particularly during the summer session. 2016 (Nexis) 4 Apr. The Supreme Court begins its summer session in Baguio City on Tuesday. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > [noun] > a or the fall of rain > shower > at specific season 1768 A. Ross 69 Yon summer sob is out, This night looks well,..The morn, I hope, will better prove. 1825 J. Jamieson Suppl. Summer-sob,... In Aberd. the term is used to denote frequent slight rains in summer, commonly in May. the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > spot or mark > freckle 1685 tr. T. Willis 217 As to Summer Spots..they happen to the Fairest Complexions, and in parts most expos'd to the Sun and Air. 1874 (rev. ed.) Summer Spots, ephelides. 1970 H. Orton & M. V. Barry II. ii. 667 Q[uestion]. What do you call the brownish marks or spots that some people have in the skin on their faces, and especially ginger-haired people? [Monmouthshire] Summer-spots. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > plough (land) [verb (transitive)] > plough by season 1613 G. Markham Former Pt. vi. sig. D4v The beginning of Iune, at which time you shall beginne to Summer-stirre your fallow field. 1669 J. Worlidge Dictionarium Rusticum in 276 To Summer-stir, to fallow Land in the Summer. 1766 To Summer-land, or To Summer-Stir, to fallow land in the summer. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > ploughing > [noun] > ploughing by season 1613 G. Markham Former Pt. vi. sig. E1 Whereas before at your Summer-stirring you Plowed your land vpward, now..you shall cast your land downe againe. 1764 P. Miller tr. H. L. Duhamel du Monceau I. vi. ii. 443 In common field land, the summer stirrings cannot be given without damaging the adjacent land. 1834 July 223/1 Fallows have for the most part received the first summer stirring, a very difficult operation on clays reduced to a state of mortar by the excessive rains of winter, and now baked into a sort of heat by the summer sun-heat. 1967 E. Kerridge v. 247 The richest soils could be tilled even longer, but only after a year of bare fallowing and summer stirring. society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > a play > [noun] > repertoire 1884 8 July The Summer Stock Company played ‘A Celebrated Case’ to a small audience last Thursday evening. 1907 6 July 5/1 Wilbur G. Atkinson has a summer stock circuit of four theatres in Indiana and business has been excellent. 1955 J. P. Donleavy vii. 64 I was once approached by a talent scout in summer stock. 1965 2 July 20/1 There is a very funny story about Maury Stein, a Summer Stock actor at Indian Lake. 2016 (Nexis) 10 May b9 He became stage-struck in college productions, acted in summer stock and headed to Hollywood in 1950 hoping to find work as an actor. society > education > educational administration > [noun] > session or term 1659 R. Pittilloh 7 It is a gross misrepresentation of affairs.., to affirm there is no need of setling these Courts till the time of the downsitting of the winter Session or Terme, in regard the Summer Terme is past. 1808 I. (title page) In the Circuit Court of the United States, held at the City of Richmond, in the district of Virginia, in the Summer Term of the year 1807. 1853 N. W. T. Root & J. K. Lombard 4 Presentation Day is the sixth Wednesday of the Summer Term, when the graduating Class..are presented to the President as qualified for the first degree, or the A.B. 1940 M. Dickens iii. 76 At the end of the summer term there was a school concert. 1985 13 Aug. 17/7 The last judgment of the summer term given by the Law Lords was on a related subject. 2016 (Nexis) 14 May 36 Summer Term began on Monday, April 18, at The King's School, Canterbury. society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > a theatre > [noun] > other types of theatre 1761 R. Cumberland 4 I gave you my Advice not to produce it at our Summer Theatre. 1801 June 414 ‘Make hay while the sun shines,’ has been found a most salutary maxim at the summer theatres. 1909 8 June 3/3 The novelty of the latest in the way of summer theater seemed to catch the people in spite of the fact that rain was to be expected at any time. 1981 N. J. Crisp i. 15 Who in their right mind..would have dreamed of a summer theatre at..a somewhat shabby would-be genteel spa. 2016 (Nexis) 28 Aug. e1 This is about summer theater—sophisticated, smart, lighthearted summer fare. 1771 2 Sowing Ten Acres of Land..with Winter Corn, without first Summer-Tilling, mucking, and tathing the same. 1847 J. O. Halliwell II. (at cited word) ‘That field was summer-tilled last year’, i.e. lay fallow. 1970 G. E. Evans ix. 101 They used to summer-till the land then, plough all summer long on the owd heavy land. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > fallow land 1622 J. Downham iii. xxi. 264 If we doe not sometimes let them [sc. our bodies and minds] lye fallow, and giue them a Summer-tilth of seasonable recreation, they will remit much of their vigour. 1818 in J. Thirsk & J. Imray (1958) 104 To leave all the muck, dung and compost made the last year and all hay, clover hay and summertilths. 1903 in G. E. Evans (1969) 160 Beans and Peas to be twice clean hoed or a clean summertilth. 1970 G. E. Evans viii. 89 Ploughing a long fallow or summer-tilth was a very hard and slow job for the man and his horses. 1998 46 137/2 A quarter of the arable was to be in clover, and a quarter in summertilth followed by turnips. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)] > cut off or away (with an instrument) 1548 f. lv The head of thys sedicion was sommer topped, that it coulde haue no tyme to sprynge any higher. 1895 A. Despeissis 56 Each variety can be trained, pruned, or summer topped, according to the method best suited to its particular habit of growth. 2005 S. R. Mishra iii. 29 ‘Summer topping’ new canes by pinching off 3 to 4 in of the tip after growth of 18 to 30 in. encourages lateral shoot production. society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > specific festivities > [noun] > festivities associated with midsummer > decorated pole 1555 in (2007) A1555/6/41 Gif ony wemen or uthers about simmer treis singand, makis perturbatioun to the quenis liegis in the passage throw burrowis. 1555–6 in R. Adam (1899) I. 270 Bocht iij dosoun fyrsparis to mak symmer treis with birkis about thame on the Nether Bow. 1826 W. Scott I. 40 By the same statute, women singing round Summer-trees, or Maypoles, are ordered to be taken, handled, and put upon the ducking-stone. 1890 J. G. Frazer I. iii. 298 The bringing in of the pine-tree from the wood, decked with violets and woollen bands, corresponds to bringing in the May-tree or Summer-tree in modern folk-custom. 2002 A. Franklin ii. 19 In Russia the summer tree is decked with ribbons. society > leisure > [noun] > a period of > holidays > specific type society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > a or the session of a court > [noun] > day or time when courts closed society > leisure > [noun] > a period of > holidays > formal > legal or university 1507 in C. H. Hopwood (1904) I. 21 First, that yerely at Hyllary terme the Reader for Somer vacacion then next folowyng be chosyn. 1683 J. Pettus Ess. Metallick Words at Mineralls, in ii. Whilst I was a small Student of Pembrook Hall in Cambridge, my good Mother..consulted with Sir Tho. Bendish..how I might spend the Summer Vacations to Improve my self. 1769 20 Feb. Mrs. Weston, Governess of the Ladies Boarding School in this town, being requested..to alter the time of the Summer Vacation. 1821 W. Scott Let. in J. G. Lockhart (1837) V. vi. 132 I often think of passing a few weeks on the continent—a summer vacation if I can—and of course my attraction to Gratz would be very strong. 1875 A. Trollope (1876) I. xv. 237 The lawyer's regular summer vacation had not yet commenced. 1936 8 Aug. 2/6 She was all smiles, making ready for a trip to Chicago to join her daughters on a summer vacation in Idlewild. 1987 13 Aug. 21/6 The beginning of the two-month summer vacation for the High Court marked the end of an important test period for reforms in company law. 2004 D. Lodge iii. iv. 305 Why they had chosen this resort for their summer vacation, when they could afford to go anywhere in the world, was something of a mystery. 2005 Apr. 24/2 For most teachers, summer vacation means attending seminars,..teaching summer school,..or working a second job to supplement their income. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta iii. v. 135 They do call lower windes those..which blowe from the South to the summer-weast [Sp. el Poniente Estival]. 1677 J. Phillips tr. J.-B. Tavernier Persian Trav. i. vii. 32 in tr. J.-B. Tavernier (1678) It is at this day a great City, built like an Amphitheater, upon the descent of a Hill that looks toward the Summer-West. 1721 J. Collier tr. J. Bernard at Adriatick 'Tis this Part of the Mediterranean which stretches from the Summer West, to the Winter East, between Illyricum and Italy. 1812 T. Taylor tr. Aristotle (new ed.) 599 Of the west winds..that is called argestes indeed which blows from the summer west, and which some persons denominate olympias, but others iapyx. the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > ring or layer > formed earlier or later 1783 J. Abercrombie 24 In espaliers, as in wall trees, great attention should be had to keep the branches in general thinly arranged,..and the superfluous summer wood always timely displaced. 1865 12 Sept. 215/1 By reiterated close pruning of summer wood the trees assume an appearance which has been called ‘cordon’. 1874 J. L. Stewart & D. Brandis 224 The pores are numerous in the inner (spring and summer) wood, and there is often a narrow belt of outer (autumn) wood without pores. 1982 P. Q. Rose 77 Propagated by cuttings of soft summer wood set in sand in gentle heat. 1993 9 Oct. (Weekend Suppl.) 59/4 Douglas fir..is usually straight-grained, but the dark summer wood produces rings that are much harder than the soft spring growth, which means that the timber splits easily when it is nailed. 2007 J. K. Casper vi. 113 Some scientists believe this change in ratios of spring to summer wood may account for the tonal qualities of the violins made from that wood. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivate or till [verb (transitive)] > lay fallow the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] > systems of cultivation > fallowing 1687 3 All was..destroyed, so that some have Plowed it up where their Corn was, and Sowed it again; some have Plowed it for Summer work, and some have turned their Cattle into their Corn Fields. 1770 A. Young II. i. xxiv. 176 Half [of the land] is the fallow for summer work and spring-corn land, the other half for winter and spring work. 1886 R. Holland Summer-work, a summer fallow. 1920 W. L. May (Agric. Exper. Station Colorado Agric. Coll. Bull. No. 255) 38 It is one of the most persistent weeds that we have, ranking with bindweed and poverty weed in this respect... Early summer work and surface work are equally ineffective. 1682 A. Martindale in 14 Dec. 125 If it [sc. land] grow weedy or grassie, we sometimes Fallow or Summer-work it. 1850 July 87/1 They are to be ploughed and well summer-worked, and sown in autumn with turnips or beans, and the next year with corn. 1915 10 July 27/1 They took to summer-fallowing and gained something by it, but summer-worked the land so ill that it became ruinously foul with weed-seed. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > [noun] > systems of cultivation > fallowing 1778 ii. 86 The course of Summer working, when the soil is reduced to a proper tilth. 1793 J. H. Campbell in 20 124 The fallows (or summer-workings) are tumbled over by the plough, and jingled over by harrows. 1801 Aug. 263 Rotation of different crops, fallowing, summer-working. 1919 G. W. Hendry (Coll. of Agric. Exper. Station, Berkeley, Calif.: Bull. 312) 86 California grain lands, however, are..uncommonly weedy, and an occasional summer working of the fallow to clean it is..necessary to secure the best results. 1962 H. Orton & W. J. Halliday I. i. 136 Q[uestion]. What do you call land that you have ploughed but that you leave unsown for some time? [Lancashire] Summer-working. 1837 Apr. 32/2 Upon three-fifths of [improved farms in New York]..it is the practice to summer yard manure; that is, to leave it in the yard to rot during the summer. 1839 J. Buel xx. 198 Great economy in dung may be effected by feeding these crops with the long manure of the yards and stables, instead of summer-yarding it. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > other plant-derived oils 1872 18 Sept. 3/3 In Cotton-seed Oil there have been 200 bbls. refined summer yellow sold on private terms. 1912 20 Sept. 8/7 Cottonseed oil irregular, summer yellow spot 10 up, October option 9 points down. 2005 C. C. Akoh v. 97 The majority of the cottonseed mills conduct miscella refining with sodium hydroxide to produce a once refined or Prime Bleachable Summer Yellow (PBSY) cottonseed oil. C4. Designating plants and their products. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [adjective] > summer or winter crop a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. lxv. 956 Wynter seed is soone ysowe and somer seed [L. semina..estivalia] is late ysowe. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach i. f. 26 Sommer Barley..and suche other, are sowed in the Spring time. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens iv. i. 453 Men sow their winter corne in September, or October, & the sommer corne in March, but they are ripe altogither in July. 1681 N. Grew ii. iii. iii. 235 Summer Wheat of New England. a1722 E. Lisle (1757) 174 I spoke..of the husbandry of sowing goar or summer-vetches. 1765 ii. 2 Several trials of summer-corn..in which both barley and oats have succeeded. 1812 J. Sinclair i. 244 The real spring or summer wheat, has been of late introduced in various districts in Scotland. 1842 Aug. 374/1 They sow about six pounds of the seed of the winter, and eight pounds of the summer rape to the hectare. 1873 P. Shirreff 38 With the May seeding the summer wheat eared and ripened. 1906 E. T. Shepherd v. 81 The two-rowed or summer barley includes all the finer descriptions of malting barley grown in this country. 1965 18 146 The aim..was to develop a high producing summer grain or silage crop grown in a chemically controlled perennial sod which would return to productive pasture in the fall, winter and spring, maintaining a protective mulch cover at all times. 2000 C. X. Moreau xiv. 202 They were riding between fields of corn and summer wheat. 2010 N. El Bassam x. 283/1 Summer rape is planted, usually in northern latitudes, where the winters are too severe for winter rape to survive the hibernation period. 1535 Amos viii. A Beholde, there was a mounde with sommer frute. 1587 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnius xliii. 216 By this metaphor of rath ripe fruit or sommer apples, which will not long continue without rotting, he sheweth that destruction is neere at hand. 1604 N. F. 7 But if you haue Peares that you make any account of, that are summer Peares,..still gather the ripest, & so by degrees at your pleasure. 1629 J. Parkinson 593 The bloud red peare is of a darke red colour on the outside, but piercing very little into the inner pulpe. The Hony peare is a long greene Summer peare. 1676 J. Worlidge 168 The Denny-pear, Prussia-pear, Summer-Poppering,..are all very good Table-fruit. 1724 (Royal Soc.) 32 231 The Apple, that produces the Molosses, is a Summer-Sweeting. 1795 J. Jay Let. 12 Dec. in (1970) XIX. iii. 43 Ten are Summer Pippins, a very large fair Yellow apple. 1834 II. 190/1 Summer golden pippin. Summer Thorle. 1854 R. G. Mayne (1860) 352/1 Fructus Horæi, summer-fruits; as cherries, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, etc. 1870 J. W. McClung xi. 154 Among the varieties [of apples]..are..Summer Pairmain, [etc.]. 1930 J. Dos Passos ii. 145 They ate sweet summerapples. 1998 D. A. Trigg 126 Both the winter and the summer Blenheim were very popular eating apples of the old variety, and were good keepers. c. In the names of various other plants and plant varieties (typically ones which have early-ripening fruits or seeds, or are grown as annuals). Sometimes translating the scientific Latin specific epithets aestivalis and aestivus.See also summer grass n. (b) at Compounds 3.the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > fruits as vegetables > [noun] > pumpkins or squashes the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > fruits as vegetables > squash 1821 24 Mar. Shakers' Garden Seeds... White onion.., dutch summer squash, crookneck summer squash, crookneck winter squash.] 1832 1 Feb. (advt.) Squash—very fine Bell, Summer Crookneck. 1969 S. G. Harrison et al. 122/1 ‘Summer Crookneck’..has bright yellow or orange, warty fruits, shaped like a crooked club. 2011 (Nexis) 5 Oct. (Lifestyle section) Summer crooknecks are yellow and usually have a smooth skin. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > foliage, house, or garden plants > [noun] > belvedere 1629 J. Parkinson 268 Scoparia siue Beluidere Italorum... This pleasant Broome Flaxe riseth vp most vsually with one straight vpright square stalke,..branching it selfe out diuers waies, bearing thereon many long narrow leaues,..very thicke set together, like vnto a bush, or rather like vnto a faire greene Cypresse tree.] 1706 J. Gardiner tr. R. Rapin i. 34 Soon Summer Cypress after these appears, And clad in green conick Figure wears, Call'd by the Italian Gard'ner Belvederes. 1900 860/2 This [sc. the genus Kochia] includes a plant treated as a hardy annual which is called the Mock Cypress or Summer Cypress. 2004 18 1498/1 Summer cypress, the second example of eradication, was intentionally introduced to Western Australia in 1990 as a salt-tolerant forage. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > daffodil and allied flowers > allied flowers 1597 J. Gerard i. 121 In English we may call it [sc. Leucoium Bulbosum præcox] the Bulbose Violet, or after the Dutch name Somer sottekens, that is, Sommer fooles. 1629 J. Parkinson 16 Diuers sorts of Crocus or Saffron flower will appeare, the little early Summer foole or Leucoium bulbosum, and toward the end thereof [sc. February] the Vernall Colchicum. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fruit-tree or -plant > [noun] > tree or plant producing edible berries > grape-vine > types of 1709 J. Lawson 102 Of those which we call Fox-Grapes, we have four sorts; two whereof are called Summer-Grapes, because ripe in July. 1834 J. J. Audubon II. 92 The Summer Grape..occurs in all the barren lands of the Western Country. 1949 Apr. 244/3 The summer grape is somewhat similar to the blue grape. 2015 C. Bennett 254/1 Summer grape (V. aestivalis) has leaves that are different from other wild grapes—deeply lobed, with three to five lobes. 1821 S. Elliott I. 551 Here also apparently belongs the summer haw of our southern sea islands. 1883 P. M. Hale 136 Summer Haw. (C. flava, Ait.)—A small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, in sandy woods. 1903 F. S. Mathews 141 The yellow or summer haw is a Southern variety of the thorn... The Southern summer haw is a Southern thorn which grows not higher than 30 feet. 2008 F. T. Bonner & R. P. Karrfalt 448 C. flava Ait. Yellow hawthorn, summer haw. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > yielding fibre, thatching, or basket material > [noun] > hemp plant > male 1588 J. Read tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula in tr. F. Arcaeus f. 104v Tinctorum, of the greater fumitery, of Sommer hempe. 1597 J. Gerard ii. 572 The male is called Charle Hempe, and Winter Hempe. The female Barren Hempe, and Sommer Hempe. 1707 J. Mortimer 118 The light Summer-hemp, that bears no Seed, is called Fimble hemp. 1804 22 8/2 To the person who..shall at the proper season cause to be plucked the summer hemp (or male hemp bearing no seed), and continue the winter hemp (or female hemp bearing seed) on the ground until the seed is ripe. 2009 N. Arrowsmith 144 The male plant is known as summer hemp, fimble, femble, flembe, fyrble, and barren. 1573 T. Tusser f. 39v Seedes & herbes for the kichen... Sommer sauery. 1640 J. Parkinson i. ii. 6 Neither our winter or summer savory doe answere unto the Thymbra of Dioscorides. 1727 B. Langley vii. v. 180 Summer Savory has very little Difference from the Winter Savory, excepting that its Leaves are not so close set together, and when its Seed is ripe in the Autumn, it immediately perishes. 1903 37 378 The entire plant of the summer savory (Satureia hortensis) turns purple in autumn. 2012 E. Brooks iii. 85/1 Schools are growing a wide variety of sumptuous foods, such as eggplants, carrots, husk cherries, pumpkins, and summer savory. 1777 W. Curtis I. following Pl. 127 (heading) Leucojum Æstivum. Summer Snowflake. 1905 27 May 39/1 The blossoming time of the summer snowflake is late April, and in favourable situations the pretty little pendent flowers are now still in the greatest profusion. 2007 I. McEwan ii. 74 He knew the names of butterflies, birds, and the wild flowers growing on the Fane family's land in the intimate valley below the cottage—the bell flower, succory, scabious..and the rare summer snowflake. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [adjective] > of or relating to squash or pumpkin the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > fruits as vegetables > [noun] > pumpkins or squashes the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > fruits as vegetables > pumpkin > pumpkin plant 1801 27 Feb. (advt.) The Summer Squash, of America, botanically termed Cucurbita Melopepo. A few genuine Seed of this much esteemed and first of Vegetables are now offered for sale. 1902 Sept. 766 There was nothing in her larder except a summer-squash pie. 1981 Winter 37/1 Winter squash, of course, shares space in seed catalogs with its sister vegetable—the summer squash. 2007 19 Aug. 51/1 If you're looking for a sign of the culinary times, you could do no better than the one prominently displayed here in San Francisco..: ‘Organic Summer Squash, $3.99 a pound.’ C5. In the names of animals (typically ones which are active in summer or are summer migrants). Often translating the scientific Latin specific names aestivalis and aestivus.1814 Aug. 89 July 18.—The summer chafers, (scarabdus solstitialis,) appear. 1959 E. F. Linssen 2nd Ser. 123 A[mphimallus] solstitialis will be seen in the evening on the wing during June and July, giving rise to the popular name the Summer Chafer. 2007 D. V. Alford 127/2 Summer chafer. A minor pest of a wide range of fruit crops, particularly strawberry. the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > genus Salmo > salmo salar (salmon) > spawning male the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > genus Salmo > salmo salar (salmon) > young 1790 F. Grose (ed. 2) Summer-cock, a young salmon at that time. York City. 1880–4 F. Day II. 69 In Northumberland a ‘milter’ or spawning male is known as a summer-cock or gib-fish. 1909 J. A. Hutton Pl. IV. (caption) Scale of a young Spring or Summer Cock fish, 12 lb., caught in the Wye. 2002 G. Frampton in P. Frank vii. 130 We shut [i.e., shot the net] off the Buoy and got fifteen or sixteen, all summercocks. the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Aex (wood-duck) 1732 M. Catesby I. v. Pl. 97 The Summer Duck..is of a mean size, between the common Wild Duck and Teal. 1855 B. R. Morris 211 The Summer Duck is a native of North America... It resides the whole year in the Southern States, but is only procured in the Northern during the summer months. 1935 8 June 1016 (caption) In the summer-duck (Æx sponsa) the upper parts are mainly glossy green, with purple checks and black neck patches, relieved by white stripes on the face and neck. 2000 C. Fergus 145 Wood Duck... Nicknames include Carolina duck, summer duck, woodie, and squealer. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Emberizinae (bunting) > other types of 1823 J. Latham VI. 136 (heading) Summer Finch. 1884 E. Coues (ed. 2) 373 Peucæa æstivalis illinoensis, Illinois Summer Finch. 1903 VII. 385/1 Other well-known finches of the United States are the summer finches (Peucœa), of which half a dozen species are found in the Southern and Western States. the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > order Clupeiformes > [noun] > family Clupeidae and herrings > member of > caught in summer 1614 T. Gentleman 20 A barrell of Summer-herrings, worth 20. or 30. shillings. 1785 (House of Commons) 243 The Summer Herrings..are usually much fatter than those got in Winter. 1814 S. L. Mitchill iv. 21 Clupea... C. Aestivalia—Summer Herring. Has a row of spots to the number of seven or eight, extending in the direction of the lateral line from the branchial opening toward the tail. 1883 F. M. Wallem 17 The catch of Summer-herring and Sprat in the Fisheries of the years 1876–1881. 1913 61 236/2 The great summer herring fishery, from July 1st to the end of the year. 1986 C. R. Robins & G. C. Ray 67 Blueback Herring Alosa aestivalis..Remarks: Also known as the Glut Herring, Blue Herring, or Summer Herring. 2001 (Nexis) 7 July 6 Coated in coarse-cut oatmeal, the plump summer herring hits the hot bacon dripping in a frying pan. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Thraupinae (tanager) > genus Piranga > piranga rubra (summer tanager) 1730 M. Catesby I. iii. Pl. 56 Muscicapa rubra. The Summer Red-Bird. This is about the Size of a Sparrow..and..is of a bright Red. 1874 2 122 The Hawk Owl flits silently over the spot occupied during the warmer days by the Summer Red-bird. 1975 4 Sept. b2/1 Food of these summer red-birds consists chiefly of wasps and bees. 2013 B. Thompson 112 Summer Tanager. This trim and elegant neotropical migrant is sometimes called the ‘summer redbird’ to distinguish it from the South's other ‘redbird’, the familiar northern cardinal. the world > animals > reptiles > order Squamata (lizards and snakes) > suborder Ophidia (snakes) > types of snake > [noun] > family Colubridae > genus Opheodrys > opheodrys aestivus 1802 G. Shaw III. ii. 551 Summer Snake. Coluber Æstivus... Native of many parts of North America, residing on trees. 1903 14 Mar. 23 One day I caught a fine specimen of the little green summer snake..and the gentle, delicate little creature was extremely lively. 1950 6 160 Summer snake. O. aestivus. O. v. blanchardi. O. v. vernalis. the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Scolopacidae (snipes, etc.) > [noun] > member of genus Tringa > tringa hypoleucos (common sandpiper) 1794 T. Lord & Dr. Dupree Pl. LXXXVII The Stints, or Summer Snipes, visit us in the Spring; and, like the Common Snipes, frequent small brooks or ponds, in pursuit of food. 1802 G. Montagu Sandpiper—Common... It is known in some places by the name of Summer Snipe. 1849 July 9/1 The summer snipes flitted whistling up the shallow. 1985 7 Nov. 1455 (caption) Summer snipe. Photographed on the moor in July, resting on a gate post close to his nest. 2014 (National ed.) (Nexis) 25 July 28 But it is only there for three months in the summer, and it was once known as the summer snipe. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > seed eaters > [noun] > family Emberizidae > subfamily Thraupinae (tanager) > genus Piranga > piranga rubra (summer tanager) 1781 J. Latham I. i. 220 Summer Tanager. A little bigger than an House Sparrow. 1894 Aug. 45/1 And there..was..the summer tanager, decked in his brightest robes of rosy red! 1942 69 279 On June 6, 1942, I found a nest of the Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra), near Oreton,..Ohio. 2013 B. Thompson 112 The summer tanager has several easily learned vocalizations, and it utters them often. the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Anas (miscellaneous) > anas querquecula (garganey) 1668 W. Charleton 101 Querquedula Cristata..ab aucupibus dicta, the Summer-Teal. 1766 T. Pennant ii. 158 Garganey..in many places these birds are called the Summer Teal. 1791 W. Bartram v. 118 Young broods of the painted summer teal, skimming the still surface of the waters,..were frequently surprised by the voracious trout. 1857 Oct. 452/1 Now comes that flock of garganies (summer teal) which we have seen whirling and darting about in the distance. 1888 G. Trumbull 30 Blue-winged teal..: also known as summer teal. This latter name is common at Moriches, Long Island, and I am inclined to believe that I have heard it among the gunners of other localities. 1951 A. C. Martin et al. v. 62/2 Blue-winged teal Anas discors. This summer teal is a quiet, relatively tame duck—a favorite game species. 1979 23 Aug. 529/3 Breeding wild ducks are represented by several pairs of the highly attractive summer teal or garganey. 2011 (Nexis) 11 Sept. The old birder might also have called them summer-teal because that was when they appeared, with the cuckoo and the swallow. Better name than garganey. the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > order Perciformes (perches) > suborder Scombroidei (mackerel) > [noun] > family Scombridae > genus Thunnus (tuna) > thunnus thynnus (tunny) > young the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > superorder Paracanthopterygii > order Gadiformes (cod) > [noun] > member of family Sillaginidae 1598 J. Florio Palamite, a fish called a tunnie before it is a yeere old, a summer whiting. 1625 T. Middleton v. iii The pelamis Which some call summer-whiting, from Chalcedon. 1658 tr. G. della Porta xv. i. 329 (heading) A Bait for Summer-whitings. 1880 30 iii. 455 The sand whiting is most common? They are the summer whiting. 1952 5 Sept. (Sports Suppl.) 3/6 These big week-end catches do indicate that the summer whiting will provide good sport for all as they move in to the nearer fishing grounds. 2010 21 (caption) Sand whiting Sillago ciliata. Also known as silver or summer whiting, this elegant fish is being considered for aquaculture. the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > division Vermes > [noun] > member of (worm) > that breeds in summer the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > eggs or young > [noun] > young or development of young > larva > that breeds in summer 1623 G. Wither 191 Let not the Summer wormes impaire Those bloomings of the Earth we see. 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in (rev. ed.) 1130 The English call them [sc. water-worms] Summer-worms, either because they are seen only in Summer, or they die in Winter. 1820 P. B. Shelley iv. i. 138 The jagged alligator, and the..behemoth..multiplied like summer worms On an abandoned corpse. 1922 C. F. Ho 30 The temperature during the rearing period for summer worms is generally kept at an average of 75° F. 2007 (Nexis) 13 Jan. 16 I hope we don't repeat the terrible year in '06 with summer worms that were very severe in California. the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > arboreal families > family Parulidae (wood warbler) > [noun] > genus Dendroica > dendroica destiva (summer yellowbird) 1791 W. Bartram x. 292 P[arus] luteus, the summer yellow bird. 1893 19 Sept. 351/2 The summer yellow-bird..is yellow all over, but streaked with faint marks of salmon. 1973 g10/1 The yellow warbler is the first of its tribe that most youngsters meet, either under its proper name, or as the summer yellow-bird or wild canary. 2013 (Nexis) 18 May e11 (caption) The well-known yellow warbler was once called the summer yellow bird. This species is a very common summer breeder in the Ottawa-Gatineau district. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). summern.2 Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French summer, sommier. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman summer, Anglo-Norman and Old French sumer, somer, variants of Anglo-Norman and Old French sumier, summier, soumier, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French somier, Old French, Middle French, French sommier (compare sommier n.) packhorse (c1100), pack, load (1260), beam, joist (1395) < post-classical Latin saumarius (also somerius , somerus , sommarius , sumarius , sumerius , summarius ) packhorse (6th cent.; frequently from 11th cent. in British sources), main or supporting beam (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), summarium load, burden (from 13th cent. in British sources; also in continental sources), alteration (after sauma : see sum n.2) of sagmarius packhorse (9th cent.), sagmarium load, burden (5th cent.), uses as noun of masculine and neuter, respectively, of sagmarius (adjective) having a packsaddle (5th cent.) < sagma horse-load (see sum n.2; compare seam n.2, soum n.1) + classical Latin -ārius -ary suffix1; compare -er suffix2. Compare sommier n. and sumpter n.Connections with other languages. Compare Old Occitan saumier (12th cent.), Italian somaro ass, donkey, beast of burden (1281–8; < Latin), somiere packhorse (1st half of the 13th cent.; < French). The French word was borrowed into several Germanic languages; compare Middle Dutch somer beam (Dutch sommer beam, beast of burden), Middle Low German somer long thin pole or tree. Semantic development. For the sense development (apparently originally in Latin) from ‘packhorse’ (branch I.) to ‘beam, supporting structure’ (branch II.) compare similar senses at horse n. and Middle French, French cheval horse (see cheval n.), from the 16th cent. also denoting various load-bearing structures. In sense 4c after French sommier in specific use to denote the soundboard of an organ (1549 in Middle French). †I. A packhorse, and related uses. the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by purpose used for > [noun] > pack-horse ?a1300 Dame Sirith l. 247 in G. H. McKnight (1913) 12 (MED) Mi iugement were sone I-giuen To ben wiþ shome somer driuen. 1322 Will de Bohun in (1845) 2 349 j. coverture pur j. chival des armes de Hereford, j. summer bay. c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) l. 4710 Þai seiȝen hem com swiþe ner Seuen hundred charged somer And seuen hundred cartes also. c1430 N. Love (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 85 Ȝoure..kniȝhtes and barouns, horses and harneises, chariotes and someres [a1450 Yale somers]. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville (Cambr.) (1869) 75 Thou hast..thin soomeer that after thee shal come bihynde whiche shal bere thin armure. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour (St. John's Cambr.) xix. 746 Thai..tynt bot litill of thar ger, Bot gif it war ony swmmer [1489 Adv. summer] That in the mos wes left liand. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 53 Thar tyryt sowmir so left thai in-to playne. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart I. cxlv. 174 Some of the englysshmen..wanne somers, cartes, and caryages. 1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. iii. viii. f. 109/2, in R. Holinshed I The ancient vse of sommers and sumpter horses, is in maner vtterly relinquished. 1592 W. Wyrley Lord Chandos in 88 Foure vittailed sommers going vnto the same We met. a1616 F. Tate tr. (1876) 40 A serjant herbergeour of sommers & cart-horses. society > travel > transport > [noun] > of loads > a load c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) l. 5100 Ten þousande mules the kynges tresours..berande heuy somers. a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) iv. l. 3657 [To] stuffe their someres with outraious pillage. c1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville (Tiber.) l. 8706 (MED) I pray yow..To ordeyne me a somer, Myn harneys ther-in for to karye. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart II. xxiii. 24 b I am content that ye bere with you as moche as ye may beare in males and somers. II. A beam, rail, or support, and related uses. the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > main or central support society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > support for 1324–5 (P.R.O.: E101/165/1) Pro iiijxx xvij. somers pro spring[aldis]..xij li. xviij.s. viij.d. 1374 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. 238 (MED) Johannes..manucepit inuenire maremium quercinum bonum..pro omnibus cameris..balkes, summers siue dormannes, giystes, et etiam stures, [etc.]. 1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt (1931) 157 (MED) Item, for a somer to ber vp þe side somtyme of þe same cloister, xij d. 1448 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) II. 8 The Someres of the seid hows shall be one side xij inch squar and on the other part xiiij inch squar. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 696 The stane..hyt the sow in sic maner, That it that wes the mast summer [1489 Adv. sower]..In-swndir with that dusche he brak. 1532 in J. Bayley (1821) App. i. p. xviii A roffe of tymber, and a bourde made complete, wt a somer and joystes. 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye II. To Rdr. sig. b3 The saide roome beganne to shake againe, so that one of the sommers of the chamber sprang out of the mortesse, and bowed downeward two feete, but fell not. 1623 25 At an instant the maine Summer or beame brake in sunder. 1654 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. Bentivoglio 219 That they might place their Summers [It. le traui] in the parts nearest the banks..and in the middle where it was deepest their boats. 1658 tr. G. della Porta iv. i. 113 Binde [the vines]..fast to the summers or beams with the sprigs of Broom. 1663 B. Gerbier 42 Double Mortises, which doe but weaken the Summers. c1720 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio III. vi. 4 These summers were joyn'd with other summers across them. 1728 E. Chambers Summer, in Architecture, is a large Stone, the first that is laid over Columns and Pilasters, in beginning to make a cross Vault; or 'tis the Stone which being laid over a Piedroit or Column, is hollowed, to receive the first Haunce of a Plat-band. 1733 W. Ellis 96 Mortaises made ready for Plates, Chimney Pieces, and also for Somer and Joysts. 1736 (ed. 3) at Architrave It is the first Member of the Entablement, being that which bears upon the Column, and is made sometimes of a single Sommer. 1775 G. Wright 139 My summer house I compare to contemplation; the floor is sedateness, resting on the joists of reflection, which are fixt in the sommers of conscience and thoughtfulness. 1842 J. Gwilt Gloss. 1038 Summer, the lintel of a door, window, &c. A beam tenoned into a girder to support the ends of joints on both sides of it... Also a large stone laid over columns and pilasters in the commencement of a cross vault. 1850 J. H. Parker (ed. 5) I. 431 In a framed floor the summers were the main beams, the girders were framed into the summers, and the joists into the girders. 1870 S. E. Todd iii. 105 Sills, summers, beams and posts, of both dwelling-houses and barns, are often made preposterously large. 1930 A. Lapham 91 These posts have, just under the summer, brackets with filleted quarter rounds on the edges. 1951 H. Braun (1967) iv. 85 The timber ‘solar’ floors were..often supported by a row of pillars passing down the middle of the ground-floor apartment; these pillars carried cross-beams or ‘summers’ and thus reduced the span of the actual floor-joists from the width of the building to the distance between the pillars. 1995 26 43/1 The Sanders House (c. 1770) in Halifax, Vermont, where 10-inch by 12-inch summers carry beaded and planed 3-inch by 4-inch joists. 4. In various other technical applications. society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > cart or wagon for conveying goods > [noun] > parts of > body > plank or rail > to increase capacity 1510 J. Stanbridge (new ed.) sig. C.iij Epyredia, the somors or the rauys [printed rauye]. 1530 J. Palsgrave 272/2 Somers or rathes of a wayne or carte. 1802 C. James Sommers, in an ammunition waggon, are the upper sides, supported by the staves entered into them with one of their ends, and the other into the side pieces. 1994 C. Upton et al. Summers, 1. cart-ladders. 2. flat front cart-ladders. 3. a cart-frame. society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > parts of cart or carriage > [noun] > frame of cart or carriage > other frame timbers ?1523 J. Fitzherbert f. iiii The body of the wayn of oke, the staues, the nethar rathes, the ouer rathes, the crosse somer. 1886 Summer,..(tech.) the longitudinal parts of the bottom of a wagon. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > organ > [noun] > soundboard 1659 J. Leak tr. I. de Caus 29 The 12 holes that are in the Summer [Fr. sommier] serves to conveigh the wind of the said Summer..to the Organ Pipes. 1729 S. Switzer II. 349 The Wind that shall be in the said Summer, shall make the Pipes of the Organs or Trumpets sound, which are above the Summer. the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > malting > [noun] > kiln > parts of 1662 J. Lamont 15 Jan. (1830) 143 The whole roofe and symmers of that said kill were consumed, and only about 3 bolls oatts saffe. 1733 in W. Macgill (1909) I. 123 The Kiln: in the lom 6 cupples. The summars and shackles. 1781 Session Papers in (1965) VI. (at cited word) They streighted the bars by forcing them into the mortices or natches in the summers (of a kiln). 1809 21 Dec. As some servants..were..drying a quantity of oats on the kiln, the mid shimmer gave way, when three of them were precipitated into the killogy. 1825 J. Jamieson Suppl. Simmer, Symmer,..One of the supports laid across a kiln, formerly made of wood, now pretty generally of cast metal, with notches in them for receiving the ribs, on which the grain is spread for being kiln-dried; a hair cloth, or fine covering of wire being interposed between the ribs and the grain. society > communication > printing > printing machine or press > parts of printers or presses > [noun] > crossbar 1683 J. Moxon II. 46 This Summer is only a Rail Tennanted, and let into Mortesses made in the inside of the Cheeks. a1706 J. Evelyn (1906) ii. ii. 13 Upon the Summer or head of the Press marked C let the paper prepared and moistned for the impression lye ready. 1756 J. Elphinston I. p. lxxvii/2 Summer of a press. society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for working with skins or leather > [noun] > for removing flesh or hair > block 1728 E. Chambers at Parchment The Skin, thus far prepared by the Skinner, is taken..by the Parchment-Maker; who first scrapes or pares it dry on the Summer. 1837 N. Whittock et al. (1842) 370 (article Parchment-maker) The workman then stretches the skin to dry in the sun,..being done enough, it is..placed on the summer, or horse, to be again pared and smoothed with the stone. 1860 C. Tomlinson (1867) 2nd Ser. Parchment II. 275/2 The parchment maker..stretches it tail downwards upon a machine, called the sumner, consisting of a calf-skin mounted on a frame. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > stringed keyboards > [noun] > spinet > rib 1797 XVII. 692/2 [The spinet] consists of a chest or belly..and a table of fir glued on slips of wood called summers, which bear on the sides. the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > making jewellery or setting with jewels > [noun] > jeweller's tools > lapidary's wheel > part of 1839 A. Ure 739 In each of these summers a square hole is cut out..which receives the two ends of the arbor [of the cutting wheel]. 1882 XIV. 299/1 Half way up the frame a strong board or table is fixed, and above and below this table stout wooden bars or summers run the length of the frame. 1888 F. T. Elworthy Summer, the large beam on the top of a cider-press. It is that which sustains all the pressure. Compounds C1. Compounds relating to branch I.a1450 ( tr. Vegetius (Douce) (1988) 117 (MED) Kniȝtes ne schulde nouȝt ben affrayed þoruȝ no sodeyn crye ymade of tymber berares or summer ledarys [L. sagmariis] in caas þei were yhurt in tyme of fiȝtinge. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius (Douce) f. 61 (MED) Þe lettinges..were ordeined..to ben y-sett..so þat of þilke tymber bereres..were chosen out of þe companye þe wisest and ablest men, and to hem were assigned two hundred children of þe summer foloweres [L. sagmariis puerisque]. 1503 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/13) f. 194v A somer bay nag. b. (Harl. 221) 464 Somer hors, gerulus, somarius, summarius. a1500 (?c1400) Earl of Toulous l. 820 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale (1930) I. 407 Somer horsys he let go before And charyettys stuffud wyth store. a1513 R. Fabyan (1516) II. f. viiv Kynge Rycharde scared the Frenshe Hoost & toke ye Kynges sommer horse, with parte of his tresoure. 1327 in M. T. Löfvenberg (1946) 53 (MED) Somersadil. 1384–5 in J. T. Fowler (1898) I. 133 In uno Somersadell empt. pro hostilar. 1398–9 in J. T. Fowler (1898) I. 215 Uno sumersadill et 2 hakenaysadilles. 1404 in J. T. Fowler (1899) II. 397 1 haknay sadyll, 2 somersadyll. 1452 in J. Raine (1865) III. 149 Pro emendatione le soomer sadill xx d. 1882 J. E. T. Rogers IV. xiv. 422 In 1489 King's College gives 12s. 4d. for a ‘summer saddle’. C2. Compounds relating to branch II.the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > making jewellery or setting with jewels > [noun] > jeweller's tools > lapidary's wheel > part of 1839 A. Ure 739 Every thing that stands above the upper summer-bar has been suppressed in this representation. 1910 June 317 The bottom carriage is the usual plain-framed platform, with the summer bars framed into a width to take the transome wheel plate. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > support for 1519 W. Horman xxix. f. 241v The carpenter or wryght hath leyde the summer bemys [L. trabes], from wall to wall, and the ioystis a crosse. 1691 J. Ray (ed. 2) 5 The Balk or Bawk, the Summer-beam or Dorman. 1766 at Balk The summer-beam, or dorman of a house. 1859 J. H. Parker IV. vii. 322 The summer-beam well moulded. 1957 65 329 The ceiling of the porch has a summer beam with smaller beams with moulded edges. 2012 46 e8/1 The kitchen summer beam had been replaced in the nineteenth century. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > support for c1429 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) II. 445 Et iij somerpecys xijd. 1799 F. Hews v. 128 When I was standing on the summer-piece, the farthest side of the room, I perceived he was making his way to me. 1898 A. M. Earle i. 8 The summer-piece was the large middle beam in the middle from end to end of the ceiling. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > support for a1782 J. Wood (1788) 9 The tabling, the first piece of which is worked in the solid of the summer stone, and so becomes an abutment. 1792 J. Wood (1806) 9 The summer stone..becomes an abutment..and support to the rest of the tabling. 1833 J. C. Loudon §209 Summer stones (stones placed on a wall, or on piers, for the support of beams, or on the lower angle of gable ends,..as an abutment of the barge stones). 1833 J. C. Loudon §1368 Ridge-tiles, gutter tiles, valley-tiles, and barge and summer-stone tiles. 1905 F. T. Hodgson ii. 232 The large triangular stone at the head of a gable..is variously called summer stone, saddle stone, or ridge stone. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > joist > support for 1452 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. 282 (MED) Principalls with somere trees conuenient vnto the werk. 1623 in W. H. Stevenson (1889) IV. 388 For takinge vp two summertrees. 1706 (new ed.) Summer-Tree, (among Carpenters) a Beam full of Mortises, for the ends of Joists to lie in. 1875 E. H. Knight III. 2453/2 Summer-tree, a breast-summer or summer. A horizontal beam brought even with the face (breast) of a wall, to support a wall above a gap or opening. 1918 17 100 A ‘summer beam’, usually called a summer or summer-tree, is a sumpter-beam or girder, a beam bearing a load above. 1605 in J. Harland (1856) I. 170 A waller, iiij days fillinge the holles aboute the endes of the somer trisle in the cowhowse, xijd. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). summern.3 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: sum v.1, -er suffix1. Etymology: < sum v.1 + -er suffix1. Compare summer-up n. the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > one who works with numbers 1598 J. Florio Sommista, a summer, a caster or keeper of accounts. 1611 R. Cotgrave Nombreur, a numberer, reckoner, teller, summer, counter. 1866 J. T. Staton 68 Awm but a bad summer at th' best o toimes. the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > [noun] > output device 1958 W. J. Karplus ix. 234 Since the output voltage is proportional to the sum of the input voltages, this circuit is termed ‘summer’. 1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson I. ii. 5 The summer would have many input voltages, each one representing the factors for heat gain..or the heat loss. 1986 Aug. 56/1 Op amp UIA forms a combination unity-gain inverting summer and precision diode (negative voltages are clipped). 2005 W. G. Jung i. 10 For a summer individual input resistors are connected to additional sources VIN2, VIN3, and so forth, with their common node connected to the summing point. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). summerv.1Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: summer n.1 Etymology: < summer n.1 Compare summering n.1 Compare also winter v.Compare West Frisian simmerje to become summer, Middle Dutch someren to spend the summer (Dutch zomeren to spend the summer, to become summer), Middle Low German sōmeren , sommeren to spend the summer, Middle High German sumeren , sumern to become summer, to spend the summer (German sommern to become summer, (regional) (of cattle) to spend the summer on pasture, sömmern (of cattle) to spend the summer on pasture), and Old Icelandic, Icelandic sumra , Norwegian (Bokmål) somres , both ‘to become summer’. In sense 1a apparently originally after classical Latin aestīvāre (see aestivate v.) 1. Cf. summering n.1 1. the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (intransitive)] > be pastured the world > time > period > year > season > [verb (intransitive)] > pass the spring, summer, or winter (Harl. 221) 464 Somoron, or a-bydyn' yn' somyr, estivo. ?c1475 (BL Add. 15562) f. 117 To Sommyr [1483 BL Add. 89074 Somer], estiuare. 1560 Isa. xviii. 6 The foule shal sommer vpon it, and euerie beast of the earth shal winter vpon it. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach iii. f. 153 The flockes that wintred in Appulia, and sommered in the mountaynes of Kiete. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 806 The ancient Nomades,..who from the moneth of Aprill unto August, ly out skattering and sommering..with their cattaile. 1675 (Royal Soc.) 10 484 Storks do, before the approach of Winter, pass away out of Germany, (where they summer in great numbers,) into warmer places. 1777 S. Johnson 28 June (1992) III. 36 She is gone to summer in the country. 1819 R. Southey Let. 14 Oct. in C. C. Southey (1850) IV. 359 A great many Cantabs have been summering here. 1842 E. FitzGerald (1889) I. 100 He is summering at Castellamare. 1880 T. Q. Couch E. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch at Summering Store cattle..are sent summering under the care of the moorland herdsmen. 1895 A. M. Stoddart II. 154 A short stay with Dr and Mrs Kennedy, who were summering at Aberfeldy. 1899 ‘M. Twain’ (1900) 93 A lady from Boston was summering in that village. 1917 C. Murray 42 To lat him simmer i' the toon, an learn to mizzer lan'. 1928 D. Barnes xliii. 240 She was well into her forties, and many a man had summered upon her. 1936 July 28/2 We'd summered up the Orange River on the west coast of Florida and up the Miami. 1956 F. O'Connor 29 Nov. (1979) 184 This one [sc. a goose] had summered in the deepfreeze and I thought we ought to be eating him. 1969 P. White 20 July (1976) 580 Years ago..I summered in East Blue Hill. 1995 R. Kirk & C. Alexander (rev. ed.) 158/1 By 1888 more than 150,000 sheep were summering in Klickitat County. 2000 A. Bourdain (2001) 20 My room-mates, who had summered in P-town before, had jobs waiting for them. the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [verb (transitive)] > pasture the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > pasture > types of pasturing 1601 Acct.-bk. W. Wray in (1896) 32 119/1 For someringe ii stirkes, xs. 1610 W. Folkingham ii. x. 63 How many Cattell such a Plot will Winter and Sommer, feed or keepe. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. ii. 305 Maides well Summer'd, and warme kept, are like Flyes at Bartholomew-tyde, blinde, though they haue their eyes. View more context for this quotation 1707 J. Mortimer ii. 152 If your Colts be not well weaned, well summered and wintered. 1765 4 xliv. 190 I am obliged to allow three acres to summer a cow. 1811 J. Taylor Remarks Present State Devon in T. Risdon (new ed.) p. ix Dartmoor summers an immense number of..sheep. 1883 3 Apr. 3/5 It should be the aim of the grass-land farmer to summer as many and winter as few animals as possible. 1904 July 258/1 The second way of summering sheep..is to put two men with four or five thousand sheep, the men living in a house-wagon, where they sleep and eat. 1949 P. Bailey xiii. 412 Farmers from all parts of the town summered livestock on the Commons. 1976 M. F. Potter 133/2 My father summered sheep in the area. 1999 65/1 If miniature cymbidiums can be summered outdoors, they will bloom beautifully indoors through the fall and winter months. 2013 (Nexis) 18 Apr. 11 Ground where I haven't previously summered cattle, although we seem to be able to winter a mob of cows there safely enough. 1825 Nov. 7/2 I was by no means decided whether I should summer him in the stable or in the field. 1879 W. Fearnley 114 Our present plan of summering hunters in boxes instead of out in the open. 1913 Apr. 33/1 With the end of the season arises the problem of the best method to summer hunters, so that the animals may profit by a well-earned vacation while other sports engage the attention of the owners. 2011 (Nexis) 25 Nov. 29 Years ago, I rented an orchard in which I summered two hunters. 1832 11 Aug. 256/2 To obviate this effect of green manure, he recommended that it should be summered over and treated largely with ashes, lime, &c. which would completely destroy its sourness. 1872 138 Do not be afraid of summering over a few tons of hay. 1896 39 In what way would you take care of the sugar that is intended to be summered over? 1911 Jan. 135/2 At the present time there is far more fur on hand that has been summered over than there was two years ago, when rats were 25 cents, and skunk $2.00. the mind > emotion > pleasure > be pleased [verb (intransitive)] > pass one's time pleasantly the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > physical comfort > be comfortable or easy [verb (intransitive)] > expose oneself to genial warmth the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > physical comfort > [verb (reflexive)] > expose oneself to genial warmth the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > subjection or exposure to heat or fire > be subjected or exposed to heat or fire [verb (intransitive)] > bask in genial warmth the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > subjection or exposure to heat or fire > subject or expose to heat or fire [verb (reflexive)] > to genial warmth 1568 C. Watson tr. Polybius f. 82 After they had ben vexed with long warres in Scicilie, & concluded a league with the Romans, they hoped to soommer and keepe holydaie. 1623 G. Fletcher ii. iii. 166 They flye abroad straight to purchase something in the Countrey, that they may there summer themselues in their bowers and arbours of pleasure. 1696 C. Ness IV. 139 If any professor wax wanton, and will be Summering too soon in the thin Garment of his own supposed Righteousness, he will assuredly catch Cold. 1837 C. Lofft II. 133 Summer house indeed:—and truly my best feelings..summered themselves there most complacently. 1848 T. Aird 95 Thou shalt summer high in bliss upon the hills of God. 1906 J. Huie 18 To sun and summer in the smile of God. the world > time > period > year > season > [verb (transitive)] > render summer-like the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > heat or make hot [verb (transitive)] > make pleasantly warm 1637 N. Whiting 42 Summer'd by your eye, each Flower does bud, Blossomes, sprouts, opens, bloomes and chewes the cud. 1866 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighbourhood xi, in Feb. 290/1 His rough worn face summered over with his child-like smile. a1874 S. T. Dobell (1875) II. 332 Myself a morning, summer'd through and lit With light and summer. 1896 A. Austin i. iii Till your name Soared into space and summered all the air. Phrases to summer and winter (also to winter and summer). the mind > emotion > pleasure > happiness > make happy [verb (transitive)] > give one a happy time 1595 W. Burton iii. sig. F2v Wee see how the Lord hath tossed and turned his Church from time to time: how he hath..both summered it, and wintered it, eased it, and pinched it. 1622 J. Taylor Sir Gregory Nonsence in (1630) ii. 3/2 Time now that summers him, wil one day winter him. 1647 T. Fuller 16 Religion hath cost them deare, they have not only been summered but wintered in piety, have not onely passed prosperity, but have been acquainted with adversity therein. the world > time > period > year > [verb (intransitive)] > spend the whole year 1624 G. Markham 33 In the Palatinate he did both Summer and Winter, held out all extremities, and..returned home with Honour. 1650 C. Elderfield xxvi. 210 The best and usefullest Constitutions of State are those experienced firm ones, that have lived, summered and wintered with us, as we say. 1776 E. Quincy Let. 30 Mar. in (1858) 4 36 They degraded themselves so far as authoritatively to demand goods out of shops of the peaceable inhabitants, who summered and wintered with them, and deserved protection. 1809 W. Irving II. vii. x. 255 Grey headed negroes, who had wintered and summered in the household of their departed master, for the greater part of a century. 1832 W. Irving II. 209 The ruined tower of the bridge in Old Castile, where I have now wintered and summered for many hundred years. 1897 2 635 The relief department for aid..acts as a clearing house for organized aids except in the case of the friends with whom the house has summered and wintered. 1929 37 463 The method of behaviorism..is observation for a sufficient period of time (often it must be a long period of summering and wintering with a man) of what other people do and say. 2016 (Nexis) 26 Jan. An academic foot-soldier, who has summered and wintered in this knowledge industry. the world > action or operation > continuing > continue (an action) [verb (transitive)] > continue a use or practice the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > knowledge, what is known > familiarity > know, be conversant with [verb (transitive)] society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > fidelity or loyalty > be faithful or loyal to [verb (transitive)] 1602 N. Breton I. sig. B2v Shake off such acquaintance, as gaine you nothing but discredit, and make much of him that must as well winter you as sommer you. 1644 S. Rutherford To Chr. Rdr. sig. A2v Whatever they had of Religion, it was never their mind both to summer and winter Jesus Christ. a1670 J. Hacket (1693) ii. 197 [Presbyterianism] was not suitable to the eternal gospel, for the fautors of it did scarce summer and winter the same form of discipline. 1737 A. Ramsay xv. 34 I'm no obliged to summer and winter it to you. 1816 W. Scott III. xv. 323 We couldna think of a better way to fling the gear in his gate, though we simmered it and wintered it e'er sae lang. 1849 H. W. Longfellow xx. 120 I know the critics root and branch,—out and out,—have summered them and wintered them,—in fact, am one of them myself. 1865 H. B. Stowe (1866) 29 Mrs. Crowfield, who..has summered and wintered me so many years, and knows all my airs and cuts and crinkles so well. 1902 M. B. Betham-Edwards 312 I've summer'd and winter'd you, old Bart, and I know what you're at. 1921 M. Argo 25 I'll simmer and winter this nae langer. 1925 6 June 1039/1 Those medical men who had devoted their lives to the study of the insane mind, who had lived with the insane, summered and wintered them. 1943 F. Thompson xxxix. 543 ‘You've got to summer and winter a man before you can pretend to know him’ was an old country maxim much quoted at that time. 1990 Aug. 63 When true Cumbrians are obliged to meet new folk they are reputed to summer them, winter them, summer them again and then, perhaps, risk getting to know them. 2011 L. Stanley xxi. 234 My wise friend Dan Matthews once told me, ‘You never really know someone until you have summered and wintered together’. During Desperate Passage, I ‘summered and wintered’ with my wife. society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > copiousness > be copious [verb (intransitive)] > be prolix 1724 P. Walker To Rdr. p. xxxvi These have been my Views and digested Thoughts, that I have summer'd and winter'd these many Years. 1822 J. Galt III. xxviii. 236 I'm no for summering and wintering about the matter. 1833 J. Galt Gudewife in 8 654/1 What would you be at, summering and wintering on nothing? 1874 Feb. 139/2 No lout in the village could be more thickheaded than the old lord, nor show greater need to have everything ‘summered and wintered’ to him, as Lady Eskside often impatiently said. 1891 E. Lynn Linton Let. 28 Mar. in G. S. Layard (1901) 279 I am always afraid of ‘summering and wintering’ a subject too much. a1917 E. C. Smith (1927) 20 It'll serr naething now ti stert simmereen-an-wuntereen. Derivatives the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feeding animals > [adjective] > fed > fed in specific way the world > time > period > year > season > [adjective] > of or relating to summer > summery the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [adjective] > having or communicating much heat > warm > and genial 1804 A. Seward 337 The seas of glass, the noble rocks, the ever-summered gales. 1833 W. H. Maxwell 525/2 The careful and intelligent groom must watch over the health of his in-door summered horses with vigilance. 1836 13 233 Regularly Nimrodded, as the term for a well summered hunter now is. 1995 (Nexis) 25 Feb. 14 It would be interesting to watch animal rights enthusiasts trying to load a batch of well-summered stirks just off the grass on to a cattle float without using a stick. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † summerv.2Origin: Probably formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: summer n.2 Etymology: Probably < summer n.2 (compare summer n.2 II.). Compare summering n.2 Architecture. Obsolete. rare. 1683 Acct. in (1936) 171 Allowed for Summering the Arching Joynts in the Spandrills over the great Windows being 4 in number at 40s each. 1693 St. Paul's Cathedral Building Accts. Nov.–Dec. in (1937) 14 127 For Summering ye 6 rough arches over Ye Tribune. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [verb (intransitive)] > of arch: curve or slant upwards 1700 39 Let the breadth of the upper part of the Keystone be the height of the Arch, viz. 14 Inches, and Sommer, from the centre at I. 1703 R. Neve 9 The Key-stone..ought to..Sommer (or point with its 2 edges) to the Centre. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.1adj.eOE n.2?a1300 n.31598v.11440 v.21683 |
